Крец В, Г., Саруев Л.А. Нефтегазопромысловое оборудование

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ʺʰʻʰˁ˃ʫˀˁ˃ʦʽʽʥˀʤʯʽʦʤʻʰ˔ʰʻʤ˄ʶʰˀʽˁˁʰʱˁʶʽʱˇʫʪʫˀʤˉʰʰ

ʧ̨̨̭̱̬̭̯̖̦̦̖̔̌̏̨̨̨̬̯̖̣̦̖̍̌̏̌̽̚̸̛̱̬̖̙̖̦̖̔̨̼̭̹̖̏̐̴̨̨̨̨̛̪̬̖̭̭̦̣̦̌̽̐̨̨̛̬̦̍̌̏̌́̚

«ʻʤˉʰʽʻʤʸːʻˏʱ ʰˁˁʸʫʪʽʦʤ˃ʫʸːˁʶʰʱ

˃ʽʺˁʶʰʱ ʿʽʸʰ˃ʫˈʻʰˋʫˁʶʰʱ ˄ʻʰʦʫˀˁʰ˃ʫ˃»

ʦ.ʧ. ʶ̶̬̖, ʸ.ʤ. ˁ̬̱̖̌̏, ʦ.ʧ. ʸ̡̨̱̦̽́̏, ʤ.ʦ. ˌ̛̬̦̌̔̌



ʻʫˇ˃ʫʧʤʯʽʿˀʽʺˏˁʸʽʦʽʫ

ʽʥʽˀ˄ʪʽʦʤʻʰʫ



ˀ̡̨̨̨̖̥̖̦̦̔̏̌ˁ̡̛̛̛̬̭̥̍̨̛̬̖̦̣̦̼̥̐̌̽̸̨̱̖̦̍Ͳ̸̨̡̛̛̥̖̯̖̭̥̔̶̨̖̦̯̬̥

̨̼̭̹̖̏̐̴̨̨̨̨̛̪̬̖̭̭̦̣̦̌̽̐̨̨̛̬̦̍̌̏̌́̚̣̔́̨̡̨̨̥̖̙̱̭̏̏̐̚̨̨̛̛̭̪̣̦̽̏̌́̚

̏̸̡̖̭̯̖̌̏̸̨̨̱̖̦̍̐̨̨̛̪̭̍́̣̔́̨̭̯̱̖̦̯̔̏, ̸̵̨̛̱̺̭̍̌̀́ ̨̪ ̛̦̪̬̣̖̦̥̌̌̏́

̨̨̨̡̛̪̯̔̐̏ 130500 «ʻ̴̨̨̖̯̖̖̐̌̏̚ ̨̖̣̔» ̛ 130600 «ʽ̨̨̛̬̱̦̖̍̔̏̌

̛ ̬̖̯̼̌̐̐̌ ̴̨̨̨̦̖̯̖̐̌̏̐̚ ̨̨̛̪̬̭̯̏̔̏̌̚»



ʰ̨̯̖̣̭̯̔̌̽̏̚

˃̨̡̨̨̥̭̐̵̸̨̡̨̨̛̛̪̣̯̖̦̖̭̐̛̛̱̦̖̬̭̯̖̯̏̌

2011

ɍȾɄ 622.276.05(075.8)

ȻȻɄ 35.514ɹ73

Ʉ79

Ʉɪɟɰ ȼ.Ƚ.

Ʉ79 ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ /

ȼ.Ƚ. Ʉɪɟɰ, Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɋɚɪɭɟɜ, ȼ.Ƚ. Ʌɭɤɶɹɧɨɜ, Ⱥ.ȼ. ɒɚɞɪɢɧɚ; Ɍɨɦɫɤɢɣ

ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. – Ɍɨɦɫɤ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢ-

ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, 2011. – 236 ɫ.

ISBN 978-5-98298-782-2

ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɟ

ɞɥɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɵ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɧɵ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ

ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ, ɬɪɭɛɚɦ, ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ-

ɧɵɦ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɹɦ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ, ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ

ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ

ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɨɣ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɢ

ɛɟɫɲɬɚɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ.

ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ 130500

«ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ» ɢ 130600 «Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-

ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ».

ɍȾɄ 622.276.05(075.8)

ȻȻɄ 35.514ɹ73

Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ

Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ

ɈɈɈ «Ɍɨɥɟɪɨ-ɉɟɬɪɨɥɟɭɦ»

Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ʉɧɹɡɟɜ

Ʉɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ Ɍɉɍ

ɒ.Ɍ. Ʉɥɟɧɢɧ

ISBN 978-5-98298-782-2 © ȽɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɇɂ Ɍɉɍ, 2011

ɒɚɞɪɢɧɚ Ⱥ.ȼ., 2011

ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, 2011

ɉȾɆȻȽɆɀɈɃɀ

ɑɚɫɬɶ 1

ɇȺɋɈɋɕ ........................................................................................6

1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɝɨ ....................6

1.1. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ .......................................................................8

1.2. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɝɨ.............................................................................11

1.3. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ..........................................................................12

1.4. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɞɥɹ

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɝɨ..........................................................17

2. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ...............................................................19

2.1. Ʉɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ............................................19

2.3. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ............................22

2.4. ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɨ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ............25

3. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ

.......................................26

4. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ ....................................................27

5. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ ..........................................................29

6. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ .................................................................31

7. ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ............................................................32

8. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ........................33

8.1. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.................................................33

8.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ.........35

9. ɐɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ.......................42

10. ɒɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ..........................................................................51

11. Ȼɟɫɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ .........................................................................53

11.1. ɋɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ..........................................................................53

11.2. ɗɪɥɢɮɬɵ.........................................................................................54

11.3. ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ..........................................56

ɑɚɫɬɶ 2. ɇȿɎɌȿȽȺɁɈɉɊɈɆɕɋɅɈȼɈȿ ɈȻɈɊɍȾɈȼȺɇɂȿ

..........58

12. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ......................58

12.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ............................................58

12.2. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ

ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ............................59

12.3. ɉɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ...........................................59

12.4. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɫɤɨ-ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ .....70

12.5. Ʌɨɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɪɟɠɭɳɢɣ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ.........80

12.6. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ .......................................93

12.6.1. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ...............................................................93

12.6.2. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ

ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɨɬ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɣ

ɩɪɨɛɤɢ......................................................................................97

12.7. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ.................................100

12.8. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɨɪɵ ..................104

13. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ .................106

14. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬ ........................................115

14.1. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬ ...............115

14.2. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬ ..................................................................122

14.2.1. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ............................122

14.2.2. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ

ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ (ȽɊɉ) .............................125

14.2.3. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ..........................127

14.2.4. ɇɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ

ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬ ................128

15. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ

ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜ................................................................................130

16. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ................................135

16.1. Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ .............................................................................137

16.2. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ .......................141

16.3. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɚ

ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ........................................................................145

16.4. ɇɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɟɱɢ ...................................................157

16.5. Ɉɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɟɝɢɞɪɚɬɨɪɵ...........................................160

16.6. Ȼɥɨɤɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ .............................................165

16.7. ɇɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ.................................................................166

ɑɚɫɬɶ 3

ɈȻɈɊɍȾɈȼȺɇɂȿ ȾɅə ȾɈȻɕɑɂ ɇȿɎɌɂ .......................173

17. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ..................................................173

17.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ

ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ..................173

17.2. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ ......173

17.3. Ɍɪɭɛɵ............................................................................................175

17.3.1. ɇɚɫɨɫɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ..........................................175

17.3.2. Ɍɪɭɛɵ ɨɛɫɚɞɧɵɟ....................................................................178

17.3.3. Ȼɭɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ..................................................................178

17.3.4. Ɍɪɭɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ.................178

17.4. ɋɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɢ (ɩɚɤɟɪɵ)..........................................179

18. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ.................................................181

18.1. ɇɚɡɟɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ .............................................................181

18.2. ɉɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ

.......................189

19. ɒɬɚɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɒɋɇɍ)......................................190

19.1. ɋɬɚɧɤɢ-ɤɚɱɚɥɤɢ ...........................................................................191

19.2. ɍɫɬɶɟɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ..............................................................194

19.3. ɒɬɚɧɝɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ (ɒɇ) .............................................................196

19.4. ɒɬɚɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ (ɒɋɇ) ..................................197

19.5. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.......................................................204

19.6. ɉɪɢɜɢɥɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ

ɲɬɚɧɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ................................................................206

20. Ȼɟɫɲɬɚɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ...........................207

20.1. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ

ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ (ɍɗɐɇ) ..........................................................................207

20.2. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ...................216

20.3. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ........217

20.4. Ⱥɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɚɹ ......................................................................219

20.5. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɄɈɋ ɢ ɄɈɋ1 ............................220

20.6. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ

ɞɥɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ (ɍȽɇ)............................................................222

20.7.

ɋɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ........................................................................224

21. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ...............................................226

22. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ

ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɨɣ............................................229

23. ȼɢɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɶɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ........233

ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ.......................................................................235

ɒɛɬɭɷ 1

ɈȻɌɉɌɖ

1. ɉȼɔɃɀ ɌȽɀȿɀɈɃɚ ɉ ɇȻɓɃɈȻɐ ȿɆɚ ɊɀɋɀɇɀɔɀɈɃɚ ɍɀɅɎɒɀȾɉ

ɇɚɫɨɫ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ (ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ)

ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɬɟ-

ɤɭɱɟɝɨ) ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ

ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ).

ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɡɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦ.

ɇɚɫɨɫɧɵɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ (ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ) ɢ ɩɪɢ-

ɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ:

x ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ;

x ɫɚɦɨɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ – ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɚɦɨɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ

ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɠɢɞ-

ɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ;

x ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɟ – ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɞ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.

ɇɚɫɨɫɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ – ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɨɪɭ-

ɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ

ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.

Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ:

x ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɪɨɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɦ

/ɫ;

x ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɪɨɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɝ/ɫ;

x ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ

ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɧɟɦ, ɦ

/ɫ (ɤɝ/ɫ).

Ɉɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ – ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ

ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ – ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-

ɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ.

Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɥ

ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ) ɧɚ

ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ, ɉɚ (ɦ); ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɞɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɉɚ.

ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ – ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɨɫɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟ-

ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.

ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ

ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɫɚɦɨɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ, ɦ.

Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɡɚ-

ɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɭ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ, ɤȼɬ; ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ,

ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.

Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ – ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɦ

ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɭɡɥɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤȼɬ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ (ɄɉȾ) – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ

ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟ-

ɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧ-

ɧɨɦɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ:

x ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ – ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ

ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɤ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ;

x ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫɚ ɤ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɟ;

x ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɤ ɫɭɦɦɟ

ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɬɟɪɹɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɭɬɟɱɤɚɦɢ;

x ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ

ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɟ.

Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ – ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɡɧɚ-

ɱɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɢɥɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɪ-

ɝɚɧɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.

Ʉɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ – ɡɚɩɚɫ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ

ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ

ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.

Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ – ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ, ɨɛɟɫ-

ɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚ-

ɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.

Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ – ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɦɟɬɨɤ ɨɫɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ

ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɟ.

ɉɨɞɩɨɪ – ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɫɨɫ

ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɟ).

ȼɚɤɭɭɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ

ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ

ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɟ, ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ-

ɫɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ.

Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɫɚ-

ɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɫ-

ɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ – ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯ-

ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ) ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɚ-

ɱɢ (ɞɥɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ) ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ

ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ. ɋɭɳɟ-

ɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ:

x ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ – ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ

ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɰɢɤɥɨɜ) ɢɥɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɯɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ;

x ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ – ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɨɬ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ,

ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴ-

ɟɦɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ;

x ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫɚɦɨɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ – ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ-

ɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɦ

ɢɡ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ;

x ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ – ɡɨɧɚ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ

ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.

ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ – ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ-

ɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜ

ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɦɨɦ ɫ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɯɨ-

ɞɨɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.

Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɟɝɨ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ, ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɄɉȾ, ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɜɫɚ-

ɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ:

x ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ – ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ;

x ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ – ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟ-

ɧɢɟɦ ɄɉȾ;

x ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ – ɪɟɠɢɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ

ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.

ɇɚɫɨɫɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɛɨ-

ɬɵ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ.

1.1. Ʌɩɨɬɭɫɮɥɱɣɣ ɨɛɬɩɬɩɝ

ɇɚɫɨɫɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɚ-

ɲɢɧ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ.

ɉɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ (ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ, ɞɨɛɵɱɟ, ɫɛɨ-

ɪɟ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ,

ɜ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡ-

ɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ.

ɇɚɫɨɫɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɧɚɫɨɫɵ-ɦɚɲɢɧɵ,

ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɜɢɠɭ-

ɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

ɉɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɟ (ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧɵ) – ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ, ɨɫɟɜɵɟ, ɜɢɯɪɟ-

ɜɵɟ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ) – ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ, ɪɨɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ʉ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ, ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɵ,

ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɪɚɧɵ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɢ ɞɪ.

ȼ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ

ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫɚ, ɚ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ

ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ, ɩɨ-

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.

ȼ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫɵ – ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ

ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ-

ɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ). ɉɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨ-

ɤɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ (ɠɢɞ-

ɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɤ ɩɟɪɢɮɟ-

ɪɢɢ) ɢ ɨɫɟɜɵɟ (ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɢ), ɚ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ –

ɧɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɫ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ, ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɩɨɥɭɫɩɢɪɚɥɶ-

ɧɵɦ, ɞɜɭɯɡɚɜɢɬɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɦ ɨɬɜɨɞɨɦ.

ɉɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚ-

ɸɬ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦ, ɩɨɥɭɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɤɨɥɟɫɨɦ.

Ɉɫɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɦ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɨ-

ɩɚɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɭɩɢɰɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ, ɢɥɢ ɤ ɩɨ-

ɜɨɪɨɬɧɨ-ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɦ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ

ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.

Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ – ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ

ɧɚɫɨɫɵ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɜɢɯɪɟ-

ɜɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɬɚɧɝɟɧ-

ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɯ – ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɤ ɩɟɪɢɮɟ-

ɪɢɢ ɜɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɪɚɡɞɟ-

ɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ (ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɶɰɟ-

ɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ) ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ (ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɠɢɞ-

ɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ).

Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ – ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨ-

ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɤ ɩɟɪɢ-

ɮɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.

Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɚ-

ɦɨɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ.

ɉɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ

ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɜɨɡ-

ɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ), ɪɨɬɨɪ-

ɧɵɟ (ɫ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ

ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ) ɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɱɚɬɵɟ (ɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-

ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ).

ȼɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ

ɧɚ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɦɢ

(ɨɞɧɨɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɧɵɦɢ) ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɦɢ (ɦɧɨɝɨɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɧɵɦɢ).

Ʉ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨ-

ɫɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦ.

ȼɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ

ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɤɚ-

ɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɨ-

ɪɨɧɭ) ɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ

ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ (ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɚ) ɜ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ.

ɂɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɨɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟ-

ɧɹɸɬ ɪɨɬɨɪɧɨ-ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪ-

ɝɚɧɨɜ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ

ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɢ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɟ.

Ɂɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɥɨɫ-

ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ɂɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ

ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫɵ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧ, ɨɛɟɫ-

ɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸ-

ɳɢɯ ɤɪɭɬɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ. ɗɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ

ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧ.

ȼ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɯ (ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɭɯ-, ɬɪɟɯ- ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɯ) ɠɢɞ-

ɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɨɛɴ-

ɟɦɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ – ɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-

ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ – ɫ ɜɪɚ-

ɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ.