Kutz M. Handbook of materials selection

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1492 INDEX

Telecommunications applications (continued )

glass, 1319–1320

plastic, 1320

plastic-clad, 1320

optical ﬁber networks, 1306–1308

optical ﬁlters, 1324

packaging, 1311–1314

photodetectors, 1317, 1318

repeaters, 1329

solid-state semiconductor lasers, 1314–

1317

switches, 1329

transmission

data, 1309

voice, 1309

wireless networks, 1308

Temperature. See also High temperatures

dependence of polymer properties on, 376

in electronic packaging applications, 1235–

1236

and grinding processes, 898

and mechanical properties of superalloys,

304–307

and oxidation of magnesium and

magnesium alloys, 268–274

in plastics manufacturing, 1007–1008

superalloys for intermediate-temperature

applications, 330–332

and thermoresponsive materials, 411

and titanium / titanium alloy capabilities,

202

Temper designations:

for aluminum alloys, 98, 100

for copper and copper alloys, 137–139

Tempering (steels), 51, 52

Template machining (gears), 883–884

Temporary corrosion protection (metals),

965–966

TEM (thermal energy method), 923

TEM (transmission electron microscopy)

analysis, 170

Tennis rackets, 1262–1264

Tensile creep testing:

for ceramics, 630

for plastics, 551–553

Tensile fatigue test (plastics), 566

Tensile strength:

of iron, 44–46

of steels, 54

of superalloys, 316–317

of titanium alloys, 220

Tensile testing:

for ceramics, 625–626

for metallic materials, 524–526

for plastics, 547–548

Terminology, changes in, 445–446

Testing, 545–546. See also Failure analysis;

Nondestructive inspection / evaluation

of ceramics, 623–648

electrical, 646–648

mechanical, 624–638

nondestructive, 644–646

radiography, 646

thermal, 638–644

ultrasonic, 645–646

of metals, 519–542

adhesion/ friction/ wear of surfaces, 540

ASTM standards for, 520

bending strength, 540

creep, 526–528

environmental considerations in, 540–

542

fatigue, 535–540

fracture toughness, 531–535

hardness, 528–529

high strain rate, 540

impact tests, 530–531

sensors/ instrumentation for, 522 –524

stress relaxation, 528

tensile (compressive) test, 524 –526

test machine (loading frame) for, 520–

522

thermomechanical fatigue, 543

of new medical products, 1195–1198

organizations involved in

American Society for Testing and

Materials, 616

costs for services of, 620

independent testing laboratories, 621–

622

Society of Plastics Industry, 619

Underwriters Laboratories, 619–620

of plastics, 545–589, 591–609

accelerated weathering tests, 584–587

arc resistance, 578–582

brittleness temperature, 574, 575

creep properties, 551–553

dielectric constant and dissipation factor,

576–577

dielectric strength, 575–576

electrical resistance tests, 577–578

elevated temperature performance tests,

568–574

fatigue resistance, 564–566

ﬂexural properties, 549–551

hardness tests, 566–568

impact properties, 555–564

material characterization tests, 591–609

mechanical properties, 547–568

outdoor weathering, 587–589

standard methods of, 546–547

stress relaxation, 552, 554–555

tensile tests, 547–548

INDEX 1493

standard methods for, 546

Test machines, 520–522

Textual databases, 463–464, 1040

TFM (total form machining), 906

TGA, see Thermogravimetric analysis

Thermal analysis (TA):

of plastics, 602–609, 784

of polymers, 1426–1427

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), 330

Thermal behavior (polymers), 1426

Thermal conductivity:

of aluminum alloys, 90

of ceramics, 640–643

of composite materials, 363, 386–391

of composites, 1139–1140

of diamond, 1290–1291

of diamond ﬁlm, 1293, 1295

in electronic packaging applications, 1225

Thermal cycle-induced microcracking, 1142

Thermal deburring, 923

Thermal diffusivity, 642

Thermal emissivity (in electronic packaging),

1225

Thermal energy method (TEM), 923

Thermal expansion. See also Coefﬁcient of

thermal expansion

of ceramics, 638–640

of diamond ﬁlm and substrates, 1298

in electronic packaging applications, 1225–

1226

Thermal failure (plastics), 778

Thermal fatigue, 708

Thermal index (UL temperature index), 571–

574

Thermally assisted machining (TAM), 901,

905, 906

Thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), 1427

Thermal-mechanical fatigue (TMF), 312

Thermal paints, 679

Thermal properties tests (plastics), 568–575

brittleness temperature, 574, 575

elevated temperature performance tests,

568–574

Thermal relaxation failure (metals), 707, 711

Thermal shock:

ceramic failure under, 803–805

ceramic resistance to, 428–429

metal failure under, 707, 711

Thermal testing:

of ceramics, 638–644

calorimetry (heat capacity), 644

differential scanning calorimetry (heat

capacity), 644

dilatometry (thermal expansion), 639,

640

guarded hot plate (thermal conductivity),

641–642

heat capacity, 643–644

laser ﬂash (thermal conductivity), 642–

643

thermal conductivity, 640–643

thermal expansion, 638–640

nondestructive inspection methods, 678–

680

infrared cameras, 679

thermal paints, 679

thermal testing, 679–680

Thermal thinning, 1008

Thermochemical machining (TCM), 923

Thermoforming (sheet thermoforming):

of plastic parts, 975–977, 1027–1032

of plastics, 958

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA):

of plastics, 604–605

of polymers, 1426

Thermomechanical analysis (TMA), 605–606

Thermomechanical fatigue (TMF), 543

Thermoplastics, 1424

classiﬁcations of, 336

commodity, 336–341

ABS, 339

impact polystyrene (IPS), 338

polyethylene (PE), 336–337

poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 341

poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 341

polypropylene (PP), 337, 338

polystyrene (PS), 337, 338

polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 339–340

poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 340–

341

styrene/ acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN),

338, 339

in electronic packaging applications, 1246,

1247

engineering, 342–348

modiﬁed polyphenylene ether, 347

polyacetals, 343, 344

polyamides (nylon), 342, 343

poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), 342

polycarbonates, 345–346

polyesters, 342

polyimides, 347, 348

polyphenylene sulﬁde, 344, 345

polysulfone, 346–347

ﬂuorinated, 348–349, 352

ﬂuorinated ethylene–propylene (FEP),

349

poly(chlorotriﬂuoroethylene) (CTFE),

349

poly(ethylene chlorotriﬂuoroethylene)

(ECTFE), 349, 352

poly(tetraﬂuoroethylene) (PTFE), 348–

349

poly(vinyl ﬂuoride), 352

1494 INDEX

Thermoplastics (continued )

polyvinylidene ﬂuoride (PVDF), 349

glass mat, 1099–1101

monomer precursor, 1106–1107

morphology of, 1427

short-ﬁber-reinforced thermoplastics, 1107–

1110

thermal behavior of, 1426

viscosity measurement for, 599

Thermoplastic matrix systems, 1044–1045

commingles, 1103–1106

high-performance, 1101 –1103

processing with, 1050, 1051

Thermoplastic polymers, 1424

Thermoresponsive materials, 411

Thermosetting matrices, precompounded

reinforcements with, 1042–1044

Thermosetting plastics (thermosets), 336,

352–354

alkyd resins, 353

amino resins, 354

diallyl phthalate, 353–354

in electronic packaging applications, 1246–

1249

epoxy resins, 352–353

phenolic resins, 352

unsaturated polyesters, 353

viscosity measurement for, 599

Thermosetting resins, 1424

cure of, 1049–1051

glass transition temperature of, 1428

thermal behavior of, 1426

Thermostructural applications (ceramic

materials), 427–429

Thin-ﬁlm resonators, 1328–1329

Thixomolding, 260–261, 284

Thread cutting and forming (metals

manufacturing), 884–886

Thread rolling (metals), 886, 941

Time division multiple access (TDMA), 1308

Time–temperature transformation (TTT)

diagrams, 38–41

continuous-cooling transformation diagram

as, 41

isothermal transformation diagram as, 38–

for steels, 38–41

TiN, see Titanium nitrides

Tin, 50, 1245

Tin bronzes, 199

Titanium, 81

in alloy steels, 49

in electronic packaging applications, 1245

Titanium alloys, 201–233

alpha alloys, 205, 208, 209, 216

alpha-beta alloys, 209, 216, 218, 224

beta alloys, 205, 208, 210, 218–219

biomedical applications of, 231–232

corrosion resistance of, 203, 231

cryogenic applications of, 232

effect of alloy elements, 211–225

in alpha alloys, 216

in alpha–beta alloys, 216, 218

in beta alloys, 218–219

in cast alloys, 224–225

and effects of processing, 214

hydrogen, 214–215

on intermediate compounds / secondary

phases, 211–212

on mechanical and physical properties,

212–225

nitrogen, 215

oxygen, 215

on physical properties, 212–214

in wrought alloys, 219–224

grades of, 208–210

at high temperatures, 205–207

manufacturing processes for, 225–231

forging, 227–229

investment casting, 229

joining, 230–231

machining, 229–230

vacuum arc melting, 226–227

metallurgy of, 204–205

microstructure and properties of, 208–211

sources of information on, 203, 204, 233

strengthening of alloys, 211

strength of, 203, 204

temperature capability of, 202

titanium aluminides, 208

vacuum arc melting of, 226–227

Titanium carbide particle-reinforced steel,

382, 383

Titanium nitrides (TiN), 1277–1278

TLP (transient liquid-phase) bonding, 325

TMA (thermal mechanical analysis), 1427

TMA (thermomechanical analysis), 605–606

TMF (thermal-mechanical fatigue), 312

TMF (thermomechanical fatigue), 543

Tool life (metals manufacturing), 855–857

Tool steels, 48, 62

Torque rheometer, 597

Torsional strength (reinforced concrete /

masonry structure repair /retroﬁt), 1392–

1393

Toss factor, 557

Total form machining (TFM), 906

Total hip arthroplasty, 1166–1180

biocompatibility, 1174–1178

corrosion, 1174–1177

frictional forces, 1171–1172

function of hip implant, 1167–1173

joint motion with, 1171–1173

leaching and absorption with, 1177–1178

INDEX 1495

material selection for, 1178–1180

strength of implant, 1168–1169

stress shielding, 1169–1171

wear, 1172–1173

wear debris from, 1178

Total shear, 995

Tow placement (composite processing), 1085–

1086, 1090

Tramp elements (steel), 50

Trampoline effect (golf), 1265–1266

Transducer materials, 1327

Transfer molding (plastics), 984, 985, 1025

Transformers, electrical steels for, 55

Transient liquid-phase (TLP) bonding, 325

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

analysis, 170

Transparent ceramic materials, 432, 433

Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21), 1419

Traveling wire EDM, 918

Trepanning, 876

Tresca criterion, see Maximum shearing stress

theory

Trimming:

of composites, 1358

of metals, 947

Trip steels, 58

Truss structures (sandwich panels), 1144

TTT diagrams, see Time–temperature

transformation diagrams

Tubes and ﬁttings, copper and copper alloys

in, 183–185

Tube spinning (metals), 937, 938

Tumbling, 962

Tungsten:

in alloy steels, 48

in stainless steels, 69

Turbines, superalloys for, 331–333

Turbine blades, 841–842

Turning:

alignment charts for, 866–868

break-even point with, 869

cutting horsepowers for, 854

electrochemical, 913, 914

lathe size for, 866

primary factors involved in, 863–866

tool wear factors in, 855

Turning machines, 863–869

Twin screw extruders, 1015–1016

UHM PAN ﬁbers, see Ultrahigh modulus

PAN ﬁbers

UHMWPE (ultrahigh-molecular-weight

polyethylene), 337

UHS PAN ﬁbers, see Ultrahigh strength PAN

ﬁbers

UL, see Underwriters Laboratories

UL temperature index, 571–574

Ultrahigh modulus (UHM) PAN ﬁbers, 366–

367

Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene

(UHMWPE), 337

Ultrahigh-strength steels, 63–64

maraging steel, 63–64

music wire, 64

Ultrahigh strength (UHS) PAN ﬁbers, 366–

367

Ultrasonic machining (USM), 898–899, 907

Ultrasonic properties of materials, 694–698

ceramics, 697

liquids, 694

metals, 695–696

polymers, 697–698

Ultrasonic testing (UT), 653, 656–663

of ceramics, 645–646

inspection process with, 662–663

and reﬂection / transmission of sound, 657–

660

and refraction of sound, 660–662

and sound wave characteristics, 657

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, effect on plastic

of, 583–586

Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 619 –620,

622

Unidirectional composites, 376, 381, 387, 388

UNI (Ente Nazionale Italiano di Uniﬁcazione)

standards, 53

Uniﬁed Numbering System (UNS) (steels), 52

United Kingdom, steel standards in, 53

United States:

copper production in, 136–137

cost of corrosion in, 248

University of Massachusetts Lowell, Inst.

Plastics Innov., 622

Unsaturated polyesters, 353

Unsteady state manufacturing processes

(plastics), 994

UNS (Uniﬁed Numbering System) steels, 52

Upper bainite, 38

Upset forging (metals), 931, 932

U.S. Corps of Engineers, 1419

User interface (databases), 492

USM, see Ultrasonic machining

UT, see Ultrasonic testing

UV radiation, see Ultraviolet radiation

Vacuum arc melting (VAR):

of superalloys, 319, 321–323

of titanium and titanium alloys, 226–227

Vacuum-assisted resin injection (VARI), 1080

Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding

(VARTM), 1080

Vacuum-induced outgassing, 1142

Vacuum induction melting (VIM), 319–321,

323

1496 INDEX

Vacuum melting (superalloys), 318

Vacuum metallizing, 965

Vanadium (in alloy steels), 48

Vapor baths (metals), 960–962

Vapor phase technology, 1121

VAR, see Vacuum arc melting

VARI (vacuum-assisted resin injection), 1080

Varnishes (metals), 964

VARTM (vacuum-assisted resin transfer

molding), 1080

Vascular prostheses, 1180–1188

biocompatibility of, 1183–1186

blood transport by, 1181–1183

coagulation with, 1184–1186

functioning of, 1181–1183

hemolysis with, 1184

hemostasis with, 1184

material selection for, 1186–1188

neointima formation with, 1183–1184

property degradation with, 1186

Vaulting poles, 1259–1260

Venting (of composite core gasses), 1143

Very low density polyethylene (VLDPE), 337

Vickers hardness test, 43, 631, 632

VIM, see Vacuum induction melting

Viscoelastic regions (polymers), 1427

Viscosity, 595

dynamic (absolute), 599

kinematic, 599

of plastics, 599

of polymers, 1425–1426

Viscous heating, 1007–1008

Visual examination (plastics failure analysis),

778–779

Vitreous enamels (metals), 964–965

VLDPE (very low density polyethylene), 337

Voice transmission, 1309

Von Mises criterion, see Distortion energy

theory of failure

VTEC Laboratories, Inc., 622

Wafer level packaging, 1314

Water:

exposure of plastics to light and, 586–587

used in smart applications, 415

Water bottles, polymers in, 1425

Watercraft, 1267–1268

Water-jet machining (WJM), 907, 908

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM),

1307–1308

WDM, see Wavelength division multiplexing

Wear:

abrasive, 758, 760

adhesive, 710, 756–759

corrosive, 710

elastic deformation failure, 710

fretting, 711

and hardness, 1230

of hip implants, 1172–1173

impact, 710

surface fatigue, 710

of surfaces, 540

Wear applications:

bearings, 424, 425

ceramic materials in, 423–427

cutting tool inserts, 425, 426

Wear debris (hip implants), 1178

Wear failure (metals), 707, 709–710, 746–

747, 756–761

Wear materials, 1275–1281

applications of, 1281

ﬁlm thickness for, 1280–1281

information resources on, 1279–1280

manufacturing process selection for, 1278–

1279

materials selection process for, 1276–1278

properties of, 1276

substrate selection for, 1280

surface modiﬁcations in, 1280

Wear resistance:

in electronic packaging applications, 1230

of steels, 48

Wear-resistant steels (austenitic manganese

steels), 63

Weathering properties tests (plastics), 582–

589

accelerated weathering tests, 584–587

outdoor weathering, 587–589

Weathering steels, 47

Weibull statistics:

for brittle materials, 422, 811–812, 818–

821

for ceramics, 794–803

Weighted-properties values, 11–13

digital logic method, 11–12

performance index in, 12–13

Weld decay, 766–767

Welding:

of austenitic stainless and nickel alloys, 80,

of carbon vs. stainless steels, 82–85

intergranular corrosion from, 75

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 262,

263

martensitic stainless steels for, 79

of metals, 937, 938

of nickel and nickel alloys, 256–257

pipe welding, 937, 938

for repair of metal products, 844–845

of stainless steels, 82–87

austenitic, 85–86

carbon steels vs., 82–85

duplex, 86–87

high-molybdenum, 87

INDEX 1497

of superalloys, 295, 325, 326

of titanium and titanium alloys, 230–231

Western Europe, copper production in, 136

Wet corrosion, 249

Wet/ hand lay-up method (composite repair),

1375–1376, 1379, 1381–1385

Wheels, bicycle, 1262

Wheelchairs, athletic, 1264, 1265

Window frames, 840–841

Wind surﬁng, 1267–1268

Wire, copper, 185

Wire brushing (metals), 962

Wire coating (plastics), 1016–1018

Wire cutting (electrical discharge), 918

Wireless networks, 1308

Wire products (copper and copper alloys),

142–143

WJM, see Water-jet machining

Workability (aluminum alloys), 90–91

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 501

Woven fabrics, 1041, 1042, 1104–1105

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), 501

Xenon arc-type light, exposure of plastics to,

586–587

XML (extensible markup language), 501

X-rays:

attenuation of, 667, 668

computed tomography, 646, 671–672

diffraction of (ceramics testing), 640

generation/ absorption of, 664–666

microradiography, 646

X-Rite, Inc., 622

Yasuda model, generalized, 1001–1002

Yellowness index (YI):

of medical PP, 1217–1219

of PVC, 1201, 1204–1206

Yielding, small-scale, 718

Yielding failure (metals), 708, 713–715

Yield strength:

of iron, 44, 45

of nickel and nickel alloys, 252–253

of steels

in annealed condition, 54

silicon and, 47

of superalloys, 317

Yttrium (in magnesium alloys), 261

Zero mean cyclic stresses, 729

Zinc:

in electronic packaging applications, 1244

in magnesium alloys, 271, 282–283

Zirconium:

in alloy steels, 49

in magnesium alloys, 261, 267, 268, 279,

283