Kennedy G. Imperial Defence. The Old World Order, 1856-1956
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74 Correlli Barnett, ‘Imperial Overstretch from Dr Arnold to Mr Blair’, RUSI
Journal 150, 4 (2005): 26–31.
75 Jeremy Black, ‘A Post-Imperial Power? Britain and the Royal Navy’, Orbis: A
Journal of World Affairs, 49 (2005): 353–365. In this unusual article, Black refers
to Australia, New Zealand and South Africa as Dominions, not a designation
that really works in 2005.
76 J. Black, ‘A Post-Imperial Power? Britain and the Royal Navy’, 361.
77 These points were made in response to Barnett’s article. See A. Jackson, Letter,
RUSI Journal, 150 (2005): 10–11. A unique attachment to the former empire
stems from the fact that the monarch is still head of state in many independent
countries, as well as head of the Commonwealth, and the British High Court is
still the highest court of appeal in some countries.
332 A. Jackson
Index
Abyssinia 34, 40, 212, 237
Acheson, Dean 303
Aden 16, 102–3, 112, 121, 155–6, 170,
172–3, 242, 245, 247–8, 305, 314, 316,
320, 322
Admiralty 15, 19, 20, 35–40, 71–2, 75, 77,
81, 99, 111, 114, 116–19, 124, 126,
135–6, 138–44, 158, 181, 186–90, 242,
252–3, 255, 261–5, 269, 271, 273–5,
277, 279, 282
Afghan wars 11, 32, 75, 97, 154
Africa, East 12, 55, 94, 101, 166, 213, 284,
317
Africa, West 14, 54, 101, 201, 206, 209,
213
Air Ministry 77, 81, 137
Alanbrooke, Lord 167
Anglo-American–Japanese agreement 36
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Friendship 34,
60
Anglo-German Naval Agreement 39–40
Anglo-Japanese Alliance 35–7, 77, 247
Anglo-Japanese Treaty 136
Anglo-Russian Convention 22–4, 35
Anglo-Russian relations 14, 21–4
Anglo-Turkish Treaty 35
Antipodean Dominions 54, 59, 293
ANZUS Treaty 59
Ardagh, Sir John 18–19
Asquith, Herbert 13, 18, 113, 274, 277–8,
283–5
Attlee, Clement 54, 84
Australia 3–4, 15, 58–60, 64, 75, 78,
112–13, 115, 117–18, 121, 126, 133,
142–4, 158, 160–4, 171–2, 223, 228,
236, 247, 251, 258, 261–2, 267, 269,
272–8, 284–6, 292, 307–8, 312–13
Australian Squadron 261, 265
Australian Station 118, 261–2
Austria 11, 12, 92, 190
Baghdad Pact 65–7, 105
Balfour, Arthur 18, 36–7, 113, 291
Baltic States 31, 140
Bank of England 86, 184
Baring, E. 16
BBC 228–9, 315, 319, 325
Bean, Dr Charles 227
Beatty, David Earl 137
Beaverbrook, Lord 223, 227–8
Belgium 122, 280
Bengal 93–4, 97, 210, 220, 245, 314
Bennett, Sir Erik 315
Berlin, Treaty of 11, 199
Bermuda 122, 127, 236, 240, 242, 258,
305, 318
Bertie, Francis 19
Bevin, Ernest 54–5, 60, 84
Black Sea 11, 99, 102, 126, 183, 187
Blair, Tony 55, 324–5
Board of Trade 5, 16, 56, 76, 83
Boer War 4, 18, 74–5, 96, 98, 184, 214,
222–3, 225–6, 237–9
Bombay 94, 127
Bomber Command 159–60, 222
Bonaparte, Napoleon 178, 193
Borden, Robert 214, 227, 275, 278, 281–7,
289–92
Botha, Lewis 286
Boustead, Hugh 211–13
Bray, Sir Denys 32
British Army 3–4, 51, 91–105, 188, 190,
197, 199, 216, 222–3, 236–40, 247,
253–4, 270, 280, 283, 305, 315, 317–20,
322
British Defence Co-ordination Committee
51, 56, 66
British India 11, 93, 215, 305
British Indian Ocean Territory 305, 312,
316–17
British Pacific Fleet 143
British War Cabinet 286, 290
Brunei 172–3, 246, 306, 312, 317,
322
Bulgaria 12, 51, 182, 190
Burma 101–2, 163, 165, 199, 209, 213,
223, 239, 241, 245, 314
Butler, R.A. 85
Cairo 12, 16, 61, 97, 159, 266
Calcutta 94, 188, 205, 219
Canada 3–4, 14, 75, 133, 136, 160–4, 171,
184, 187, 200, 213–14, 223–4, 240, 244,
251–61, 267–9, 271–2, 274–5, 278,
281–9, 291–4
Cape Colony 75, 252, 262, 265
Cardwell, Edward 92, 105, 255
Caucasus 31–2, 34
Central Africa Rifles 208, 237
Central Treaty Organisation 308–9, 319
Ceylon 75, 102, 165, 211, 219, 236,
239–40, 242, 245, 309, 314, 322
Chamberlain, Austin 30, 32–3, 37, 74, 77
Chamberlain, Joseph 237, 264–9
Chamberlain, Neville 39, 40, 78–81, 139
Chanak 35, 247, 292–4, 296
Chatfield, Sir Ernle 79, 81–2, 135, 137,
141, 145
Chiefs of Staff 31, 32, 51, 54–6, 63–4, 66,
78–9, 83–5, 165, 306–7
Childers, Hugh 92, 105
China 12, 16, 20, 32–3, 35–8, 40–1, 63,
74, 102, 136, 139, 141, 143, 162, 182,
188, 191, 199, 201, 203, 207, 215, 239,
241–2
China Squadron 139
China Station 240–1, 273, 317
Christianity 198, 200–4, 206–9, 213,
215–16
Church Missionary Society 203–4, 208–9
Church of England 201, 203, 208
Churchill, Winston 32, 77–8, 81, 83, 155,
199, 225, 229, 277, 292
Clarendon, Lord 13–14, 180, 182
Clark, Alan 315–16
Clarke, G.S. 124–5
Cold War 52, 57–67, 120, 128, 134, 144,
164, 171, 192–3, 230, 245–8, 304,
306–11, 323–4
Colomb, Philip 202, 207–8, 256
Colonial Defence Committee 122, 124,
246, 259, 261–2, 265
Colonial Office 12, 14–16, 234–5, 242,
246, 252
Committee of Imperial Defence 6, 12, 19,
21, 30, 33, 36, 73, 78, 113, 116, 122,
124, 137–8, 159, 270, 274, 279
Commonwealth 51–3, 56–9, 62–4, 67–8,
84, 86, 102, 159–65, 167, 171–2, 247,
267, 286–7, 294, 304, 307–10, 314, 323
Commonwealth Air Training Plan 162–3
Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation 162
conscription 76, 101, 103, 200, 214, 224,
285–8
Constantinople 11–12, 18, 182, 242
Craigie, Robert 39–40
Cresswell, W.R. 273
Crimean War 1, 9–10, 74, 91–2, 95, 112,
124, 126, 220, 224, 252
Currie, Arthur 289
Currie, Phillip 14–15, 183
Curtis, Lionel 281, 287
Curzon, Lord George 17, 30–2, 35–6, 206
Cyprus 9, 15, 60, 65–6, 85, 166, 169, 172,
230, 236, 242, 245, 248, 305–6, 309,
314–15, 319–22
Dalton, Hugh 84
Deakin, Alfred 262, 270, 274
Defence Requirements Sub-Committee 33,
39, 79–81
Defence White Paper 87
Dennison, William 253
Department of Information 226–7
Diego Garcia 242, 316
Disraeli, Benjamin 11, 13, 15, 71, 256–7,
279
Dogras 94, 120
Dominions Office 218, 234
Durand, Sir Mortimer 16
Dutch East Indies 165, 171, 245
Dyer, Brigadier 100, 104
East India Company 91, 93, 183, 242
East Indies Station 240, 309
Eastern Fleet 245, 275
Eden, Anthony 62, 64, 85
Egypt 12, 16, 31, 34, 40, 54, 58–67, 75,
77, 84–6, 92, 97, 99, 102, 104–5, 121,
158–9, 167, 187, 214, 238, 241, 243,
247
Ellington, Sir Edward 79, 80
Empire Service 228–9
Europe 9–11, 16, 18, 20–4, 30–2, 36,
39–41, 51–3, 56–68, 73–4, 82–4, 87,
93–4, 96–7, 101, 103–6, 112–16, 117,
334 Index
120, 122–3, 125, 127–9, 134, 136,
138–43, 157, 159, 162, 164, 168, 176,
178–81, 187–93, 188, 205, 218, 237,
241, 244–5, 251–5, 257–8, 261, 266,
271, 273, 275, 277–8, 280–1, 283, 291,
303–6, 309, 319, 223, 341
Europe, western 51, 53–60, 62, 104, 152,
164, 307–8, 314
European Economic Community 119, 303
Exchequer, Chancellors of 13, 32, 39, 71,
76–8, 82, 85–6, 114
Falklands 240, 244, 304–6, 318–19, 323
Far East Air Force 310, 313–14
Far East Fleet 310, 312–13
Fiji 103, 208, 236–7, 305
Fisher, Sir John 76, 79, 81, 116, 120, 124
Fisher, Sir Warren 72
Five Power Defence Arrangements 313–14
Fleet Air Arm 80, 243
Flying Squadron 114–15
Foreign Intelligence Committee 185–6
Foreign Office 5, 9–24, 30–41, 50–68, 73,
136, 226
Four Power Treaty 37, 136
France 12, 20–2, 35, 40–1, 51, 73, 76, 79,
85, 92, 101, 105, 118, 140, 142, 161,
176–9, 182–3, 190, 214, 237, 240, 242,
257, 264, 273, 278, 281–3, 288, 313
French Fleet 140
French Marine 141–2
Galloper 56, 58
Gan 314–15
Geneva conference 38, 138
George, Lloyd David 30, 35, 76, 283,
285–7, 289–90, 292
Germany 4, 12, 21–4, 31–5, 39–40, 50–1,
73–4, 78–80, 82–4, 103, 117, 264,
273–4, 280, 306
Gibraltar 95, 122, 127, 236, 240–2, 258,
306, 319
Gladstone, W.E. 11, 71, 73–4, 114–15,
225, 255
Glubb, Sir John 212–13
Godley, Sir Arthur 16–17
Gold Coast 94, 99, 236, 238, 241
Government Code & Cypher School 191
Granville, Earl of 13–14
Great Powers 9, 11, 20, 37, 39, 243, 252,
294
Greece 164, 168
Greene, W.C. 16
Grey, Earl 253
Grey, Sir Edward 13–14, 19, 21–4, 36
Gurkhas 94, 210
Haldane, R.B. 13, 18, 75, 270–3, 278, 288
Halifax 99, 127, 240, 255, 258, 260, 271
Hamilton, George 16
Hankey, Sir Maurice 79, 81–2, 124, 137,
290
Harcourt, Sir William 13, 76
Hardinge, Charles 14, 18, 182, 190
Hart, Liddell 54
Hitler, Adolph 158, 162, 193, 294
HMS ships 127, 201, 225, 240, 244,
312–13, 317, 319–21
home defence 19, 80, 92, 157, 162, 165,
171
Home Office 181, 187, 192
Huddlestone, Trevor 203
Hughes, Sam 282, 284–5
Hughes, William 284, 286, 288–90
Hutton, Edward 268
Imperial Conferences 36, 78, 137, 158,
161, 274
Imperial Federation League 258, 262–3
Imperial General Staff 52, 79, 167, 272
Imperial Japanese Navy 20, 81, 136,
139–41, 235, 314
Imperial War Cabinet 286, 289
Imperial War Conference 286, 289
India 3–4, 12–17, 21, 31–5, 51, 54, 58, 75,
91, 93–103, 111–12, 115–16, 121, 134,
139, 142, 144, 153–4, 156–8, 163,
165–6, 180–92, 198–200, 203–4, 206,
210–11, 213, 215–16, 220, 223, 227–9,
234, 236, 238, 241–2, 247–8, 251–7,
261, 274, 276, 287, 295, 307–8
India Office 16–17, 33, 93
Indian Air Force 163
Indian Army 3, 93–4, 99, 101, 154, 185,
188, 199, 210–11, 213, 215, 222, 224,
239, 245, 247–8, 264, 307
Indian Civil Service 215, 221–2
Indian Intelligence Branch 185–7
Indian Mutiny 74, 93, 100, 197–8, 206,
216, 238
Indo-China 41, 59, 165, 245
Inskip, Sir Thomas 81–2, 86–7
Integrated Air Defence System 313
Iraq 35, 54, 64–6, 77, 102, 105, 153–6,
191, 212, 214, 241, 306, 314, 316,
321–2
Ireland 31, 102, 197–8, 224, 227, 229, 280,
292–4
Index 335
Islam 34, 187, 199, 203, 206, 215
Istanbul 181, 183, 187
Italy 12, 34–5, 40, 51, 54, 82, 101, 141–2,
156, 159, 162, 178, 241, 245, 248
Jacobites 176–7
Japan 20–1, 30, 33–41, 50–1, 77–8, 105,
112, 121, 135, 138–43, 158, 162, 164,
172, 201, 203–4, 241, 243, 266, 273–4
Jellicoe, Lord 137
Jervois, W.F.D. 255–8, 261
Kabul 16, 31, 33, 154, 157
Kemal, Mustafa 34
Kenya 56, 84, 94, 102–4, 170, 230, 237,
240, 244–5, 247–8, 306, 312, 317,
321–2
Keyes, Sir Roger 135, 137
Keynes, John Maynard 76, 84
Khartoum 94, 97, 203, 225
Kilbracken, Lord 16
King, William Lyon Mackenzie 162,
292–5
King’s African Rifles 91, 94, 208–9, 211,
213, 237
Kipling, Rudyard 214, 219, 221, 226
Kitchener, Lord 97, 222, 225, 241, 271–3,
283–4
Korea 20–1, 59, 66, 103, 201–2, 209, 294
Korean War 85, 144
Lagos 14, 54–5, 84
Lansdowne 13–14, 19–21
Laurier, Wilfred 214, 264–75, 278, 282,
287
Law, Andrew Bonar 283, 285
Layard, Henry 181
League of Nations 31, 153, 291–2
Lend-Lease Act 83–4, 163
Liddell, Eric 203
Livingstone, David 206–7
London Missionary Society 203, 208
London Naval Conferences 38–9, 81, 138,
140
Macdonald, J. Ramsay 38
Macdonald, Sir John A. 214, 259–60,
262–4, 266, 268–9, 275, 279–80, 282,
292–3
McKenna, Reginald 76
Macmillan, Harold 85–6, 309
Madras 94, 210
Malaya 56, 59, 102–4, 158–9, 165,
169–73, 241, 245–6, 313, 322
Malayan Emergency 230, 238
Malta 112, 122, 127, 158–9, 172, 178, 236,
240–3, 245, 248, 258, 319
Manning, William 211
Masirah 242, 247, 315
Massey, William Ferguson 286–7, 289
Mauritius 236, 238–9, 242, 244–6, 305,
312, 314, 316, 321–2
Meade, Sir Robert 15
Mediterranean Fleet 34, 187, 240, 243, 248
MI5 188, 190, 192
Middle East 31, 34–5, 50–67, 84, 102,
104–5, 134, 136, 152, 155, 158–9, 164,
166–9, 171–2, 199, 212, 214–15, 234,
239, 243, 247–8, 284, 291, 306–8, 314,
316, 319
Military Intelligence Department 185–9
Miller, E.D. 277
Mills, Arthur 254
Mills Committee 114, 253, 255–6, 273
Milner, Sir Alexander 124, 226, 285
Milner, Sir Alfred 226, 285
Ministry of Information 218, 224, 227,
229–30
Mombasa 54–5, 101, 321
Montgomery, Bernard 52, 57
Montgomery, Bishop Henry 203–4
Montgomery, Field Marshal 201
Montgomery-Massingberd, Sir Archibald
79
Morley, John 21
Mountbatten, Louis 215, 245
Muslims 187, 199–200, 208–10, 212,
214–16
Napoleonic Wars 115, 178, 242
Nasser, Colonel 66–7, 85, 105, 214, 243
Naval Defence Acts 20, 72, 118, 254, 263
Naval Intelligence 75, 124, 126, 183
Naval Intelligence Department 185–6, 190
Navy League 221, 263
Nehru, J. 221–2
Nelson, Horatio 179, 243, 309
Netherlands, the 165, 177
New Brunswick 252, 254–5
New South Wales 252–3, 261, 313
New Zealand 3, 58–60, 75, 112, 117, 133,
142–4, 158, 160–1, 164, 172, 204,
208–9, 225, 237, 244, 251–5, 258,
261–2, 267, 269, 272, 275–7, 283,
285–6, 292, 307–8, 312–13, 323
Nicolson, Arthur 14, 23, 190
Nigeria 94, 101, 203, 209, 213, 322, 324
Nine Power Treaty 37, 40, 136
336 Index
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 50–1,
55–7, 60, 63, 68, 120, 144, 172, 303–10,
314, 319, 320, 323
Northwest Frontier of India 97, 99, 153–7,
191, 210–11, 213, 235, 261
Nyasaland 94, 201, 208–9, 216
Oman 173, 241–2, 306, 312–13, 315–17,
321–2
Palestine 54, 77, 102–4, 153, 156, 166–7,
169, 212, 214, 222, 227, 247
Palmerston, Lord 10, 112, 114, 179–80,
255
Paris Peace Conference 31
Paris Peace treaty 31
Park, Keith 223
Pauncefote, Julian 15
Pearl Harbor 41, 143
Peking 18, 241
Persian Gulf 16–17, 33, 240, 241, 309–11,
313–14, 321, 324
Poland 31–2, 191
Political Warfare Executive 218
Protestant 197, 200, 209
Rajputs 94, 210
Reuter’s news agency 220, 226, 269
Rhodes, Cecil 222, 237
Rhodesia 172, 238, 244, 322
Roberts, Lord 96, 98, 226
Roman Catholic 197, 200, 205, 214
Rosebery, Lord 12–14, 181, 201, 258
Royal Air Force 2–4, 39, 77, 80, 144,
152–73, 199, 222, 228, 238–9, 241–7,
310–15, 319–22
Royal Australian Air Force 162–3, 171–2
Royal Australian Navy 117
Royal Flying Corp 161, 288
Royal Navy 2–4, 20, 28, 38–40, 50, 71, 91,
111–12, 115–19, 122–9, 133–45, 161–5,
178–80, 184, 186, 190, 199, 201–2, 207,
222, 256–8, 261, 263, 265, 273–5,
277–8, 284
Royal Navy South Atlantic Squadron
318
Royal West African Frontier Force 91,
94
Russell, Lord John 13–14, 180
Russia 9–12, 15, 19, 20–4, 31–40, 63, 73,
99, 105, 115, 124, 181–3, 186, 190, 199,
245–3, 257, 261, 264, 273, 287, 306–8,
323
Russo-Japanese War 21, 35, 238
St. Petersburg 14, 16, 18, 21–2, 24, 35,
115, 123, 182, 187, 230
Salisbury, Lord 9, 11–19, 181, 183, 188,
199, 262
Sanderson, Thomas 14, 17
Sandys Defence Review 73, 309
Sargent, Sir Orme 52
Scotland Yard 184, 323
Secret Intelligence Service 188, 191–2
secret service 17–19, 178, 181, 188–91
Seeley, Sir John 199, 258
Selbourne, Lord 111
Shanghai 38, 192, 234, 246
Sierra Leone 75, 94, 236, 240, 306, 319,
322
Sikhs 94, 210, 215, 237
Simmonds, John 183–4
Simon, Sir John 38, 82
Singapore 36–8, 77–8, 81, 136–7, 142–3,
158–9, 161–2, 225, 229, 239, 241–3,
245, 293–4, 304, 306, 310–14, 316
Slessor, John 166
Smuts, Jan 227, 286–7
Snowden, Philip 78, 81, 124, 137, 290
Society of the Propagation of the Gospel in
Foreign Parts 201–4
Somaliland 94, 154–7, 211, 238, 245–6
Somers-Cocks, C.S. 16
South Africa 3, 20, 53, 58, 60, 92, 97–8,
101, 112, 121, 133, 142, 160–1, 203–4,
206, 224, 226, 238–9, 251, 269, 273,
281, 286, 292–4, 318–19
South African War 30, 121, 273
South China Sea 241, 317
South Pacific 15, 59, 103, 261
Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation 66,
172, 308
Soviet Navy 140, 164
Soviet Union 4, 53–4, 58, 64, 140, 152,
164, 167, 229
Spain 51, 156, 176–8
Special Operations Executive 245–6
Spithead 115, 123, 220
Stimson, Henry L. 38
Sudan 12, 75, 94, 97, 209, 211–13, 234,
241, 260–1, 293, 296
Sudan Defence Force 94, 212, 237
Suez Canal 34, 51, 55–6, 64–7, 85,
103–5, 158, 166, 168, 211, 226, 238,
245, 257
Suez Crisis 67, 85–6, 91, 144, 152, 230,
294, 304, 306, 308, 311
Suez, East of 38, 54, 103, 243, 245, 247–8,
305, 308, 310–14, 316–18, 321–2, 324
Index 337
Suez, West of 304, 318, 320
Sydney 123, 127, 219, 240, 278
Syria 15, 214
Tanganyika 94, 208, 240, 246
Tedder, Arthur 162, 166–7
Tehran 16–17
Ten Year Rule 78, 135
Third World Power 52, 56
Tokyo 16, 32, 34, 36, 39, 105
Treasury 5, 12–13, 16–17, 20, 30, 35–9,
56, 71–87, 99, 139, 144, 304, 311, 324
Treaty of Berlin 11, 199
Treaty of Versailles 37
Trenchard, Hugh 4, 102, 153–5, 157–8
Trinidad 236, 240
Tryon, George 261–2
Turkey 15, 34–5, 40, 105, 123, 161, 182,
190, 283, 319, 321
Two Power Standard 141, 263
Uganda 15, 94, 208–9, 244, 321–2, 324
United Nations 320, 323
United States 14, 20, 30, 35, 37, 40, 59,
63–4, 66, 77, 79, 81, 83–5, 105, 136,
142–3
United States Army 115, 123, 160
United States Navy 62, 135, 140–4
Universities Mission 207
Vansittart, Sir Robert 39, 79–80, 191
Versailles Peace Conference 234
Victoria 252, 261–2
Victoria, Queen 202, 220–1, 262
War Office 14–15, 19, 35, 37, 71, 75, 77,
81–2, 92, 96
War Propaganda Bureau 226
Washington 15, 20, 36, 38–41, 66, 84, 129,
136, 143, 181, 190, 226, 256
Washington Naval Agreements 162
Washington Naval Conference 37, 135–6,
138
Washington Treaty 129, 136–7, 256
Wavell, Archibald 215, 226
Wellington House 226, 271
West Indies 201, 206, 238, 240, 245, 318,
321
West Indies Squadron 139, 318
Western Front 101, 239, 283, 285, 287–8
Wilson, Harold 305, 311
Wolseley, Sir Garnet 96–7
Zulu 75, 96, 98, 121, 238
338 Index