Kennedy G. Imperial Defence. The Old World Order, 1856-1956
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Imperial Defence
This collection of essays by leading scholars aims to define the main areas of
the British strategic decision-making process known as ‘Imperial Defence’.
The chapters are historiographical in nature, discussing the major features
of each key component of imperial defence, areas of agreement and dis-
agreement in the existing literature and introducing key individuals and
positions within the imperial defence system. The chapters will include out-
lines and commentary on the various systems of resource allocation,
information collection, analysis and dissemination, as well as on the final
product of that strategic policy-making process.
By providing a clear definition of imperial defence and a comprehensive
analysis of the way in which the constituent parts of that system have been
studied, this collection will serve as a useful guide for upper-level students,
as well as for contemporary policy makers.
This book will be of much interest to students of strategic studies,
defence studies and international history.
Greg Kennedy is a Professor of Strategic Foreign Policy at the Defence
Studies Department, King’s College London, based at the Joint Services
Command and Staff College in Shrivenham. He is the author of several
books, including the award-winning monograph, Anglo-American Strategic
Relations and the Far East, 1933–1939 (Frank Cass, 2002).
Cass military studies
Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome
Trust in the gods, but verify
Rose Mary Sheldon
Clausewitz and African War
Politics and strategy in Liberia and Somalia
Isabelle Duyvesteyn
Strategy and Politics in the Middle East, 1954–60
Defending the northern tier
Michael Cohen
The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991
From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale
Edward George
Military Leadership in the British Civil Wars, 1642–1651
‘The genius of this age’
Stanley Carpenter
Israel’s Reprisal Policy, 1953–1956
The dynamics of military retaliation
Ze’ev Drory
Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War
Leaders in war
Enver Redzic
West Point Remembers the 1991 Gulf War
Edited by Frederick Kagan and Christian Kubik
Khedive Ismail’s Army
John Dunn
Yugoslav Military Industry 1918–1991
Amadeo Watkins
Corporal Hitler and the Great War 1914–1918
The list regiment
John Williams
Rostóv in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920
The key to victory
Brian Murphy
The Tet Effect, Intelligence and the Public Perception of War
Jake Blood
The US Military Profession into the 21st Century
War, peace and politics
Edited by Sam C. Sarkesian and Robert E. Connor, Jr.
Civil-Military Relations in Europe
Learning from crisis and institutional change
Edited by Hans Born, Marina Caparini, Karl Haltiner and Jürgen Kuhlmann
Strategic Culture and Ways of War
Lawrence Sondhaus
Military Unionism in the Post Cold War Era
A future reality?
Edited by Richard Bartle and Lindy Heinecken
Warriors and Politicians
U.S. civil-military relations under stress
Charles A. Stevenson
Military Honour and the Conduct of Wa
From Ancient Greece to Iraq
Paul Robinson
Military Industry and Regional Defense Policy
India, Iraq and Israel
Timothy D. Hoyt
Managing Defence in a Democracy
Edited by Laura R. Cleary and Teri McConville
Gender and the Military
Women in the armed forces of western democracies
Helena Carreiras
Social Sciences and the Military
An interdisciplinary overview
Edited by Giuseppe Caforio
Cultural Diversity in the Armed Forces
An international comparison
Edited by Joseph Soeters and Jan van der Meulen
Railways and the Russo-Japanese War
Transporting war
Felix Patrikeeff and Harold Shukman
War and Media Operations
The US military and the press from Vietnam to Iraq
Thomas Rid
Ancient China on Postmodern War
Enduring ideas from the Chinese strategic tradition
Thomas Kane
Special Forces, Terrorism and Strategy
Warfare by other means
Alasdair Finlan
Imperial Defence
The old world order 1856–1956
Edited by Greg Kennedy
Imperial Defence
The old world order 1856–1956
Edited by Greg Kennedy
First published 2008
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2008 selection and editorial matter Greg Kennedy; individual
chapters the contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
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ISBN10: 0-415-35595-8 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-00243-1 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-35595-7 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-00243-8 (ebk)
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
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Contents
Introduction: the concept of Imperial Defence,
1856–1956 1
GREG KENNEDY
1 The Foreign Office and defence of empire,
1856–1914 9
T.G. OTTE
2 The Foreign Office and the defence of empire,
1919–1939 30
KEITH NEILSON
3 The Foreign Office and defence of the empire 50
JOHN KENT
4 The Treasury and defence of empire 71
GEORGE PEDEN
5 The British Army and the empire, 1856–1956 91
DAVID FRENCH
6 The Royal Navy and the defence of empire,
1856–1918 111
ANDREW LAMBERT
7 The Royal Navy and imperial defence, 1919–1956 133
GREG KENNEDY
8 The RAF in imperial defence, 1919–1956 152
JAMES S. CORUM
9 Tradition and system: British intelligence and the
old world order, 1715–1956 176
JOHN ROBERT FERRIS
10 The empire that prays together stays together:
Imperial defence and religion, 1857–1956 197
A. HAMISH ION
11 Propaganda and the defence of empire, 1856–1956 218
STEPHEN BADSEY
12 The colonial empire and imperial defence 234
ASHLEY JACKSON
13 Coalition of the usually willing: the dominions and
imperial defence, 1856–1919 251
BRIAN P. FARRELL
14 Imperial defence in the post-imperial era 303
ASHLEY JACKSON
Index 333
viii Contents
Introduction
The concept of Imperial Defence,
1856–1956
Greg Kennedy
Imperial Defence in the century, immediately following the end of the
Crimean War until the embarrassment of the Suez Crisis, was not a con-
stant. It was not a constant in the sense of how it was conceived in the
mind of the British strategic policy-making elite entrusted with the
defence of Britain and its empire. Although the concept of the empire was
inextricably linked to the British identity, the manner in which the empire
existed and how it was to be defended was constantly evolving. Directly
linked to this issue of consistency is the fact that resource allocation,
funding, technology and politics created other strategic inconsistencies in
the Imperial Defence formula.
1
At times it was a vibrant and full part of
the national identity, while at other points in that century large parts of
England and the empire found the concept troubling at best. This lack
of consistency was the result of the diversity of the constituent parts
involved in creating an overarching national defence policy.
Those elites were charged with protecting Britain and its empire in a
security environment that had to take into account a wide range of factors.
The most important factors were managing changes in the domestic polit-
ical environment; shifts in national economic fortunes; technological
advances in the art of war due to increase or decrease in industrial capacity
and ability; changes to the international balance of power system, changes
to the system of administering security issues; and changes in the societal
values among the British and Imperial populations. It is fair to say,
however, that the concept of imperial defence, as an intellectual exercise,
was, despite a lack of consistency in image or manifestation, a reality.
2
This
reality was not always supported by obvious or tangible action on the part
of those diverse elites, entwined in the process of providing the national
security strategy. The elite entrusted with the formulation of the imperial
defence policy laboured to obtain imperial security through a mix of coop-
erative ventures with other states who at least shared some of their own
interests and constructed an armed forces which was sufficient to defeat or
at least deter potential opponents. But at all times, in a uniquely British
fashion, the elite was governed by the need to ensure that the construction