Kutz M. Handbook of materials selection
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1432 DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY WITH PLASTICS
Table 1 Eight-Step Criteria for the Selection of Materials (Thermoplastics, Thermosets,
Elastomers, and Adhesives)
Main Criteria Subcriteria
Functionality Purpose of part
Type and magnitude of normal service stresses
Loading pattern and time under load
Fatigue resistance
Overloads and abuse
Impact resistance
Normal range of operating temperatures
Maximum and minimum service temperatures
Electrical resistivity
Dielectric loss
Antistatic properties
Tracking resistance
Flammability
Surface finish
Color matching and color retention
Tolerances and dimensional stability
Weight factors
Space limitations
Allowable deflections
Materials acceptance Compatibility with chemicals
Solvent and vapor attack
Reactions with acids, bases, water, etc.
Water absorption effects
Ultraviolet light exposure and weathering
Oxidation
Chemical erosion and /or corrosion (electrochemical effects)
Attack by fungi, bacteria, or insects
Leaching of additives from the part material into its environment
Absorption of components into the part from its environment
Permeability of vapors and gases
Normal range of operating temperatures
Maximum and minimum service temperatures
Environmental concerns Scrap rates
Recyclability
Chloro- and fluoro- polymers
Lifetime Product lifetime
Reliability
Product specifications
Acceptance codes and specifications
Margin Safety design factors
Internal process Normal range of processing temperatures
Maximum and minimum processing temperatures
Choice of processes
Method of assembly
Secondary processes
Finishing and decorating
Quality control and inspection
Contamination
External process (supplier
of parts)
Normal range of processing temperatures
Maximum and minimum processing temperatures
Choice of processes
Method of assembly
Secondary processes
Finishing and decorating
Quality control and inspection
Contamination
Timing for part design changes
Timing for prototype molds
Timing for production molds
6 PLASTIC PART MATERIAL SELECTION STRATEGY 1433
Table 1 (Continued )
Main Criteria Subcriteria
External process (supplier
of parts) (Continued )
Technical support from supplier
Contamination
Cost Materials costs
Materials availability
Alternative material choices
Suppliers availability
Part costs
Cost of capital plant: molds and processing machines
Operation costs of component including manufacturing and fuel con-
sumption
Capacity
Table 2 Plastic Joining Techniques
Adhesive bonding
Electrofusion bonding
Friction welding
Linear
Rotational
Heated tool welding
Hot plate
Hot shoe
High-frequency welding
Hot gas welding
Induction welding
Infrared welding
Laser welding
Mechanical fastening
Beading
Hot stakes
Interface fits
Molded-in and ultrasonic inserts
Molded-in threads
Riveting
Self-threading screws
Snap fit
Solvent joining
Thermal impulse welding
Ultrasonic welding
easy task. Following represents a series of suggestions and hints that hopefully
make the task easier.
First, if you are fortunate to be part of a large organization, develop a team
of individuals that you think may help you. This writer has been in favor of at
least a four-person team. The team should consist of a design engineer, a ma-
terials type (analytical chemistry people in one’s organization may be a good
substitute if you have no true materials engineer), an internal experience engi-
neer, and a representative from the procurement department or an internal com-
pany buyer.
Some of the selections of the team are obvious. Each can handle part of the
criteria and subcriteria as listed in Table 1 or any other type of list of require-
ments that you develop.
The first step is probably the most difficult. That is the selection of the pol-
ymer families to evaluate. Initially, some consult the Modern Plastic Encyclo-
pedia. I am partial to Domininghaus’s book on Plastics for Engineers for
the selection of a thermoplastic. The Modern Plastic Encyclopedia is an excel-
lent and well-respected source book. However, it only contains one data point
within the total history of a particular thermoplastic. Domininghaus’s provides
pressure–volume–temperature (P–V–T) graphs on the various thermoplastic
families. That type of data is significant in the processing of materials. These
publications are listed in the Suggested Readings.
1434 DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY WITH PLASTICS
Now the next action is to obtain samples and technical information from the
suppliers. As previously mentioned, most suppliers have design guides for their
polymers. These are an excellent source of information that can be helpful in
your efforts to design the plastic part. Also, obtain from the polymer supplier
any analytical procedures as to how they characterize their materials. This will
assist your internal analytical people to develop a material knowledge database.
Next, you and your team should review all the available data on the polymer
under consideration. A good literature search through a technical library may
save you time, effort, and money. In addition, you may want to perform your
own tests to fill in missing information. The polymer supplier can be helpful in
this area. The supplier can provide molded, American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) test coupons that you can use for your own testing. If you
are designing a plastic part to be in a certain chemical environment, you may
wish to test your selection in a chemical soak-type test. This can be achieved
by soaking a test coupon in the chemical of concern. You may also want to soak
the test coupon at different temperatures within the operating range of the de-
signed plastic part or within a linear range of behavior of the polymer. If you
can perform such a chemical soak at three different temperatures, you can predict
the lifetime of the polymer if it can be related to a chemical failure. However,
data of this sort must be obtained using the principles of chemical kinetics.
An example of aging a part could be found within the different outcomes
(failure mechanisms) of an egg. Take an egg and set it on a shelf and leave it
alone. After several months the egg becomes rotten. Take a similar egg and
place it under a hen and after a while we had a cute little chick. As a last
example, take another egg and place it in boiling water and after about 10
minutes you have a hard boiled egg. Never pick temperatures throughout the
viscoelastic region of a thermoplastic; you will obtain three different responses
(at its glassy region, at its glass transition temperature, and at its rubbery region)
of the material.
3
Now we can proceed with the plastic(s) of choice. This is the polymer with
the magical foo-foo dust that the compounder puts in it for various reasons.
Chemical soak tests are extremely important in the cases where the plastic part
is used in a chemical environment. We do not want anything from the plastic to
be extracted into the ‘‘chemical environment’’ thus either affecting the properties
of the plastic or contaminating the chemical environment. And the reverse is
also true; we do not want the plastic to absorb chemicals from the chemical
environment. This could cause the properties of the plastics to be lower due to
a plasticization effect.
Also the same type of chemical soak tests should be conducted on the final
molded part with the chemical soaking to an exposed portion of the design. In
addition to develop a material knowledge base for the particular part you are
designing, you will need data in the event you or others have to perform failure
analysis on the molded part.
You may request some of the data mentioned in this chapter from your sup-
pliers.
At this stage you should hopefully be dealing with the molded plastic part
assembly. The next part is to design functional tests that reflect the functionality
SUGGESTED READING LIST 1435
of the plastic molded part assembly as it leaves your facility and as it performs
in the field.
7 CONCLUSION
This chapter was written as hints, suggestions, and ‘‘tricks’’ to assist one in the
selection of materials for plastic parts design. These hints, suggestions, and tricks
have helped this writer in various industrial positions held and in consulting
projects completed.
Like everyone else I have experienced the phase ‘‘we don’t have time to do
it right the first time, but we have time to redo it.’’ It is always easier to do
some right the first thine.
I have participated in projects in which millions were spent to develop a
plastic assembly and the project failed for the stubbornness of not spending a
couple of thousands of dollars on an analytical test.
I have heard words like ‘‘mechanical engineers can pick materials.’’ This may
be true. But I have again experienced projects where looking in a polymer
handbook would have saved thousands of dollars and many months of work.
Case in point, polyethylene terephthalate was selected as the material of choice
for a plastic part that had to withstand an internal processing step of being
adhesively bonded to another part for 2 min at 150
⬚C. The grade of polyethylene
terephthalate used was a recycled grade with a glass transition temperature in
the vicinity of 60
⬚C. Placing the final assembly in an oven at 60⬚C to simulate
an aging test failed all parts due to changes in dimensions of the part. Subjecting
a polyethylene terephthalate coupon to 60
⬚C testing or checking the literature
would have been helpful.
Another example was the use of polystyrene as a throw-away coffee cups.
Several years ago a fast-food chain was sued for injuries a customer suffered
for drinking coffee from one of these cups. Part of the injuries occurred because
the cup was made from polystyrene. Polystyrene has a glass transition temper-
ature in the vicinity of 100
⬚C. This temperature is the same as the boiling point
of water. If the coffee is extremely hot, it could reach temperatures close to its
glass transition temperature or in the vicinity when the material starts to transit
from the glassy region to the rubbery region of the polymer. In one particular
case it did, thus losing its structural integrity, causing the coffee to spill out of
the cup, burning the customer, and resulting in a legal action.
In the conclusion I would like to say that in writing this chapter I have been
fortunate to have the benefit of books, good teachers, a good network of sup-
pliers, and good co-workers who were part of my team. Engineers who were
willing to learn, and management that had faith in my methods, and, most im-
portant, my willingness to be taught by others. I wish you the same.
SUGGESTED READING LIST
As mentioned earlier, this chapter was written from the short courses and grad-
uate lectures that this writer has given in the past. However, I feel obligated to
provide the reader with a reading list. The amount and nature of the information
is even overwhelming to the author.
1436 DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY WITH PLASTICS
Brostow, W. (ed.), Performance of Plastics, Hanser / Gardner, Cincinnati, OH, 1995.
Brostow, W. and R. D. Corneliussen (eds.), Failure of Plastics Hanser / Gardner, Cincinnati, OH,
1986.
Domininghaus, H., Plastics for Engineers—Materials, Properties, Applications, Hanser / Gardner,
Cincinnati, OH, 1993.
Dym, J. B., Product Design with Plastics, A Practical Manual, Industrial Press, New York, 1983.
Ezrin, M., Plastics Failure Guide Cause and Prevention, Hanser / Gardner, Cincinnati, OH, 1995,
1996.
MacDermott, C. P., and A. V. Shenoy, Selecting Thermoplastics for Engineering Application, 2nd
ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997.
Malloy, R. A., Plastic Part Design for Injection Molding, Hanser / Gardner, Cincinnati, OH, 1994.
Morton-Jones, D. H., Polymer Processing, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1989.
Osswald, T. A., Polymer Processing Fundamentials, Hanser / Gardner, Cincinnati, OH, 1998.
Osswald, T. A., and G. Menges, Materials Science of Polymers for Engineers, Hanser /Gardner,
Cincinnati, OH, 1995.
Rudin, A., The Elements of Polymer Science and Engineering, An Introductory Text for Engineers
and Chemists, Academic, New York, 1982.
Young, R. J., and P. A. Lovell, Introduction to Polymers, 2nd ed., Chapman & Hall, New York, 1994.
REFERENCES
1. Seyler, R. J., (ed.), ‘‘Opening Discussions,’’ in Assignment of the Glass Transition, STP 1249,
ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA., 1994, p. 13.
2. Sperling, L. H., Polymeric Multicomponent Materials, An Introduction, Wiley-Interscience, New
York, 1997.
3. Gillen, K. T., Celina, M., Clough, R. L., and Wise, J., ‘‘Extrapolation of Accelerated Aging Data–
Arrhenius or Erroneous?’’ Trends in Polym. Sci., 5(8), 250–257, 1997 and the references therein.
1437
INDEX
Aberteldy Bridge (Scotland), 1413–1415
About.com web site, 471
Abrasion resistance testing (plastics), 564
Abrasive barrel finishing (metals), 962
Abrasive belt finishing (metals), 962
Abrasive machining (metals), 894–899
abrasive flow machining, 901, 904
abrasive jet machining, 901, 904
Abrasive wear, 758, 760
Abrasive wear model (ceramics), 424
ABS (American Bureau of Ships), 53
Absolute materials requirements, 834–835
Absolute viscosity, 599
Absorption:
chemical, 1232
in electronic packaging applications, 1232
of energy by aluminum alloys, 90
with orthopedic biomaterials, 1177–1178
of X-radiation in nondestructive inspection,
664–666
ABS (ter-polymer), 338, 339
Accelerated weathering tests (plastics), 584–
589
Accelerometers, 1313–1314
ACI, see American Concrete Institute
AC178 (ICBO), 1384, 1385
Acoustic impedance, 657
Addition polymers, 1425
Additives:
indirect, 617
in plastics, 1429–1430
Adhesion:
between diamond films and substrates,
1297–1300
with metallic materials, 540
Adhesives:
in composite structures, 1361
in electronic packaging applications, 1250–
1251
Adhesive wear, 710, 756–759
ADS (Aluminum Design System), 23
Advanced composites, 1132–1136. See also
specific materials
atomic oxygen effects on, 1141
definition of, 1132
polymer matrices in, 1135–1136
reinforcement fibers in, 1134–1135
spacecraft applications of, 1131–1162
stress-strain equations for, 1133
thermal cycle-induced microcracking of,
1142
vacuum-induced outgassing of, 1142
Aerospace applications:
advanced composite materials in spacecraft,
1131–1162
all-composite mirrors, 1161–1162
antennas, 1159–1160
coefficient of thermal expansion of,
1137–1138
deployable structures, 1152–1153
electronics enclosures, 1153–1157
EMI shielding and electrical
characteristics of, 1140 –1141
environmental durability of, 1141–1142
examples of, 1149–1162
FORTE, 1150
high specific stiffness/strength of, 1138,
1139
hybrid composite mirrors, 1160–1161
inflatable structures, 1153
isogrid structures, 1145
joints in, 1145
manufacturing methods used with, 1146–
1149
material properties for, 1137–1142
Midcourse Space Experiment, 1151–
1152
mirrors, 1159–1162
optical benches and instrument
structures, 1157–1159
primary spacecraft bus/ chassis structure,
1150–1152
properties/ characteristics of, 1137–1142
qualities of advanced composites used in,
1132–1136
reflectors, 1159–1162
sandwich structures, 1143–1144
solid laminate construction of, 1142–
1143
standard structural forms of, 1142–1145
thermal conductivity of, 1139–1140
truss structures, 1144
of aluminum alloys, 132
complex laminates used in, 1057
specifications for, 53
turbine blades, 841–842
Aerospace Materials Specifications (AMS), 53
AFM (abrasive flow machining), 901, 904
AFNOR (Association Francaise de
Normalisation) standards, 53
Age-hardening martensitic stainless steels, 67,
80
HandbookofMaterialsSelection.EditedbyMyerKutz
Copyright
Ó 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork.
1438 INDEX
Aging process (steels), 55
Aircraft applications (aluminum alloys), 132
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute), 52
AJM (abrasive jet machining), 901, 904
Alkyd resins, 353
All-composites structural applications (PFRP),
1401–1416
bridge applications, 1408, 1410–1416
buildings applications, 1406, 1408–1410
research and development of, 1402–1407
Allied-Signal’s Metals, 282
Alloys. See also specific types
for cutting tools, 860
electrical resistivities/ conductivities of, 699
number of, 3
shape memory, 414–415
Alloy Digest (CD), 469
Alloy Finder (CD), 468–469
Alloy steels, see Steels
Alpha iron, see Ferrite
Alumina, fibers based on (in composite
materials), 367
Alumina particle-reinforced aluminum, 382,
383
Aluminum:
in alloy steels, 48–49
alumina particle-reinforced, 382, 383
anodizing of, 1237
in electronic packaging applications, 1242–
1244
in magnesium alloys, 261, 267–268, 271,
278–282
silicon carbide particle-reinforced, 382, 383
wrought, 100, 112
Aluminum alloys, 89–133
aircraft/ aerospace applications of, 132
applications of
cast, 124, 126–131
by market areas, 131–133
wrought, 100, 112–127
building/construction applications of, 131
cast
advantages of, 90–91
applications of, 124, 126–131
designation systems for, 95, 97–100
limitations of, 92–93
properties of, 106–112
chemical industry applications of, 133
designation systems for, 93–100
cast, 95, 97–100
temper designation, 98, 100
wrought, 93–97
electrical applications of, 131
in electronic packaging applications, 1242–
1244
marine transportation applications of, 132–
133
packaging applications of, 133
petroleum industry applications of, 133
properties of
cast, 106–112
wrought, 101–106
railcar applications of, 133
temper designation system for, 98, 100
vehicle applications of, 131–132
wrought
advantages of, 90–91
applications of, 100, 112–127
designation systems for, 93–97
limitations of, 92–93
properties of, 101–106
Aluminum Association, Inc., 89–90, 93, 468
Aluminum Association Alloy and Temper
Designation Systems:
for cast aluminum alloys, 95, 97–100
temper designation system, 98, 100
for wrought aluminum alloys, 93–97
Aluminum–copper alloys, 113–116, 127
Aluminum Design System (ADS), 23
Aluminum–magnesium alloys, 117–125, 130
Aluminum–magnesium–silicon alloys, 119–
121, 126
Aluminum–manganese alloys, 114, 116, 118,
119
Aluminum oxide abrasives, 894
Aluminum–silicon alloys, 116, 117, 130
Aluminum–silicon
⫹ copper or magnesium
alloys, 128
Aluminum–silicon deoxidized (killed) steels,
48, 49, 51
Aluminum–tin alloys, 130–131
Aluminum–zinc alloys, 122, 123, 127, 130
American Bureau of Ships (ABS), 53
American Ceramic Society, 433
American Chemical Society, 469
American Concrete Institute, 1401, 1419
American Concrete Institute (ACI), 1417–
1418
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 52
American National Standards, 616
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 615–616, 1417
American Railway Engineering and
Maintenance of Way Association
(AREMA), 53
American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM), 520, 616. See also ASTM
standards
resources available from, 520
steel specifications developed by, 53
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE),
1417, 1419
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME), 53, 63, 863
INDEX 1439
Amino resins, 354
Amorphous polymers, 336, 1427
AMS (Aerospace Materials Specifications), 53
Analytical comparisons, materials properties
data for, 458–460
Angle bending (metals), 943
Angles, tool, 861
Annealing (steels), 51
Anodic coatings:
for aluminum, 1237
for magnesium alloys, 264, 287–288
Anodizing (metals), 966
ANSI, see American National Standards
Institute
Antennas, space, 1159–1160
Anticoagulation properties (vascular
prostheses), 1185, 1187
Antimony, 50
Antireflection (AR) coatings
(telecommunications), 1324
AOD process, see Argon–oxygen
decarburization process
APDs (avalance photodiodes), 1317
Applied Research in Remotely-Queried
Embedded Microsensors (ARRQEM),
1147–1149
Aqueous corrosion resistance, 76, 276–277
Aramid fibers (Kevlar), 367, 1346
AR (antireflection) coatings
(telecommunications), 1324
Architecture:
all-composites structural materials used in,
1406, 1408–1410
copper and copper alloys in, 143
Arc resistance testing (plastics), 578–582
AREMA (American Railway Engineering and
Maintenance of Way Association), 53
Argon–oxygen decarburization (AOD)
process:
for stainless steels, 29, 77
for superalloys, 319–321
ARRQEM, see Applied Research in
Remotely-Queried Embedded
Microsensors
Arsenic, 50
Arteries, 1180–1181
ASCE, see American Society of Civil
Engineers
Ashby’s material selection charts, 9, 10
ASME, see American Society of Mechanical
Engineers
ASM Handbook, 468, 631
ASM International:
directory of materials property databases,
21
materials properties data from, 468–469
ASM Metal Selector, 22
ASM Metals Handbook, 54, 59, 62
ASSET project, 1416
Association Francaise de Normalisation
(AFNOR) standards, 53
ASTM, see American Society for Testing and
Materials
ASTM Committee E 49, 498, 500
ASTM standards, 520, 616
for Brookfield viscometer, 597
for ceramics, 434
compression, 626
electrical resistance, 647
fatigue, 638
for fatigue strength estimation, 636
flexural strength, 647
for flexure, 628
for fracture toughness, 632, 633
for hardness, 632
for tensile creep, 630
tensile testing, 626
ultrasonic testing, 646
for heat reversion technique, 783–784
for instrumentation and data acquisition
systems, 524
for metallic materials testing, 520
bending strength, 540
compression, 526
creep, 526
fatigue, 536, 537, 540
fracture toughness, 532, 535
hardness, 528
impact, 530, 531
stress relaxation, 528
tensile properties, 524
for nondestructive evaluation, 651
penetrant process, 654
ultrasonic, 656
for plastics
abrasion resistance, 564
differential scanning calorimetry, 602–
604
electrical properties, 575–582
flexural fatigue, 565–566
flexural properties, 549–551
hardness, 567–568
impact, 556–558, 562
melt index test, 592, 594–595
tensile properties, 547–548
thermal properties, 569–575
weathering, 584–589
for stainless steels, 77
for test machines, 522
for two-parameter Weibull distribution, 811
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 1308
Atlas Weathering Services Group, 621
ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), 1308
Atmospheric corrosion (magnesium), 276
1440 INDEX
Atomic oxygen, 1141
Attributes, database, 487
definition of, 487–490
values for, 491
Austenite (gamma iron), 30–33, 36, 44
Austenitic manganese steels, 47
Austenitic stainless steels, 48–50, 59–60, 67,
80–82, 85–86
Autoclave processing:
of prepreg, 1067–1076
automated lay-up, 1071–1072
cure monitoring sensors, 1072
hand lay-up, 1069–1071
operation of autoclave, 1073–1076
prepreg cutting, 1069
tooling for, 1068
tool preparation for curing, 1072–1073
of sandwich panels, 1358
Automated drilling systems, 1359
Automated machine lamination, 1385, 1387
Automotive applications:
aluminum alloys in, 131–132
ceramic materials in, 426–427
specifications for, 53
ultrahigh-strength wires in, 64
Automotive Composites Consortium, 500
Automotive wire, 142
Avalance photodiodes (APDs), 1317
Bainite, 38–40
Bake-hardening steels, 55
Bamboo, 841
Band saws, 893
Bandwidth, 1303–1304
of copper cable, 1304, 1305
of optical fiber, 1306–1307
of wireless networks, 1308
Barrel finishing, 962
Bars, copper, 185
Bats:
baseball, 1266, 1267
cricket, 1264
softball, 1267
Battelle Memorial Institute, 621
Bcc arrangement, see Body-centered cubic
arrangement
Bearings, ceramic materials for, 424, 425
Bending (of metals), 942–943
Bending strength test (metallic materials), 540
Bend tests (brittle materials), 821–823
Beryllium coppers, 165
Beryllium (in magnesium alloys), 272
Bicycles, 1260–1262
Binary Phase Diagrams on CD-ROM, 469
Biocompatibility issues:
with blood-contacting biomaterials, 1183–
1186
with orthopedic biomaterials, 1174–1178
with space-filling biomaterials, 1188–1191
Biological corrosion, 709, 768–769
Biomechanics, 1255
Biomedical applications, 1165–1192
biocompatibility issues in
with blood-contacting biomaterials,
1183–1186
with orthopedic biomaterials, 1174–1178
with space-filling biomaterials, 1188–
1191
blood-contacting biomaterials, 1180–1188
biocompatibility of, 1183–1186
blood transport by, 1181–1183
coagulation with, 1184–1186
functioning of, 1181–1183
hemolysis with, 1184
hemostasis with, 1184
material selection for, 1186–1188
neointima formation with, 1183–1184
property degradation with, 1186
blood transport, 1181–1183
breast implants, 1188–1191
capsule formation (space-filling
biomaterials), 1188–1190
carcinogenesis complications (space-filling
biomaterials), 1190–1191
coagulation with, 1184–1186
corrosion (orthopedic materials), 1174–
1177
function of
blood-contacting biomaterials, 1181–
1183
orthopedic biomaterials, 1167–1173
space-filling biomaterials, 1188
hemolysis with, 1184
hemostasis with, 1184
immunological complications (space-filling
biomaterials), 1190–1191
joint motion (orthopedic biomaterials),
1171–1173
leaching/ absorption (orthopedic
biomaterials), 1177–1178
load support (orthopedic biomaterials),
1167–1171
material selection for
blood-contacting biomaterials, 1186–
1188
orthopedic biomaterials, 1178–1180
space-filling biomaterials, 1191
neointima formation with, 1183–1184
orthopedic biomaterials, 1166–1180
biocompatibility of, 1174–1178
corrosion of, 1174–1177
functioning of, 1167–1173
joint motion with, 1171–1173
leaching/ absorption with, 1177–1178
INDEX 1441
load support with, 1167–1171
material selection for, 1178–1180
wear debris from, 1178
property degradation (blood-contacting
materials), 1186
space-filling biomaterials, 1188–1191
biocompatibility of, 1188–1191
capsule formation with, 1188–1190
carcinogenesis/ immunological
complications with, 1190–1191
functioning of, 1188
material selection for, 1191
of titanium and titanium alloys, 231–232
total hip arthroplasty, 1166–1180
vascular prostheses, 1180–1188
wear debris (orthopedic biomaterials), 1178
Biomimetric (smart structures), 402
BIOSIS database, 454
Blanking, chemical, 921
Blanks, metal, 935, 945–946
Blasting (metals), 962
Blistering, hydrogen, 768
Blood-contacting biomaterials, 1180–1188
biocompatibility of, 1183–1186
blood transport by, 1181–1183
coagulation with, 1184–1186
functioning of, 1181–1183
hemolysis with, 1184
hemostasis with, 1184
material selection for, 1186–1188
neointima formation with, 1183–1184
property degradation with, 1186
Blow molding (plastics), 958, 977–979,
1026–1027
BMC, see Bulk molding compound
Boats, 1267–1268
Body-centered cubic (bcc) arrangement, 30,
31, 47
Body-centered tetragonal (bct) arrangement,
30, 31
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME), 63
Boilercode specifications, 53
Bonderizing, 966
Bonding:
reaction bonding (ceramics), 1120
structural bonding (composites), 1358,
1360–1361
Bonding materials (grinding), 894
Bond strength requirements (reinforced
concrete/ masonry structure repair /
retrofit), 1391
Book of Standards (ASTM), 616
Bootstrap samples, 825
Boring, 863
Boron fibers (in composite materials), 367,
1345
Boron (in alloy steels), 49
Borosilicate glasses, 1250
Brasses, 139–140
cast, 140
in electrical / electronic applications, 150
in industrial applications, 165, 185
wrought, 139, 140
Brazing:
of superalloys, 295
of titanium and titanium alloys, 231
Breast implants, 1188–1191
biocompatibility of, 1188–1191
capsule formation with, 1188–1190
carcinogenesis/ immunological
complications with, 1190–1191
functioning of, 1188
material selection for, 1191
Bridge applications (composite structural
materials), 1373, 1408, 1410–1416
Brinnel hardness scale, 43, 1229
Brinnelling failure (metals), 708
British Standards (BS), 53
Brittle-coating stress analysis (plastics), 781
Brittle fracture failure (metals), 708
Brittle materials:
failure analysis of, 809–925
bend tests in, 821–823
and confidence limits, 816, 824–825
dynamic fatigue measurements in, 815–
816, 823–824
and environmentally enhanced fracture,
813–815
indented inert strength measurements,
816, 824
and initial strength distribution, 811–813
and lifetime prediction process, 809–818
strength tests in, 821–823
Weibull tests in, 818–821
lifetime prediction for, 809 –818
confidence limits in, 816, 824–825
dynamic fatigue measurements in, 815–
816, 823–824
environmentally enhanced fracture, 813–
815
indented inert strength measurements,
816
initial strength distribution, 811–813
process of, 816–818
strength tests in, 821–823
Weibull tests in, 818–821
Brittleness (of ceramic materials), 422–423
Brittleness temperature testing (plastics), 574,
575
Broaching (in metals manufacturing), 886–
890
cutting horsepowers for, 854
tool wear factors in, 855
Brodkey model, 1002–1004