Крец В, Г., Саруев Л.А. Нефтегазопромысловое оборудование

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

221

Ɋɢɫ. 144. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɄɈɋ1:

1 – ɩɚɤɟɪ ɬɢɩɚ 1ɉȾ-əȽɊ; 2 – ɤɥɚɩɚɧ-ɨɬɫɟɤɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɢɩɚ ɄȺɋ1;

3 – ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɫɨɫ

Ɋɢɫ. 145. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɄɈɋ:

ɚ – ɞɥɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɲɬɚɧɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ;

ɛ – ɞɥɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ;

ɜ – ɤɥɚɩɚɧ-ɨɬɫɟɤɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ; ɝ – ɤɥɚɩɚɧ-ɨɬɫɟɤɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɤɪɵɬ;

1 – ɫɬɚɧɨɤ-ɤɚɱɚɥɤɚ; 2 – ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɣ ɲɬɚɧɝɨɜɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 3 – ɡɚɦɨɤ ɬɢɩɚ ɁɇɐȻ;

4 – ɪɚɡɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɁɊɄ; 5 – ɤɥɚɩɚɧ-ɨɬɫɟɤɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɢɩɚ ɄȺɋ;

6 – ɩɚɤɟɪ 2ɉȾ-əȽ; 7 – ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ;

8 – ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɫɨɫ

222

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 145 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɄɈɋ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ,

ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ.

ȼ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɄɈɋ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɚɤɟɪɚ ɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ-ɨɬɫɟɤɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ-

ɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɛɚɦɢ, ɚ ɜ ɄɈɋ1 – ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɧɚɬ-

ɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.

Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɄɈɋ

Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, Ɇɉɚ ................................................................................35

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ, ɬɪɭɛ, ɦɦ ... 140, 146, 168

ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɚɤɟɪɚ, ɦɦ

................................. 118, 122, 136, 140, 145

Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ, ɦ, ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ................................................2500

Ɇɚɫɫɚ, ɤɝ .................................................................ɨɬ 110…129 ɞɨ 252…349

20.6. Ɏɬɭɛɨɩɝɥɣ ɞɣɟɫɩɪɩɫɳɨɠɝɶɰ ɨɛɬɩɬɩɝ ɟɦɺ ɟɩɜɶɲɣ ɨɠɯɭɣ (ɎȾɈ)

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɍȽɇ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ

ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɞɨ 4500 ɦ, ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɛɢɬɨɦ ɞɨ 1200 ɦ

/ɫɭɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ

ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ.

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ – ɛɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ-

ɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ-ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɤɭɫɬɨ-

ɜɵɯ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩ-

ɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ. Ɉɬɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɠɢɞ-

ɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ: ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15  10

–6

/ɫ

(1510

–2

ɋɬ), ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,1 ɝ/ɥ,

ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,01 ɝ/ɥ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 99 %. ɇɚ-

ɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ

ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɤɢ

ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ – ɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ 120 ºɋ.

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɨɛ-

ɫɚɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɧ 140, 146

ɢ 168 ɦɦ.

Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ – ɍ ɢ ɏɅ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ-

ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ – 1, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ – 5 (ȽɈɋɌ 15150–69).

Ƚɢɞɪɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɚɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 146) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɲɧɟ-

ɜɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ 13, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɢɠ-

ɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɛ 10, ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ 4, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ 2 ɞɥɹ ɨɬɫɬɨɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ 6 ɞɥɹ ɟɺ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ

. ɇɚɫɨɫ 13,

ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɵ 10, ɫɚɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɞɥɨ 14, ɝɞɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɚ-

ɞɨɱɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɭɫɟ 15 ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟ-

ɦɨɣ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɹɞɭ ɬɪɭɛ 10. Ɂɨɥɨɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬ-

ɜɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟ-

ɥɹ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-

ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ

ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.

223

ɇɟɮɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ 16, ɧɚɩɪɚɜ-

ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ 10 ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ 11

ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɬɪɭɛ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ

(ɧɟɮɬɶ), ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞ-

ɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ.

Ɋɢɫ. 146. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɣ

ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ: ɚ – ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ; ɛ – ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ; 1 – ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ;

2 – ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ; 3 – ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ; 4 – ɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ

ɧɚɫɨɫ; 5 – ɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪ; 6 – ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ; 7 – ɜɵɤɢɞɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ; 8 – ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ;

9 – ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ; 10 – 63 ɦɦ ɬɪɭɛɵ; 11 – 102 ɦɦ ɬɪɭɛɵ;

12 – ɨɛɫɚɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚ; 13 – ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ (ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ); 14 – ɫɟɞɥɨ

ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ; 15 – ɤɨɧɭɫ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɣ; 16 – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ;

– ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ;

– ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ;

,,,

– ɫɦɟɫɶ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ

ɢ ɞɨɛɵɬɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ

ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɧɟ-

ɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ – ɟɺ ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ

ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɨɞɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ

ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

224

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ:

ɍȽɇ25-150-25;

ɍȽɇ40-250-20;

ɍȽɇ100-200-18;

ɍȽɇ160-380-15.

Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɍȽɇ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ; ɰɢɮɪɵ

ɩɨɫɥɟ ɍȽɇ – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ

(ɦ

/ɫɭɬ); ɰɢɮɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɪɟ – ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ

(ɦ

/ɫɭɬ); ɰɢɮɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɪɟ – ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ

(Ɇɉɚ); ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ɍɍ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: ɍȽɇ 160-380-15 Ɍɍ 26-16-233–88.

ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ 185…270 ɤȼɬ; ɄɉȾ 45–47 %; ɦɚɫɫɚ –

ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50000 ɤɝ.

20.7. Ɍɭɫɮɤɨɶɠ ɨɛɬɩɬɶ

ɋɬɪɭɣɧɨ-ɧɚɫɨɫɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ

ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ

ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɡɟɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ,

ɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ, ɭɫɬɶɟɜɭɸ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ, Ʉɂɉ; ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ –

ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɫ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɡɥɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 147).

ɋɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɦ-

ɩɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɢ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜ-

ɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɧɨɫɭ

, ɞɟɲɟɜɢɡɧɨɣ. ɄɉȾ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ

ɄɉȾ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ

ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.

ɋɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ (ɪɢɫ. 148) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ

ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɥɭɱɲɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɵ), ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɇɄɌ

1, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɨɩɥɨɦ 2. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɭɡɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɥɚ

ɫɬɪɭɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ

ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɨɦ 4 ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ

ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ 3 ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫɚ 5 ɫ ɩɨɞɩɚɤɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ 6 ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɦ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɚɹ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɚ-

ɛɨɱɟɣ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ

ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ

ɩɨ ɦɟɠɬɪɭɛɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ

(ɧɚɫɨɫ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ ɬɪɭɛ) ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɇɄɌ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɫɨɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɤɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ-

ɜɹɡɤɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬ-

ɜɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.).

ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɇɂɉɂ Ƚɢɩɪɨɦɨɪɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡ, ɫɪɨɤ

ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ – ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 8 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ; ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɛɨɪ

225

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ – ɞɨ 4000 ɦ

/ɫɭɬ; ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ – 5000 ɦ; ɦɚɫ-

ɫɚ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ – 10 ɤɝ.

ȼ 1971 ɝ. ȼ.Ƚ. Ʉɪɟɰɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɯɟɦɵ

ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ

ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ (ɇɂɂ ȼɇ ɩɪɢ Ɍɉɍ). Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɚɱɤɢ ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞ

ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ȼ.ɋ.

Ⱥɪɛɢɬ ɢ ɋ.ə. Ɋɹɛɱɢɤɨɜɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 147. ɋɬɪɭɣɧɨ-ɧɚɫɨɫɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ: 1 – ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 2 – ɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ;

3 – ɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 4 – ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ; 5 – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ

Ɋɢɫ. 148. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ:

1 – ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ; 2 – ɫɨɩɥɨ; 3 – ɤɚɧɚɥɵ; 4 – ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪ;

5 – ɜɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ; 6 – ɩɨɞɩɚɤɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ

226

21. ɉȼɉɋɎȿɉȽȻɈɃɀ ȾȻɂɆɃɏɍɈɖɐ ɌɅȽȻɁɃɈ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ:

ɚ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɝɚɡ (ɧɟɨɛ-

ɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ);

ɛ) ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ, ɝɚɡɨ-

ɩɪɨɜɨɞ, ɝɚɡɨɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɫɤɨɦɩɪɟɫ-

ɫɨɪɧɭɸ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ (ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɣ);

ɜ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɪɥɢɮɬɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ

ɤɚɱɟ-

ɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ.

Ƚɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɧɢ-

ɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɡɚɛɨɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫ ɭɫɬɶɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ

ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨ-

ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɦ, ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɦɢ

ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɚ: ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɚɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ ɩɨ

ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ (ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ) ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɇɄɌ (ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ).

ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɭɫɬɚ-

ɧɨɜɤɢ ɬɢɩɚ Ʌɇ (ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɚ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ).

Ƚɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ Ʌɇ (ɪɢɫ. 38) ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɝɚɡ-

ɥɢɮɬɧɵɦ

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ-ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨ-ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ – ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɝɚɡ, ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɋɈ

ɞɨ

1 % ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɞɨ 0,1 ɝ/ɥ.

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɫ

ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɣ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ: ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɄɌ1, ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɟ

ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ 2Ƚ ɢɥɢ 5Ƚ, ɩɚɤɟɪ 2ɉȾ-əȽ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɢɩ-

ɩɟɥɶ, ɝɥɭɯɭɸ ɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɤɢ.

ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɪɦɚɧ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪ

ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɨ-

ɫɨɛ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚɦɢ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɪ-

ɦɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɚɤɟɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɝɥɭɯɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɨɤ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɟ

ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ, ɜ ɡɚɬɪɭɛɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɪɭɛɧɨɣ ɝɨ-

ɥɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɡ. ɉɨɞ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ

ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɡɚɬɪɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ.

227

Ɋɢɫ. 149. Ƚɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ Ʌɇ:

1 – ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ; 2 – ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ;

3 – ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ; 4 – ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ;

5 – ɩɚɤɟɪ; 6 – ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ; 7 – ɧɢɩɩɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ

Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɞɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɚɝɧɟ-

ɬɚɟɦɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ.

ɋɬɨɥɛ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɚɷɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ

ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ

ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɬɨɤɭ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɡɚɬɪɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟ-

ɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɬɪɭɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ. ɇɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɦɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ

ɜ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɬɪɭɛɧɨɦ

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɧɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ

ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ.

228

Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ, ɦɦ ......................146, 168

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɦɦ .................60, 73, 89

Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, Ɇɉɚ (ɤɝɫ/ɫɦ

) ...................................... 21 (210), 35 (350)

Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ......2500, 5000

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, Ʉ........................................................373…393

ɍɝɨɥ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɝɪɚɞ......................55

Ƚɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ, ɦɦ

ɞɥɢɧɚ................................................................................. 15135…15285

ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ......................................................................................118…145

Ɇɚɫɫɚ, ɤɝ ............................................................................................309…496

Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ-

ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ.

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ Ʌɇ. Ɉɧɢ

ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ 21 ɢ 35 Ɇɉɚ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ

ɫɩɭɫɤɚ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ – 5000 ɦ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ

ɫɪɟɞɵ – ɞɨ 120 qɋ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɨɬ 185 ɞɨ 585 ɤɝ.

ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ

ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ, ɬ. ɟ. ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪ – ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ, ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ

ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɡɨɪɨɦ 1,5…2,0 ɦɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ

ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ

ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɬɨɥɛ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɚ. ɉɪɢ ɭɞɚɪɟ ɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɚ-

ɬɨɪ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɟ, ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ,

ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɡ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɞɚɪɟ ɨ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ-

ɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ. ɉɥɭɧɠɟɪ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɰɢɤɥɭ. ɉɥɭɧɠɟɪɧɵɣ

ɥɢɮɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɚɱɤɨɣ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɡɚɬɪɭɛɧɨɟ

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.

ɉɥɭɧɠɟɪɧɵɣ ɥɢɮɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ

ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɟ ɢ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.

ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɝɢɞɪɨ-

ɩɚɤɟɪɧɵɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɭɫɬɶɸ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɚ-

ɡɨɦ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɡɚ. Ɂɚɡɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ

ɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɇɄɌ – 2,5…4 ɦɦ

. Ⱦɟɛɢɬ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ – 1…20 ɬ/ɫɭɬ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɚ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ.

229

22. ɉȼɉɋɎȿɉȽȻɈɃɀ ȿɆɚ ɉȿɈɉȽɋɀɇɀɈɈɉɄ ɋȻɂȿɀɆɗɈɉɄ ɘɅɌɊɆɎȻɍȻɑɃɃ

ɈɀɌɅɉɆɗɅɃɐ ɊɆȻɌɍɉȽ ɉȿɈɉɄ ɌɅȽȻɁɃɈɉɄ

Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ (ɈɊɗ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢ-

ɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟ-

ɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ

ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ.

ɋɯɟɦɚ ɈɊɗ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:

ɈɊɗ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ;

ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɱɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ;

ɈɊɗ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɱɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ.

Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ:

x ɨɛɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦ (ɮɨɧɬɚɧ-ɮɨɧɬɚɧ);

x ɨɞɢɧ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ (ɮɨɧ-

ɬɚɧ-ɧɚɫɨɫ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ

ɮɨɧɬɚɧɨɦ);

x ɨɛɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ (ɧɚɫɨɫ-ɧɚɫɨɫ).

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɈɊɗ ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ.

Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɈɊɗ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ-

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ. ɇɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɚɹ

ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ., ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ

ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟ-

ɠɢɦɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.

ɉɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɨɬɛɨɪ (ɢɥɢ

ɡɚɤɚɱɤɭ) ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ.

ɋɟɪɢɣɧɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɬɨ-

ɪɨɝɨ – ɩɚɤɟɪ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ

ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ ɬɪɭɛ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɫ ɞɨɛɵɱɟɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɮɨɧɬɚɧ-ɮɨɧɬɚɧ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ: ɫ

ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɬɢɩɚ ɍɎ2ɉ (ɍɎɗ, ɍɎɉ, ɍɎɉ2) ɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-

ɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɇɄɌ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɍȼɅȽ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟ-

ɦɚɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɍɎ2ɉ (ɪɢɫ. 150) ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ

ɤɨɥɨɧɧ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ 116 ɢ 168 ɦɦ ɫ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ

ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɇɄɌ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ

ɪɹɞɨɜ: 48 × 48, 60 × 60, 73 × 48 ɦɦ.

230

Ɋɢɫ. 150. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ

ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɬɪɭɛ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ «ɮɨɧɬɚɧ-ɮɨɧɬɚɧ»:

1 – ɩɚɤɟɪ; 2 – ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ; 3, 4 – ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ

ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ

ɪɹɞɨɜ ɬɪɭɛ; 5 – ɬɪɨɣɧɢɤ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɵ (ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɡɚɬɪɭɛɧɵɦ

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ); 6 – ɞɜɭɯɪɹɞɧɵɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ; 7 – ɬɪɨɣɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɵɤɢɞɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɮɨɧɬɚɧ-

ɧɚɫɨɫ ɢ ɧɚɫɨɫ-ɮɨɧɬɚɧ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɲɬɚɧ-

ɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. ȼ ɭɫ-

ɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɲɬɚɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɧ ɇɄɌ

ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɩɭɫɤ ɜɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. Ⱦɥɹ

ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ

ɇɄɌ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ

ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɭɮɬ, ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ. ɋɯɟɦɚ

ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.