Kutz M. Handbook of materials selection

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1472 INDEX

Metals (continued )

intergranular, 766–767

pitting corrosion, 766

selective leaching, 767

stress corrosion cracking, 769–770

corrosion fatigue failure of, 708, 712

corrosion protection of, 963–967

chemical conversions, 966–967

coatings, 963–966

corrosion wear failure of, 708, 712

creep buckling failure of, 707, 712

creep failure of, 707, 711

creep rupture in, 740–746

creep under uniaxial state of stress, 743–

746

prediction of long-term creep behavior,

742–743

creep testing for, 526–528

criteria of failure in, 705–706

cutoff operations with, 947

cutting of, 892–893

economics of, 856–869

force for, 946

principles of, 848–852

deep drawing, 947–948

die casting, 954–955

dinking, 947

drawing

cold, 947–949

hot, 933–936

ductile rupture failure of, 708

elastic deformation failure of, 708, 712–

713

electrical resistivities/ conductivities of, 699

in electronic packaging applications, 1241–

1245

aluminum and aluminum alloys, 1242–

1244

cadmium, 1244

chromium, 1244

copper and copper alloys, 1244

gold, 1244–1245

iron and iron alloys, 1242

lead, 1245

magnesium, 1244

nickel, 1244

rhodium, 1245

silver, 1244–1245

tin, 1245

titanium, 1245

zinc, 1244

embossing, 948

environmental considerations in testing of,

540–542

extrusion

cold, 940–941

hot, 932–933

failure analysis of

corrosion failure, 761–770

creep rupture, 740–746

elastic deformation failure, 712–713

fatigue failure, 722–740

and fracture mechanics /unstable crack

growth, 715–722

fretting failure, 746–756

stress corrosion failure, 769–770

stress rupture, 740–746

wear failure, 746–747, 756–761

yielding failure, 713–715

failure of, 705–712

brinnelling failure, 708

brittle fracture failure, 708

buckling failure, 707, 712

combined creep and fatigue failure, 708,

712

corrosion failure, 707, 709

corrosion fatigue failure, 708, 712

corrosion wear failure, 708, 712

creep buckling failure, 707, 712

creep failure, 707, 711

criteria of failure, 705–706

ductile rupture failure, 708

elastic deformation failure, 708

fatigue failure, 706–709

fretting failure, 707, 710–711

fretting fatigue failure, 710–711

galling and seizure failure, 707, 711

impact failure, 707, 710

modes of failure, 706–712

radiation damage, 707, 712

spalling failure, 707, 711–712

stress corrosion failure, 708, 712

stress rupture failure, 707, 711

theories of, 714–716

thermal relaxation failure, 707, 711

thermal shock failure, 707, 711

wear failure, 707, 709–710

yielding failure, 708

fatigue failure of, 706–709, 722–740

fatigue crack propagation, 735–740

fatigue loading and laboratory testing,

723–727

nonzero mean stress, 729, 733–735

S–N–P curves, 727–233

fatigue testing of, 535–540

ﬂanging, 944

forging of, 929–932

impression-die drop forging, 931

open-die hammer forging, 930–931

press forging, 931

roll forging, 932

swaging, 932

upset forging, 931, 932

forming with rubber or ﬂuid pressure, 948

INDEX 1473

and fracture mechanics /unstable crack

growth, 715–722

fracture toughness testing of, 531–535

fretting failure of, 707, 710–711, 746–756

fretting fatigue failure of, 710–711

galling and seizure failure of, 707, 711

hardness testing of, 528–529

high-energy-rate forming, 948, 949

high strain rate testing of, 540

at high temperatures, 297, 311

hobbing, 941

hot rolling of, 927–929

hot-working processes with, 926–938

drawing, 933–936

extrusion, 932–933

forging, 929–932

piercing, 938

pipe welding, 937, 938

rolling, 927–929

spinning, 935, 937

impact failure of, 707, 710

impact tests for, 530–531

investment casting, 956–957

ironing, 948

isothermal rolling of, 927–929

lancing, 946

manufacturing of, 847–923, 925–957, 959–

967

abrasive ﬂow machining, 901, 904

abrasive jet machining, 901, 904

abrasive machining, 894–899

bending, 942–944

broaching, 886–890

casting/ molding processes, 949–957

centrifugal casting, 951–953

chemical conversions, 966–967

chemical machining, 919–921

cleaning processes, 960–963

coatings, 963–966

cold-working processes, 939–949

cutting off, 892–893

die casting, 954–955

drawing (cold), 947–949

drawing (hot), 933–936

drilling machines, 869–877

electrical discharge grinding, 916

electrical discharge machining, 916, 917

electrical discharge sawing, 917–918

electrical discharge wire cutting

(traveling wire), 918

electrochemical deburring, 908, 909

electrochemical discharge grinding, 908,

909

electrochemical grinding, 909, 910

electrochemical honing, 910, 911

electrochemical machining, 910–912

electrochemical polishing, 912, 913

electrochemical sharpening, 912, 913

electrochemical turning, 913, 914

electromechanical machining, 905

electron-beam machining, 915–916

electropolishing, 921, 922

electro-stream, 913, 914

extrusion, 932–933

ﬁnishing, 894, 899

forging, 929–932

gear manufacturing, 880, 883–884

grinding, 894–899

hot-working processes, 926–938

hydrodynamic machining, 901, 905

investment casting, 956–957

laser-beam machining, 918, 919

laser-beam torch, 919, 920

low-stress grinding, 901, 905

machining power and cutting forces,

852–855

metal-cutting economics, 856–869

metal-cutting principles, 848–852

milling processes, 877–882

nontraditional (nonconventional)

machining processes, 899–923

permanent-mold casting, 953–955

photochemical machining, 922–923

piercing, 938

pipe welding, 937, 938

planing, 888, 891–892

plasma-beam machining, 919–921

plaster-mold casting, 955–956

powder metallurgy, 959–960

rolling, 927–292

sand casting, 949–952

sawing, 892–893

shaped-tube electrolytic machining, 914,

915

shaping, 888, 891–892

shearing, 892–893, 944–947

slotting, 888, 891–892

spinning, 935, 937

squeezing processes, 940–941

surface treatment, 960–967

thermally assisted machining, 901, 905,

906

thermochemical machining, 923

thread cutting and forming, 884–886

tool life, 855–857

total form machining, 906

turning machines, 863–869

ultrasonic machining, 907

water-jet machining, 907, 908

nibbling, 946

notching, 946

peening, 941

perforating, 946

permanent-mold casting, 953–955

1474 INDEX

Metals (continued )

piercing, 938, 946

pipe welding, 937, 938

plaster-mold casting, 955–956

powder metallurgy, 959–960

radiation damage of, 707, 712

riveting, 941

roll bending, 943, 944

rolling, 927–292

sand casting, 949–952

seaming, 944

shape memory alloys of, 414–415

shaving, 946

shearing, 944–947

shell drawing, 947–948

sizing, 940

spalling failure of, 707, 711–712

spinning, 935, 937

squeezing processes, 940–941

staking, 941

straightening, 944

stress corrosion failure of, 708, 712, 769–

770

stress relaxation testing of, 528

stress rupture failure of, 707, 711, 740–746

creep under uniaxial state of stress, 743–

746

prediction of long-term creep behavior,

742–743

stretch forming, 947

surface treatment of, 960–967

chemical conversions, 966–967

cleaning processes, 960–963

coatings, 963–966

swaging (cold), 940

for telecommunications device packaging,

1312

tensile (compressive) test for, 524–526

testing of, 519–542

adhesion/ friction/ wear of surfaces, 540

ASTM standards for, 520

bending strength, 540

creep, 526–528

environmental considerations in, 540–

542

fatigue, 535–540

fracture toughness, 531–535

hardness, 528–529

high strain rate, 540

impact tests, 530–531

mechanical, 520–524

sensors/ instrumentation for, 522 –524

stress relaxation, 528

tensile (compressive) test, 524 –526

test machine (loading frame) for, 520–

522

thermomechanical fatigue, 543

thermal relaxation failure of, 707, 711

thermal shock failure of, 707, 711

thermomechanical fatigue of, 543

thread rolling, 941

trimming, 947

tube spinning of, 937, 938

ultrasonic properties of, 695–696

wear failure of, 707, 709–710, 746–747,

756–761

yielding failure of, 708, 713–715

Metallizing, 965

Metallocene-based polyoleﬁns (medical

products), 1211–1213

Metallocene-ultra low density polyethylene

(m-ULDPE) processing, 1216–1218

Metal matrix composites (MMCs), 358

materials used in, 371

mechanical properties of, 378, 380–384

physical properties of, 392, 395–396

Metal–organic chemical vapor deposition

(MOCVD), 1314, 1315

Metal products, repair welds in, 844–845

Metcut Research Associates, Inc., 863

Meter model, generalized, 1002

MFR, see Melt index (melt ﬂow rate)

Microalloyed (high-strength, low-alloy) steels,

48–50, 52, 57

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS),

652, 1313–1314, 1325–1328

Microorganisms, effect on plastics of, 583–

584

Microradiography, 646

Microtoming (plastics failure analysis), 783–

784

Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) primary

reﬂector, 1161–1162

Microwave processing (ceramics), 1117–1118

Microwave radio-frequency (RF) resonators,

1328–1329

Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX), 1151–

1152

Military speciﬁcations:

Mil-Handbook 17, 500

MIL-HDBK-5, 460 –461

for ultrasonic testing, 656

Mill ﬁnish, 82

Milling processes:

chemical, 921

cutting horsepowers for, 854

for metals, 877–882

alignment charts for, 880–882

feed in, 877, 878

material removal rate in, 879–880

speed in, 879

tool wear factors in, 855

vertical/ horizontal milling machines, 878

INDEX 1475

Mirrors, space, 1159–1162

all-composite, 1161–1162

hybrid composites, 1160–1161

Mish metal, 50

Mixed-mode fatigue crack growth, 739–740

MLS primary reﬂector, see Microwave Limb

Sounder primary reﬂector

MMCs, see Metal matrix composites

MOCVD, see Metal–organic chemical vapor

deposition

Modeling material/ product performance,

materials properties data for, 458

Modern Plastic Encyclopedia, 1433

Modiﬁed chemical vapor deposition (MCVD),

1321, 1322

Modiﬁed polyphenylene ether, 347

Modulus of elasticity:

of aluminum alloys, 90, 92

of plastics, 550–551

of superalloys, 316

Moisture absorption (electronic packaging),

1232

Molding. See also Casting

blow molding

of plastic parts, 977–979, 1026–1027

of plastics, 958

bulk molding compounds, 1095, 1099

coinjection molding (of plastics), 957

of composites

contact molding, 1058–1065

ﬂow processes during, 1052–1053

press molding, 1065–1067

resin transfer molding, 1078–1086

sheet molding compounds, 1095–1099

compression molding

of medical products made from PP

pellets, 1218, 1219

of plastic parts, 983–984, 1026

contact molding (of composites), 1058–

1065

expandable-bead molding (of plastics), 957

extruding (of plastics), 958

ﬂow processes during, 1052–1053

of forged-plastic parts, 958

injection molding

of medical products made from PP

pellets, 1217–1219

of plastic parts, 986–989

of plastics, 957

of medical products made from PP pellets

compression molding, 1218, 1219

injection molding, 1217–1219

melt injection molding (of plastic parts),

1022–1025

of metals, see Casting, of metals

of plastic parts

blow molding, 977–979, 1026–1027

compression molding, 983–984, 1026

injection molding, 986–989

melt injection molding, 1022–1025

reaction injection molding, 990–991,

1025

rotational molding, 980–982, 997, 1032

transfer molding, 984, 985, 1025

of plastics, 957–958

blow molding, 958

coinjection molding, 957

expandable-bead molding, 957

extruding, 958

forged-plastic parts, 958

injection molding, 957

reinforced-plastic molding, 958

rotomolding, 957

thermoforming, 958

PP compression-molding processing effect,

1218, 1219

PP injection-molding processing effect,

1217–1219

press molding (of composites), 1065–1067

reaction injection molding (of plastic parts),

990–991, 1025

of reinforced-plastics, 958

resin transfer molding (of composites),

1078–1086

rotational molding (of plastic parts), 980–

982, 997, 1032

rotomolding (of plastics), 957

sheet molding compounds, 1095–1099

thermoforming (of plastics), 958

transfer molding (of plastic parts), 984,

985, 1025

Moldings, mechanical properties of, 1045

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), 1335

Molybdenum:

in alloy steels, 48

in stainless steels, 69

Momentum:

sources of (plastics manufacturing), 996–

997

technological, 1255

Monarch Analytical Laboratories, Inc., 621

Monomer precursor thermoplastics, 1106–

1107

MSC.Enterprise Mvision, 494 –495

MSC.Mvision, 494

MSC.Software Corporation, 494

MSX, see Midcourse Space Experiment

m-ULDPE processing, see Metallocene-ultra

low density polyehtylene processing

Multiaxial fracture criteria (ceramics):

global, 799

local, 799–803

Multicavity dies, 955

1476 INDEX

Multilayer ceramic integrated circuits

(MCICs), 1329–1330

Multiphase piezoelectric composites, 405

Music wire, 64

Nanotechnology, in ceramics processing,

1120–1122

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

(NEMA), 617

National Electrical Safety Codes, 617

National Engineering Laboratory, 617

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),

617–618

National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST), 471–472, 617

National Measurement Laboratory, 617

National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), 618

National Science Foundation (NSF), 1419

NDE, see Nondestructive inspection/

evaluation

NDI, see Nondestructive inspection/

evaluation

Necking, 714

NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers

Association), 617

Neointima formation (with blood-contacting

biomaterials), 1183–1184

Networks, telecommunications, 1304–1308

cable, 1304–1306

optical ﬁber, 1306–1308

wireless, 1308

Neutron radiography, 666–667

Newtonian ﬂuid, 596

Newton’s law, 1000

Next Generation Space Telescope Mirror

System Demonstrator (NGST NMSD),

1160

NFPA, see National Fire Protection

Association

NGST NMSD (Next Generation Space

Telescope Mirror System Demonstrator),

1160

Nibbling (metals), 946

Nickel, 236

as alloying element, 236

in alloy steels, 47–48

and corrosion of magnesium alloys, 278,

279

in electronic packaging applications, 1244

stainless steel alloys using, 80–82

in stainless steels, 69

Nickel alloys, 235–258

chemical composition of, 238–239

classiﬁcation of, 236–237

compositional modiﬁcations producing

special properties in, 243

and corrosion resistance, 248–252

deformation resistance of, 252–253

fabrication of, 252–255

heat treatment of, 254–256

machining of, 257

mechanical properties of, 240

nickel–chromium–iron alloys, 238, 240–

244

nickel–chromium–molybdenum alloys,

239–241, 246–247

nickel–copper alloys, 237, 238, 240–242

nickel–iron alloys, 238, 240, 246

nickel–iron–chromium alloys, 238, 240,

241, 244–245

nickel powder alloys

dispersion strengthened, 239–241, 247

mechanically alloyed, 239–241, 247–248

rupture stress of, 241

strain hardening of, 253–255

welding of, 256–257

Nickel-base steels, stainless steels vs., 67

Nickel-base superalloys, 294–295, 302, 304–

310, 317

Nickel–chromium alloys, 251

Nickel–chromium–iron alloys, 251

Nickel–chromium–molybdenum–iron alloys,

237

Nickel–copper alloys, 236, 249

Nickel–iron alloys, 236, 249

Nickel–silvers, 141

Niobium (columbium), in alloy steels, 49

NIST, see National Institute of Standards and

Technology

Nitrogen:

in alloy steels, 50

interstitial (free), 49

in stainless steels, 77, 78

in titanium and titanium alloys, 215

NLO (nonlinear optical) phenomena, 1323

Noncrimp fabrics, 1041, 1042

Nondestructive inspection / evaluation (NDI /

NDE), 649–694, 650–652

of ceramics, 644–646

eddy current methods for, 653, 672–678

impedance plane, 673–676

lift-off of inspection coil from specimen,

676–678

and skin effect, 673

of ﬂaws in brittle materials, 813

information on methods for, 651–652

liquid penetrants for, 652–656

magnetic particle method of, 653, 680–682

continuous vs. noncontinuous ﬁelds in,

681–682

demagnetizing of part after, 682 –683

inspection process with, 682

magnetizing ﬁeld in, 680–681

of plastics, 784

INDEX 1477

quantitative, 689–691

radiography for, 653, 663–672

and attenuation of X-radiation, 667, 668

computed tomography, 671–672

ﬁlm-based, 668–669

and generation / absorption of X-

radiation, 664–666

neutron radiography, 666–667

penetrameters used in, 669–670

real-time, 670–671

and selection of materials for inspectability,

683–693

conﬁdence in consistent properties, 683

general process control, 693

probability of detection assessment, 691–

693

quantiﬁed crack detection capabilities,

686–690

structural integrity, 683–686

thermal methods of, 653, 678–680

infrared cameras, 679

thermal paints, 679

thermal testing, 679–680

ultrasonic methods of, 653, 656–663

inspection process, 662–663

and reﬂection / transmission of sound,

657–660

and refraction of sound, 660–662

and sound wave characteristics, 657

Nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena, 1323

Nonresulfurized carbon steels, 53–54

Nonzero mean cyclic stresses, 729

Normalizing (steels), 51

Norton’s law, 806

Nose radiuses, 861

Notching:

of metals, 946

of titanium alloys, 223

Notch toughness, 46, 53

NSF (National Sanitation Foundation), 618

NSF (National Science Foundation), 1419

Numeric databases, materials properties data

from, 464

Nylon (polyamides), 342, 343, 1186, 1425

Oblique cutting, 848, 850

Octahedral shear stress theory, see Distortion

energy theory of failure

OF coppers, see Oxygen-free coppers

OIT, see Oxidative induction time

Olympics, 1257–1260, 1262, 1269, 1271

Online encyclopedias, 448

Open-die hammer forging (metals), 930–931

Operating temperature ranges (electronic

packaging), 1227–1228

Optical benches (spacecraft), 1157–1159

Optical clarity:

in medical products, 1196, 1198

of polymers, 1425, 1427

Optical cross connect MEMS mirrors, 1327–

1328

Optical ﬁbers, 1318–1323

device fabrication with, 1322–1323

fabrication of, 1320–1322

in ﬁber-optic cables, 1322, 1323

glass, 1319–1320

plastic, 1320

plastic-clad, 1320

Optical ﬁber networks, 1306–1308

Optical ﬁlters, 1324

Optical MEMS, 1314

Optimum design, sports equipment material

selection for, 1255–1256

Optoelectronics, 1323

Organic coatings (metals), 964

Organic materials, electro-optical, 1324

Orthogonal cutting, 848, 850

Orthopedic biomaterials, 1166–1180

biocompatibility of, 1174–1178

corrosion of, 1174–1177

functioning of, 1167–1173

joint motion with, 1171–1173

leaching/ absorption with, 1177–1178

load support with, 1167–1171

material selection for, 1178–1180

wear debris from, 1178

Outdoor weathering tests (plastics), 587–589

Outgassing, vacuum-induced, 1142

Outside vapor-phase oxidation (OVPO), 1321

Overload proof test, 812–813

OVPO (outside vapor-phase oxidation), 1321

Oxidation, 251

of carbon / carbon composites, 386

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 268–

274

at ambient temperature, 268–270

at high temperature, 270–274

outside vapor-phase, 1321

Oxidative induction time (OIT), 1201 –1210

Oxide tool inserts, 860

Oxidizing acids, 70–71

Oxygen-free (OF) coppers, 142–143

Oxygen (in titanium and titanium alloys), 215

Packaging. See also Electronic packaging

applications

aluminum alloys in, 133

of lasers and ampliﬁers, 1313

MEMS, 1313–1314

of telecommunications devices, 1311–1314

PAI, see Polyamideimides

Paint(s):

for magnesium and magnesium alloys, 287,

288

1478 INDEX

Paint(s) (continued )

for metals, 964

as radiation heat transfer impediment, 1236

thermal, 679

PAN ﬁbers, see Polyacrilonitrile-based ﬁbers

Paralympics, 1258–1259

Parkerizing, 966

Particle-reinforced MMCs, 382–383, 395–396

Particulate composites, 1038

PASSC (polythionic acid stress-corrosion

cracking), 73

Passive electronics, ceramic materials in,

430–431

Paste adhesives, 1361

Patenting process (music wire), 64

PBM, see Plasma-beam machining

PBT (poly(butylene terephthalate)), 342

PC, see Polycarbonates

PCM, see Photochemical machining

PDES, see Product Data Exchange

Speciﬁcation

PDM systems, see Product data management

systems

PE, see Polyethylene

Pearlite, 36–38, 51

Peening (metals), 941

PEI, see Polyetherimides

Pendulum impact test, 530–531

Penetrameters, 669 –670

Percent reduction in area, carbon and, 45, 46

Perforating (metals), 946

Performance:

of autoclave-processes prepreg, 1076

of composites in repair and retroﬁt

infrastructure systems, 1398–1399

materials properties data for modeling, 458

measurement of, in design problem, 997–

998

of medical products, 1219–1221

requirements analysis

for cost, 6

for functional requirements, 4, 6

for processability, 6

for reliability, 6

for resistance to service conditions, 6–7

sports equipment materials for enhancing,

1256–1270

Performance index (in weighted-properties

method), 12–13

Permanent-mold casting:

of copper and copper alloys, 198

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 261,

262

of metals, 953–955

Permeability, design of composite

reinforcements to enhance, 1053–1054

PET, see Polyethylene terephthalate

Petroleum industry, aluminum alloys in, 133

PFRP composites, see Pultruded ﬁber-

reinforced polymeric composites

Phenolic resins, 352

Phosphate coatings (metals), 966

Phosphor bronzes, 150

Phosphorus (in alloy steels), 47

Photochemical machining (PCM), 922–923

Photodetectors, 1317, 1318

Photoelastic coating technique (plastics), 780–

781

Photoelastic stress analysis (plastics), 780–

781

pH-sensitive materials, 411–412

Pickling process, 961

Piercing (metals), 938, 946

Piezoceramics, 431 –432

Piezoelectric materials, 403–407, 1323

Pig iron, 28

Pilling–Bedworth ratio, 168–169, 1271

Pin photodiodes, 1317

Pipe welding (metals), 937, 938

Pitting corrosion, 251–252, 709

in magnesium alloys, 275–276

of metals, 766

resistance of stainless steels to, 74, 75

Plain-carbon steels, see Carbon steels

Plane-strain fracture toughness, 720–722

Planing (of metals), 854, 888, 891–892

Plasma-beam machining (PBM), 919–921

Plaster-mold casting (metals), 955–956

Plastics, 335–354. See also Polymers

abrasion resistance testing of, 564

additives in, 1429–1430

blow molding, 958, 977–979, 1026–1027

calendering, 974–975, 1018–1019

casting, 982, 983, 995, 1032 –1033

centrifugal-based process, rotational

molding as, 997

chemical failure of, 778

chemical/ thermal analysis for polymer

identiﬁcation, 613

classiﬁcations of, 336

coating with, 980–981

coinjection molding, 957

commodity thermoplastics, 336–341

ABS, 339

impact polystyrene (IPS), 338

polyethylene (PE), 336–337

poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 341

poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 341

polypropylene (PP), 337, 338

polystyrene (PS), 337, 338

polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 339–340

poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 340–

341

INDEX 1479

styrene/ acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN),

338, 339

compression molding, 983–984, 1026

continuous manufacturing processes, 994,

1011–1022

calendering, 1018–1019

extension dominated, 1019–1022

extrusion, 1011–1016

ﬁber spinning, 1019–1020

ﬁlm blowing, 1020–1022

shear dominated, 1011–1019

wire coating, 1016–1018

copper wire test for, 613

cyclic manufacturing processes, 994, 1022–

1033

blow molding, 1026–1027

casting, 1032–1033

compression molding, 1026

extension dominated, 1026–1032

melt injection molding, 1022–1025

quiescent, 1032–1033

reaction injection molding, 1025

rotational molding, 1032

shear dominated, 1022–1025

thermoforming, 1027–1032

transfer molding, 1025

deﬁnition of, 1429

design of

and design problem, 997–998

and design solution algorithm, 998–1007

as failure factor, 776, 777

for plastic parts, 1431–1435

differential scanning calorimetry for, 602–

604

drag-ﬂow manufacturing processes, 996

elastomers, 354, 1424

general-purpose, 350, 354

specialty, 351, 354

thermal behavior of, 1426

electrical properties tests for, 575–582

arc resistance, 578–582

dielectric constant and dissipation factor,

576–577

dielectric strength, 575–576

electrical resistance tests, 577–578

in electronic packaging applications, 1245–

1249

elastomers, 1249

ﬁnishes for, 1238

thermoplastics, 1246, 1247

thermosets, 1247–1249

engineering thermoplastics, 342–348

modiﬁed polyphenylene ether, 347

polyacetals, 343, 344

polyamides (nylon), 342, 343

poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), 342

polycarbonates, 345–346

polyesters, 342

polyimides, 347, 348

polyphenylene sulﬁde, 344, 345

polysulfone, 346–347

environmental failure of, 778

expandable-bead molding, 957

extensional-ﬂow-dominated manufacturing

processes, 995, 1019–1022, 1026–

1032

blow molding, 1026–1027

compression molding, 1026

ﬁber spinning, 1019–1020

ﬁlm blowing, 1020–1022

rotational molding, 1032

thermoforming, 1027–1032

extrusion, 958, 969–972, 1001–1016

extrusion covering, 972–973

failure analysis with, 778–784

heat reversion technique for, 782–783

materials identiﬁcation analysis, 779–780

mechanical testing for, 784

microtoming technique for, 783 –784

nondestructive testing techniques for, 784

stress analysis, 780–783

thermal analysis for, 784

by visual examination, 778–779

failure of, 775–778

chemical, 778

design as factor in, 776, 777

environmental, 778

material selection as factor in, 775–776

mechanical, 776, 778

process as factor in, 776

service conditions as factor in, 776

thermal, 778

ﬁber spinning, 1019–1020

ﬁlm blowing, 973–974, 1020–1022

ﬂuorinated thermoplastics, 348–349, 352

ﬂuorinated ethylene–propylene (FEP),

349

poly(chlorotriﬂuoroethylene) (CTFE),

349

poly(ethylene chlorotriﬂuoroethylene)

(ECTFE), 349, 352

poly(tetraﬂuoroethylene) (PTFE), 348–

349

poly(vinyl ﬂuoride), 352

polyvinylidene ﬂuoride (PVDF), 349

forged-plastic parts, 958

gel permeation chromatography for, 599–

601

gravitational-inﬂuenced manufacturing

processes, 997

identiﬁcation analysis of, 607–608, 610–

613

chemical/ thermal analysis for polymer

identiﬁcation, 613

1480 INDEX

Plastics (continued )

copper wire test, 613

melting point determination, 610, 612

solubility test, 612

speciﬁc gravity test, 613

injection molding, 957, 986–989

joining techniques for, 1431

manufacturing processes for, 969–991,

993–1033

blow molding, 977–979, 1026–1027

calendering, 974–975, 1018–1019

casting, 982, 983, 995, 1032 –1033

centrifugal-based process, rotational

molding as, 997

classiﬁcation of processes, 993–997

coating, 980–981

compression molding, 983–984, 1026

continuous processes, 994, 1011–1022

cyclic processes, 994, 1022–1033

design problem in, 997–998

design solution algorithm in, 998–1007

drag-ﬂow processes, 996

extensional-ﬂow-dominated processes,

995, 1019–1022, 1026–1032

extrusion, 969–972, 1001–1016

extrusion covering, 972–973

ﬁber spinning, 1019–1020

ﬁlm blowing, 973–974, 1020–1022

gravitational-inﬂuenced processes, 997

injection molding, 986–989

machining, 893

melt injection molding, 1022–1025

pressure effects in, 1008–1009

pressure-ﬂow processes, 996

quiescent process, casting as, 995, 1032–

1033

reaction injection molding, 990–991,

1025

rotational molding, 980–982, 997, 1032

shear-ﬂow-dominated processes, 994–

995, 1011–1019, 1022–1025

sheet thermoforming, 975–977

sources of momentum in, 996–997

steady state processes, 994

temperature effects in, 1007–1008

thermoforming, 1027–1032

transfer molding, 984, 985, 1025

unsteady state processes, 994

wire coating, 1016–1018

material characterization tests for, 591–609

differential scanning calorimetry, 602–

604

gel permeation chromatography, 599–601

melt index test, 592, 594–596

rheology, 595–599

spectroscopy, 607–609

thermal analysis techniques, 602–609

thermogravimetric analysis, 604–605

thermomechanical analysis, 605–606

viscosity tests, 599

material selection as failure factor with,

775–776

materials selection for, 1423–1431

additives in, 1429–1430

polymers in, 1424–1429

reinforced plastics, 1430

terms/ concepts related to, 1424–1430

mechanical failure of, 776, 778

mechanical properties tests for

creep properties, 551–553

fatigue resistance, 564–566

ﬂexural properties, 549–551

hardness tests, 566–568

impact properties, 555–565

material characterization tests, 591–609

mechanical properties, 547–568

standard methods of, 546–547

stress relaxation, 552, 554–555

tensile tests, 547–548

melt index test for, 592, 594–596

melting point determination for, 610, 612

melt injection molding, 1022–1025

molding processes for, 957–958

pressure effects in, 1008–1009

pressure-ﬂow manufacturing processes, 996

process as failure factor with, 776

quiescent process, casting as, 995, 1032–

1033

reaction injection molding, 990–991, 1025

reinforced-plastic molding, 958

reinforced plastics, 1430

rheology for, 595–599

rotational molding, 980–982, 997, 1032

rotomolding, 957

service conditions as failure factor with,

776

shear-ﬂow-dominated manufacturing

processes, 994–995, 1011–1019,

1022–1025

calendering, 1018–1019

extrusion, 1011–1016

melt injection molding, 1022–1025

reaction injection molding, 1025

transfer molding, 1025

wire coating, 1016–1018

sheet thermoforming, 975–977

solubility test for, 612

sources of momentum in, 996–997

speciﬁc gravity test for, 613

spectroscopy for, 607 –609

steady state manufacturing processes, 994

for telecommunications device packaging,

1312–1313

temperature effects in, 1007–1008

INDEX 1481

testing of, 545–589, 591–609

accelerated weathering tests, 584–587

arc resistance, 578–582

brittleness temperature, 574, 575

chemical/ thermal analysis for polymer

identiﬁcation, 613

copper wire test, 613

creep properties, 551–553

dielectric constant and dissipation factor,

576–577

dielectric strength, 575–576

differential scanning calorimetry, 602–

604

electrical resistance tests, 577–578

elevated temperature performance tests,

568–574

fatigue resistance, 564–566

ﬂexural properties, 549–551

gel permeation chromatography, 599–601

hardness tests, 566–568

impact properties, 555–564

material characterization tests, 591–609

mechanical properties, 547–568

melt index test, 592, 594–596

melting point determination, 610, 612

outdoor weathering, 587–589

rheology, 595–599

solubility test, 612

speciﬁc gravity test, 613

spectroscopy, 607–609

standard methods of, 546–547

stress relaxation, 552, 554–555

tensile tests, 547–548

thermal analysis techniques, 602–609

thermogravimetric analysis, 604–605

thermomechanical analysis, 605–606

viscosity tests, 599

thermal analysis techniques for, 602 –609

thermal failure of, 778

thermal properties tests for, 568–575

brittleness temperature, 574, 575

elevated temperature performance tests,

568–574

thermoforming, 958, 1027–1032

thermogravimetric analysis for, 604–605

thermomechanical analysis for, 605–606

thermoplastics, 1424

commodity, 336–341

engineering, 342–348

ﬂuorinated, 348–349, 352

morphology of, 1427

thermal behavior of, 1426

thermosets, 352–354

alkyd resins, 353

amino resins, 354

diallyl phthalate (DAP), 353–354

epoxy resins, 352–353

phenolic resins, 352

unsaturated polyesters, 353

thermosetting resins, 1424

glass transition temperature of, 1428

thermal behavior of, 1426

transfer molding, 984, 985, 1025

unsteady state manufacturing processes,

994

viscosity tests for, 599

weathering properties tests for, 582–589

accelerated weathering tests, 584–587

outdoor weathering, 587–589

wire coating with, 1016–1018

Plastic-clad optical ﬁber, 1320

Plasticized PVC, 340

Plasticizers, 1430

Plastic optical ﬁber, 1320

Plastic region, 253

Plastics for Engineers (Domininghaus), 1433

Plastics Technology Laboratories, Inc., 621

Plastic strains, 713

Plastic zone, 739

Plunger transfer molding, 985

P/M, see Powder metallurgy

PMCs, see Polymer matrix composites

PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)), 341

POD assessment, see Probability of detection

assessment

Poisson’s ratio, 376

Pole vaulting, 1259–1260

Polishing:

electrochemical, 912, 913

electropolishing, 921, 922

of metals, 963

Polyacetals, 343, 344

Polyacrilonitrile-based (PAN) ﬁbers, 361, 363,

366–367, 1134

Polyamideimides (PAI), 347, 348

Polyamides (nylon), 342, 343

Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), 342

Polycarbonate/ ABS alloys, 346

Polycarbonates (PC), 345–346

Poly(chlorotriﬂuoroethylene) (CTFE), 349

Polycrystalline ceramics, see Transparent

ceramic materials

Polycrystalline diamonds, 861

Polyesters, 342, 353, 1425

Polyetherimides (PEI), 347, 348

Poly(ethylene chlorotriﬂuoroethylene)

(ECTFE), 349, 352

Polyethylene (PE), 336–337, 1424, 1425

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 341, 1425

Polyhedron Laboratories, Inc., 621

Polyimides, 347, 348, 404–405, 1425

Polymers, 1424–1429. See also Plastics

addition polymers, 1425

amorphous, 1427