Крец В, Г., Саруев Л.А. Нефтегазопромысловое оборудование

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ɛɨɪɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɚ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɹɠɧɵɯ ɲɩɢɥɟɤ, ɨɛɜɨɞɧɨɣ

ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ.

ɇɚɫɨɫ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ ɦɭɮɬɵ 26.

10. ɓɀɌɍɀɋɀɈɈɖɀ ɈȻɌɉɌɖ

ɒɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɵ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵ

ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɤɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ

ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɢɬɭɦɚ, ɞɥɹ ɰɟɧ-

ɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɜ ɞɢɡɟɥɹɯ, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɜɨ-

ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧ. ɒɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ

ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ (ɨɬ 0,2 ɞɨ 50 ɥ/ɫ), ɧɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚ-

ɧɢɹ ɞɨ 3 Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 50 ɫ

–1

. ɇɚɫɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ:

x ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɵɦɢ;

x ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɥɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ;

x ɫ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɥɚɩɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɥɚɧɰɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ;

x ɫɨ ɲɬɭɰɟɪɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɮɥɚɧɰɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.

ȼ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɭɛɱɚ-

ɬɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ – ɜɟɞɭɳɟɟ ɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɟ. ɉɪɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɠɢɞ-

ɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɢɡ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨ-

ɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɂɭɛɶɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɷɜɨɥɶɜɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ.

ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɭɛɶɹɦɢ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧ, ɜɵɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ

ɜɩɚɞɢɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ

ɲɟɫɬɟɪɧɢ ɜɨ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. Ȼɟɫɲɭɦɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɲɟɜɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɟɜɨɣ

ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɜɨɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ

ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɡɭɛɨɜɨɣ ɜɩɚɞɢɧɟ.

ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ Q

(ɦ

/ɫ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨ-

ɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ Ɍ.Ɇ. Ȼɚɲɬɚ,

T ɧ.ɨ

2,QDmbn

ɝɞɟ D

ɧ.ɨ

– ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɧɢ, ɦ; ɬ – ɦɨ-

ɞɭɥɶ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦ; b – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ, ɦ; ɩ – ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɟ-

ɞɭɳɟɣ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɧɢ, ɫ

–1

. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ

o Ƚ

,QQ

ɝɞɟ Ș

= 0,8…0,9 – ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.

ɒɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɜ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ 2·10

ɉɚ,

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɞɨ 500 ɥ/ɦɢɧ.

ɒɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɒ ɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɬ = 4 ɦɦ

ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ 0,06…6,0 ɉɚ·c ɧɟɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨ-

ɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɦɚɡɭɬɚ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ

70 °ɋ, ɞɥɹ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 40 °ɋ.

Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.

ɇɚɫɨɫ (ɪɢɫ. 32) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ 3 ɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɝɨ 4 ɪɨɬɨɪɨɜ,

(ɩɪɹɦɨɡɭɛɵɯ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɧɟɣ), ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɨɞɧɨ ɫ ɜɚɥɨɦ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ

2 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɜ,

ɜɬɭɥɨɤ. Ʉ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ

ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. Ɋɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ 1 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɥɨɬ-

ɧɟɧɢɹ 6 ɜɚɥɚ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ 0,2…0,3 Ɇɉɚ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2

ɇɚɫɨɫ

ɉɨɞɚɱɚ,

/ɱ

Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ,

ɤɝɫ/ɫɦ

Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ,

ɤȼɬ

ɒɎ-2-25 1,4 1,6 2,2

ɒ-5-25 2,5 6 2,2

ɒ-25-3,6/4Ȼ 3,6 4 2,2

ɒ-20-16-18,6 18 6 5,5

Ɋɢɫ. 32. ɇɚɫɨɫ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ

ɬɢɩɚ ɒ

11. ȼɀɌɊɋɃȽɉȿɈɖɀ ɈȻɌɉɌɖ

Ʉ ɛɟɫɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ, ɷɪɥɢɮɬɵ,

ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ.

11.1. Ɍɭɫɮɤɨɶɠ ɨɛɬɩɬɶ

ɋɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ – ɧɚɫɨɫ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɥɟɱɟ-

ɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɝɚɡ, ɩɚɪ) ɫɬɪɭɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɚɪɚ

ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ.

Ƚɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪ (ɪɢɫ. 33) – ɜɨɞɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-

ɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ.

Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ 1 ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ

ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɚɞɤɭ 2. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ 3 ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ

ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɡɨɧɭ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ 4 ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɚɱɢ-

ɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɢ ɨɬɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ

ɝɨɪɥɨɜɢɧɟ 5, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪ 6, ɝɞɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɚ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɩɨ-

ɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ.

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨ-

ɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

ɪ.ɜ

,QQ

/ɱ,

ɝɞɟ Q

p.ɜ

– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɦ

/ɱ;

ȕ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, ȕ = 1,7…2,0; Q – ɩɨ-

ɞɚɱɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɚ, ɦ

/ɱ.

ɇɚɩɨɪ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪ,

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ

ɧɚɫ

,HH

ɦ,

ɝɞɟ Į – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ, Į = 3…3,5; ɇ – ɜɵ-

ɫɨɬɚ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɦ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

ɝ.ɷ

ɧɚɫ ɪ.ɜ

ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ –

0,15…0,25.

Ɋɢɫ. 33. Ƚɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪ

ɋɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ (ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪ) ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ

ɩɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚ-

ɤɨ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɪɟɛɭ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɋɭɳɟ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɩɥɚ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɩɥɚ ɞɨ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ

ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɚ.

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ Ʌ.Ƚ. ɉɨɞɜɢɞɡ ɢ ɘ.Ʌ. Ʉɢɪɢɥ-

ɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨ-

ɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ

ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-

ɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ

ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡ-

ɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɵ. ɍɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɡ-

ɞɚɧɚ ȼ.ɋ. Ⱥɪɛɢɬɨɦ ɜ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ.

11.2. ɘɫɦɣɯɭɶ

ɗɪɥɢɮɬ, ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬ (ɨɬ ɚɧɝɥ. air – ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ lift – ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶ) – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬ-

ɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɷɪ-

ɥɢɮɬ) ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ (ɝɚɡɥɢɮɬ), ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ. Ƚɚɡɥɢɮɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɜɚ-

ɠɢɧ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɚɡ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɮɬɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ. ɗɪ-

ɥɢɮɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɚɱɤɟ ɜɨɞ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ.

ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤ – ɷɪɥɢɮɬ – ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ

ɢɡ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ-

ɝɪɭɠɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɟ

(ɪɢɫ. 34). ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɞ, ɩɨ

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɠɚɬɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɢ

ɪɚɫɩɵɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ

ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ H

. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ȡ

ɫɦ

ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ

ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ

ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ȡ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɨɞɧɢ-

ɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɟ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɟ ɧɚ

ɜɵɫɨɬɭ H.

Ɋɢɫ. 34. ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤ

ɉɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ





T ɉɫɦ

.HHH



Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ H (ɧɚɩɨɪ) ɷɪɥɢɮɬɚ:

ɫɦ

.HH



Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ

ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟ-

ɧɢɣ. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɡɚ 1 ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ Q

ɜ.ɚɬɦ

(ɦ

) ɜɨɡ-

ɞɭɯɚ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɚɬɦɨ-

ɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ p

ɚɬɦ

ɞɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ p, ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ

ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɛɭɞɟɬ

ɚɬɦ ɜ. ɚɬɦ

ɚɬɦ

ln .

NpQ

ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ

ɩɨɞɴɟɦɟ Q (ɦ

) ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ 1 ɫ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ H, N

ɉ =

ȡ gQH.

ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɄɉȾ ɷɪɥɢɮɬɚ Ș,

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ: N

= N

;

ɚɬɦ ɜ. ɚɬɦ

ɚɬɦ

ln .

gQH p Q



ȼɵɪɚɠɚɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ p ɜ ɦɟɝɚɩɚɫɤɚɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ ȡ

= 1000 ɤɝ/ɦ

ɢ p

aɬɦ

= 0,1 Ɇɉɚ,

ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (*) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɢɫɤɨɦɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ-

ɦɨɫɬɶ



ɜ. ɚɬɦ

ln 0,1 1 **

QQ H



ɂɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (**) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɷɪɥɢɮɬɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ H, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ ɢ ɡɚɝɥɭɛɥɟ-

ɧɢɢ ɷɪɥɢɮɬɚ Q ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ Q

ɜ. ɚɬɦ

. Ʉɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɡɞɟɫɶ

ɤɪɨɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ Q. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɤɚɡɵ-

ɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɴ-

ɟɦɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɪɥɢɮɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ Q ɢ H.

ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ

ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸ-

ɳɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɪɥɢɮɬɚ.

ɇ, ɦ Ⱦɨ 15 15…30 30…60 60…90 90…120

/H 1,5…2 1,2…1,5 1…1,2 0,75…1 0,65…0,75

Q, ɦ

/ɫ 1,5…2 2…2,5 2,5…3 3…3,5 3,5…4

ɄɉȾ ɷɪɥɢɮɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 0,3…0,4, ɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫ-

ɫɨɪɟ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,1…0,2, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɩɨ-

ɫɨɛ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ.

ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣ-

ɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɛɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɚ-

ɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ɉɧ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɞɨɛɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫ. ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-

ɡɭɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨ-

ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɞ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɨɣ (2,5…3 ɦ/ɫ) ɢ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ

(5…10 ɦ/ɫ).

11.3. Ɋɨɠɝɧɛɭɣɲɠɬɥɣɠ ɨɛɬɩɬɶ ɝɶɭɠɬɨɠɨɣɺ

ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɬɟɫ-

ɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶ-

ɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ – ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟ-

ɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɪ-

ɩɭɫɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ.

ɇɚɫɨɫ ɋɉɍ-1 (ɫɚɦɨɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɍɤɪɇɂɂɈɆɒɋɚ)

ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ (ɪɢɫ. 35) ɢɡ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ 1, ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɚ 2,

ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ 3, ɲɬɭɰɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ 4, ɤɪɵɲɤɢ 5, ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ 6,

ɪɵɱɚɝɚ ɫ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɦ 7, ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ 5 ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ 9.

ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ

ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ,

ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ

ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɨɤ, ɜɫɩɥɵɜɚɹ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɪɯ.

ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ 1 ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ

ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɢ ɫɠɚɬɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫɚ. ɋɠɚɬɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɢ

ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɚ

ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɨɤ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ

ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ.

Ɋɢɫ. 35. ɇɚɫɨɫ ɋɉɍ-1

ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ: ɇɁɍ-1,

ɇɁɍ-2.

ɑɚɫɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

3600

, ɦ /ɱ,QSh

ɝɞɟ S – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɦ

; h

– ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ

ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɰɢɤɥ, ɦ; t

– ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ.

Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɋɉɍ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 40 ɦ

/ɱ ɩɪɢ

ɧɚɩɨɪɚɯ 12...8 ɦ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ

1,3 ɦ

/ɦɢɧ. ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-

ɰɢɢ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɥɟɝɤɢ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨ-

ɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ. ɄɉȾ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 50 %. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞ-

ɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɚɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ.

ɒɛɬɭɷ 2. ɈɀɏɍɀȾȻɂɉɊɋɉɇɖɌɆɉȽɉɀ ɉȼɉɋɎȿɉȽȻɈɃɀ

12. ɉȼɉɋɎȿɉȽȻɈɃɀ Ƀ ɃɈɌɍɋɎɇɀɈɍɖ ȿɆɚ ɋɀɇɉɈɍȻ ɌɅȽȻɁɃɈ

12.1. ɉɜɴɣɠ ɪɩɨɺɭɣɺ ɩ ɫɠɧɩɨɭɠ ɬɥɝɛɡɣɨ

ȼɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɜɜɨɞɭ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɜ

ɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɇɄɌ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ, ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɧɝ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦ, ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ

ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧ-

ɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɡɤɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɛɢɬɚ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ

ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ

ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ

ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ, ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɨɬ ɩɟɫ-

ɱɚɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɤɢ ɠɟɥɨɧɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɨɣ, ɫ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛɪɵɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɬ-

ɜɢɧɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɧɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ.

ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ-

ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ,

ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɇɄɌ,

ɫɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ, ɬɪɭɛɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɍɗɐɇ, ɍɒɋɇ, ɥɢ-

ɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɵɜɚ ɲɬɚɧɝ, ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɶɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ

ɬ. ɩ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɦɭ (ɬɟɤɭɳɟɦɭ) ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɫɤɜɚ-

ɠɢɧ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ.

Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɟɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɫɚɞ-

ɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɨɣ (ɫɥɨɦ, ɫɦɹɬɢɟ

), ɫ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɜɨ-

ɞɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, ɥɨɜɥɟɣ ɨɛɨɪɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ

ɬɪɭɛ, ɤɚɛɟɥɹ, ɬɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɬɧɨ-

ɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ.

Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ

ɛɪɢɝɚɞɵ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɞ-

ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ

ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧ-

ɬɚ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ.

ɉɨɞ ɦɟɠɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥ-

ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɨɬ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɞɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ,

ɬ. ɟ. ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚɦɢ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɤ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɹɰ, ɤɜɚɪ-

ɬɚɥ

, ɝɨɞ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 1 ɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɩɨ

ɧɟɮɬɟ- ɢ ɝɚɡɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,94…0,98, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɬ 2

ɞɨ 6 % ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚɯ.

Ɍɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ. Ɉɪ-

ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɚɯɬɨɜɚɹ – 3 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ: ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɨɦ – ɭ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɢ

ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɢɫɬ-ɲɨɮɟɪ – ɧɚ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɟ.

Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɵ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ,

ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɇȽȾɍ.

12.2. Ɏɬɭɛɨɩɝɥɣ ɣ ɛɞɫɠɞɛɭɶ ɟɦɺ ɪɩɟɢɠɧɨɩɞɩ ɣ ɥɛɪɣɭɛɦɷɨɩɞɩ ɫɠɧɩɨɭɛ

ɣ ɩɬɝɩɠɨɣɺ ɬɥɝɛɡɣɨ

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚ-

ɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɤɢ ɢ ɦɚɱɬɵ, ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚ-

ɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɤɢ ɬɚɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɭ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ

ɬɪɭɛ ɢɥɢ ɲɬɚɧɝ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ.

ɋɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɤɢ ɢ ɦɚɱɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-

ɧɨ, ɬ. ɤ. ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ

ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ, ɜɫɺ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ

ɛɟɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɪɟ-

ɦɨɧɬɟ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɢ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɱɬɵ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ

ɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɢ.

12.3. Ɋɩɟɵɠɧɨɣɥɣ ɣ ɪɩɟɵɠɧɨɶɠ ɛɞɫɠɞɛɭɶ

ɉɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤ – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɚ, ɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɟ, ɚɜɬɨ-

ɦɚɲɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɦɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ-

ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɹɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɲɢɧ, ɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ – ɨɬ ɫɚ-

ɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.

Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɬ – ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧ ɜɵɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ

ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ.

ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɢ

«Ⱥɡɂɇɦɚɲ-43ɉ»,

ȺɉɌ-8, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ «Ⱥɡɂɇɦɚɲ-43Ⱥ», «Ȼɚɤɢɧɟɰ-ɁɆ», Ⱥ50ɍ, ɍɉɌ, «Ⱥɡɂɇ-

ɦɚɲ-37» ɢ ɞɪ.

Ɍɪɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤ «Ⱥɡɂɇɦɚɲ-43ɉ» – ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨ-

ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɨ-

ɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨ-

ɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɭ, ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɝɭɫɟɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɛɨɥɨɬɨɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɨ-

ɪɟ Ɍ-100ɆɁȻȽɋ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ Ɍ-100ɆɁ.

ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢ-

ɤɚ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɦ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɢ – ɪɭɱɧɨɟ

ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɫɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɤɚɩɨ-

ɬɨɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢ-

ɜɨɞ ɨɬ ɲɤɢɜɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.

Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ – 18,2 ɬ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ – ɨɬ 1500 ɦ

ɞɨ 6400 ɦ (ɩɪɢ ɇɄɌ ɨɬ 114 ɞɨ

48 ɦɦ).

ɉɨɞɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɚ ɅɉɌ-8 (ɪɢɫ. 36).

Ɋɢɫ. 36. ɉɨɞɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɚ ɅɉɌ-8:

1 – ɪɚɦɚ; 2 – ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ ɛɚɤ; 3 – ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɥɨɧɵ; 4 – ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ;

5 – ɩɭɥɶɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 6 – ɥɟɛɟɞɤɚ; 7 – ɤɚɪɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɥ; 8 – ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɦɚ;

9 – ɤɨɪɨɛɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ; 10 – ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɚ; 11 – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ;

12 – ɫɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɧɚɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ; 13 – ɨɬɤɢɞɧɨɣ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɭɩɨɪ

Ɇɨɧɬɚɠɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɭɫɟɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪ

Ɍ130ɆɁ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 2500 ɦ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɫɢɹ,

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɚ, ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,

ɩɪɢɜɨɞɵ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ, ɭɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɞɨɦɤɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɚ.

Ʌɟɛɟɞɤɚ – ɨɞɧɨɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɚɹ. ȼɫɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɥɟɛɟɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ –

ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɥ ɜ ɫɛɨɪɟ, ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɥ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɯɪɚɩɨ-

ɜɨɟ

ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɬɚɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɤɨɠɭɯɢ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɫɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɢɧɟ ɤɨɪɨɛɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɪɚ-

ɛɚɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɭɮɬɵ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ

ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɲɚɣɛɵ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɪɟɛɨɪɞɚɦ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ.

ɇɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɯɨɞɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ

ɲɩɢɥɟɜɚɹ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɚ, ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɦ – ɰɟɩɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ

ɬɪɭɛ ɢɥɢ ɲɬɚɧɝ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɭ ɜ ɥɟ-

ɛɟɞɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɯɪɚɩɨɜɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ.

ɉɧɟɜɦɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɪɢɤɰɢ-

ɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɭɮɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɥɟɛɟɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɠ-

ɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɬɚɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ.

ɉɧɟɜɦɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɯɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ

ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ

ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɚɪɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ.

ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɬɚɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɩɪɢ-

ɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɰɟɩɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ. ɉɪɢɜɨɞ ɧɚɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɹɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɭ

ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɄɈɆ-ɑɌɁ, ɤɚɪɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɥ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ Ʉɉ-100.