Kutz M. Handbook of materials selection

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1442 INDEX

Bronzes, 140–141

Brookﬁeld viscometer, 597

Broutman, L.J., Associates Ltd., 621

BS (British Standards), 53

Buckling failure (metals), 707, 712

Buckyball (buckminsterfullerene), 415

Bufﬁng, 899, 963

Building applications:

all-composites structural materials in, 1406,

1408–1410

of aluminum alloys, 131

Building wire, 142

Bulk molding compound (BMC), 353, 373–

374, 1044, 1095, 1099

Bulk resonators, 1328, 1329

Burnishing (metals), 941

Bus/ chassis structure (spacecraft), 1150–1152

Buyers Guide (Ceramic Industry Magazine),

433

Cable networks, 1304–1306

Cadmium, 1244

CAE, see Computer-aided engineering

Calcium:

in alloy steels, 49

in magnesium alloys, 272–274, 283–284

Calcium sulfate (plaster), 955

Calendered ﬁlm adhesives, 1361

Calendering (plastics), 974–975, 1018–1019

Calorimetry differential scanning, see

Differential scanning calorimetry

Cambridge Materials Selector (CES3), 496–

497

Cameras, infrared, 679

CAMPUS database, 500

Cancer, breast implants and, 1190–1191

Capillary rheometer, 597–599

Capsule formation (with space-ﬁlling

biomaterials), 1188–1190

Carbides:

for cutting tools, 860

in superalloys, 294–295

Carbon:

in alloy steels, 44–46

and intergranular corrosion, 75, 76

iron-carbon equilibrium diagrams, 30–38,

levels of, in stainless steels, 76–77

in stainless steels, 75–77

Carbon arc-type light, exposure of plastics to,

586

Carbon/ carbon composites (CCCs), 358

materials used in, 372

mechanical properties of, 385–386

physical properties of, 397

Carbon ﬁbers (in composite materials), 361,

366–367

Carbon steels:

classiﬁcation of, 53–55

high manganese, 53, 54

as hypoeutectoid steels, 37

nonresulfurized, 53–54

rephosphorized and resulfurized, 53, 54

speciﬁcations for, 53 –55

welding of stainless steels vs., 82–85

Carcinogenesis complications (with space-

ﬁlling biomaterials), 1190–1191

Carothers equation, 1429

CARS (Computerized Application and

Reference System), 22

Cartridge brass, 150

CAS database, 455

Casting, 837, 949–957. See also Molding

centrifugal casting, 951–953

continuous casting, 29

of copper and copper alloys, 188, 198

die casting, 954–955

investment casting

of metals, 956–957

of titanium and titanium alloys, 229

of metals, 949–957

centrifugal casting, 951–953

die casting, 954–955

investment casting, 956–957

permanent-mold casting, 953–955

plaster-mold casting, 955–956

sand casting, 949–952

permanent-mold casting, 953–955

plaster-mold casting, 955–956

of plastic parts, 982, 983, 995, 1032 –1033

as quiescent process, 995, 1032–1033

sand casting, 949–952

of steels, 29

strand casting, 29

of superalloys, 295, 323–324

of titanium and titanium alloys, 229

Catalysts, smart, 414

Caustic stress-corrosion cracking, 73

Cavitation corrosion, 709, 768

CBN, see Cubic boron nitride

CCCs, see Carbon / carbon composites

CCCT, see Critical crevice corrosion

temperature

CDA (Copper Development Association), 136

CDMA (code division multiple access), 1308

CEF model, see Criminale–Ericksen–Filbrey

model

Cementite, 37, 44, 51

CEN standards, see Committee for European

Normalisation standards

CenTOR Software, Inc., 495

Centrifugal casting (metals), 951–953

INDEX 1443

Ceramic materials, 419–436

in automotive and light-truck engines, 426–

427

for bearings, 424, 425

calorimetry testing for, 644

compression testing of, 626

compressive creep testing for, 630–631

compressive strength measurement for,

798–799

conventional manufacturing of, 1115–1116

corrosion resistance of, 429

creep rupture in, 806–807

creep strain in, 805–806

creep testing for, 628–631

for cutting tool inserts, 425, 426

delayed failure of, 792–794

design with

and brittleness, 422–423

as factor in failure, 788, 798–803

differential scanning calorimetry testing for,

644

dilatometry testing for, 639, 640

electrical resistance testing, at elevated

temperatures, 647

electrical testing of, 646–648

electrical resistance at elevated

temperatures, 647

ﬂexural strength of electronic-grade

ceramics, 647–648

in electronic packaging applications, 1249

energy sources used with, 1117–1120

mechanochemical synthesis, 1118–1120

microwave processing, 1117–1118

reaction bonding, 1120

self-propagating high-temperature

synthesis, 1118

failure analysis of, 790–807

compressive strength measurement, 798–

799

creep rupture, 806–807

creep strain, 805–806

delayed, 792–794

and fracture mechanics, 789–791

at high temperatures, 805

multiaxial Weibull statistics for, 798–803

scatter of lifetime, 797, 798

scatter of strength, 794–797

strength prediction, 792

under thermal shock conditions, 803–804

failure of, 787–790

delayed, 792–794

design as factor in, 788, 798–803

and intrinsic vs. extrinsic ﬂaws, 789–790

materials selection as factor in, 787–788,

803–805

modes of failure, 788

probability of, 789

process as factor in, 788–790

service conditions as factor in, 803–807

under thermal shock conditions, 803–804

fatigue testing for, 634 –638

ﬂaws in, 789–790

ﬂexural strength testing, 647–648

ﬂexure creep testing for, 629, 630

ﬂexure testing for (fracture strength), 627–

628

fracture strength testing for, 624–628

fracture toughness testing for, 632 –633

future trends in, 435–436

glass, 1250

guarded hot plate testing for, 641–642

hardness testing for, 631–632

heat capacity testing for, 643–644

high strain rate testing for, 633–634

at high temperatures, 805

information sources for, 433 –435

intrinsic vs. extrinsic ﬂaws in, 789–790

laser ﬂash testing for, 642–643

layered manufacturing of, 1122–1123

major commercial applications for, 420

manufacturing of, 1113–1127

common steps in, 1116

conventional processes in, 1115–1116

engineering factors involved in, 1114

layered manufacturing, 1122–1123

mechanochemical synthesis, 1118–1120

and microstructure of products, 1114

microwave processing, 1117–1118

nanotechnology in, 1120–1122

new energy sources in, 1117–1120

new precursors in, 1123–1127

new shapes in, 1120–1123

polymer precursors, 1123

processing vs., 1115

reaction bonding, 1120

self-propagating high-temperature

synthesis, 1118

sol-gel processing, 1123–1127

market value of, 623

materials selection

as factor in failure of, 787–788

for thermal shock conditions, 803–805

mechanical testing of, 624–638

compression, 626

compressive creep, 630–631

creep, 628–631

fatigue, 634–638

ﬂexure, 627–628

ﬂexure creep, 629, 630

fracture strength, 624–625

fracture toughness, 632–633

hardness, 631–632

1444 INDEX

Ceramic materials (continued )

high strain rate, 633–634

tensile creep, 630

tension, 625–626

mechanochemical synthesis of, 1118–1120

microstructure of ﬁnished products, 1114

microwave processing of, 1117–1118

nanotechnology in processing of, 1120–

1122

nondestructive evaluation testing of, 644–

646

in passive electronics, 430–431

piezoceramics, 431–432

piezoelectric, 404, 405, 407

precursors in processing of, 1123–1127

polymer precursors, 1123

sol-gel processing, 1123–1127

processing of, 420–422

as factor in failure, 788–790

manufacturing vs., 1115

radiographic testing of, 646

reaction bonding of, 1120

scatter of lifetime in, 797, 798

scatter of strength in, 794–797

self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

of, 1118

service conditions as factor in failure of,

803–807

sol-gel processing of, 1123–1127

standards for, 434–435

strength prediction for, 792

for telecommunications device packaging,

1312

tensile creep testing for, 630

tension testing for, 625–626

testing of, 623–648

electrical, 646–648

mechanical, 624–638

nondestructive, 644–646

radiography, 646

thermal, 638–644

ultrasonic, 645–646

thermal conductivity testing for, 640–643

thermal expansion testing for, 638–640

under thermal shock conditions, 803–804

thermal testing of, 638–644

calorimetry, 644

differential scanning calorimetry, 644

dilatometry, 639, 640

guarded hot plate, 641–642

heat capacity, 643–644

laser ﬂash, 642–643

thermal conductivity, 640–643

thermal expansion, 638–640

thermostructural applications of, 427–429

for tool inserts, 860

transparent, 432, 433

ultrasonic properties of, 697

ultrasonic testing of, 645–646

in wear applications, 423–427

bearings, 424, 425

cutting tool inserts, 425, 426

as wear materials, 1281

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), 358

materials used in, 371–372

mechanical properties of, 384, 385

physical properties of, 397

standards for, 434–435

Ceramic Source (American Ceramic Society),

433

CERF (Civil Engineering Research

Foundation), 1419

Cerium, 50, 271

Certiﬁed data, 460

CES3, see Cambridge Materials Selector

CGDS, see Columnar grain directional

solidiﬁcation

Chalk trays, 840

Charpy impact test, 530, 556–557

Charpy V-notch (CVN) test, 530, 531

Chemical blanking, 921

Chemical compounds / classes, variations in,

446–447

Chemical conversions:

for magnesium alloys, 264

of metals, 966–967

anodizing, 966

chemical oxide coatings, 967

chromate coatings, 966

phosphate coatings, 966

Chemical Corrosion Expert System, 23–24

Chemical failure (plastics), 778

Chemical industry, aluminum alloys in, 133

Chemical machining (CHM), 919–921

Chemical milling, 921

Chemical oxide coatings (metals), 967

Chemical resistance (in electronic packaging

applications), 1226

Chemical stress analysis (plastics), 782

Chemical/ thermal analysis (for identiﬁcation

of polymers), 613

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD):

for diamond ﬁlms, 1287–1300

ﬁbers made from, 363

historical background of, 1287–1289

metal–organic chemical vapor deposition,

1314, 1315

for telecommunications applications, 1334–

1335

Chemir/ Polytech Laboratories, Inc., 621

Chemistry control:

for stainless steels, 78

with superalloys, 318–319

INDEX 1445

Chemung County Bridge (New York), 1410–

1412

Chile, copper production in, 136

Chloride stress-corrosion cracking, 72–73, 80

CHM, see Chemical machining

Chopped strand mat (CSM), 373, 374, 1040,

1041

Chromate coatings (metals), 966

Chromium:

in alloy steels, 48

in electronic packaging applications, 1244

in stainless steels, 67–69

Circular saws, 892–893

Civil Engineering Research Foundation

(CERF), 1419

Cleaning (of metals), 960–963

abrasive barrel ﬁnishing, 962

abrasive belt ﬁnishing, 962

blasting, 962

bufﬁng, 963

electropolishing, 963

liquid and vapor baths, 960–962

polishing, 963

wire brushing, 962

CMCs, see Ceramic matrix composites

Coagulation (with blood-contacting

biomaterials), 1184–1186

Coating(s):

anodic, 264

antireﬂection coatings, 1324

chemical-conversion, 264

chemical oxide, 967

chromate, 966

for cutting tools, 860

electroplating, 965

enamel, 55, 964

hot-dip plating, 965

lacquers, 964

for magnesium alloys, 264, 287–288

metallizing, 965

for metals, 963–967

electroplating, 965

enamels, 964

hot-dip plating, 965

lacquers, 964

metallizing, 965

organic, 964

paints, 964

temporary corrosion protection, 965–966

vacuum metallizing, 965

varnishes, 964

vitreous enamels, 964–965

organic, 964

paints, 964

phosphate, 966

with plastics, 980–981

contour, 980–981

planar, 980

for steel parts in electronic packaging,

1237–1238

for superalloys, 329–330

for telecommunications devices, 1324

temporary corrosion protection, 965–966

vacuum metallizing, 965

varnishes, 964

vitreous enamels, 964–965

for wear resistance, 1278

wire coating, 1016–1018

Cobalt-base superalloys, 294, 303, 305, 307,

309, 310, 318

Cobalt (in nickel alloys), 248

Co-curing (composites), 1357–1358, 1361–

1362

Code division multiple access (CDMA), 1308

Coefﬁcient of friction:

of diamond, 1290

in metal cutting, 851–852

Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion (CTE / COT):

of advanced composite materials in

spacecraft, 1136–1138

of ceramics, 638–640

of composite materials, 362, 372, 386–391

in electronic packaging applications, 1225–

1226

of sandwich-constructed composite core,

1143–1144

Coining (metals), 941

Coinjection molding (plastics), 957

Cold-chamber die casting, 955

Cold drawing, 947

Cold forging, 940

Cold-roll forming, 944

Cold rolling:

of metals, 940

of superalloys, 295, 296

Cold spinning, 947

Cold welding, 756

Cold-working processes (metals), 939–949

bending, 942–944

classiﬁcation of, 939

drawing, 947–949

shearing, 944–947

squeezing processes, 940–941

Columbium, 49

Columnar grain directional solidiﬁcation

(CGDS), 323–324

Combined creep and fatigue failure (metals),

708, 712

Combined stress theory of failure, 714

Combustibility (in electronic packaging),

1231

Combustion machining, 923

Comex, 136

1446 INDEX

Commingled thermoplastic matrix composites,

1103–1106

Committee for European Normalisation

(CEN) standards (ceramics), 628, 632

Commodity thermoplastics, 336–341

ABS, 339

impact polystyrene (IPS), 338

polyethylene (PE), 336–337

poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 341

poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 341

polypropylene (PP), 337, 338

polystyrene (PS), 337, 338

polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 339–340

poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 340–341

styrene/ acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN),

338, 339

Communications, see Telecommunications

applications

Comparing alternative solutions, 11–13

in case study, 14–17

weighted-properties methods for, 11–13

digital logic method, 11–12

performance index in, 12–13

Compatibility (of materials / processes), 8, 10

COMPENDEX database, 455

Completely reversed cyclic stress, 723

Complex shear, 995

Composite materials, 357–397, 1401–1416

adhesives for, 1361

advanced, 1132–1136

deﬁnition of, 1132

polymer matrices in, 1135–1136

reinforcement ﬁbers in, 1134–1135

spacecraft applications of, 1131–1162

stress-strain equations for, 1133

advantages of, 1345–1347

all-composites structural applications,

1401–1416

bridge applications, 1408, 1410–1416

buildings applications, 1406, 1408–1410

research and development of, 1402–1407

applications of, 1343–1347, 1349–1368

adhesives, 1361

assembly methods for, 1358–1363

co-curing, 1357–1358, 1361–1362

construction, see Composite materials,

construction applications

design of individual plies, 1357

detail design for, 1356–1363

drilling systems, 1359

environmental concerns with, 1367–1368

evaluation of potential products, 1344–

1347

ﬂat sandwich panels, 1357–1358

historical, 1344–1346

joining, 1358–1361

and lack of ductility, 1359–1360

localized stiffness for, 1362 –1363

manufacturing of, 1348–1356

materials selection for, 1350–1353, 1356

mechanical fastening, 1358–1359

number of plies, 1357

process selection for, 1350–1356

producibility checklist for, 1363 –1365

product development team for, 1349–

1350

quality control requirements for, 1365–

1367

and removability from tooling, 1356–

1357

structural bonding, 1358, 1360–1361

trimming, 1358

assembly methods for, 1358–1363

bridge applications, 1408, 1410–1416

buildings applications, 1406, 1408–1410

bulk molding compounds, 1095, 1099

carbon/ carbon composites, 358

mechanical properties of, 385–386

physical properties of, 397

ceramic matrix composites, 358

mechanical properties of, 384, 385

physical properties of, 397

classes/ characteristics of, 358–359

co-curing of, 1357–1358, 1361–1362

commercial reinforcement formats for,

1040–1042

commingled thermoplastic matrix

composites, 1103–1106

comparative properties of, 359 –363

construction applications, 1369–1420

in aggressive environments, 1370–1371

all-composites structural applications,

1401–1416

codes and standards for, 1416–1419

in internal reinforcement of concrete

members, 1399–1401

new strategy for, 1419 –1420

in repair / retroﬁt infrastructures systems,

1371–1399

contact molding, 1058–1065

continuous lamination, 1095

cure of thermosetting resins, 1049–1051

design with

constraints on, 1347

of individual plies, 1357

manufacturing process selection, 1350–

1356

materials selection, 1350–1353, 1356

product development team, 1349–1350

product development team for, 1349–

1350

of reinforcements to enhance

permeability, 1053–1054

detail design for, 1356–1363

INDEX 1447

drape in manufacturing of, 1053

drilling systems with, 1359

environmental concerns with, 1367–1368

evaluation of potential products, 1344–1347

feedstock choice in manufacturing of,

1057–1058

ﬁbers in, 1038

architecture of, 1039, 1040

in construction repair applications, 1379,

1381–1385

properties of, 1039

ﬁlament winding, 1085–1090

ﬁlled plastics, 1038

ﬂat sandwich panels, 1357–1358

ﬂow processes during molding, 1052–1053

glass mat thermoplastics, 1099–1101

heat transfer in manufacture of, 1051–1052

high-performance thermoplastic matrix

composites, 1101–1103

historical application of, 1344–1346

inﬁltration in manufacturing of, 1046–1048

injection-molded short-ﬁber-reinforced

thermoplastics, 1107–1110

for integrated electronics, 1148

joining, 1358–1361

lack of ductility in, 1359–1360

laminate material properties, 1045

localized stiffness in, 1362–1363

manufacturing advantages of, 363, 364

manufacturing of, 1037–1110, 1348–1356

aims and objectives of, 1045–1046

applied pressure in, 1048–1049

autoclave processing of prepreg, 1067 –

1076

bulk molding compounds, 1095, 1099

commingled thermoplastic matrix

composites, 1103–1106

consolidation in, 1048

contact molding, 1058–1065

continuous lamination, 1095

cure of thermosetting resins, 1049–1051

and design of reinforcements to enhance

permeability, 1053–1054

drape in, 1053

feedstock choice in, 1057–1058

ﬁlament winding, 1085–1090

ﬂow processes during molding, 1052–

1053

glass mat thermoplastics, 1099–1101

heat transfer in, 1051–1052

high-performance thermoplastic matrix

composites, 1101–1103

inﬁltration in, 1046–1048

injection-molded short-ﬁber-reinforced

thermoplastics, 1107–1110

prepreg, 1067–1076

press molding, 1065–1067

and properties of composites, 1038–1045

pultrusion, 1090–1095

rate of build in, 1056, 1057

resin ﬁlm inﬁltration, 1077–1078

resin transfer molding, 1078–1086

sheet molding compounds, 1095–1099

for spacecraft applications, 1146–1149

SRIM of monomer precursor

thermoplastics, 1106–1107

with thermoplastic matrix systems, 1050,

1051

tooling for, 1054–1056

tow placement, 1085–1086, 1090

materials selection for, 1350–1353, 1356

matrix materials used in, 364, 368–372

carbon, 372

ceramic, 371–372

metals, 371

polymers, 368, 371

mechanical fastening of, 1358–1359

mechanical properties of, 375–386, 1039–

1045

carbon/ carbon composites, 385–386

ceramic matrix composites, 384, 385

commercial reinforcement formats,

1040–1042

ﬁber architecture, 1039, 1040

ﬁber properties, 1039

laminates, 1045

metal matrix composites, 378, 380–384

moldings, 1045

polymer matrix composites, 375–380

precompounded reinforcements with

thermosetting matrices, 1042–1044

thermoplastic matrices, 1044–1045

metal matrix composites, 358

mechanical properties of, 378, 380–384

physical properties of, 392, 395–396

metals vs., 1347, 1348

moldings, mechanical properties of, 1045

multiphase piezoelectric, 405

nature of, 1038

number of plies in, 1357

particulate composites, 1038

physical properties of, 386–397

carbon/ carbon composites, 397

ceramic matrix composites, 397

metal matrix composites, 392, 395–396

polymer matrix composites, 392–394

polymer matrix composites, 358

mechanical properties of, 375–380

physical properties of, 392–394

and precompounded reinforcements with

thermosetting matrices, 1042–1044

prepreg, 1067–1076

press molding, 1065–1067

process selection for, 1350–1356

1448 INDEX

Composite materials (continued )

producibility checklist for, 1363 –1365

product development team with, 1349–1350

properties of, 372–397, 1038–1045

mechanical, 375–386

physical, 386–397

for spacecraft applications, 1137–1142

pultrusion, 1090–1095

quality control requirements for, 1365–

1367

rate of build in manufacturing of, 1056,

1057

in reinforced concrete / masonry structure

repair/ retroﬁt, 1388–1398

axial load capacity upgrade, 1393–1398

ﬂexural capacity upgrade (concrete

members), 1388–1391

minimum bond strength requirements,

1391

shear and torsional strengths upgrade,

1392–1393

reinforcements used in, 358, 359, 364–367

aramid ﬁbers, 367

boron ﬁbers, 367

carbon (graphite) ﬁbers, 366–367

ﬁbers, 364–367

ﬁbers based on alumina, 367

ﬁbers based on silicon carbide, 367

glass ﬁbers, 365, 366

high-density polyethylene ﬁbers, 367

removability from tooling with, 1356–1357

in repair / retroﬁt infrastructure systems,

1371–1399

automated machine lamination, 1385,

1387

design considerations for (FRP

composites), 1385, 1387–1388

design philosophy for (FRP composites),

1388–1398

durability and long-term performance of,

1398–1399

prefabricated composite laminates or

shells, 1385, 1386

preimpregnated (prepreg) composite

systems, 1385

reinforced concrete and masonry

structures, 1388–1398

wet/ hand lay-up method, 1375–1376,

1379, 1381–1385

resin ﬁlm inﬁltration, 1077–1078

resin transfer molding, 1078–1086

sheet molding compounds, 1095–1099

spacecraft applications of, 1131–1162

in all-composite mirrors, 1161–1162

in antennas, 1159–1160

in deployable structures, 1152–1153

in electronics enclosures, 1153–1157

examples of, 1149–1162

FORTE, 1150

in hybrid composite mirrors, 1160–1161

in inﬂatable structures, 1153

manufacturing methods used with, 1146–

1149

material properties for, 1137–1142

Midcourse Space Experiment, 1151–

1152

in mirrors, 1159–1162

in optical benches and instrument

structures, 1157–1159

in primary spacecraft bus/ chassis

structure, 1150–1152

qualities of advanced composites used in,

1132–1136

in reﬂectors, 1159–1162

standard structural forms of, 1142–1145

SRIM of monomer precursor

thermoplastics, 1106–1107

structural bonding of, 1358, 1360–1361

with thermoplastic matrices, 1044–1045

with thermoplastic matrix systems, 1050,

1051

tooling for manufacture with, 1054–1056

tow placement, 1085–1086, 1090

trimming of, 1358

Composite Optics Inc., 1155, 1160

Compression molding:

of medical products made from PP pellets,

1218, 1219

of plastics, 983–984, 1026

Compression testing:

for ceramics, 626, 798–799

of metallic materials, 526

Compressive creep testing (ceramics), 630–

631

Compromisable materials requirements, 834,

835

Computed tomography (CT), 646, 671–672

Computer-aided engineering (CAE), 477–478

Computer-Aided Materials Preselection by

Uniforms Standards (CAMPUS R), 500

Computer-assisted materials selection, 21–24

expert systems for, 23 –24

ﬁnal selection using, 22–23

MAPS 1 system, 9–11

materials databases, 22

Computerized Application and Reference

System (CARS), 22

Computerized materials databases, 21, 22,

477

Concurrent engineering, 4

Condensation, exposure of plastics to, 583–

586

Conduction heat transfer, 1235

Cone-and-plate viscometer, 597

INDEX 1449

Conﬁdence in materials properties, 683

Conﬁdence limits (brittle materials), 816,

824–825

Consolidation, 837, 1048

Constant life diagrams, 729, 734

Constant probability of failure, curves of, see

S–N–P curves

Construction applications:

of aluminum alloys, 131

of composites, 1369–1420

in aggressive environments, 1370–1371

all-composites structural applications,

1401–1416

codes and standards for, 1416–1419

in internal reinforcement of concrete

members, 1399–1401

new strategy for, 1419 –1420

in repair / retroﬁt infrastructures systems,

1371–1399

Contact molding (composites), 1058–1065

economics of, 1064–1065

key factors / variations in, 1059–1061

laminate design for, 1061–1064

prewetting of reinforcement, 1062 –1064

spray-up, 1064

vacuum bagging, 1062

Continuous casting (steels), 29

Continuous-cooling transformation (CT)

diagram, 41

Continuous ﬁber-reinforced MMCs, 380, 395

Continuous ﬁbers (in composites), 1038

Continuous lamination, 1095

Continuous manufacturing processes (plastic

parts), 994, 1011–1022

calendering, 1018–1019

extension dominated, 1019–1022

extrusion, 1011–1016

ﬁber spinning, 1019–1020

ﬁlm blowing, 1020–1022

shear dominated, 1011–1019

wire coating, 1016–1018

Continuous random mat (CRM), 1040, 1041

Convection heat transfer, 1235

Conversion, principle of (wear control), 761

Copper:

in alloy steels, 47, 50

and corrosion of magnesium alloys, 278,

279

in stainless steels, 69

Copper alloys, 135–200

in architecture applications, 143

cast, 188–199

brasses, 140

bronzes, 140–141

casting methods for, 188, 198

copper–nickels, 141

families of, 137, 139

high-copper alloys, 139

leaded coppers, 141

mechanical properties of, 189–197

nickel–silvers, 141

in sleeve bearings, 199

special alloys, 141, 142

temper designations for, 137, 139

uses for, 198–199

designations for

cast, 137, 139

wrought, 137, 138

in electrical / electronic applications

sheet/ strip/ plate products, 150, 165

wire products, 142–143

in electronic packaging applications, 1244

families of, 137, 139–142

brasses, 139–140

bronzes, 140–141

copper–nickels, 141

coppers, 137, 139

high-copper alloys, 139

leaded coppers, 141

miscellaneous copper–zinc alloys, 141–

142

nickel–silvers, 141

special alloys, 141, 142

in industrial applications, 165, 185

mechanical properties of

cast coppers and copper alloys, 189–197

rod, bar, and mechanical wire alloys,

167–182

of sheet and strip alloys, 151–164

of tube alloys, 183–184

physical properties of, 143–149

product forms of, 142

rod, bar, and mechanical wire, 185–188

forgings, 187

machined products, 186–187

mechanical properties of, 167–182

mechanical wire, 187–188

sheet/ strip/ plate products, 143, 150–165,

185

in architecture, 143

in electrical / electronics applications,

150, 165

in industrial products, 165, 185

and structure of copper industry, 136–137

temper designations for, 137–139

cast, 137, 139

wrought, 137, 138

tubes and ﬁttings, 183–185

wire products, 142–143

wrought

brasses, 139, 140

bronzes, 140, 141

copper–nickels, 141

families of, 137

1450 INDEX

Copper alloys (continued )

high-copper alloys, 139

miscellaneous copper–zinc alloys, 141–

142

nickel–silvers, 141

temper designations for, 137, 138

Copper Data Center, 136

Copper Development Association (CDA), 136

Copper–nickel alloys, 141

Copper–nickel–tin alloys, 165

The Copper Page web site, 136, 143

Copper wire test (plastics), 613

Copper–zinc alloys, miscellaneous, 141–142

Corotational Jeffreys model, 1004–1005

Corrosion. See also Corrosion resistance

biological, 709, 768–769

cavitation, 709, 768

cost of, 248, 761

crevice, 709, 764, 766

decarburization, 768

by direct chemical attack, 709, 762–763

in electronic packaging applications, 1226–

1227

erosion, 709, 767

fretting, 711

galvanic, 709, 763–765

of hip implants, 1174–1177

hydrogen damage, 768

by hydrogen damage, 709

intergranular, 709

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 274–

289

and electrochemical properties of

magnesium, 274, 275

improving resistance to, 278–289

and surface ﬁlms in various

environments, 276–279

types of corrosion, 274–276

of metals, 707, 709, 761–770

biological corrosion, 768–769

cavitation corrosion, 768

crevice corrosion, 764, 766

decarburization, 768

direct chemical attack, 762–763

erosion corrosion, 767

galvanic corrosion, 763–765

hydrogen damage, 768

intergranular, 766–767

pitting corrosion, 766

selective leaching, 767

stress corrosion cracking, 769–770

with orthopedic biomaterials, 1174–1177

pitting, 251–252, 709, 766–767

repair of, 1371

selective leaching, 767

by selective leaching, 709

stress, 709

stress corrosion cracking, 769–770

of superalloys, 329–330

wet vs. dry, 249

Corrosion fatigue failure (metals), 708, 712

Corrosion protection (metals), 963–967

chemical conversions, 966–967

coatings, 963–966

temporary, 965–966

Corrosion resistance:

alloy selection for, 81, 87

of aluminum alloys, 90

of ceramic materials, 429

hot-corrosion resistance, superalloys for,

330

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 264,

278–289

and alloying, 280–284

and control of impurities, 278–280

and processing methods, 284–287

and surface protection, 287–288

of nickel and nickel alloys, 87, 248–252

of stainless steels, 58, 69–76, 87

to crevice corrosion, 74

to galvanic corrosion, 75–76

to general corrosion, 71–72

to intergranular corrosion, 75

to pitting corrosion, 74, 75

to stress-corrosion cracking, 72–73

of steels, 56

of superalloys, 294, 316

of titanium and titanium alloys, 203, 231

Corrosion wear failure (metals), 708, 712

Corrosive wear, 710

Cost(s):

of corrosion, 248, 761

of feedstock for composite processes, 1058

of machining metals, 856–859

of materials, 509

performance requirement analysis for, 6

per unit stiffness, 8, 9

per unit strength, 8

weighting factor for, 13

Cost–beneﬁt analysis (materials substitution),

20–21

Cost per unit property (material screening), 8,

COT, see Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion

Co-woven fabrics, 1104–1105

CPT (critical pitting temperature), 74

CP titanium, 208, 214–216

Crack detection capabilities, 686–690

Cracking, see Failure analysis

Crack-tip stress analysis, 718–722

Creep:

in composite materials, 378

in electronic packaging applications, 1231–

1232

INDEX 1451

in heat-resistant steels, 63

prediction of long-term creep behavior,

742–743

in steels, 48

in superalloys, 311, 317

testing for

in ceramics, 628–631

in metallic materials, 526–528

in plastics, 551–553, 574

Creep buckling failure (metals), 707, 712

Creep failure (metals), 707, 711

Creep rupture, 740–742

in ceramics, 806–807

in composite materials, 378

in metals, 740–746

creep under uniaxial state of stress, 743–

746

prediction of long-term creep behavior,

742–743

in plastics, 574

with superalloys, 311, 312

Creep strain (ceramics), 805–806

Crevice corrosion, 709

in magnesium alloys, 275

of metals, 764, 766

resistance of stainless steels to, 74

Cricket bats, 1264

Criminale–Ericksen–Filbrey (CEF) model,

1005–1006

Critical crevice corrosion temperature

(CCCT), 74–75

Critical pitting temperature (CPT), 74

Critical stress intensity, 719

CRM, see Continuous random mat

CRT (California Resin Testing) Labs Inc., 621

Cryogenic applications (titanium and titanium

alloys), 232

Cryogenic toughness (aluminum alloys), 90

Crystal growth, 1336

Crystalline ceramics, 839–840

Crystalline polymers, 1427

Crystal polystyrene, see General-purpose

polystyrene

CSM, see Chopped strand mat

CT, see Computed tomography

CT (continuous-cooling) transformation

diagrams, 41

CTE, see Coefﬁcient of thermal expansion

CTFE (poly(chlorotriﬂuoroethylene)), 349

Cubic boron nitride (CBN), 1277

in abrasive machining, 894

for cutting tools, 860

Curing (composites), 1357–1358

co-curing, 1357–1358, 1361–1362

cure monitoring sensors, 1072

low pressure, ambient cure RTM, 1083–

1084

of thermosetting resins, 1049–1051

tool preparation for, 1072–1073

Curves of constant probability of failure, see

S–N–P curves

Cutting. See also Sawing

of metals, 892–893

cutoff operations, 947

economics of, 856–869

force for, 946

machining power and cutting forces,

852–855

principles of, 848–852

oblique, 848, 850

orthogonal, 848, 850

thread cutting and forming, 884–886

tool steels for, 62

Cutting-edge angles, 861

Cutting ﬂuids, 861, 862

Cutting tools:

ceramic inserts for, 425, 426, 860

ﬂuids used with, 861–862

geometry of, 861, 862

and machinability, 862

materials for, 859–861

oxide inserts for, 860

speeds and feeds with, 862–863

CVD, see Chemical vapor deposition

CVN test, see Charpy V-notch test

Cyclic fatigue, 792–793

Cyclic manufacturing processes (plastic parts),

994, 1022–1033

blow molding, 1026–1027

casting, 1032–1033

compression molding, 1026

extension dominated, 1026–1032

melt injection molding, 1022–1025

quiescent, 1032–1033

reaction injection molding, 1025

rotational molding, 1032

shear dominated, 1022–1025

thermoforming, 1027–1032

transfer molding, 1025

Cyclic properties (superalloys), 312, 317

Damage-tolerant design, 684 –685, 687

DAP, see Diallyl phthalate

Dargie’s method (materials screening), 9–11

Data, materials, see Materials data

Databases. See also Materials data

management

attributes deﬁned in, 487–490

certiﬁed data from, 460–461

computerized, 21, 22

evaluated data from, 460

interactive, 22

for material properties, 447, 454–456, 463–

465