11
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ – ɤɪɢɜɨɲɢɩɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ (ɜɨɡ-
ɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ), ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɚ-
ɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɢɜɨɲɢɩɧɨ-ɲɚɬɭɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ: ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢ-
ɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ), ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɦɨɧɨɛɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɫ ɜɵɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ
(ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɨɪ); ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ ɫ
ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦ, ɨɫɟɜɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ (ɩɨ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ). ɉɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ
ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɭɯ- ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ, ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɚ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ – ɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɨɪɰɨɜɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɟɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɨɦ.
ɉɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ,
ɬ. ɟ. ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨ-
ɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɫ
ɩɪɟɞɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɟɫɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ – ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ, ɫɤɜɚ-
ɠɢɧɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɚɥɨɦ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ, ɨɩɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɦ, V-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ. ɉɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɨɫɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, – ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞ-
ɧɵɦ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ.
ɉɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ,
ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ, ɲɥɚɦɨɜɵɟ, ɩɟɫɤɨɜɵɟ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
1.2. ɘɨɠɫɞɣɺ ɭɠɥɮɲɠɞɩ
ȼ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɝɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɣɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɯɱɥɟɧɨɦ:
,
2
2
gg
p
Zh
U
ɝɞɟ ɪ – ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɉɚ; ɪ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤɝ/ɦ
3
; g – ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ, ɦ/ɫ
2
; Z – ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ, ɦ; v – ɫɤɨ-
ɪɨɫɬɶ, ɦ/ɫ; h – ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɦ.
Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɝɨ (ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɚɦ, ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ, ɝɨɪɧɵɦ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦ ɢ
ɬ. ɞ.) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ ɩɨ-
ɬɨɤɚ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ (ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ). ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟ-
ɧɢɹ Ⱦ. Ȼɟɪɧɭɥɥɢ, ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞ-
ɤɨɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ:
21
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
22
h
g
Z
g
p
g
Z
g
p
U
U
,