Kutz M. Handbook of materials selection

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1452 INDEX

Databases (continued )

for materials data management, 484–493

building the database, 491–492

design of database, 486–490

end-user data requirements deﬁnition,

485–486

functional requirements deﬁnition, 486

populating the database, 490–491

project team deﬁnition, 485

prototype database development, 490

qualifying the database, 492–493

user interface customization, 492

numeric, materials properties data from,

464

platform variety for, 467–468

prototype, 490

quality/ reliability of data from, 465–467

textual, materials properties data from,

463–464

Database management systems (DBMSs),

480, 482, 494–497. See also Materials

data management

Data fusion, 652

Data management, see Materials data

management

Data transfer rate, 1304

of cable modems/ digital subscriber lines,

1306

of telephone networks, 1305

of wireless networks, 1308

Data transmission, 1309

DBMSs, see Database management systems

De Beer’s law, 667

Deburring, electrochemical, 908, 909

Decarburization (metals), 768

Deep drawing (metals), 947–948

Deep-quality special-killed (DQSK) steels, 55

Deformation, 837

elastic deformation failure, 708, 710, 712–

713

resistance to, 252–253

wear, deformation, 710

Degassing, 29, 50

Delamination theory of fretting, 749

Delayed failure:

of brittle materials, 814

of ceramic materials, 792–794

Delsen Testing Laboratories, Inc., 621

Delta iron, see Ferrite

Demagnetization of parts, 682–683

Denier, 1040

Dense WDM (DWDM), 1307, 1308

Densiﬁcation, 1122

Density:

of composite materials, 386, 388, 390

in electronic packaging applications, 1228

Deoxidizers, 48

Deployable space structures, 1152–1153

Deposition:

chemical vapor deposition

for diamond ﬁlms, 1287–1300

ﬁbers made from, 363

historical background of, 1287–1289

metal–organic chemical vapor deposition,

1314, 1315

for telecommunications applications,

1334–1335

crystal growth, 1336

of diamond ﬁlms, 1291–1295

epitaxy, 1335–1336

evaporation, 1330, 1334–1335

metal–organic chemical vapor deposition,

1314, 1315

modiﬁed chemical vapor deposition, 1321,

1322

plating, 1337

sputtering, 1330

for telecommunication materials, 1330,

1334–1337

Derwent World Patents Index, 456

Design:

of ceramic materials

and brittleness, 422–423

handbooks for, 435

with composite materials, 1355–1363

FRP composites in repair and retroﬁt

infrastructure systems, 1385, 1387–

1398

individual plies, 1357

concurrent engineering in, 4

conﬁguration (embodiment), 5

damage-tolerant, 684 –685

detail (parametric), 5

deterministic, 422

to enhance permeability of composite

reinforcements, 1053 –1054

as factor in failure

of ceramics, 788, 798–803

of plastics, 776, 777

ﬁnal, materials properties data for, 460–461

inspectability considerations in

conﬁdence in materials properties, 683

probability of detection, 691–693

quantiﬁcation of NDE capabilities, 690–

691

quantiﬁed crack detection capabilities,

686–690

structural integrity, 683–686

manufacturing concerns in, 835

of materials database, 486–490

pilot application design and testing phase

of, 483–484

system design phase of, 481–483

materials properties information sources

INDEX 1453

for ﬁnal design, 460–461

for preliminary design, 460

materials selection in, 833–834

of medical products, 1199

of plastic parts, 1431–1435

preliminary/ conceptual, 5, 460

probabilistic, 422

process selection concerns in, 833–834

safe-life, 684, 687

of sports equipment, 1255–1256

stages of, 4, 5

as step in manufacturing process, 833–837

with superalloys, data for, 296–297

Design problem (plastics manufacturing),

997–998

Design solution algorithm (plastics

manufacturing), 998–1007

Desktop library, 448–450

Deterministic design, 422

Detroit Testing Laboratory, Inc., 621

Deutsches Institut fu¨r Normung (DIN)

standards, 53

Dezinciﬁcation, 767

DFB lasers, see Distributed feedback lasers

Diallyl phthalate (DAP), 353–354

Diamonds:

for abrasive machining, 894

for cutting tools

polycrystalline, 861

single-crystal, 860–861

Diamond ﬁlms, 1287–1300

adhesion of, 1297–1300

deposition of, 1291–1295

historical background of, 1287–1289

modiﬁcation of CVD diamond properties,

1295

and properties of CVD diamond, 1289–

1291

roughness of, 1295–1296

thickness of, 1296–1297

Diamond particle-reinforced copper MMCs,

395–396

Diaphragm molding, 1103

Die casting:

of magnesium alloys, 261, 262, 284

of metals, 954–955

Dielectric constant testing (plastics), 576, 577

Dielectric strength testing (plastics), 575–576

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC):

for ceramics, 644

for plastics, 602–604

of polymers, 1426

Diffusion, 32

Digital logic (weighted-properties), 11–12

Dilatometers, 41, 639, 640

Dilatometry testing (ceramics), 639, 640

Dimensionality (of plastic parts), 993

DIMOX (directed metal oxidation) process,

1120

DIN (Deutsches Institut fu¨r Normung)

standards, 53

Dinking (metals), 947

Direct chemical attack, corrosion by, 709,

762–763

Directed metal oxidation (DIMOX) process,

1120

Directory of Testing Labs (ASTM), 520

Discontinuous ﬁbers (in composites), 1038

Discontinuous ﬁber-reinforced MMCs, 380,

382

Displacement-based sensors, 1326–1327

Disposable medical products, 1195–1196

Disposal of materials, 513–515

Dissipation factor testing (plastics), 576, 577

Distortion energy theory of failure, 714–715

Distributed feedback (DFB) lasers, 1315,

1316

Diversion, principle of (wear control), 761

DMA (dynamic mechanical analyses), 1427

DMC (dough molding compound), 1095

Document-type deﬁnition (DTD), 501–502

Dough molding compound (DMC), 1095. See

also Bulk molding compound

DQSK steels, see Deep-quality special-killed

steels; Drawing-quality special-killed

steels

Drag-ﬂow manufacturing processes (plastics),

996

Drape (composite processing), 1053

Drawability (of steels), 54–55

Drawing (metals):

cold, 947–949

hot, 933–936

Drawing-quality special-killed (DQSK) steels,

48–49

Drilling:

automated drilling systems, 1359

of composites, 1359

cutting horsepowers for, 854

tool steels for, 62

tool wear factors in, 855

Drilling machines:

accuracy of, 876

alignment charts for, 871–876

classiﬁcation of, 877

for metals manufacturing, 869–877

Dry circuit switching, 1244

Dry corrosion, 249

Dry sand molds, 950

DSC, see Differential scanning calorimetry

DTD, see Document-type deﬁnition

Dual-phase steels, 57–58

Ductile rupture failure (metals), 708

1454 INDEX

Ductility, 1230

of composites, 1359–1360

in electronic packaging applications, 1230

of steels, 37, 39, 49, 51

of superalloys, 316

Duplex austenitic–ferritic stainless steels, 67,

Duplex stainless steels, 61, 86–87

Durability (of composites), 1398–1399

Durometer hardness test, 568

DWDM, see Dense WDM

Dynamic fatigue measurements (brittle

materials), 815–816, 823–824

Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA), 1427

Dynamic viscosity, 599

Dynepco Inc., 621

E-beam radiation, see Electron beam radiation

EBM, see Electron-beam machining;

Extrusion blow molding

ECD, see Electrochemical deburring

ECDG, see Electrochemical discharge

grinding

ECG, see Electrochemical grinding

ECH, see Electrochemical honing

E-commerce, 515

ECP, see Electrochemical polishing

ECS, see Electrochemical sharpening

ECT, see Electrochemical turning

ECTFE, see Poly(ethylene

chlorotriﬂuoroethylene)

Eddy current inspection, 653, 672–678

impedance plane, 673–676

lift-off of inspection coil from specimen,

676–678

and skin effect, 673

EDG (electrical discharge grinding), 916

EDM, see Electrical discharge machining

EDS, see Electrical discharge sawing

EDWC (electrical discharge wire cutting), 918

Elastic deformation failure, 708, 710, 712–

713

Elastic modulus, 8, 9

Elastomers, 336, 354, 1424

in electronic packaging applications, 1246,

1249

general-purpose, 350, 354

specialty, 351, 354

thermal behavior of, 1426

Elastorestrictive materials, 409

Electrical applications:

of aluminum alloys, 131

of copper and copper alloys, 142, 150, 165

HSLA steels for, 57

Electrical conductivity, 1129. See also

Electrical resistance

of aluminum alloys, 90

of diamond ﬁlms, 1291

in electronic packaging applications, 1224–

1225

of metals / alloys, 699

Electrical contacts, materials selection for,

1239

Electrical discharge grinding (EDG), 916

Electrical discharge machining (EDM), 916,

917

Electrical discharge sawing (EDS), 917–918

Electrical discharge wire cutting (EDWC),

918

Electrical resistance:

of ceramics at elevated temperatures, 647

of metals / alloys, 699

of plastics, 577–578

Electrical steels, 49, 55

Electrical testing:

of ceramics, 646–648

electrical resistance at elevated

temperatures, 647

ﬂexural strength of electronic-grade

ceramics, 647–648

of plastics, 575–582

arc resistance, 578–582

dielectric constant and dissipation factor,

576–577

dielectric strength, 575–576

electrical resistance tests, 577–578

Electroabsorption modulated lasers (EML),

1315–1317

Electrochemical deburring (ECD), 908, 909

Electrochemical discharge grinding (ECDG),

908, 909

Electrochemical grinding (ECG), 909, 910

Electrochemical honing (ECH), 910, 911

Electrochemical machining (ECM), 910–912

Electrochemical polishing (ECP), 912, 913

Electrochemical sharpening (ECS), 912, 913

Electrochemical turning (ECT), 913, 914

Electrodeposition, 1337

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding,

579–582, 1140–1141

Electromagnetic shielding, 1228, 1234 –1235

Electromechanical machining (EMM), 905

Electron beam (E-beam) radiation, 1207–1210

Electron-beam evaporation, 1334

Electron-beam machining (EBM), 915–916

Electronic packaging applications, 1223–1251

adhesives in, 1250–1251

ceramics in, 1249

chemical resistance in, 1226

combustibility in, 1231

composite materials in, 386–391, 395–396

corrosion in, 1226–1227

creep in, 1231–1232

density in, 1228

INDEX 1455

dominant considerations in, 1224–1232

ductility in, 1230

elastomers in, 1246, 1249

electrical conductivity in, 1224–1225

electrical contacts, 1239

electromagnetic shielding in, 1228

electrostatic shielding in, 1228–1229

encapsulants, 1239–1241

environmental endurance in, 1241

equipment attachment, 1233–1234

equipment/ modules enclosures, 1234–1235

equipment racks/ frames/ mounting

structures, 1234

fatigue resistance in, 1229

ﬁnishes for, 1237–1238

general considerations in, 1241

glasses in, 1249–1250

hardness in, 1229–1230

magnetic shielding in, 1229

mechanical joints, 1236–1237

metals in, 1241–1245

aluminum and aluminum alloys, 1242–

1244

cadmium, 1244

chromium, 1244

copper and copper alloys, 1244

gold, 1244–1245

iron and iron alloys, 1242

lead, 1245

magnesium, 1244

nickel, 1244

rhodium, 1245

silver, 1244–1245

tin, 1245

titanium, 1245

zinc, 1244

moisture absorption in, 1232

operating/ storage temperature ranges for,

1227–1228

overriding considerations in, 1232–1233

plastics in, 1245–1249

elastomers, 1249

thermoplastics, 1246, 1247

thermosets, 1247–1249

position-sensitive assemblies, 1238

strength in, 1228

sublimation in, 1230–1231

temperature control, 1235–1236

thermal conductivity in, 1225

thermal emissivity in, 1225

thermal expansion in, 1225–1226

wear resistance in, 1230

Electronics applications:

copper and copper alloys in, 142–143, 150,

165

enclosures, electronics (in spacecraft),

1153–1157

passive, ceramic materials in, 430–431

Electro-optical materials, 1323–1324

Electroplating:

of aluminum, 1237

of magnesium alloys, 287

of metals, 965

of steel parts in electronic packaging,

1237–1238

for telecommunications applications, 1337

Electropolishing (ELP), 899, 921, 922, 963

Electrorheological materials, 409–410

Electro slag remelting (ESR), 319, 322–323

Electrostatic shielding, 1228–1229, 1234–

1235

Electro-stream (ES), 913, 914

Electrostrictive materials, 407–408

Elevated temperature performance tests

(plastics), 568–574

Elongation, 1230

ELP, see Electropolishing

Embedded-sensor technology, 1147–1148

Embossing (metals), 948

Embrittlement, hydrogen, 768

EMI shielding, see Electromagnetic

interference shielding

EML, see Electroabsorption modulated lasers

EMM (electromechanical machining), 905

Enameling steel, 55

Enamels (for metals), 964

Encapsulants (in electronic packaging), 1239–

1241

Encyclopedias, online, 448

End cutting-edge angles, 861

Endurance limit, 728

Energy absorption capacity (aluminum

alloys), 90

Engineered Polymers, 621

Engineering, concurrent, 4

Engineering thermoplastics, 342–348

modiﬁed polyphenylene ether, 347

polyacetals, 343, 344

polyamides (nylon), 342, 343

poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), 342

polycarbonates, 345–346

polyesters, 342

polyimides, 347, 348

polyphenylene sulﬁde, 344, 345

polysulfone, 346–347

Engines:

automotive and light-truck, 426–427

ﬂex-fans with, 843

Ente Nazionale Italiano di Uniﬁcazione (UNI)

standards, 53

EnviroBrasses, 198

Environment(s):

aggressive, composites in, 1370–1371

1456 INDEX

Environment(s) (continued )

compatibility of medical products with,

1198

of composite manufacturing, 1367–1368

copper and copper alloys in, 199–200

endurance of electronic packaging in, 1241

failure of plastics in, 778

for magnesium and magnesium alloy use,

267

for metallic materials testing, 540–542

space, advanced composites in, 1141–1142

for superalloys, 316

wear phenomena in, 1276

Environmentally enhanced fractures (brittle

materials), 813–815

EOC, see Equation of continuity

Epitaxy, 1335–1336

Epoxy resins, 352–353, 1240

Equation of continuity (EOC), 998–999

Erosion corrosion, 709, 767

ES, see Electro-stream

ESR, see Electro slag remelting

Ethane, 1424

Ethical considerations (in sport equipment

materials selection), 1270–1272

Europe, all-composite bridges in, 1413–1416

Eutectic reaction, 36

Evaluated data, 460

Evaluation, nondestructive, see Nondestructive

inspection/ evaluation

Evaporation (deposition technique), 1330,

1334–1335

Expandable-bead molding (plastics), 957

Expert systems, 23–24

Extensible markup language (XML), 501

Extensional ﬂow, 994

Extensional-ﬂow-dominated processes (plastic

parts), 995, 1019–1022, 1026–1032

blow molding, 1026–1027

compression molding, 1026

ﬁber spinning, 1019–1020

ﬁlm blowing, 1020–1022

rotational molding, 1032

thermoforming, 1027–1032

Extrusion:

of metals, 932–933, 940–941

of plastics, 958, 969–972, 1001–1016

single screw, 1011–1015

twin screw, 1015–1016

Extrusion blow molding (EBM), 977–978

Extrusion covering (plastics), 972–973

Eyecatcher Project, 1408–1410

Eyring model, generalized, 1000–1001

Fabrication. See also speciﬁc processes

of carbon vs. stainless steels, 85

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 262–

264

of microelectromechanical systems, 1326

of nickel and nickel alloys, 252–255

of optical ﬁbers, 1320–1322

selecting process of, 836–838

Fabrics:

co-woven, 1104–1105

noncrimp, 1041, 1042

woven, 1041, 1042

Face-centered-cubic (fcc) arrangement, 30, 31,

47, 294

Failure. See also Failure analysis

of ceramics, 787–790

delayed, 792–794

design as factor in, 788, 798–803

and intrinsic vs. extrinsic ﬂaws, 789–790

materials selection as factor in, 787–788,

803–805

modes of failure, 788

probability of, 789

process as factor in, 788–790

service conditions as factor in, 803–807

under thermal shock conditions, 803–

804

delayed, 792–794

of metals, 705–712

brinnelling failure, 708

brittle fracture failure, 708

buckling failure, 707, 712

combined creep and fatigue failure, 708,

712

corrosion failure, 707, 709

corrosion fatigue failure, 708, 712

corrosion wear failure, 708, 712

creep buckling failure, 707, 712

creep failure, 707, 711

criteria of failure, 705–706

ductile rupture failure, 708

elastic deformation failure, 708

fatigue failure, 706–709

fretting failure, 707, 710–711

fretting fatigue failure, 710–711

galling and seizure failure, 707, 711

impact failure, 707, 710

modes of failure, 706–712

radiation damage, 707, 712

spalling failure, 707, 711–712

stress corrosion failure, 708, 712

stress rupture failure, 707, 711

theories of, 714–716

thermal relaxation failure, 707, 711

thermal shock failure, 707, 711

wear failure, 707, 709–710

yielding failure, 708

modes of, 706–712

INDEX 1457

of plastics, 775–778

chemical, 778

design as factor in, 776, 777

environmental, 778

material selection as factor in, 775–776

mechanical, 776, 778

process as factor in, 776

service conditions as factor in, 776

thermal, 778

Failure analysis:

of brittle materials, 809–925

bend tests in, 821–823

and conﬁdence limits, 816, 824–825

dynamic fatigue experiments for, 815–

816

dynamic fatigue measurements in, 823–

824

and environmentally enhanced fracture,

813–815

indented inert strength measurements,

816, 824

and initial strength distribution, 811–813

and lifetime prediction process, 809–818

strength tests in, 821–823

Weibull tests in, 818–821

of ceramics, 790–807

compressive strength measurement, 798–

799

creep rupture, 806–807

creep strain, 805–806

delayed, 792–794

and fracture mechanics, 789–791

at high temperatures, 805

multiaxial Weibull statistics for, 798–803

scatter of lifetime, 797, 798

scatter of strength, 794–797

strength prediction, 792

under thermal shock conditions, 803–804

materials properties data for, 463

of metals, 705–770

corrosion failure, 761–770

creep rupture, 740–746

and criteria of failure, 705–706

elastic deformation failure, 712–713

fatigue failure, 722–740

and fracture mechanics /unstable crack

growth, 715–722

fretting failure, 746–756

and modes of failure, 706–712

stress corrosion failure, 769–770

stress rupture failure, 740–746

and theories of, 714–716

wear failure, 746–747, 756–761

yielding failure, 713–715

of plastics, 778–784

heat reversion technique for, 782–783

materials identiﬁcation analysis, 779–780

mechanical testing for, 784

microtoming technique for, 783 –784

nondestructive testing techniques for, 784

stress analysis, 780–783

thermal analysis for, 784

by visual examination, 778–779

theories of, 714–716

combined stress theory, 714

distortion energy theory, 714–715

maximum normal stress theory, 715–716

maximum shearing stress theory, 714–

715

Failure Analysis on CD-ROM, 469

Faraday rotators, isolators incorporating, 1325

Fast on-orbit recording of transient events

(FORTE) spacecraft, 1150

Fatigue:

cyclic, 792–793

high-cycle, 708, 722

low-cycle, 708, 722

static, 792, 814

surface, 708–709

thermal, 708

thermomechanical, 543

Fatigue failure. See also Fatigue testing

of composite materials, 378

of metals, 706–709, 722–740

fatigue crack propagation, 735–740

fatigue loading and laboratory testing,

723–727

nonzero mean stress, 729, 733–735

S-N-P curves, 727–233

of superalloys, 312

Fatigue life (titanium), 219

Fatigue limit, 728

Fatigue resistance (electronic packaging),

1229

Fatigue strength, 728

of aluminum alloys, 90

at a speciﬁed life, 728

Fatigue testing:

for ceramics, 634–638

machines for, 726

for metallic materials

fatigue crack propagation, 537–540

fatigue fracture, 535–537

for plastics, 564–566

Fcc arrangement, see Face-centered-cubic

arrangement

FDA, see Food and Drug Administration

FDMA (frequency division multiple access),

1308

Feed, cutting, 862–863

FEP (ﬂuorinated ethylene–propylene), 349

Ferrite (alpha iron / delta iron), 30–36

Ferritic stainless steels, 49, 50, 60–61, 67,

78–79

1458 INDEX

Fibers:

in composite materials, 364–367, 1038. See

also Composite materials

optical, 1318–1323

Fiber Bragg gratings (FBSs), 1322, 1323

Fiberglass, 1344–1345, 1362–1363

Fiber-optic cables, 1322, 1323

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite

materials, 360–362

construction applications of, 1369–1420

in aggressive environments, 1370–1371

all-composites structural applications,

1401–1416

codes and standards for, 1416–1419

in internal reinforcement of concrete

members, 1399–1401

new strategy for, 1419 –1420

in repair / retroﬁt infrastructures systems,

1371–1399

pultruded (PFRP), 1401–1416

bridge applications, 1408, 1410–1416

buildings applications, 1406, 1408–1410

research and development of, 1402–1407

Fiber reinforcements (composite materials),

358, 359, 364–367

aramid ﬁbers, 367

boron ﬁbers, 367

carbon (graphite) ﬁbers, 366–367

ﬁbers, 364–367

ﬁbers based on alumina, 367

ﬁbers based on silicon carbide, 367

glass ﬁbers, 365, 366

high-density polyethylene ﬁbers, 367

Fiber spinning (plastics), 1019–1020

Filament winding (composite processing),

1085–1090, 1351

Filled plastics, 1038

Fillers (plastics), 1430

Film-based radiography, 668–669

Film blowing, 973–974, 1020–1022

Film thickness:

diamond, 1296–1297

for wear materials, 1280–1281

Fine-grain steels, 48

Finishes. See also Coating(s)

for aluminum alloys, 91

for electronic packaging applications,

1237–1238

for magnesium and magnesium alloys, 264

for steel in electronic packaging, 1237–

1238

Finishing:

of gears, 884

of metals, 894, 899

Flanging (metals), 944

Flex-fans, 843

Flexural properties:

of ceramics

ﬂexural strength testing for, 647–648

ﬂexure creep testing for, 629, 630

testing of, 627–628

of plastics

creep testing, 552, 553

fatigue test, 565–566

testing for, 549–551

in reinforced concrete / masonry structure

repair/ retroﬁt, 1388–1391

Flip-chips, 1314

Flip-chip brazing, 1296

Fluorescent UV lamps, exposure of plastics

to, 583–586

Fluorinated ethylene–propylene (FEP), 349

Fluorinated thermoplastics, 348–349, 352

ﬂuorinated ethylene–propylene (FEP), 349

poly(chlorotriﬂuoroethylene) (CTFE), 349

poly(ethylene chlorotriﬂuoroethylene)

(ECTFE), 349, 352

poly(tetraﬂuoroethylene) (PTFE), 348–349

poly(vinyl ﬂuoride), 352

polyvinylidene ﬂuoride (PVDF), 349

Foamed PVC, 340

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 616–

617

breast implant regulation by, 1188, 1190

ISO 10093-1 modiﬁed test matrix, 1197

medical product regulation by, 1195–1196

Forged steels, 29

Forging:

cold forging, 940

of copper rod, bar, and mechanical wire,

187

impression-die drop forging, 931

of metals, 929–932

cold forging, 940

impression-die drop forging, 931

open-die hammer forging, 930–931

press forging, 931

roll forging, 932

swaging, 932

upset forging, 931, 932

open-die hammer forging, 930–931

and oriented grain ﬂow, 842, 843

of plastic parts, 958

press forging, 931

roll forging, 932

of steels, 29

of superalloys, 324

swaging, 932

of titanium and titanium alloys, 227–229

upset forging, 931, 932

Forging brass, 187

Form cutting (gears), 883–884

INDEX 1459

Forming:

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 263,

264

of metals, 948

of superalloys, 295, 296

FORTE (fast on-orbit recording of transient

events) spacecraft, 1150

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)

spectrometry, 607

Fracture mechanics:

and ﬂaw extension behavior in ceramics,

789–791

and unstable crack growth in metals, 715–

722

Fracture strength testing (ceramics), 624–628

Fracture toughness, 717–722

of aluminum alloys, 90

of ceramics, 632–633, 780–791

of metallic materials, 531–535

plane-strain, 720

of structural metallic alloys / monolithic

ceramics/ CMCs, 384

of titanium alloys, 219, 223, 224

France, steel standards in, 53

Free-cutting brass, 186–187

Free-machining steels, 47

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA),

1308

Fretting corrosion, 711, 754–756

Fretting failure:

fretting corrosion, 754–756

fretting fatigue, 748–750

fretting wear, 750 –754

of metals, 707, 710–711, 746–756

delamination theory of fretting, 749

friction-generated cyclic stress fretting

hypotheiss, 748–749

major variables affecting, 747–748

Fretting fatigue failure, 710–711, 748

Fretting wear, 710, 711, 750–754

Friction force (metal cutting), 852

Friction-generated cyclic stress fretting

hypotheiss, 748–749

Friction of surfaces:

diamond, 1290

testing for, 540

Frit, 964–965

FRP composite materials, see Fiber-reinforced

polymer composite materials

FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared)

spectrometry, 607

Fullerenes, 415

Full-mold casting, 956–957

Functional requirements, performance

requirement analysis for, 4, 6

Fungus nutrient / fungus resistant materials,

1232

Galling, 707, 711, 757

Galvanic corrosion, 709

in electronic packaging applications, 1226–

1227

of metals, 763–765

resistance of stainless steels to, 75–76

Gamma iron, see Austenite

Gamma loop, 44, 61

Gamma radiation, 1201–1207

Gas–metal arc welding (GMAW), 83–84

Gaynes Testing Laboratories, Ltd., 621

Gear manufacturing, 880, 883–884

Gels:

hydrogels, 413–414

magnetic, 415

smart (intelligent), 413–414

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 599–

601

Gel permeation (size exclusion)

chromatography, 1426

General Electric, 510–511

General-purpose polystyrene (GP PS), 337,

338

Generating process (gears), 883–884

Germany, steel standards in, 53

Ghesquire Plastic Testing, Inc., 621

Glass(es), 1249–1250. See also Transparent

ceramic materials

for telecommunications device packaging,

1312

as wear materials, 1281

Glass ceramics, 1250

Glass ﬁbers (in composite materials), 365,

366

Glass mat thermoplastics (GMTs), 1099–1101

Glass optical ﬁber, 1319–1321

Glass transition, 1428

Glass transition temperature, 336

of amorphous thermoplastics, 1050

of polymers, 1427–1429

Globalization, 515

GMAW, see Gas–metal arc welding

Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen

Chemie, 447–448

GMTs, see Glass mat thermoplastics

Gold (in electronic packaging), 1244–1245

Goldsmith empirical model, 1006

Golf clubs, 1264–1266

Goodman relationships, 734–735

GPC, see Gel permeation chromatography

GP PS, see General-purpose polystyrene

Grain ﬂow, oriented, 842, 843

Granta Design Limited, 496

Graphite ﬁbers, 1346. See also Carbon ﬁbers

(in composite materials)

Graphitization, 767

1460 INDEX

Gravitational-inﬂuenced manufacturing

processes (plastics), 997

Gray cast iron, 260

Green sand molds, 950

Grinding:

electrical discharge, 916

electrochemical, 909, 910

electrochemical discharge, 908, 909

in gear ﬁnishing, 884

low-stress, 901, 905

of metals, 894–899

Grinding ﬂuids, 898

Guarded hot plate testing (ceramics), 641–642

Gun drills, 876

Gypsum (plaster), 955

Hadﬁeld, Sir Robert, 63

Hadﬁeld manganese steels, 47

Hardenability (of steels), 41–43, 47–49, 56

Hardness:

of diamond, 1290

in electronic packaging applications, 1229–

1230

of nickel and nickel alloys, 252–253

of steels, 44

Hardness tests:

for ceramics, 631–632

Durometer, 568

Knoop, 631, 632

for metallic materials, 528–529

for plastics, 566–568

Rockwell, 567

Vickers, 631, 632

Hardpoints (in sandwich panels), 1144

HCF, see High-cycle fatigue

HDM, see Hydrodynamic machining

HDPE, see High-density polyethylene

HDT, see Heat deﬂection temperature

Heat capacity testing (ceramics), 643–644

Heat deﬂection temperature (HDT), 569–570

Heat-resistant steels, 63, 87

Heat reversion technique (plastics failure

analysis), 782–783

Heat transfer:

in composites manufacturing, 1051–1052

in electronic packaging applications, 1235–

1236

Heat treatment:

of magnesium alloys, 284

of nickel and nickel alloys, 254–256

of steels, 50–52

annealing (full annealing), 51

normalizing, 51

process annealing (recrystallization

annealing), 51

quenching, 52

spheriodizing, 51, 52

stress relieving, 51

tempering, 52

Hemolysis (with blood-contacting

biomaterials), 1184

Hemostasis (with blood-contacting

biomaterials), 1184

Heteroepitaxy, 1335–1336

High-carbon steels, 860

High-copper alloys, 139

cast, 139

in electrical / electronic applications, 150,

165

wrought, 139

High-cycle fatigue (HCF), 312, 316, 708, 722

High-density polyethylene ﬁbers (in

composite materials), 367

High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 336, 337

High-energy-rate forming (metals), 948, 949

Higher alloy steels, 58–64

High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 338

High manganese carbon steels, 53, 54

High-molybdenum stainless steels, 87

High-performance steels, 58

High-performance thermoplastic matrix

composites, 1101–1103

High-speed steels (HSS), 860

High strain rate testing:

for ceramics, 633–634

for metallic materials, 540

High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels, see

Microalloyed steels

High temperatures:

ceramics at, 427–429, 805

heat-resistant steels for, 63

metals at, 297, 311

stainless steels at, 76, 77

superalloys at, 311–314, 332–333

titanium alloys at, 205–207, 221

Hip replacement, see Total hip arthroplasty

HIPS (high-impact polystyrene), 338

Hobbing (metals), 941

Hockey sticks, 1270

Holding adhesives, 1251

Homoepitaxy, 1335

Honing, 899, 910, 911

Hooke’s law, 713

Hot-chamber die casting, 955

Hot-corrosion resistance, 330

Hot deformation (of superalloys), 295

Hot-dip plating (metals), 965

Hot rolling (metals), 927–929

Hot shortness, 46, 47

Hot stamping, see Forging

Hot-working processes (metals), 926–938

drawing, 933–936

extrusion, 932–933

forging, 929–932

INDEX 1461

piercing, 938

pipe welding, 937, 938

rolling, 927–929

spinning, 935, 937

HSLA steels, see Microalloyed steels

HSS (high-speed steels), 860

HTML (hypertext markup language), 501

Human health, copper and copper alloys in,

199–200

Hunter Associates Laboratory, Inc., 621

Hydrodynamic machining (HDM), 901, 905

Hydrogels, 413–414

Hydrogen:

in alloy steels, 50

in titanium and titanium alloys, 214–215

Hydrogen blistering, 768

Hydrogen damage, 709, 768

Hydrogen embrittlement, 768

Hydrogen ﬂakes, 50

Hydrostatic extrusion, 940, 941

Hypereutectoid steels, 37

Hypertext markup language (HTML), 501

Hypoeutectoid steels, 36, 37

IACS, see International Annealed Copper

Standard

ICBO, see International Conference of

Building Ofﬁcials

ICBO publications, 1384, 1385, 1388–1393,

1395, 1398, 1399

Ideal product, 831

Identiﬁcation analysis (plastics), 607–608,

610–613, 779–780

chemical/ thermal analysis for polymer

identiﬁcation, 613

copper wire test, 613

melting point determination, 610, 612

solubility test, 612

speciﬁc gravity test, 613

IDES, Inc., 496

IEC standards (plastics testing), 575–578

IF steels, see Interstitial-free steels

IGES, see Initial Graphics Exchange

Speciﬁcation

Immunological complications (with space-

ﬁlling biomaterials), 1190–1191

Impact deformation, 710

Impact extrusion, 940

Impact failure (metals), 707, 710

Impact polystyrene (IPS), 338

Impact testing:

for metallic materials, 530–531

for plastics, 555–564

falling-weight impact test, 557–560

high-speed impact tests, 562–564

instrumented impact testing, 560–561

pendulum impact test, 556–557

Impedance plane, 673–676

Implants, see Biomedical applications

Impression-die drop forging (metals), 931

Indented inert strength measurements (brittle

materials), 816

Independent testing laboratories, 621–622

Indirect additives, 617

Industrial applications (copper and copper

alloys), 165, 185

Inert strength for indented specimens (brittle

materials), 816, 824

Inﬁltration (composite processing), 1046–

1048

Inﬂatable deployable space structures, 1152–

1153

Information Handling Services, speciﬁcations

available from, 507

Information sources:

for ceramic materials, 433–435

for copper/ alloy applications, 165, 187,

188

for copper casting, 188

for disposal and recycling of materials,

514–515

for materials properties data, 441–472

for analytical comparisons, 458–460

from ASM International, 468 –469

and chemical compound / class variations,

446–447

from company’s external resources, 451–

452

and database platform variety, 467–468

from databases, 454–456, 463–465

data quality/ reliability judgments in,

465–467

deﬁning the question step in, 444–447

desktop library for, 448–450

for failure analysis, 463

for ﬁnal design, 460–461

and four categories of data, 465

from in-house experts, 450–451

and intended uses for data, 458–463

from the Internet, 470–472

logic puzzle approach to, 441–443

for manufacturing, 461–462

for material speciﬁcations, 461

for materials selection, 458–459

from metadata, 464–465

for modeling material/ product

performance, 458

from numeric databases, 464

for preliminary design, 460

process of, 444–454

for quality assurance, 462

quality issues in, 452–453

redeﬁning the question step in, 453

resource grid for, 442–443