Kutz M. Handbook of materials selection

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1462 INDEX

Information sources (continued )

search strategy for, 447–448

and spelling variations, 445

from STN International, 469–470

and terminology changes, 445–446

from textual databases, 463–464

for materials selection procedures, 21–24

for procurement of materials, 505–511

purchasing, 507, 509

standards and speciﬁcations, 511–513

for superalloys, 296–297, 325–326, 328–

329

for titanium and titanium alloys, 203, 204,

233

for wear materials, 1279–1280

Infrared cameras, 679

InGaAsP, 1314–1318

In-house experts, materials properties data

from, 450–451

Initial Graphics Exchange Speciﬁcation

(IGES), 498–499

Initial screening of materials, 4, 6–11

in case study, 14

performance requirement analysis in

for cost, 6

functional requirements, 4, 6

for processability, 6

for reliability, 6

for resistance to service conditions, 6–7

quantitative methods for, 7–11

Ashby’s material selection charts, 9, 10

cost per unit property method, 8, 9

Dargie’s method, 9–11

limits on material properties, 7–8

Initial strength distribution (brittle materials),

811–813

Injection molding:

of medical products made from PP pellets,

1217–1219

of plastics, 957, 986–989

of short-ﬁber-reinforced thermoplastics,

1107–1110

Ink-jet technology, 1314

INSPEC database, 454

Inspectability, materials selection for, 683–

693

conﬁdence in consistent properties, 683

general process control, 693

probability of detection assessment, 691–

693

quantiﬁed crack detection capabilities, 686–

690

structural integrity, 683–686

Inspection of materials, nondestructive, see

Nondestructive inspection / evaluation

Institute for Computer Sciences and

Technology, 617

Integrated Design, Inc., 621

Integrated electronics, 1148

Intelligent manufacturing, 1115

Intelligent materials, see Smart materials

Intelligent processing, 1115

Interaction effects (crack growth), 739

Interactive databases, 22

Interferometry (ceramics testing), 640

Intergranular corrosion, 709

carbon content and, 76

in magnesium alloys, 275

of metals, 766–767

resistance of stainless steels to, 75

and weld decay, 766–767

International Annealed Copper Standard

(IACS), 142–143

International Conference of Building Ofﬁcials

(ICBO), 1384, 1385, 1418, 1419

Internet:

data transfer via, 1309

distribution of materials information using,

478

materials properties data from, 470–472

quality/ availability of information on, 451

Internet protocol (IP), 1308

Interstitial alloying elements, 32

Interstitial-free (IF) steels, 49, 54

Investment casting:

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 261,

262

of metals, 956–957

of superalloys, 323–324

of titanium and titanium alloys, 229

IP (Internet protocol), 1308

IPS (impact polystyrene), 338

Iron and iron alloys. See also speciﬁc alloys

and corrosion of magnesium alloys, 278,

279

in electronic packaging applications, 1242

inﬂuence of carbon on strength of, 44–45

Iron-base superalloys, 305, 309

Iron-carbon equilibrium diagrams (steels), 30–

38, 44

Ironing (metals), 948

Ironmaking, 28

Iron–nickel-base superalloys, 294–295

Iron–nickel–chromium alloys, 236

Isogrid construction (composite panels), 1145

Isolators (incorporating Faraday rotators),

1325

ISO standards:

for ceramics

fracture toughness, 633

hardness, 632

INDEX 1463

for medical product tests, 1196, 1197

for plastics

melt index test, 592, 594–595

thermal properties testing, 569–571,

574–575

weathering of, 584–587

ISO 10303 (STEP), 498–500

Isothermal forging (superalloys), 324

Isothermal rolling (metals), 927–929

Isothermal transformation (IT) diagram

(steels), 38–40

Italy, steel standards in, 53

IT diagrams, see Isothermal transformation

diagram

Izod impact tests, 530, 556–557

Japan:

copper production in, 136

ﬁlm deposition work in, 1288–1289

steel standards in, 53

Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)

Committee, 53. See also JIS standards

Javelins, 1268, 1269

Jeffreys model, corotational, 1004–1005

JHU-APL, see Johns Hopkins University

Applied Physics Laboratory

JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards)

Committee, 53

JIS standards (for ceramics), 434–435

compression, 626

fatigue, 637, 638

for ﬂexure, 628

for fracture toughness, 632

for hardness, 632

tensile testing, 626

for uniaxial ﬂexural tests, 635

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics

Laboratory (JHU-APL), 1155–1157

Joining. See also speciﬁc processes

adhesives for, 1250, 1251

of advanced composite materials in

spacecraft, 1145

of aluminum alloys, 91

of composites, 1145, 1358–1361

mechanical fastening, 1358–1359

structural bonding, 1358, 1360–1361

in electronic packaging applications

equipment attachment, 1233–1234

mechanical joints, 1236–1237

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 262,

263

of plastics, 1431

of superalloys, 325

of titanium and titanium alloys, 230–231

Joint motion (with orthopedic biomaterials),

1171–1173

Jominy test, 41–42

Just-in-time logistics management, 515

Kevlar, 367, 1346, 1359

Killed steels, see Aluminum–silicon

deoxidized steels

Kinematics, 994

Kinematic viscosity, 599

Knoop hardness test, 631, 632

Knowledge-based systems, see Expert systems

Koﬂer method (melting point), 612

LabVIEW, 523

Lacquers (metals), 964

Lactams, 1106

Laminates. See also Composite materials

in advanced composites, 1132–1134

magnetorestrictive, 408

mechanical properties of, 1045

quasi-iostropic, 376, 377, 379

sandwich, 1143–1144

solid, 1142–1143

steel, 55

unidirectional, 376, 381

Lamination, continuous, 1095

Lancing (metals), 946

Lanthanum, 50, 271

Lapping, 884, 899

Larson–Miller theory, 743

Lasers:

distributed feedback lasers, 1315, 1316

electroabsorption modulated, 1315–1317

solid-state, 1314–1317

Laser-beam machining (LBM), 918, 919

Laser-beam torch (LBT), 919, 920

Laser ﬂash testing, 642–643

Laser rastering, 1122

Laterites, 235

Layered manufacturing (ceramics), 1122 –

1123

LBM, see Laser-beam machining

LBT, see Laser-beam torch

LCF, see Low-cycle fatigue

LDPE, see Low-density polyethylene

Leaching:

with orthopedic biomaterials, 1177–1178

selective, 709

Lead:

in alloy steels, 50

in electronic packaging applications, 1245

Lead alkali borosilicate glasses, 1250

Leaded coppers, 141

Lead zirconate titanates (PZT), 432, 1118–

1119

1464 INDEX

Libraries:

desktop, 448–450

as information sources, 451–452

Life extension, design for, 687–690

Lifetime prediction:

for brittle materials

conﬁdence limits in, 816, 824–825

dynamic fatigue measurements in, 815–

816, 823–824

environmentally enhanced fracture, 813–

815

indented inert strength measurements,

816

initial strength distribution, 811–813

process of, 816–818

strength tests in, 821–823

Weibull tests in, 818–821

for other materials, see Failure analysis

Light-sensitive materials, 412

Limits (on material properties), 7–8

Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE),

336, 337

blown-ﬁlm processing of, 1214, 1215

pelletization processing of, 1213–1214

Liquids, ultrasonic properties of, 694

Liquid baths (metals), 960–962

Liquid-crystal polymers, 1427

Liquid penetrants (nondestructive inspection),

652–656

Liquid phase sintering, 1113

LLDPE, see Linear low density polyethylene

Loading frames, 520–522

Load support (with orthopedic biomaterials),

1167–1171

Logic puzzle approach (materials properties

data searches), 441–443

Log-log stress–time creep law, 745

London Metal Exchange, 136

Long discontinuous ﬁbers (in composites),

1038

Long-term heat resistance test (plastics), 571

Lost wax process, see Investment casting

Low-alloy steels, 56–58

Low-carbon steels, 54–55

Low-cycle fatigue (LCF), 312, 316, 708, 722

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 336, 337

Lower bainite, 38, 39

Low-stress grinding (LSG) (metals), 901, 905

Machinability:

of stainless steels, 78

of steels, 47, 50, 56

Machine Design’s Materials Selection, 23

Machined products, copper, 186–187

Machining:

abrasive, 894–899

abrasive ﬂow, 901, 904

abrasive jet, 901, 904

chemical, 919–921

combustion, 923

conventional processes of, 848, 849

electrical discharge, 916, 917

electrochemical, 910 –912

electromechanical, 905

electron-beam, 915–916

hydrodynamic, 901, 905

laser-beam, 918, 919

of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 262

of nickel and nickel alloys, 257

photochemical, 922–923

plasma-beam, 919–921

of plastics, 893

shaped-tube electrolytic, 914, 915

of superalloys, 295

thermally assisted, 901, 905, 906

thermochemical, 923

of titanium and titanium alloys, 229–230

total form, 906

ultrasonic, 907

water-jet, 907, 908

MA constituent, 57

Magnesium:

electrochemical properties of, 274

in electronic packaging applications, 1244

in powder form, 260

stress–corrosion cracking resistance of, 276

Magnesium alloys, 259–264, 267–289

alloying elements in, 260, 261, 267–268

aluminum in, 280–282

anodic coatings for, 264

applications for, 268

calcium in, 283–284

cast, 261–262

chemical-conversion coatings for, 264

conventional processing of, 284–287

corrosion of, 274–289

and electrochemical properties of

magnesium, 274, 275

improving resistance to, 278–289

and surface ﬁlms in various

environments, 276–279

types of corrosion, 274–276

corrosion resistance of, 264, 278–289

and alloying, 280–284

and control of impurities, 278–280

and processing methods, 284–287

and surface protection, 287–288

fabrication of, 262–264

ﬁnishing of, 264

forming of, 263, 264

joining of, 262, 263

machining of, 262

mechanical properties of, 261–263

nonstructural applications of, 259–260

INDEX 1465

oxidation of, 268–274

at ambient temperature, 268–270

at high temperature, 270–274

painting of, 264

physical properties of, 262–264

rapid solidiﬁcation of, 285–287

rare earth elements in, 282

silicon in, 283

stress–corrosion cracking resistance of, 276

structural applications of, 260–261

wrought, 262, 263

zinc in, 282–283

zirconium in, 283

Magnesium Elektron Ltd., 282

Magnetic gels, 415

Magnetic particle method (nondestructive

testing), 653, 680–682

continuous vs. noncontinuous ﬁelds in,

681–682

demagnetizing of part after, 682 –683

inspection process with, 682

magnetizing ﬁeld in, 680–681

Magnetic shielding (electronic packaging),

1229, 1234–1235

Magnetorestrictive materials, 408–409

Magnetorheological materials, 410–411

Magnet wire, 142

Maintenance, design for, 687

Maintenance issues, materials properties data

for, 462

Major Poisson’s ratio, 376

Malleability, 1230

Manganese:

in alloy steels, 46–47

in high manganese carbon steels, 53, 54

Manufacturing, 831–845. See also Fabrication

advantages of composite materials in, 363,

364

approaches to, 832–833

of ceramics, 1113–1127

common steps in, 1116

conventional processes in, 1115–1116

engineering factors involved in, 1114

layered manufacturing, 1122–1123

mechanochemical synthesis, 1118–1120

and microstructure of products, 1114

microwave processing, 1117–1118

nanotechnology in, 1120–1122

new energy sources in, 1117–1120

new precursors in, 1123–1127

new shapes in, 1120–1123

polymer precursors, 1123

processing vs., 1115

reaction bonding, 1120

self-propagating high-temperature

synthesis, 1118

sol-gel processing, 1123–1127

of composites, 1037–1110, 1348–1356

aims and objectives of, 1045–1046

applied pressure in, 1048–1049

autoclave processing of prepreg, 1067 –

1076

bulk molding compounds, 1095, 1099

commingled thermoplastic matrix

composites, 1103–1106

consolidation in, 1048

contact molding, 1058–1065

continuous lamination, 1095

cure of thermosetting resins, 1049–1051

and design of reinforcements to enhance

permeability, 1053–1054

drape in, 1053

feedstock choice in, 1057–1058

ﬁlament winding, 1085–1090

ﬂow processes during molding, 1052–

1053

glass mat thermoplastics, 1099–1101

heat transfer in, 1051–1052

high-performance thermoplastic matrix

composites, 1101–1103

inﬁltration in, 1046–1048

injection-molded short-ﬁber-reinforced

thermoplastics, 1107–1110

prepreg, 1067–1076

press molding, 1065–1067

and properties of composites, 1038–1045

pultrusion, 1090–1095

rate of build in, 1056, 1057

resin ﬁlm inﬁltration, 1077–1078

resin transfer molding, 1078–1086

sheet molding compounds, 1095–1099

for spacecraft applications, 1146–1149

SRIM of monomer precursor

thermoplastics, 1106–1107

with thermoplastic matrix systems, 1050,

1051

tooling for, 1054–1056

tow placement, 1085–1086, 1090

design as step in, 833–837

fabrication process selection in, 836–838

of gears, 880, 883–884

intelligent, 1115

interrelationships in (examples), 839–845

LLDPE blown-ﬁlm processing effects,

1214, 1215

LLDPE pelletization processing effects,

1213–1214

and machining of plastics, 893

of magnesium alloys, 284–287

material selection as step in, 836, 837

materials properties data for, 461–462

of medical products, 1213–1219

LLDPE blown-ﬁlm processing effects,

1214, 1215

1466 INDEX

Manufacturing (continued )

LLDPE pelletization processing effects,

1213–1214

materials selection for, 1213–1219

metallocene ULDPE tubing extrusion

throughput rate improvement, 1216–

1218

PP compression-molding processing

effect, 1218, 1219

PP injection-molding processing effect,

1217–1219

metallocene ULDPE tubing extrusion

throughput rate improvement, 1216–

1218

of metals, 847–923, 925–957, 959–967

abrasive ﬂow machining, 901, 904

abrasive jet machining, 901, 904

abrasive machining, 894–899

bending, 942–944

broaching, 886–890

casting/ molding processes, 949–957

centrifugal casting, 951–953

chemical conversions, 966–967

chemical machining, 919–921

cleaning processes, 960–963

coatings, 963–966

cold-working processes, 939–949

cutting off, 892–893

die casting, 954–955

drawing (cold), 947–949

drawing (hot), 933–936

drilling machines, 869–877

electrical discharge grinding, 916

electrical discharge machining, 916, 917

electrical discharge sawing, 917–918

electrical discharge wire cutting

(traveling wire), 918

electrochemical deburring, 908, 909

electrochemical discharge grinding, 908,

909

electrochemical grinding, 909, 910

electrochemical honing, 910, 911

electrochemical machining, 910–912

electrochemical polishing, 912, 913

electrochemical sharpening, 912, 913

electrochemical turning, 913, 914

electromechanical machining, 905

electron-beam machining, 915–916

electropolishing, 921, 922

electro-stream, 913, 914

extrusion, 932–933

ﬁnishing, 894, 899

forging, 929–932

gear manufacturing, 880, 883–884

grinding, 894–899

hot-working processes, 926–938

hydrodynamic machining, 901, 905

investment casting, 956–957

laser-beam machining, 918, 919

laser-beam torch, 919, 920

low-stress grinding, 901, 905

machining power and cutting forces,

852–855

metal-cutting economics, 856–869

metal-cutting principles, 848–852

milling processes, 877–882

nonconventional machining processes,

899–923

permanent-mold casting, 953–955

photochemical machining, 922–923

piercing, 938

pipe welding, 937, 938

planing, 888, 891–892

plasma-beam machining, 919–921

plaster-mold casting, 955–956

powder metallurgy, 959–960

rolling, 927–292

sand casting, 949–952

sawing, 892–893

shaped-tube electrolytic machining, 914,

915

shaping, 888, 891–892

shearing, 892–893, 944–947

slotting, 888, 891–892

spinning, 935, 937

squeezing processes, 940–941

steels, 28–29

surface treatment, 960–967

thermally assisted machining, 901, 905,

906

thermochemical machining, 923

thread cutting and forming, 884–886

tool life, 855–857

total form machining, 906

turning machines, 863–869

ultrasonic machining, 907

water-jet machining, 907, 908

nontraditional machining in, 899–923

abrasive ﬂow machining, 901, 904

abrasive jet machining, 901, 904

chemical machining, 919–921

electrical discharge grinding, 916

electrical discharge machining, 916, 917

electrical discharge sawing, 917–918

electrical discharge wire cutting

(traveling wire), 918

electrochemical deburring, 908, 909

electrochemical discharge grinding, 908,

909

electrochemical grinding, 909, 910

electrochemical honing, 910, 911

electrochemical machining, 910–912

electrochemical polishing, 912, 913

electrochemical sharpening, 912, 913

INDEX 1467

electrochemical turning, 913, 914

electromechanical machining, 905

electron-beam machining, 915–916

electropolishing, 921, 922

electro-stream, 913, 914

hydrodynamic machining, 901, 905

laser-beam machining, 918, 919

laser-beam torch, 919, 920

low-stress grinding, 901, 905

photochemical machining, 922–923

plasma-beam machining, 919–921

shaped-tube electrolytic machining, 914,

915

thermally assisted machining, 901, 905,

906

thermochemical machining, 923

total form machining, 906

ultrasonic machining, 907

water-jet machining, 907, 908

objective of, 831

of plastic parts, 969–991, 993–1033

blow molding, 977–979, 1026–1027

calendering, 974–975, 1018–1019

casting, 982, 983, 995, 1032 –1033

centrifugal-based process, rotational

molding as, 997

classiﬁcation of processes, 993–997

coating, 980–981

compression molding, 983–984, 1026

continuous processes, 994, 1011–1022

cyclic processes, 994, 1022–1033

design problem in, 997–998

design solution algorithm in, 998–1007

drag-ﬂow processes, 996

extensional-ﬂow-dominated processes,

995, 1019–1022, 1026–1032

extrusion, 969–972, 1001–1016

extrusion covering, 972–973

ﬁber spinning, 1019–1020

ﬁlm blowing, 973–974, 1020–1022

gravitational-inﬂuenced processes, 997

injection molding, 986–989

melt injection molding, 1022–1025

pressure effects in, 1008–1009

pressure-ﬂow processes, 996

quiescent process, casting as, 995, 1032–

1033

reaction injection molding, 990–991,

1025

rotational molding, 980–982, 997, 1032

shear-ﬂow-dominated processes, 994–

995, 1011–1019, 1022–1025

sheet thermoforming, 975–977

sources of momentum in, 996–997

steady state processes, 994

temperature effects in, 1007–1008

thermoforming, 1027–1032

transfer molding, 984, 985, 1025

unsteady state processes, 994

wire coating, 1016–1018

PP compression-molding processing effect,

1218, 1219

PP injection-molding processing effect,

1217–1219

processes of, as failure factor

of ceramics, 788–790

of plastics, 776

process selection for, 4, 5

secondary processes in, 838

selecting best alternative for, 839

sequence of activities in, 831, 832

of steels, 28–29

of superalloys, 295, 296, 319–329

casting, 323–324

forging, 324

joining, 325

melting/ remelting, 319–323

powder metallurgy, 324–325

reﬁning, 319–323

sources of information on, 325–326,

328–329

of wear materials, 1278–1279

MAPP, 497

MAPS 1 system, 9–11

Maraging steel, 63–64

Marine applications:

of aluminum alloys, 132–133

product speciﬁcations for, 53

Martensite, 39, 40, 51

Martensitic age hardening stainless steels, 67

Martensitic stainless steels, 50, 61–62, 67, 79

Masonry structures, FRP composite repair of,

1388–1398

Master diagrams, 729, 734

Matec Materials Technology Software and

Data Services, 497

Materials. See also speciﬁc materials

databases of, 22

disposal of, 513–515

information sources on

for disposal and recycling, 514–515

for purchasing, 507, 509

standards and speciﬁcations, 511–513

procurement of, 505–511

cost determination in, 509

at General Electric, 510–511

information sources for, 507, 509, 511–

513

recycling of, 513–515

Material characterization tests (plastics), 591 –

609

differential scanning calorimetry, 602–604

gel permeation chromatography, 599–601

melt index test, 592, 594–596

1468 INDEX

Material characterization tests (plastics)

(continued )

rheology, 595–599

spectroscopy, 607–609

thermal analysis techniques, 602–609

thermogravimetric analysis, 604–605

thermomechanical analysis, 605–606

viscosity tests, 599

Material removal processes, 837

Materials data. See also Materials properties

for analytical comparisons, 458–460

from ASM International, 468 –469

categories of, 465

and chemical compound / class variations,

446–447

from company’s external resources, 451–

452

and database platform variety, 467–468

from databases, 454–456, 463–465

deﬁning the question step in, 444–447

desktop library for, 448–450

for failure analysis, 463

for ﬁnal design, 460–461

from in-house experts, 450–451

intended uses of, 458–463

from the Internet, 470–472

logic puzzle approach to, 441–443

for maintenance issues, 462

management of, see Materials data

management

for manufacturing, 461–462

for material speciﬁcations, 461

for materials selection, 458–459

from metadata, 464–465

for modeling material/ product

performance, 458

from numeric databases, 464

for preliminary design, 460

process of, 444–454

for quality assurance, 462

quality issues in, 452–453

quality/ reliability judgments of, 465–467

redeﬁning the question step in, 453

resource grid for, 442–443

search strategy for, 447–448

and spelling variations, 445

standardization for Web access to, 500–502

from STN International, 469–470

and terminology changes, 445–446

from textual databases, 463–464

Materials data management, 475–502

commercial systems for, 494 –497

creating database for, 484 –493

building the database, 491–492

design of database, 486–490

end-user data requirements deﬁnition,

485–486

functional requirements deﬁnition, 486

populating the database, 490–491

project team deﬁnition, 485

prototype database development, 490

qualifying the database, 492–493

user interface customization, 492

history of, 476–479

implementing system for, 479–484

analysis phase of, 480–481

deployment and support phase of, 484

pilot application design and testing phase

of, 483–484

planning prior to, 480

process of, 483

system design phase of, 481–483

standards for data, 497–502

ASTM Committee E 49, 498

IGES/ PDES, 498–499

ISO/ STEP, 499–500

from materials consortia, 500

and XML applications, 500–502

Material Selection and Design (for fatigue life

predictions), 23

Materials identiﬁcation analysis (plastics

failure analysis), 779–780

Material speciﬁcations, materials properties

data for, 461

Materials properties. See also Materials

selection; speciﬁc properties

conﬁdence in, 683

limits on, 7–8

locating information on, see Materials data

manufacturing effects on, 1213–1214

of steel, controlling, 29–30

of superalloys, 296–297

of wear materials, 1276

weighted-properties values, 11 –13

Materials selection, 3–24. See also speciﬁc

materials

absolute vs. compromisable requirements

in, 834–835

for biomedical applications, 1165–1192

blood-contacting biomaterials, 1180–

1188

breast implants, 1188–1191

orthopedic biomaterials, 1166–1180

space-ﬁlling biomaterials, 1188–1191

total hip arthroplasty, 1166–1180

vascular prostheses, 1180–1188

for blood-contacting biomaterials, 1186–

1188

case study in, 13–19

comparing alternative solutions, 14–17

initial screening, 14

performance requirements analysis, 14

selecting optimum solution, 15–19

INDEX 1469

comparing alternative solutions step in, 11–

in case study, 14–17

digital logic method for, 11–13

performance index in, 12–13

weighted-properties method for, 11–13

computer-assisted, 21–24

in design process, 833–834

for electronic packaging, 1223–1251

adhesives, 1250–1251

ceramics, 1249

chemical inertness of, 1226

combustibility of, 1231

corrosion of, 1226–1227

creep in, 1231–1232

density of, 1228

dominant considerations in, 1224–1232

ductility of, 1230

elastomers, 1249

electrical conductivity of, 1224–1225

electrical contacts, 1239

electromagnetic shielding of, 1228

electrostatic shielding of, 1228–1229

encapsulants, 1239–1241

and environmental endurance of, 1239 –

1241

equipment attachment, 1233–1234

equipment/ module enclosures, 1234–

1235

equipment racks/ frames/ mounting

structures, 1234

fatigue resistance of, 1229

ﬁnishes, 1237–1238

general considerations in, 1241

glasses, 1249–1250

hardness of, 1229–1230

magnetic shielding of, 1229

mechanical joints, 1236–1237

metals, 1241–1245

moisture absorption of, 1232

operating/ storage temperature ranges of,

1227, 1228

overriding considerations in, 1232–1233

plastics, 1245–1249

position-sensitive assemblies, 1238

steps in, 1224

strength of, 1228

and sublimation, 1230–1231

and temperature control, 1235–1236

thermal conductivity of, 1225

thermal emissivity of, 1225

thermal expansion of, 1225–1226

wear resistance of, 1230

as factor in failure

of ceramics, 787–788, 803–805

of plastics, 775–776

initial screening step in, 4, 6–11

in case study, 14

performance requirements analysis, 4, 6–

quantitative methods for, 7–11

for inspectability, 683–693

conﬁdence in consistent properties, 683

general process control, 693

probability of detection assessment, 691–

693

quantiﬁed crack detection capabilities,

686–690

structural integrity, 683–686

materials properties data for, 458–459

and materials substitution, 19–21

case study in, 21

cost–beneﬁt analysis for, 20–21

Pugh method for, 19

for medical products, 1195–1221

challenges of, 1198–1199

and electron beam radiation effect,

1207–1210

and gamma radiation effect, 1201–1207

and manufacturing processes, 1213–1219

polyoleﬁn-based materials, 1210–1213

product design, 1199

product development factors, 1199 –1213

product performance issues in, 1219–

1221

for MEMS devices, 1326–1328

for orthopedic biomaterials, 1178–1180

selecting optimum solution step in, 13, 15–

sources of information for, 21–24

for space-ﬁlling biomaterials, 1191

for sports equipment, 1253–1272

baseball bats, 1266, 1267

bicycles, 1260–1262

boats, 1267–1268

cricket bats, 1264

ethical considerations in, 1270–1272

golf clubs, 1264–1266

hockey sticks, 1270

javelins, 1268, 1269

for optimum design, 1255–1256

for performance enhancement, 1256–

1270

running shoes, 1256–1259

skis, 1269, 1270

softball bats, 1267

squash rackets, 1264

surfboards, 1267–1268

tennis rackets, 1262–1264

vaulting poles, 1259–1260

watercraft, 1267–1268

wheelchairs, athletic, 1264, 1265

wind surﬁng ﬁns, 1267–1268

stages of, 4, 5

1470 INDEX

Materials selection (continued )

as step in manufacturing process, 836, 837

for telecommunications, 1303 –1338

antireﬂection coatings, 1324

cable networks, 1304–1306

and chemical vapor deposition, 1334–

1335

and crystal growth, 1336

data transmission, 1309

and deposition methods, 1330, 1334–

1337

electro-optical materials, 1323–1324

and epitaxy, 1335–1336

and evaporation, 1330, 1334–1335

and future communication components,

1337–1338

isolators incorporating Faraday rotators,

1325

microelectromechanical systems, 1325–

1328

microwave radio-frequency resonators,

1328–1329

multilayer ceramic integrated circuits,

1329–1330

for networks, 1304–1308

optical ﬁber, 1318–1323

optical ﬁlters, 1324

optical networks, 1306–1308

packaging, 1311–1314

photodetectors, 1317, 1318

and plating, 1337

repeaters, 1329

solid-state semiconductor lasers, 1314–

1317

for speciﬁc components, 1309–1311,

1330–1333

and sputtering, 1330

switches, 1329

for transmission, 1309

wireless networks, 1308

for wear resistance, 1275–1281

examples of, 1281

ﬁlm thickness, 1280–1281

information resources for, 1279–1280

and manufacturing process selection,

1278–1279

process of, 1276–1278

and properties of wear materials, 1276

substrate selection, 1280

surface modiﬁcations, 1280

Materials substitution, 19–21

case study in, 21

cost–beneﬁt analysis for, 20–21

Pugh method for, 19

reasons for, 19

MatML, 501–502

Maximum normal stress theory of failure,

715–716

Maximum shearing stress theory of failure,

714–715

M-Base Engineering

⫹ Software, GmbH, 496

MBE (molecular beam epitaxy), 1335

MCICs, see Multilayer ceramic integrated

circuits

MCVD, see Modiﬁed chemical vapor

deposition

MDPE (medium density polyethylene), 337

Measurement Technology Corp. (Measure

Tech), 621

Measurement Technology Inc., 621

Mechanical fastening (composites), 1358–

1359

Mechanical joints (electronic packaging

applications), 1236–1237

Mechanical properties, see speciﬁc materials

Mechanical properties testing:

of ceramics, 624–638

compression (fracture strength), 626

compressive creep, 630–631

creep, 628–631

fatigue, 634–638

ﬂexure creep, 629, 630

ﬂexure (fracture strength), 627–628

fracture strength, 624–625

fracture toughness, 632–633

hardness, 631–632

high strain rate, 633–634

tensile creep, 630

tension (fracture strength), 625–626

of metals, 520–524, 540

of plastics, 545–568

creep properties, 551–553

failure analysis, 784

fatigue resistance, 564–566

ﬂexural properties, 549–551

hardness tests, 566–568

impact properties, 555–565

material characterization tests, 591–609

mechanical properties, 547–568

standard methods of, 546–547

stress relaxation, 552, 554–555

tensile tests, 547–548

Mechanical wire, copper and copper alloys

for, 187–188

Mechanochemical synthesis (ceramics), 1118–

1120

Medical products, 1195–1221. See also

Biomedical applications

challenges in developing, 1198–1199

disposable, 1195–1196

environmental compatibility of, 1198

manufacturing processing and materials

properties of, 1213–1219

INDEX 1471

materials selection for, 1195–1221

challenges of, 1198–1199

and electron beam radiation effect,

1207–1210

and gamma radiation effect, 1201–1207

and manufacturing processes, 1213–1219

polyoleﬁn-based materials, 1210–1213

product design, 1199

product development factors, 1199 –1213

product performance issues in, 1219–

1221

optical clarity in, 1196, 1198

polyoleﬁn-based materials for, 1210–1213

product development factors for, 1199–

1213

electron beam radiation effect, 1207–

1210

gamma radiation effect, 1201–1207

manufacturing processes, 1213

materials selection, 1199–1213

product design, 1199

product performance issues with, 1219–

1221

PVC vs. metallocene-based polyoleﬁns for,

1211–1213

safety/ efﬁcacy of, 1196

sterile delivery of, 1198

Medium density polyethylene (MDPE), 337

MEDLINE database, 454–455

Melt index (melt ﬂow rate) (MFR), 592, 594–

596, 1425–1426

Melting:

of aluminum alloys, 92

plastics melting point determination, 610,

612

of superalloys, 319–323

vacuum arc, 226–227

Melt injection molding (plastic parts), 1022–

1025

MEMS, see Microelectromechanical systems

Metadata, materials properties data from,

464–465

Metals. See also speciﬁc materials

adhesion/ friction/ wear testing for, 540

angle bending, 943

ASTM standards for testing of, 520

bending, 942–944

bending strength tests for, 540

in biomedical implants, 1174–1177

blanking, 935, 945–946

brinnelling failure of, 708

brittle fracture failure of, 708

buckling failure of, 707, 712

burnishing, 941

casting and molding processes with, 949–

957

centrifugal casting, 951–953

die casting, 954–955

investment casting, 956–957

permanent-mold casting, 953–955

plaster-mold casting, 955–956

sand casting, 949–952

centrifugal casting, 951–953

chemical conversions (for corrosion

protection), 966–967

anodizing, 966

chemical oxide coatings, 967

chromate coatings, 966

phosphate coatings, 966

cleaning of, 960–963

abrasive barrel ﬁnishing, 962

abrasive belt ﬁnishing, 962

blasting, 962

bufﬁng, 963

electropolishing, 963

liquid and vapor baths, 960–962

polishing, 963

wire brushing, 962

coatings for, 963–966

electroplating, 965

enamels, 964

hot-dip plating, 965

lacquers, 964

metallizing, 965

organic, 964

paints, 964

temporary corrosion protection, 965–966

vacuum metallizing, 965

varnishes, 964

vitreous enamels, 964–965

coining, 941

cold forging, 940

cold-roll forming, 944

cold rolling, 940

cold spinning, 947

cold-working processes with, 939–949

bending, 942–944

classiﬁcation of, 939

drawing, 947–949

shearing, 944–947

squeezing processes, 940–941

combined creep and fatigue failure of, 708,

712

composites vs., 1348, 1349

corrosion failure of, 707, 709, 761–770

biological corrosion, 768–769

cavitation corrosion, 768

crevice corrosion, 764, 766

decarburization, 768

direct chemical attack, 762–763

erosion corrosion, 767

galvanic corrosion, 763–765

hydrogen damage, 768