Kutz M. Handbook of materials selection

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1482 INDEX

Polymers (continued )

and Carothers equation, 1429

chemical/ thermal analysis for identiﬁcation

of, 613

crystalline, 1427

deﬁnition of, 1424

elastomers, 1424, 1426

future of, 416–417

glass transition/ glass transition temperature

of, 1427–1429

internal structure of, 1427

liquid-crystal, 1427

molecular weight / distributions of, 1425–

1426

nylons, 1425

piezoelectric, 404 –407

polyesters, 1425

polyethylenes, 1424, 1425

polyethylene terephthalate, 1425

polyimides, 1425

polymerization reactions, 1424–1425

semicrystalline, 1427

smart, 412–413, 415–416

thermal analyses of, 1426–1427

thermal behavior of, 1426

thermoplastics, 1424, 1426, 1427

thermosetting resins, 1424, 1426, 1428

transparancy/ opaqueness of, 1427

ultrasonic properties of, 697–698

viscoelastic regions of, 1427

in wear applications, 1281

Polymerization process, 591–592

Polymerization reactions, 1424–1425

Polymer matrix composites (PMCs), 358,

1135–1136

commingled thermoplastic matrix

composites, 1103–1106

cure of thermosetting resins, 1049–1051

glass mat thermoplastics, 1099–1101

high-performance thermoplastic matrix

composites, 1101–1103

injection-molded short-ﬁber-reinforced

thermoplastics, 1107–1110

matrix materials used in, 368, 371

mechanical properties of, 375–380

physical properties of, 392–394

SRIM of monomer precursor

thermoplastics, 1106–1107

thermoplastic matrix systems, 1050, 1051

thermoplastic resins in, 370, 371

thermosetting resins in, 368, 370

Polymer melts:

constitutive equations for, 1000–1007

P–T–V relationships for, 1008–1009

rheological properties of, 999–1000

Polymer morphology, 1427

Polymer precursors (ceramics manufacturing),

1123

Polymer Solutions Inc., 622

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 341

Polyoleﬁn-based materials:

for medical products, 1210–1213

metallocene, 1211–1213, 1216–1218

Polyphenylene ether, modiﬁed, 347

Polyphenylene sulﬁde (PPS), 344, 345

Polypropylene (PP), 337, 338

Polystyrene (PS), 337, 338

Polysulfone, 346–347

Poly(tetraﬂuoroethylene) (PTFE), 348 –349

Polythionic acid stress-corrosion cracking

(PASSC), 73

Polyurethane-based materials (for

encapsulation), 1240

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 339–340

for medical products, 1211–1213, 1221

metallocene-based polyoleﬁns vs., 1211 –

1213

oxidative induction time of, 1201–1210

yellowness index of, 1201, 1204–1206

Poly(vinyl ﬂuoride), 352

Poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 340–341

Polyvinylidene ﬂuoride (PVDF), 349

Porosity (cast superalloys), 324

Position-sensitive electronic assemblies,

1238–1239

Pot transfer molding, 985

Powder metallurgy (P / M), 959–960

and nickel alloys, 237

and superalloys, 324–325

in titanium alloy processing, 225

Power cable, 142

PP, see Polypropylene

PPS, see Polyphenylene sulﬁde

Precipitation hardening (stainless steels), 62

Precipitation stainless steels, 49

Precision-casting, 956

Prefabricated composite laminates or shells,

1385, 1386

Preimpregnated (prepreg) warp sheet, 1043

autoclave processing of, 1067–1076

for construction repair applications, 1385

processing options for, 1076

Prepreg, see Preimpregnated warp sheet

Press forging (metals), 931

Pressure:

in composite materials manufacturing,

1048–1049

in plastics manufacturing, 1008–1009

Pressure-ﬂow manufacturing processes

(plastics), 996

Prime surface, 1054

Principle of conversion (wear control), 761

Principle of diversion (wear control), 761

INDEX 1483

Principle of protective layers (wear control),

761

Probabilistic design, 422

Probability of detection (POD) assessment,

691–693

ProceedingsFirst database, 456

Processability, performance requirement

analysis for, 6

Process annealing (recrystallization

annealing), 51

Processing, see Manufacturing

Processing, intelligent, 1115

Procurement of materials, 505–511

cost determination in, 509

at General Electric, 510–511

information sources

for purchasing, 507, 509

for standards and speciﬁcations, 511–513

Producibility list (composites), 1363–1365

Products. See also speciﬁc products

composites used in, 1344–1347

ideal, 831

medical, 1199–1213, 1219–1221

product development team for, 1349–1350

telecommunications, future of, 1337–1338

Product Data Exchange Speciﬁcation (PDES),

499–500

Product data management (PDM) systems,

477–478

Proeutectoid ferrite, 36–37

Professional organizations:

National Electrical Manufacturers

Association, 617

National Fire Protection Association, 617–

618

National Sanitation Foundation, 618

Society of Plastics Engineers, 618 –619

Society of Plastics Industry, 619

Project team (database design / creation), 485

Proof-test ratio, 812–813

Properties of materials, see Materials

properties; speciﬁc materials

Protective layers, principle of (wear control),

761

PS, see Polystyrene

PTFE, see Poly(tetraﬂuoroethylene)

P–T–V relationships (for polymer melts),

1008–1009

Pugh decision matrix, 19

Pultruded ﬁber-reinforced polymeric (PFRP)

composites, 1401–1416

bridge applications, 1408, 1410–1416

buildings applications, 1406, 1408–1410

connections with, 1404–1405

research and development of, 1402–1407

Pultrusion (composites), 1090–1095

Punching, tool steels for, 62

Purchasing, see Procurement

PVC, see Polyvinyl chloride

PVC copolymers, 340

PVDC, see Poly(vinylidene chloride)

PVDF (polyvinylidene ﬂuoride), 349

PZT, see Lead zirconate titanates

Q-Panel Lab Products, 622

Quality assurance / control:

for composite applications, 1365–1367

for databases/ user interfaces, 492–493

materials properties data for, 462

Quality (of information resources), 452–453

Quantitative materials selection methods, 3–4

for comparing alternative solutions, 11–13

digital logic method for, 11–13

performance index in, 12–13

weighted-properties method for, 11–13

for initial screening, 7–11

Ashby’s material selection charts, 9, 10

cost per unit property method, 8, 9

Dargie’s method, 9–11

limits on material properties, 7–8

Quasi-isotropic laminates, 376, 377, 379

Quenching (steel), 50–52

Racetracking, 1082

Rackets:

squash, 1264

tennis, 1262–1264

Radiation:

damage to metals by, 707, 712

electron beam radiation effect, 1207–1210

gamma radiation effect, 1201–1207

Radiation heat transfer, 1235–1236

Radio frequency interface (RFI) shielding,

579–581

Radiography testing (RT), 653, 663–672

and attenuation of X-radiation, 667, 668

of ceramics, 646

computed tomography, 671–672

ﬁlm-based, 668–669

and generation / absorption of X-radiation,

664–666

neutron radiography, 666–667

penetrameters used in, 669–670

real-time, 670–671

Rail and rail products:

aluminum alloys in, 133

speciﬁcations for, 53

Rake angles, 861

Rapid solidiﬁcation (RS) (magnesium alloys),

273, 285–287

Rare earth elements (RE):

in alloy steels, 50

in magnesium alloys, 261, 272–274, 282

Rattling, 962

1484 INDEX

Rayleigh angle, 660, 661

RCF, see Rolling contact fatigue

RE, see Rare earth elements

Reaction bonding (ceramics), 1120

Reaction (reactive) injection molding (RIM):

of composites, 1079

of plastics, 990–991, 1025

Real-time radiography, 670–671

Reciprocating power hacksaws, 892

Recrystallization annealing (steels), 51

Recyclability (aluminum alloys), 91

Recycling, 513–515

Red hardness, 859

Reducing acids, 70

Reﬁning (superalloys), 319–323

Reﬂectors, space, 1159–1162

Refractory glass packages, 1312

Reinforced concrete /masonry structure repair /

retroﬁt, 1388–1398

axial load capacity upgrade, 1393–1398

ﬂexural capacity upgrade (concrete

members), 1388–1391

minimum bond strength requirements, 1391

shear and torsional strengths upgrade,

1392–1393

Reinforced plastics, 958, 1430

Reinforced reaction injection molding

(RRIM), 1079

Reinforcements (in composite materials), 358,

359, 364–367, 375, 1134–1135. See also

speciﬁc composite types

alumina-based ﬁbers, 367

aramid ﬁbers, 367, 1134

boron ﬁbers, 367

carbon (graphite) ﬁbers, 366–367, 1134

ﬁber–powder combinations, 1106

ﬁbers, 364–367

glass ﬁbers, 365, 366

high-density polyethylene ﬁbers, 367

for press molding, 1065–1067

silicon carbide-based ﬁbers, 367

Reliability. See also Failure analysis

of brittle materials, 809–810

performance requirement analysis for, 6

Relief angles, 861

Remotely queried embedded microsensors

(RQEM), 1147

Repair and retroﬁt infrastructure systems,

1371–1399

automated machine lamination, 1385, 1387

design considerations for (FRP

composites), 1385, 1387–1388

design philosophy for (FRP composites),

1388–1398

durability and long-term performance of,

1398–1399

prefabricated composite laminates or shells,

1385, 1386

preimpregnated (prepreg) composite

systems, 1385

reinforced concrete and masonry structures,

1388–1398

wet/ hand lay-up method, 1375–1376,

1379, 1381–1385

Repeaters (regenerators), 1329

Rephosphorized steels, 47, 53, 54

Residual elements (alloy steels), 50

Resins:

alkyd, 353

amino, 354

for contact molding, 1059–1061

epoxy, 352–353

glass transition temperature of, 1428

phenolic, 352

for press molding, 1065–1067

styrene emissions from, 1061

thermosetting, 1424

cure of, 1049–1051

thermal behavior of, 1426

Resin ﬁlm inﬁltration, 1077–1078

Resin transfer molding (RTM), 1078–1086

high-pressure, 1084

low-pressure, ambient cure, 1083–1084

manufacture of preforms for, 1084–1086

Resistance to service conditions, performance

requirement analysis for, 6 –7

Resonators, RF, 1328–1329

bulk, 1328, 1329

thin-ﬁlm, 1328–1329

Resulfurized steels, 53, 54

Retained austenite, 44

Retirement for cause (RFC), 688, 689

Retroﬁts, see Repair and retroﬁt infrastructure

systems

RFC, see Retirement for cause

RFI shielding, see Radio frequency interface

shielding

RF resonators, see Microwave radio-frequency

resonators

Rheology (plastics), 595–599

Rhodium (electronic packaging), 1245

Rigid deployable space structures, 1152

Rigid PVC, 339

RIM, see Reaction (reactive) injection

molding

Riveting (metals), 941

Rocketdyne Division of Boeing North

America, 477

Rockwell Hardness test, 567, 1229

Rods, copper, 185

Roll bending (metals), 943, 944

Roller leveling, 944

Roll forging (metals), 932

INDEX 1485

Rolling, 927–929, 962

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF), 424, 425

Roll straightening, 944

Rotational molding (plastics), 980–982, 997,

1032

Rotational rheometer, 597

Rotomolding (plastics), 957

Roughness (diamond ﬁlms), 1295–1296

RQEM (remotely queried embedded

microsensors), 1147

RRIM (reinforced reaction injection molding),

1079

RS, see Rapid solidiﬁcation

RT, see Radiography testing

RTM, see Resin transfer molding

Running shoes, 1256–1259

Rupture strengths (superalloys), 308–310, 317

Rupture stress (nickel and nickel alloys), 241

Rutherford Research Corp., 622

SAE, see Society of Automotive Engineers

SAE/ AISI numbering system, 52–64

SAE Materials Standards Manual, 53

Safe-life design, 684, 687

Safety (medical products), 1196

Salem Avenue Bridge (Ohio), 1410, 1411

SAN, see Styrene / acrylonitrile copolymer

Sand casting:

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 261,

262

of metals, 949–952

Sand molds, 950

Sandwich panels (composite), 1353, 1357–

1358

Sawing:

electrical discharge, 917–918

of metals, 892–893

Scatter of lifetime (ceramics), 797, 798

Scatter of strength (ceramics), 794–797

SCC, see Stress corrosion cracking

Schuyler Heim steel lift bridge (California),

1412–1414

Science Citation Index, 455–456

Scientiﬁc Process and Research, Inc., 622

SCRIMP, see Seeman composites infusion

molding process

Sealing adhesives, 1251

Seaming (metals), 944

Secondary manufacturing processes, 838

Seeman composites infusion molding process

(SCRIMP), 1080, 1081

Seismic repair and rehabilitation, 1370, 1371,

1373–1380

Seizure failure, 707, 711, 757

Selecting optimum solution (as materials

selection step), 13, 15–19

Selection of materials, see Materials selection;

speciﬁc materials

Selective leaching, 709, 767

Selenium (in alloy steels), 50

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

(SHS), 1118

Semicrystalline polymers, 336, 1427

Service conditions:

as factor in failure

of ceramics, 803–807

of plastics, 776

resistance to, 6–7

SFF, see Solid freeform fabrication

SFTRPs, see Short-ﬁber-reinforced

thermoplastics

SGML (standard generalized markup

language), 501

SGS U.S. Testing Co., Inc., 622

Shannon’s equation, 1304

Shapes, copper, 185

Shaped-tube electrolytic machining (STEMT),

914, 915

Shape memory alloys, 414–415

Shaping (of metals), 854, 888, 891–892

Sharpening, electrochemical, 912, 913

Shaving (metals), 946

Shear, 595

Shear angle (metal cutting), 851

Shear-ﬂow-dominated manufacturing

processes (for plastic parts), 994–995,

1011–1019, 1022–1025

calendering, 1018–1019

extrusion, 1011–1016

melt injection molding, 1022–1025

reaction injection molding, 1025

transfer molding, 1025

wire coating, 1016–1018

Shear ﬂows, 994

Shearing:

maximum shearing stress theory, 714–715

of metals, 892–893, 944–947

tool steels for, 62

Shear rate, 596, 994

Shear strength:

of high-nickel alloys, 254, 255

in reinforced concrete / masonry structure

repair/ retroﬁt, 1392–1393

Sheet molding compound (SMC), 353, 373,

374, 1044, 1095–1099

Sheet thermoforming, see Thermoforming

Shell drawing (metals), 947–948

Shielding:

electromagnetic, 1228, 1234–1235

electromagnetic interference, 579–582,

1140–1141

in electronic packaging applications

electromagnetic, 1228

1486 INDEX

Shielding (continued )

electrostatic, 1228–1229

magnetic, 1229

electrostatic, 1228–1229, 1234–1235

magnetic, 1229, 1234–1235

stress (in total hip arthroplasty), 1169–1171

Shielding gases (for carbon vs. stainless

steels), 83–84

Ships, speciﬁcations for, 53

Short discontinuous ﬁbers (in composites),

1038

Short-ﬁber-reinforced thermoplastics

(SFRTPs), 1107–1110

Shot peening, 962

SHPB testing, see Split Hopkinson pressure

bar testing

SHS (self-propagating high-temperature

synthesis), 1118

Shushing compounds, 965

SiC/ SiC, see Silicon carbide ﬁber-reinforced

silicon carbide

Silicon:

in alloy steels, 47

in magnesium alloys, 283

in materials for encapsulation, 1240

in stainless steels, 69–70

Silicon carbide, ﬁbers based on (in composite

materials), 367

Silicon carbide abrasives, 894

Silicon carbide ﬁber-reinforced silicon carbide

(SiC/ SiC), 385, 397

Silicon carbide particle-reinforced aluminum,

382, 383

Silicon carbide particle-reinforced MMCs,

395

Silver (in electronic packaging), 1244–1245

Simple shear, 994

Single-crystal ceramics, see Transparent

ceramic materials

Single-crystal diamonds, 860–861

Single screw extruders, 1011–1015

Size effect (composite materials), 365, 373

Sizing (metals), 940

Skeist Inc., 622

Skis, 1269, 1270

Skin effect, 673

Sleeve bearings, cast copper / alloys in, 199

Slotting (metals), 888, 891–892

Small-scale yielding, 718

Smart catalysts, 414

Smart (intelligent) gels (hydrogels), 413–414

Smart materials, 401–436

deﬁnition of, 401

elastorestrictive materials, 409

electrorheological materials, 409–410

electrostrictive materials, 407–408

features of, 401–402

fullerenes, 415

light-sensitive materials, 412

magnetic gels, 415

magnetorestrictive materials, 408–409

magnetorheological materials, 410–411

pH-sensitive materials, 411–412

piezoelectric materials, 403–407

shape memory alloys, 414–415

smart catalysts, 414

smart (intelligent) gels (hydrogels), 413–

414

and smart polymers, 412–413, 415–416

in smart structures, 402

technical applications of, 402–403

thermoresponsive materials, 411

versatility of, 416

and water, 415

Smart polymers, 412–413, 415–416

Smart structures, 402

SMC, see Sheet molding compound

SME (Society of Manufacturing Engineers),

863

SM PAN ﬁbers, see Standard modulus PAN

ﬁbers

S–N curve, see Stress–strain curve

Snell’s law, 660–662

S–N–P curves, 727–733

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 52,

53, 863

Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME),

863

Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE), 618–619

Society of Plastics Industry (SPI), 619, 1417

Soda-lime glasses, 1250

Softball bats, 1267

Sol-gel processing (ceramics), 1123–1127

Solid freeform fabrication (SFF), 1122–1123

Solid-state semiconductor lasers, 1314–1317

Solid-state sintering, 1113

Solubility:

of plastics, 612

in steel manufacture, 32

Solution-phase technology, 1121

Solution viscosities, 1425

SONET (synchronous optical network), 1308

Sound:

reﬂection/ transmission of, 657–660

refraction of, 660–662

wave characteristics of, 657

Sources of information, see Information

sources

Sources of momentum (plastics

manufacturing), 996–997

Spacecraft, advanced composite materials in,

1131–1162

for all-composite mirrors, 1161–1162

for antennas, 1159–1160

INDEX 1487

coefﬁcient of thermal expansion of, 1137–

1138

for deployable structures, 1152–1153

for electronics enclosures, 1153–1157

EMI shielding and electrical characteristics

of, 1140–1141

environmental durability of, 1141–1142

examples of, 1149–1162

FORTE, 1150

high speciﬁc stiffness/strength of, 1138,

1139

for hybrid composite mirrors, 1160–1161

for inﬂatable structures, 1153

isogrid structures, 1145

joints, 1145

manufacturing methods used with, 1146–

1149

material properties for, 1137–1142

Midcourse Space Experiment, 1151–1152

for mirrors, 1159–1162

for optical benches and instrument

structures, 1157–1159

for primary bus / chassis structure, 1150–

1152

properties/ characteristics of, 1137–1142

qualities of advanced composites used in,

1132–1136

for reﬂectors, 1159–1162

sandwich structures, 1143–1144

solid laminate construction of, 1142–1143

standard structural forms of, 1142–1145

thermal conductivity of, 1139–1140

truss structures, 1144

Space-ﬁlling biomaterials, 1188–1191

biocompatibility of, 1188–1191

capsule formation with, 1188–1190

carcinogenesis/ immunological

complications with, 1190–1191

functioning of, 1188

material selection for, 1191

Space Infrared Imaging Telescope III (SPIRIT

III), 1151

Spade drills, 876, 877

Spalling failure (metals), 707, 711–712

SPDM (Structural Plastics Design Manual),

1417

SPE, see Society of Plastics Engineers

Specialty Testing and Equipment, Inc., 622

Speciﬁcations. See also Standards

for alloy steels, 55–64

for carbon steels, 53–55

directories of /cross references to, 511–513

for electrical wire products, 142

for higher alloy steels, 58–64

from Information Handling Services, 507

for low-alloy steels, 56–58

for low-carbon steels, 54–55

military

Mil-Handbook 17, 500

MIL-HDBK-5, 460 –461

for ultrasonic testing, 656

for stainless steels, 77

for steel products, 52–64

alloy steels, 55–64

carbon steels, 53–55

higher alloy steels, 58–64

low-alloy steels, 56–58

low-carbon steels, 54–55

Speciﬁc gravity test (plastics), 613, 1228

Spectra polypropylene ﬁbers, 1346

Spectroscopy (plastics), 607–609

Speed (metal cutting), 852, 862, 863, 865

Spelling, variations in, 445

Spheriodizing (steel production), 51, 52

SPI, see Society of Plastics Industry

Spinning:

cold, 947

ﬁber spinning, 1019–1020

hot, 935, 937

of metals, 935, 937

cold, 947

hot, 935, 937

tube spinning, 937, 938

of plastic parts, 1019–1020

tube spinning, 937, 938

SPIRIT III (Space Infrared Imaging

Telescope), 1151

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) testing,

633–634

Sports equipment applications, 1253–1272

baseball bats, 1266, 1267

bicycles, 1260–1262

boats, 1267–1268

cricket bats, 1264

ethical considerations in, 1270–1272

golf clubs, 1264–1266

hockey sticks, 1270

javelins, 1268, 1269

for optimum design, 1255–1256

for performance enhancement, 1256–1270

running shoes, 1256–1259

skis, 1269, 1270

softball bats, 1267

squash rackets, 1264

surfboards, 1267–1268

tennis rackets, 1262–1264

vaulting poles, 1259–1260

watercraft, 1267–1268

wheelchairs, athletic, 1264, 1265

wind surﬁng ﬁns, 1267–1268

Springborn Laboratories, Inc., 622

Sputtering (deposition technique), 1330

Squash rackets, 1264

Squeezing processes (metals), 940–941

1488 INDEX

SRIM, see Structural reaction injection

molding

Stainless steels, 58–62, 67–87

age-hardening martensitic, 67, 80

alloying elements in, 68–71

argon–oxygen decarburization process for,

austenitic, 49, 50, 59–60, 67, 80–82

alloying elements in, 44

nickel in, 48

availability of grades of, 78

carbon levels in, 76–77

chemistry control for, 78

classiﬁcation of, 58–62, 67

corrosion resistance of, 71–76

to crevice corrosion, 74

to galvanic corrosion, 75–76

to general corrosion, 71–72

to intergranular corrosion, 75

to pitting corrosion, 74, 75

to stress-corrosion cracking, 72–73

dual certiﬁcation of, 77

duplex, 61

duplex austenitic–ferritic, 61, 67, 80

ferritic, 49, 50, 60–61, 67, 78–79

‘‘L’’ grades of, 76–77

martensitic, 50, 61–62, 67, 79

martensitic age hardening, 67

nickel alloys, 80–82

nickel-base steels vs., 67

pitting resistance of, 75

precipitation, 49

precipitation hardening, 62

speciﬁcations for, 59 –62

sulfur levels in, 77–78

superaustenitics, 67, 73, 78

welding of, 82–87

austenitic, 85–86

carbon vs. stainless steels, 82–85

duplex, 86–87

high-molybdenum, 87

Staking (metals), 941

Standards. See also Speciﬁcations

ASTM, 520. See also ASTM standards

for ceramic materials, 434–435

for characterizing material attributes, 487

for composites in construction applications,

1416–1419

directories of /cross references to, 511–513

for identifying/ qualifying test methods, 487

Japanese Industrial Standards, 53. See also

JIS standards

for materials data, 497–502

ASTM Committee E 49, 498

IGES/ PDES, 498–499

ISO/ STEP, 499–500

from materials consortia, 500

and XML applications, 500–502

for materials data exchange, 497–498

for materials test data, 497

in MIL-HDBK-5, 460

organizations developing

American National Standards Institute,

615–616

American Society for Testing and

Materials, 616

Food and Drug Administration, 616–617

National Bureau of Standards and

Technology, 617

National Electrical Manufacturers

Association, 617

National Fire Protection Association,

617–618

National Sanitation Foundation, 618

Society of Plastics Industry, 619

for plastics testing, 546–547

for superalloys, 297

testing, 520

Standard generalized markup language

(SGML), 501

Standard modulus (SM) PAN ﬁbers, 366–367

State Street Bridge (Utah), 1373

Static fatigue, 792, 814

Steady state manufacturing processes

(plastics), 994

Steels, 27–64. See also Stainless steels;

speciﬁc types

alloying elements in, 27–28, 44–50

alloy steels, 55–64

classiﬁcation of, 55–64

dual-phase steels, 57–58

heat-resistant steels, 63

higher alloy steels, 58–64

high-performance steels, 58

low-alloy steels, 55–58

microalloyed (high-strength, low-alloy)

steels, 57

speciﬁcations for, 55 –64

stainless steels, 58–62

tool steels, 62

trip steels, 58

ultrahigh-strength steel, 63–64

wear-resistant steels (austenitic

manganese steels), 63

aluminum–silicon deoxidized (killed), 48

annealing (full annealing) of, 51

austenitic manganese, 47

bake-hardening, 55

carbon steels

classiﬁcation of, 53–55

high manganese, 53, 54

nonresulfurized, 53–54

rephosphorized and resulfurized, 53, 54

speciﬁcations for, 53 –55

INDEX 1489

welding of stainless steels vs., 82–85

classiﬁcation and speciﬁcations of, 52–64

alloy steels, 55–64

carbon steels, 53–55

higher alloy steels, 58–64

low-alloy steels, 56–58

low-carbon steels, 54–55

composition of, 27

continuous casting of, 29

controlling microstructure of, 29–43

continuous-cooling transformation

diagram for, 41

hardenability concept in, 41–43

iron-carbon equilibrium diagrams for

principles of, 30–37

isothermal transformation diagram for,

38–40

under real world conditions, 37–38

time–temperature transformation

diagrams for, 38–41

creep in, 48

drawability of, 54–55

drawing-quality special-killed, 48–49

dual-phase, 57–58

ductility of, 37, 39, 49, 51

electrical, 55

enameling steel, 55

ﬁne-grain, 48

ﬁnishes for, in electronic packaging, 1237–

1238

forging of, 29

free-machining, 47

Hadﬁeld manganese, 47

heat-resistant, 63

heat treatment of, 50–52

annealing (full annealing), 51

normalizing, 51

process annealing (recrystallization

annealing), 51

quenching, 52

spheriodizing, 51, 52

stress relieving, 51

tempering, 52

higher alloy, 58–64

high-performance, 58

hypereutectoid, 37

hypoeutectoid, 36, 37

insterstitial-free (IF), 49

interstitial alloying elements in, 32

ironmaking, 28

low-alloy, 56–58

machinability of, 47, 50, 56

manufacture of, 28–29

maraging steel, 63–64

microalloyed (high-strength, low-alloy), 57

for motor lamination, 55

in music wire, 64

normalizing of, 51

process annealing (recrystallization

annealing) of, 51

quenching of, 52

rephosphorized, 47

rolling of, 29

spheriodizing of, 51, 52

steelmaking, 28–29

stress relieving for, 51

substitutional alloying elements in, 32

temper embrittlement in, 48

tempering of, 52

titanium carbide particle-reinforced, 382,

383

tool, 62

trip, 58

ultrahigh-strength, 63–64

maraging steel, 63–64

music wire, 64

wear-resistant, 63

weathering steels, 47

Steel bars, 29

Steelmaking, 28–29

STEMT, see Shaped-tube electrolytic

machining

STEP, see ISO 10303

Sterile delivery (of medical products), 1198

Sterilization (of medical products), 1200

Stiffness:

in advanced composites, 1138–1139

cost per unit stiffness, 8, 9

of diamond ﬁlms, 1298

localized, in commercial ﬁberglass

structures, 1362–1363

STN International, materials properties data

from, 469–470

Stone (as wear materials), 1281

Storage temperature ranges (electronic

packaging), 1227–1228

Straightening (metals), 944

Strain gauge stress analysis (plastics), 782

Strain hardening (high-nickel alloys), 253–

255

Strain (metal cutting), 851

Strand casting, 29

Strength. See also Tensile strength

of aluminum alloys, 91

of brittle materials

indented inert strength measurements,

816, 824

initial strength distribution, 811–813

tests for, 821–823

of ceramics

compressive strength measurement of,

798–799

predicting, 792

scatter of strength, 794–796

1490 INDEX

Strength (continued )

of composites, 373–375

compressive strength measurement, 798–

799

converting hardness of steels to, 42–43

cost per unit strength, 8

in electronic packaging applications, 1228

of hip implant, 1168–1169

of iron, 44–45

prediction of (for ceramics), 792

of superalloys, 316–317

of titanium and titanium alloys, 203, 204

and type of loading, 9, 10

Strengthening:

of superalloys, 294–296

of titanium alloys, 211

Strength/ weight ratios:

of aluminum alloys, 90

of titanium alloys, 203

Stress. See also Failure analysis

combined stress theory, 714

with hip implants, 1169–1171

maximum normal stress theory, 715–716

in plastics, 780–783

in steels, 51

Stress corrosion, 92, 708, 709, 712, 769–770

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC):

in magnesium and magnesium alloys, 276

of metals, 769–770

resistance of stainless steels to, 72–73

Stress ﬁelds, 718

Stress relaxation testing:

for metallic materials, 528

for plastics, 552, 554–555

Stress rupture, 740, 741

in heat-resistant steels, 63

of metals, 707, 711, 740–746

creep under uniaxial state of stress, 743–

746

prediction of long-term creep behavior,

742–743

Stress–strain (S–N) curve:

for ceramics, 793

for metals, 727

for plastics, 787

Stress-time patterns, 723–726

Stretcher leveling, 944

Stretch forming (metals), 947

Structural adhesives, 1251

Structural bonding (composites), 1358, 1360–

1361

Structural Design Manual on Pultruded

Composite Joints (ASCE), 1418

Structural integrity, 683–687

Structural Plastics Design Manual (SPDM),

1417

Structural reaction injection molding (SRIM),

1079–1080

Styrene/ acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), 338,

339

Sublimation (electronic packaging), 1230–

1231

Substitutional alloying elements, 32

Substitution of materials, see Materials

substitution

Substrate selection (wear materials), 1280

Sulfur:

in alloy steels, 46, 47

in carbon steels, 53–54

nickel alloys exposed to, 255

in stainless steels, 77–78

Sun Bank Building (Florida), 1406, 1408

Superalloys, 293–334

alloying elements in, 295–296

cast, 323–324

effect of temperature on mechanical

properties of, 306–307

for high-temperature applications, 332–

333

nominal compositions of, 301

physical properties of, 302–303

rupture strengths of, 310

chemistry control with, 318–319

corrosion of, 329–330

cracking of, 312

deﬁnition of, 294

effect of temperature on mechanical

properties of, 304–307

environmental properties of, 314–316

evolution of, 318–319

forging of, 324

at high temperatures, 312–314, 332–333

for hot-corrosion resistance, 330

information sources for, 296 –297, 325–326,

328–329

for intermediate-temperature applications,

330–332

joining of, 325

manufacturing with, 295, 296, 319–329

casting, 323–324

forging, 324

joining, 325

melting/ remelting, 319–323

powder metallurgy, 324–325

reﬁning, 319–323

sources of information on, 325–326,

328–329

mechanical properties of, 316–318

melting/ remelting of, 319–323

nominal compositions of, 298–301

physical properties of, 302–303, 314–316

powder metallurgy, 324–325

protective coatings for, 329–330

INDEX 1491

reﬁning of, 319–323

rupture strengths of, 308–310

strengthening of, 294–296

thermal barrier coatings for, 330

wrought

effect of temperature on mechanical

properties of, 304–305

for intermediate-temperature applications,

330–332

nominal compositions of, 298–300

rupture strengths of, 308–309

Superaustenitic stainless steels, 67, 73, 78

Superﬁnishing, 899

Superplastic forging (isothermal forging), 324

Superplastic forming, 229

Surface characteristics:

of CVD diamond ﬁlms, 1295–1296

of materials for vascular prostheses, 1185

Surface fatigue, 708–709

Surface fatigue wear, 710, 761

Surface ﬁnishing, 899

Surface modiﬁcations:

for magnesium alloys, 288

in wear materials, 1280

Surface treatment:

for carbon vs. stainless steels, 82–83

hardness of material and, 1229–1230

of metals, 960–967

chemical conversions, 966–967

cleaning processes, 960–963

coatings, 963–966

Surfboards, 1267–1268

Swaging (metals):

cold, 940

hot, 932

Switches (telecommunications), 1329

Synchronous optical network (SONET), 1308

TA, see Thermal analysis

Tack, 1043

TAM, see Thermally assisted machining

Tantalum (in alloy steels), 49

TBCs (thermal barrier coatings), 330

TCM (thermochemical machining), 923

TDMA (time division multiple access), 1308

TEA-21 (Transportation Equity Act), 1419

Technological momentum, 1255

Telecommunications applications, 1303–1338

antireﬂection coatings for, 1324

cable networks, 1304–1306

deposition processes for, 1330, 1334–1337

chemical vapor deposition, 1334–1335

crystal growth, 1336

electroplating, 1337

epitaxy, 1335–1336

evaporation, 1330, 1334–1335

sputtering, 1330

electro-optical materials, 1323–1324

future possibilities for, 1337 –1338

isolators incorporating Faraday rotators,

1325

materials selection for, 1303–1338

antireﬂection coatings, 1324

cable networks, 1304–1306

and chemical vapor deposition, 1334–

1335

and crystal growth, 1336

data transmission, 1309

and deposition methods, 1330, 1334–

1337

electro-optical materials, 1323–1324

and epitaxy, 1335–1336

and evaporation, 1330, 1334–1335

and future communication components,

1337–1338

isolators incorporating Faraday rotators,

1325

microelectromechanical systems, 1325–

1328

microwave radio-frequency resonators,

1328–1329

multilayer ceramic integrated circuits,

1329–1330

for networks, 1304–1308

optical ﬁber, 1318–1323

optical ﬁlters, 1324

optical networks, 1306–1308

packaging, 1311–1314

photodetectors, 1317, 1318

and plating, 1337

repeaters, 1329

solid-state semiconductor lasers, 1314–

1317

for speciﬁc components, 1309–1311,

1330–1333

and sputtering, 1330

switches, 1329

for transmission, 1309

voice transmission, 1309

wireless networks, 1308

microelectromechanical systems, 1325–

1328

microwave radio-frequency resonators,

1328–1329

multilayer ceramic integrated circuits,

1329–1330

networks, 1304–1308

cable, 1304–1306

optical ﬁber, 1306–1308

wireless, 1308

optical ﬁber, 1318–1323

device fabrication with, 1322–1323

fabrication of, 1320–1322

in ﬁber-optic cables, 1322