Gubbins D., Herrero-Bervera E. Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism

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pole Contd.

–, Permian 821

–, reduction to 856

–, Silurian 820

–, virtual geomagnetic (VGP) 282, 778,

829, 892

–, low-latitude 892

Polestar 356

pollutant particle 251

pollution

–, anthropogenic 533

–, load 533

poloidal 163

–, field 22, 174, 180

–, mode 163

–, scalar functions 22

polynomial

–, homogeneous 377

–, Legendre 350, 364, 378

POMME (model) 676

ponderomotoric force 198

Pondicherry Observatory 732

pore pressure 985

porosity 72, 240, 525, 985

Port Martin Observatory 723

Port Moresby Observatory 717

Port Stanley Observatory 720

postdepositional 588

–, remanent magnetization 767

postdetrital remanent magnetization

(pDRM) 535

postmetamorphic partial thermomagnetic

remanent magnetization

(pTRM) 456

post-perovskite 148, 151, 153

potassium in core 79

potassium–39-potassium–40 ratio 835

potassium–40 89

potassium-argon age 834

potassium-argon dating 335, 834

potassium-uranium ratio 854

potential

–, chemical 99, 408, 421

–, electric, W form 985

–, field 448

–, function 359

–, geomagnetic 466

–, gravitational 362, 379

–, harmonics 467

–, Helmholtz 217

–, interatomic 94

–, magnetic 122, 492

–, field (PMF) 840, 841

–, scalar 194, 350

–, self-gravitation 362

–, temperature 840

–, theory 466

–, vector 194

–, vorticity 840, 852

Potsdam 42

Potsdam Observatory 729

power

–, spectrum 350, 353, 771, 897

–, transmission grid 316

Poynting flux 641

PPM (see proton precession magnetometer)

Prague Observatory 728

Prandtl number 75, 291, 297, 299, 646

–, magnetic 291, 645

Precambrian 839

–, craton 817

–, paleopole 839

–, shield 478, 479

precession 185, 842, 956

–, frequency, proton 468

–, Larmor 468

–, luni-solar 645

precision parameter 273

preconditioner 216

precursor, transitional 323

precursory EM signal 908

preferred band 322

Preisach

–, diagram 267, 610

–, function 881

–, theory 879

Preisach-Néel

–, interpretation 268

–, theory of hysteresis 267

Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) 91,

107, 149, 152, 210, 426, 434

Preliminary Reference Earth Model 2

(PREM2) 213

pre-Maxwell

–, equation 287

–, EM 640

–, theory 640

present-day nondipole field 326

pressure

–, dynamic 135

–, effective 15

–, geostrophic 87

–, kinetic 644

–, magnetic 641

–, thermal 366

–, vessel apparatus 600

pressure-induced remanent magnetization

(PRM) 696

pre-superchron 338

Price Medal 844

Price, Albert Thomas 844

primary

–, magnetization 595

–, natural remanent magnetization

(pNRM) 781

–, primary

–, remanence 595

–, signal 69

principal

–, axe, crystallographic 476

–, component analysis 45, 46, 845, 848

Pringle Falls, Oregon 837

prism, accretionary 246

PRM (see pressure-induced remanent

magnetization)

probability-density function 272

probe, seismic 970

problem

–, inverse homogeneous 467

–, linear stability 176

–, Proudman-Stewartson 115

process

–, auroral 33

–, compaction 553

process Contd.

–, diagenetic 475, 584

–, self-reversing 339

–, tectonic 245

–, transitional 340

prognostic 853

prograde 76

project, magnet 850

prokaryotes 516

prolate 548

–, variance ellipsoid 846

proliferation, nuclear 7

property

–, dielectric 223

–, magnetic 527

–, low-temperature 515

–, nondirectional 248

–, statistical 772

prospection

–, archeological 24, 248

–, magnetic 23

Proterozoic 966

protoEarth 151

proton

–, conduction 686

–, gyromagnetic ratio 710

–, magnetometer 468

–, precession

–, frequency 468

–, magnetometer (PPM) 2, 60, 542, 711,

712, 717, 858, 990

Proudman, J. 852

Proudman-Stewartson problem 115

Proudman-Taylor (PT)

–, constraint 291, 945

–, theorem 631, 852, 852

provenance area 533

proxies 253

proxy 567, 790

–, mineral-magnetic 525, 531

–, parameter 525, 527, 528

Prudhoe Bay Observatory 721

Pruhonice Observatory 728

Prussian Meteorological Institute 437

Prussian state 403

PSD (see pseudo-single domain)

pseudoscalar 306, 840

pseudo-single domain (PSD) 492, 785

–, grain 755, 873

pseudosusceptibility 536

pseudotachylite 602, 799

pseudo-Thellier method 759

pseudounconformity 567

pseudovector 306

PSV (see paleomagnetic secular

variation)

PT (see Proudman-Taylor)

pTRM (see partial thermoremanent

magnetization)

Pugwash Conference 7

pulsation 63, 698

–, classification scheme 333

–, continuous 333, 700

–, geomagnetic 333

–, irregular 333, 700

–, ULF 333

pumping, Ekman 113, 124, 648

INDEX 1043

Punaruu event 837, 838

P-wave 147

pyrite 260, 454, 520, 560, 783

–, paramagnetic 457

pyroxenes 560, 932

pyrrhotite 157, 454, 457, 495, 520, 526, 536,

614, 668, 792–795

–, antiferromagnetic hexagonal 561

–, authigenic 783

–, ferrimagnetic monoclinic 561

–, ferromagnetic 806

–, monoclinic 260, 457, 520

–, natural 496

–, polycrystalline 498

–, single-domain 626

–, stochiometric 454

Qaanaaq Observatory 737

Qaidam 823

–, basin 817, 820, 822

Qelico 822

Qeqertarsuaq Observatory 710, 736, 737

QHM (see quartz horizontal

magnetometer)

Qiangtang 822, 825

–, terrane 819

Qinling-Dabie Mountains 818

Q-ratio 480

quadrupole

–, geocentric axial 284

–, family 307

quantum

–, interference properties 883

–, mechanics 700

quartz 931

–, horizontal magnetometer (QHM) 717

quasidipole coordinates 952

quasigeostrophic 75

–, convection 124

Quaternary climate 571

Quebrada Blanca Bright Spot 243

quenching

–, alpha 198

–, beta 198

Quetelet, Adolphe 725

quiescent state 74

Racah square 386

radar, ground-penetrating (GPR) 223,

229, 230

–, survey 226

Radau equation 443

radiation 789

–, cosmic 702

–, synchrotron 690

radio

–, communication 317

–, wave propagation 452

radioactivity, core 288, 289

radioastronomy 54

radioisotope production 507

radiometry, spectral 690

radionuclide signature 252

radius, solar 179

Rajmahal Traps 751

range

–, dynamic 234

–, index 509

Rankine-Hugoniot equation 912

ray

–, cosmic 53, 507, 887

–, direction 147

–, gamma 478

–, PcP 125

–, seismic 125, 126, 147, 210, 418, 426, 428,

434, 905–907

–, X- 33, 51, 317, 369, 452, 508, 546, 550,

691, 701, 914

Rayleigh

–, law 701

–, number 14, 74, 75, 80, 82, 117, 128, 262,

291, 297, 417, 630, 646

–, critical 631

–, magnetic 651

–, modified 297, 652

Rayleigh-Bénard convection 117

Rayleigh-Taylor instability 649

Raymahal Traps, India 929

real fluid 7

rebound

–, glacio-isostatic 958

–, postglacial 958

reciprocity 574, 612

–, approach 221

reconnection 33, 644, 864, 927

–, magnetic 33, 316, 658

reconstruction, continental 840

record

–, cosmogenic isotopic 343

–, deep-sea, high-resolution 312

–, estuarine 762

–, excursion, high-resolution 770

–, gravimetric 423

–, lacustrine 762

–, lunar paleomagnetic 789

–, magnetostratigraphic 354

–, marine oxygen isotopic 571

–, paleointensity 259

–, paleomagnetic 564, 788, 799, 829

recorder, paleomagnetic 248, 325

recording, magnetic 943

recovery phase 509, 663, 927

recrystallization, dynamic 148

rectifier 66

recurrence relations 379

red

–, clay facies 783

–, doublet 33

reference

–, field 396

–, frame 956

–, model 208

–, state 300

–, adiabatic (isentropic) 14, 16

reflectometer, electron 502

refraction

–, atmospheric 67

–, electromagnetic 233

refractory

–, inclusion 797

–, calcium aluminum inclusions (CAI) 796

–, Allende 797

region

–, bipolar 179, 181

–, corotating interaction 663

–, ephemeral 179

–, active 182

–

, subadiabatic 83

region1 FAC system 660

region2 FAC system 660

regional 242

regolith

–, breccia 789

–, lunar 788

regression 568

–, M-estimate 868

–, minimization 868

–, ridge 857

regularization 950

–, constraints 87

Reiner gamma feature 791

relation

–, Ahrrenius 105

–, constitutive 640

–, Gibbs-Duhem 100

–, Nernst-Einstein 686

–, orthogonality 888

–, recurrence 379

–, thermodynamic 12

relationship

–, Maxwell 367

–, Mie-Grüneisen 366

relaxation

–, magnetic 753

–, oscillation 76

–, thermal 121, 533, 943

–, time 157, 269, 513, 610, 622, 628, 872

–, long 872

remagnetization 343, 910, 984

–, radial 785

–, thermal 986

remanence

–, acquisition 607

–, coercivity 266, 877

–, crystallization 580

–, detrital 29

–, lightning 593

–, lock-in 325

–, magnetic 535, 540

–, anisotropy 535

–, spontaneous 599

–, measurements, low temperature 253

–, natural 536

–, net 573

–, paleomagnetic 839

–, primary 595, 596

–, saturation 590, 874, 879

–, isothermal 794

–, secondary 581, 596

–, tensor, anisotropic detrital 579

–, viscous 701

remanent magnetization (RM) 140, 920

–, chemical 38

–, isothermal 613

–, multicomponent 156

–, residual 920

–, saturation 266

–, vector 921

–, viscous 871

1044 INDEX

repeat station 359, 719, 858

research, archeomagnetic 943

reservoir, hydrocarbon 72

resetting, thermal 603

resistive layer 72

resistivity

–, apparent 222, 233, 277, 670, 869

–, bulk 245

–, core impurity 117

–, crustal 232

–, electrical 62, 92, 242, 985

–, marine sediment 232

–, seawater 231, 246

Resolute Observatory 710

resolution

–, analysis 84

–, linearized 222

–, subcellular 51

resonance, Schumann 308

resources 477

–, economic 223

–, exploration 477

–, geothermal 245

response

–, curve 233

–, DC resistivity 233

–, diamagnetic 60

–, electromagnetic 309

–, estimation 309

–, function 219, 308, 866

–, impulse 236

–, magnetic 540

–, step-on 233, 234

return stroke 592

Reunion Island 963, 993

Reunion subchron 834, 837, 838

reversal 835

–, behavior, changes 861

–, boundary 329

–, chronology, first-order 779

–, duration 326, 344

–, free decay model 860

–, frequency 133, 134, 320, 843, 929

–, variations 133

–, geomagnetic 161, 306, 335

–, archive 339

–, paths 134

–, rate 354

–, mechanism 859, 860

–, numerical simulation in 860

–, process 929

–, rate 337

–, statistics 199

–, successive 340

–, test 608

–, theory, 859

–, time scale 979

reverse polarity 313

Reykjanes Ridge 483

Reynolds

–, magnetic number 21, 101, 111, 8, 22, 85,

164, 171, 173, 176–178, 183

–186, 188,

190, 191, 194, 195, 200, 201, 205, 275,

288, 297, 299, 641–645, 652

–, rule 198, 199

–, stress 103, 181

–, tensor 17, 198

rhodochrosite 521, 932

Riddell, C.J.B. 436

–, magnetical instructions 436

ridge

–, mid-ocean 72, 208, 237, 446

–, basalt 80

–, regression 857

–, Reykjanes 483

–, slowly spreading 72

–, Valu Fa 237

Riga dynamo 184

rigidity modulus 92

Rikitake

–, coupled-dynamo (1958) 173

–, dynamo model 863

Rikitake, Tsuneji 862

ring current 160, 404, 657, 863

–, discovery 865

–, substorm-enhanced 334

–, variation 415

ringwoodite 685, 687

RM (see remanent magnetization)

Roberts number 120

–, magnetic 297

rock

–, basaltic 993

–, conductivity

–, electrical 62, 69

–, solid 244

–, cratonic 62

–, extrusive 871

–, fabric 564

–, ferrimagnetic 480

–, hemo-ilmenitic 141

–, isotropic 872

–, lithology 480

–, magnetism 54, 139, 696, 701, 870, 874,

883, 942

–, magnetite-bearing 516, 614

–, magnetization 35

–, magnetometer, superconducting (SRM) 883

–, Martian 603

–, metamorphic 555

–, low-grade 555, 819

–, paramagnetic 480

–, plutonic 554, 629

–, pyrrhotite-bearing 537

–, sample 751

–, sedimentary 782

–, Tertiary 820

–, Triassic 993

–, ultramafic 597

–, VRM 629

Rodinia 819, 966

Rodrigues formula 385

Rogers, Woodes 989

Roggeveen, Jacob 989

roll

–, convection 165, 901

–, tilted convection 190

Ross’ magnetic Antarctic survey 890

Ross, John 890, 989

Ross, Sir James Clark 359, 403, 717

Rossbank Observatory 717, 807

Rossby

–, number 75, 291, 297, 299, 430, 940

–, magnetic 650

Rossby Contd.

–, modified 648

–, wave 75, 124, 136, 432, 852, 994

–, buoyancy-driven magneto 635

–, magnetic-Coriolis (MC) 633

–, thermal 75

rotating convection experiment 275

rotation 804

–, about an axis 389

–, axis 965

–, differential 118, 136, 164, 166, 189, 213,

294, 302, 859

–, diurnal 365

–, Earth 54, 471

–, inner core 294, 423

–, matrix 383

–, nonuniform 180

–, pole 956

–, rigid body 391

–, solar 353, 415

–, Sun 308

–, tectonic 806, 961

rotational remanent magnetization (RRM)

455, 456

rotor, spherical 171

roughening, operator 220

Royal Danish Academy of Sciences 376

Royal Danish Geodetic Institute 469

Royal Hungarian Meteorological

Institute 728

Royal Irish Academy 474

Royal medal 61

Royal Meteorological Society 888

Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and

Sciences 887

Royal Observatory at Greenwich 990

Royal Radar Establishment 887

Royal School of Mines 742

Royal Society 357, 887

Royal Society of New South Wales 887

RRM (see rotational remanent magnetization)

rubidium magnetometer 714

ruby fluorescence 690

Runcorn theorem 791, 888

Runcorn, S. Keith 886, 887

Russian Academy of Science 738

Russian Hydrometeorological Service 738

RV Chain 993

RV Trident 993

RX coil 955

Sabhawala Observatory 732

Sabine, Edward 890

Sable Island Observatory 721

SAC-C 60, 892

Safegarde of Saylers, or, Great Rutter 707

sailing

–, direction 66

–, instruction 356

saline

–, aquifer 224

–, fluid 244

sample

–, dredged 597

–, drilled 597

–, lunar 788

INDEX 1045

sample Contd.

–, oceanic 596

–, paleomagnetic 604, 884

sampling 604

San Andreas Fault 244

San Fernando Observatory 739

San Pablo Observatory 740

sand, wind-deposited 475

Santa Rosa event 838

Santonian-Campanian stage boundary 666

Sanya Observatory 728

sapropel environment 531

SAR (see subauroral red)

Sarrabat, Nicolas 460

SAS (see Small Astronomical Satellite)

satellite 59

–, dynamo 203

–, icy 204

–, interior 439

–, low Earth orbit 318

saturation

–, isothermal remanent magnetization

(SIRM) 515, 527

–, magnetization 589, 874, 877

–, remanence 590, 617, 874, 877, 879

Saturn 203, 204, 439, 446, 865

–, magnetic field 198, 287

Savery, Servington 358

Scaglia Rossa limestone 669

scalar

–, functions 22

–, potential 194, 350

scale

–, height 689

–, length 277

–, similarity 102

–, subgrid- 102

–, model 305

scaling rule 264

SCAR (see Scientific Committee on Antarctic

Research)

Schlumberger array 229

Schmidt 735

–, balance 435

–, vertical 437

–, functions 680

–, normalization 381

–, number 297

–, magnetic 297

–, seminormalized 351

Schmidt, Adolf 42, 437, 438, 729, 736

Schmidt-normalized 395

Schmucker inversion 220

Schouten, Willem Corneliszoon 988

Schrödinger equation 94

Schumann resonance oscillation 308, 353, 698

Schuster 812

–, representation 812

Schuster, Arthur 353, 438

Schwarzschild criterion 80, 137

Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research

(SCAR) 408

Scientific Committee on Solar Terrestrial Physics

(SCOSTEP) 408

Scott Base Observatory 735, 736, 951

Scott, R.F. expedition 723

ScP 970

screw dynamo 177

Scripps Institute of Oceanography 237, 483

SD (see single domain)

seafloor

–, anomaly 794

–, conductivity 72, 234

–, profile 73

–, electric field recorder 72

–, magnetic anomaly 320

–, magnetometer 71

–, spreading 140, 484, 542, 664, 779, 794,

979, 980

seamount 959

–, magnetism 891

search algorithms 220

seasonal cycle 69

seawater 62, 71

–, resistivity 231, 246

Secchi, Angelo 460

secondary field 69

sectorial harmonics 680

secular

–, cooling 128

–, variation 86, 588, 778, 779, 839, 892, 929

–, historic (HSV) 766

–, impulses 651

–, model 892–898, 901

–, paleomagnetic 133

Seddin Observatory 729

SEDI 902

sediment 560

–, anoxic 521, 585

–, deep-sea 253, 758, 761, 781, 993

–, lacustrine 353

–, magnetic 24

–, marine 72, 353

–, resistivity 232

–, paleointensity

–, relative 577

–, pelagic 785

–, red 584, 629

–, relative paleointensity 758

–, suboxic 249

–, terrigeneous 786

–, unconsolidated 665

–, unlithified 567

–, volcaniclastic 785

–, -water interface 781

sedimentation rate 779

–, pelagic 783

segregation

–, liquid 79

–, metal-silicate 77

seismic

–, anisotropy 146

–, blank zone 239

–, layer 597

–, 2A 597

–, 2B 597

–, 3 597

–, migration 264

–, parameter 100, 107

–, probe 970

–, tomography 129, 416

–, baseline uncertainty 153

–, velocity pattern 152

–, wavespeed 209

seismo-electromagnetic (SEM) 908

self-demagnetization 497

self-diffusion coefficient 106

self-gravitating 76

self-gravitation potential 362

self-induction 954

self-magnetization 888

self-potential (SP) 71, 984

self-reversal 335, 777, 872

self-reversing processes 339

self-sustaining 302

SEM (see seismo-electromagnetic)

semiconduction, electronic 69

sensitivity 525, 921

–, limiting 920

sensor

–, deep-towed 982

–, electric field 242

–, fluxgate 71, 921

–, induction coil 72

separation, transmitter-receiver 234

September equinox 452

sequence

–, lacustrine 567

–, Quaternary 766

series, Mesozoic 485

serpentinite 598

serpentinization 598

SF (see smoothing factor)

Shaanxi province 821

Shackelton's British Antarctic Expedition 990

shadow zone 904

shallow ocean 814

Shandong province 820, 821

Shanxi province 820

shape 871, 937

–, anisotropy 564, 610

–, factor 143

–, inverse effect 938

–, parameter 476, 938

Shaw

–, method 575

–, technique 910

shear

–, flow, parallel 118

–, layer 431

–, detached 853

–, modulus 153

–, movement 556

–, plane 802

–, simple 802

–, total 565

–, wave splitting 147, 155

–, zone 244

sheet

–, flow 597

–, high-permeability 541

–, magnetic 541

–, remanent 541

–, plasma 658

–, thin 63

–, solutions 215

sheeted

–, dike layer 597

–, lava 597

shelf, continental 63

shell structure, nuclear 215

1046 INDEX

Shen Kua 435

Shergotite meteorite 791

shergottites 797, 799

Shergotty-Nakhla-Chassigny (SNC)

meteorite 446

Sheshan Observatory 728

shield

–, dual material 541

–, Fennoscandian 479

–, magnetic 540

–, superconducting 885

–, magnetostatic 541

–, Precambrian 479

shielding

–, internal 541

–, magnetic 540, 541

–, stage 541

shift

–, factor 277

–, static 222, 671

Shillong Observatory 732, 733

Shimla Observatory 731

ship

–, compass 40

–, logbook 359

shock 789

–, decomposition 789

–, demagnetization 600, 603, 795

–, experiment 692

–, magnetization 600, 791

–, remanent magnetization (SRM) 696

–, system 884

–, wave experiment 912

shunt 167

SI (see Système lnternationale d'unités)

Siberia 993

Sichuan province 821

siderite 521, 526, 560, 932

Sidgreaves, Walter 461

signal

–, detector 920

–, magnetic, environmental 259

–, paleomagnetic 260

–, syndepositional 260

–, precursory EM 908

–, primary 69

signature

–, paleomagnetic 273

–, radionuclide 252

Silchar Observatory 732

silica, dissolved 784

silicate

–, ferromagnesian 932

–, perovskite 73

silicon 371

–, impurity 110

–, steel alloy 541

similarity transform 264

simulation

–, large-eddy 102

–, numerical 292

sinc function 122

sine galvanometer 438

single-domain (SD)

–, grain 249, 873

–, magnetic grain 266

–, state 455

singularity, logarithmic 382

SINT800 record 160

SIRM (see saturation isothermal remanent

magnetization)

site 765

–, archeological 23

Sitka Alaska Observatory 723

skewness analysis 962

skin

–, depth 63, 69, 224, 308, 670, 699, 742

–, electromagnetic 206

–, effect 242, 642

–, layer, electromagnetic 843

SKJKP 434, 903

slab

–, downgoing 967

–, graveyard 212

–, subducted 149

Slave craton 227

Slichter triplet 422

–, rotational splitting of the 423

Slingram method 230

slope

–, continental 63

–, diamagnetic 880

–, paramagnetic 880

slow

–, dynamo 186

–, wave 651

slowness 145

Small Astronomical Satellite (SAS) 673

smectite 784, 932

Smith, Frank 438

Smithsonian Institution 437

smooth, optimally 122

smoothing factor (SF) 266

SMS (see synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy)

SNC (see Shergotty-Nakhla-Chassigny

meteorite)

Snell law 210, 903

snowball earth hypothesis 780

Society of Jesus 460

Socorro 699

Sodankylä Observatory 737

SOHO (see Solar and Heliospheric Orbiter)

soil 789

–, lunar 629

–, magnetic 25

solar

–, activity 316, 353

–, atmosphere 119

–, compass 765

–, constant 508

–, convection zone 137, 506

–, coronal mass ejection (CME) 316

–, cycle 33, 160, 319, 405, 452, 698, 700

–, index 508

–, dynamo 165, 178

–, eclipse 471

–, flare 316, 404, 505, 927

–, luminosity 508

–, magnetic

–, activity 507

–, cycle 507

–, field 178, 335

–, maximum 316, 346, 506

–, minimum 316, 506

solar Contd.

–, oscillations 398

–

, photosphere 89

–, quiet 63, 810

–, radius 179

–, rotation 353, 415

–, surface, Doppler measurement 508

–, system 77, 89, 788, 795

–, magnetic field 796

–, terrestrial physics 61

–, tide 471, 810

–, wind 33, 60, 318, 333, 505, 657, 658, 864,

926, 927

–, plasma 657

–, field 795

Solar and Heliospheric Orbiter (SOHO) 398

solenoid 41

solid

–, anisotropic polycrystalline 419

–, isotropic 82

–, solution series 873

solidus, eutectic 154

solution

–, disjointed quadrupole 358

–, separable 306

–, theory 408

Songpan-Ganze terrane 819

Soret diffusion 691

sound speed

–, adiabatic 12

–, isothermal 12

sounding

–, depth 308

–, electromagnetic 277

–, geophysical 242

–, magnetometric resistivity (MMR) 72

source

–, body 486

–, polarization 223

South American plate 960

South Atlantic magnetic anomaly 734

South China 823

South China Block 817, 818

South Magnetic Pole 723

South Portuguese Zone 243

South Sandwich Islands 424

Southern Alps, New Zealand 246, 666

Southern Highlands 795

SP (see superparamagnetic)

space

–, station 318

–, weather 408

–, forecast 317

space-domain method 486

spacecraft shielding 316

Spanish civil war 461, 739

SPdKS 970

species, magnetogenic

–, anaerobic 248

–, microaerobic 248

specific

–, entropy 840

–, heat 92, 93, 95

–, electron 93

specimen 977

–, holder 920

–, multiple 765

INDEX 1047

spectral

–, analysis 122, 770

–, estimation 353

–, Lancsoz decomposition method 218

–, radiometry 690

spectrometer, gamma-ray 478

spectroscopy, synchrotron Mössbauer (SMS) 691

spectrum

–, electromagnetic 308

–, geomagnetic

–, natural 308

–, spatial 350

–, temporal 353

–, power 350

–, Sturm-Liouville 220

–, vibrational 368

Sperry gyroscope 438

spheochasm 804

sphere, uniformly magnetized 486

spherical

–, harmonics 103, 214, 377, 680, 772, 899

–, analysis 449

–, coefficients 680

–, expansion 303

–, finite series 467

–, sectorial surface 382

–, solid 380

–, surface 378

–, tesseral surface 382

–, transformation 383

–, vector 382, 387

spheroid, oblate 208

spherules 796

spin 870

–, antiferromagnetic 874

–, axis 901

–, behavior 525

–, canting 518

–, ferrimagnetic 874

–, ferromagnetic 874

–, glass transition temperature 519

–, moment 525

–, ordering 875

–, wave 694

spinel structure 687

spinner

–, induction coil 883

–, magnetometer 29, 920, 921, 992, 993

spinning rate 921

spinors 383, 392

spiral, Ekman 113

spiralling 190

spline, harmonic 123

splitting 147

–, shear wave 147

spreading

–, center 485, 980

–, seafloor 484, 542

springtime 248

Sputnik 3 673

Sq 700

–, variation 808

SQUID (see superconducting quantum

interference device)

Srednekan Observatory 738

SRM (see shock remanent magnetization)

SSC (see sudden storm commencement)

stability, neutral 14

stacks, global 160

stage

–, boundary 329

–, paleontological 666

stagnation, point 186

standing field hypothesis 321, 994

Stanford Research Institute 883

star

–, camera 59

–, imager 744

–, main-sequence 137

Stará Dala Observatory 728

state

–, Ekman 174

–, GEM domain 498

–, hydrostatic 300

–, micromagnetic 574

–, model-Z 941

–, multidomain 575

–, SD-like 497

–, superparamagnetic 943

–, Taylor 174, 175, 941

–, transitional 323

–, weak field 652

static

–, divergence 217

–, correction 217

–, flux bundles 133, 134

–, limit 216

–, shift factor 277

station

–, magnetotelluric 69

–, repeat 719

statistics

–, Bayesian 29

–, Bingham 45

–, Boltzmann 500

–, Fisher 272, 608

–, reversal 199

steady

–, field 540

–, flow assumption 88

steel alloy 600

Steens Mountain, Oregon 327, 343, 993

steering compass 66

Stefan-Boltzmann constant 688

Stevin, Simon 357

Stewart, Balfour 333

Stewartson

–, conditions 650

–, layer 115, 432, 649, 853

stirring, mechanical 207

stoichiometry 515

Stokes theorem 8, 112

Stokes-Einstein equation 105

Stoner-Wohlfarth hysteresis loop 876

stoney-iron meteorite 796

Stonyhurst College Observatory 460

storm 308, 926

–, Bastille-day 742

–, geomagnetic 137, 316, 663

–, frequency 316

–, Halloween 405

–, index, equatorial 511

storm Contd.

–, magnetic 27, 61, 376, 696, 741

–

, relationship to sunspots 890

–, sudden commencement (SSC) 663, 926

–, time field 844

storm-time

–, disturbance index D

511

–, variation 698

strain

–, analysis 556

–, indicator, quantitative 558

–, principal 556

stratification

–, chemical 128

–, stably 150

–, density 119

–, thermal 129, 130, 206, 302

stratigraphic variation 256

stratigraphy, magnetic 786

streak record 915

stream

–, function 85

–, free 85

streaming, potential 985

stress 535, 599, 872

–, anisotropy 491

–, control 881

–, demagnetization 599, 600

–, deviatoric 985

–, external 491

–, field, magnetostrictive 881

–, hydrostatic 599

–, internal 493

–, Maxwell 103, 114

–, Reynolds 103

–, sensitivity 985

–, source, external 881

–, tensor 641, 874

–, uniaxial 600

stretch-twist-fold 187

strike 602

–, electromagnetic 20

–, geoelectric, regional 222

stripe

–, magnetic 542

–, magnetized rock 140

Strouhal number 194

structure

–, basement 224

–, columnar 166

–, crystal's spin 609

–, crystalline 564

–, crystallographic 561, 563

–, fibril 182

–, geological 69, 223

–, hydrothermal 596

–, inner core 419

–, Landau-Lifshitz-type 499

–, minimum 220

–, multidomain 589

study

–, directional 31, 32

–, downhole 226

–, environmental 226

–, high-resolution 256

–

, magnetic fabric 578, 920

1048 INDEX

study Contd.

–, marine magnetotelluric 73

–, paleointensity 31, 32, 271

–, absolute 266

–, relative 271

–, paleomagnetic, baked contact test 35

–, polarity 993

–, sequence stratigraphic 568

Sturm-Liouville spectrum 220

subadiabatic region 83

subauroral red (SAR) arcs 864

subchron 312, 928

–, Cobb Mountain 838

–, Jaramillo 834, 837, 838

–, Olduvai 834, 837, 838

–, Reunion 834, 837, 838

subduction 150

–, zone 64, 72, 129

–, active 244

subgrid scale 101, 102

–, field 17

–, model 305

subgroup 306

submarine, communication with 224

subsatellite, magnetometer 791

subsolidus convection 16

substage, boundary 666

substance

–, diamagnetic 60

–, paramagnetic 525

substorm 308, 662, 926

–, auroral 926

–, bulge 662

–, cycle 34

–, electrojet 662

–, westward 34

–, expansion phase of the 662

–, magnetospheric 662, 700, 926

–, recovery phase 662

suction, Ekman 113

sudden storm commencement (SSC) 663, 926

Suiko seamount 962

sulfide 248

–, ion 786

sulfur 371

–, impurity 110

sum rule 385

Sun

–, compass 993

–, dipole magnetic field of the 179

–, magnetic field of 505

–, rotation 308

–, torsional oscillations of the 179

sundial 66, 356, 435

sunspot 10, 138, 468, 505

–, cycle 178, 347, 353, 414,

505, 663

–, maximum 316

–, minimum 316

–, number 507

Sun-synchronous 950

superadiabatic 82

–, temperature 152

–, gradient 80

superchron 320, 338, 339, 928

–, Cretaceous 294

superchron Contd.

–, Cretaceous normal (CNS) 339, 928

–, Cretaceous normal polarity (CNPS) 328,

749, 751

–, Kiaman Reversed Polarity 752

–, Ordovician 929

–, Permo-Carboniferous 928

superconducting quantum interference device

(SQUID) 655, 877, 883

–, detector 921

–, high temperature 921

–, high-resolution 793

–, magnetometer 51, 793

superconductor, high temperature 886

supergranule 179

Superior craton 227

superparamagnetic (SP) 50, 782

–, grain 268, 873

–, anomaly 986

superparamagnetism 610, 943

Superplume 154

–, generation 967

superrotation, inner core 304

super-upwelling 967

surface

–, bioturbated 781

–, charge, density 640

–, current 640

–, distortion parameter 222

–, draped 975

–, drape-to-level 975

–, energy 491

–, equipotential 132, 136

–, geostrophic 940

–, harmonics 351

–, integral method 449, 451

–, level-to-drape 975

–, magnetic 8

–, magnetometer 791

–, mixing layer 781

–, wave 334

Surlari Observatory 729

survey

–, continental 141

–, gamma-ray spectrometer 478

–, geotechnical 236

–, magnetic 56

–, Ireland 473

–, marine 542

–, susceptibility 26

–, magnetotelluric 844

–, satellite-based 788

–, World Magnetic 56

surveying

–, aeromagnetic 1

–, compass 66

susceptibility 513, 870, 931, 974

–, anhysteretic 783

–, anisotropy 799

–

, anisotropy of magnetic (AMS) 937

–, bulk 937

–, contrast map 489

–, diamagnetic 931

–, distribution 487

–, ellipsoid 547, 561

–, fabric 538

susceptibility Contd.

–, ferrimagnetic range of 480

–, ferromagnetic 552

–, frequency-dependent 592, 933

–, induced 755

–, initial 548, 624

–, interaction 592

–, intrinsic 549

–, low-field 517, 528, 533

–, magnetic 24, 94, 251, 475, 513, 546, 560,

564, 667, 780

–, anisotropy 514, 535, 546, 578

–, differential 932

–, low-field 566

–, survey 26

–, variations 256

–, mass-specific 932

–, mean bulk 552

–, measurement 933

–, paramagnetic 931

–, range 480

–, parameter 937

–, principal 547, 556, 937

–, tensor 549, 938

–, variation 513

–, volume 25

suspension

–, bifilar 977

–, cardanic 66

suture 801, 818

–, zone 242

swarm 59, 743

S-wave 147

–, anisotropy 148

–, reflection 153

Swider Observatory 728

swinging the ship 68

symmetry

–, breaking 306, 643

–, mirror 643

–, properties 306

synchrotron

–, Mössbauer spectroscopy (SMS) 691

–, Gazelle 990

–, radiation 690

Syowa Base 696

system

–, bistable 859

–, controlled source electromagnetic

(CSEM) 232

–, core-mantle 132

–, hydrothermal 247

–, natural 525

–, nearly axisymmetric 164

–, nonlinear chaotic 304

–, solar 77, 89, 788

–, three-rotor 172

Système lnternationale d'unités (SI) 874, 973

Tacchini, Pietro 733

tachocline 179, 182, 400

taenite 788, 796

tail lobe 661

Takalamagan 819

Takena red beds 822

INDEX 1049

talc, ferrous 522

tall azimuth visor 435

Tamanrasset Observatory 710

tangent cylinder 76, 115, 430, 901, 946

tangential geostrophy 131

Tangerang Observatory 725, 734

taper 122

tapering 353

target curve, astronomical 258

Tarim

–, basin 819, 822

–, block 817

Task Group WDMAM 479

Tasman, Abel Janszoon 988

taxonomy for magnetic phenomena 361

Taylor

–, cell 649

–, column 365, 400, 852

–, condition 940

–, constraint 292, 293

–, hypothesis 103

–, number 630

–, state 174, 175, 650, 941

Taylor, G.I. 852

Taylorization 293

TE (see transverse electric)

TEC (see total electron content)

Technical University of Braunschweig 279

technique

–, electrical galvanic 223

–, EM induction 223

–, tensor-averaging 937

tectonic

–, active belt 208

–, boundary 64

–, process 245

–, rotation 961

tectonics 779

tectonoelectric phenomen 909

teeth 782

telecommunications cable 227

–, submarine 131

telegraph

–, network 316

–, station 280

telluric force 359

temperature 526, 872

–, absolute 116, 581

–, adiabatic 74, 301

–, blocking 156, 493, 610, 622, 943

–, burial 628

–, condensation 78, 89

–, cryogenic 515

–, Curie 23, 157, 454, 481,

485, 889

–, Debye 367

–, depression 109

–, due to impurities 110

–, difference, superadiabatic 16

–, electron 60

–, equation 634

–, eutectic 99

–, fluctuation, superadiabatic 292

–, gradient 93

–, subadiabatic 289

–, superadiabatic 80

temperature Contd.

–, homologous 105

–, liquid nitrogen 157

–, low-Curie 499

–, maximum 603

–, melting 372

–, Néel 519

–, potential 74, 840

–, spin glass transition 519

–, superadiabatic 152

–, transition 517, 519

–, unblocking 36, 626

–, Verwey 517

temporal basis function 949

tension, magnetic 633, 644

tensor

–, decomposition 672

–, magnetotelluric 278

–, impedance 866

–, inertia 966

–, Kronecker 193

–, Levi-Civita 193

–, nonhydrostatic 965

–, second-rank 578

tensor-averaging technique 937

tephra, volcanic 253

Terra Nova Bay Observatory 733

terrane 477, 802

–, tectonostratigraphic 140

terrella 361, 464

–, model 64

Terror, HMS 717

Tertiary 961

tesseral harmonics 680

test

–, baked contact 35, 608

–, conglomerate 608

–, consistency 608

–, fold 608

–, reversal 608

tetrataenite 701, 789, 796–798

texture, authigenic 585

Thales 870

Tharsis bulge 503

The Formation of the Lunar core 887

The Royal Norwegian Academy of

Science 887

Thellier 870

–, double heating method 583, 749

–, law 574, 942, 943

–, paleointensity 749

–, technique, conventional 694

Thellier, Emile 942

Thellier-Thellier

–, data 577

–, method 575, 611

–, paleointensity method 943, 944

–, technique 754

THEMIS network 726

thenaoremanent magnetization (TRM) 910, 911

theodolite, fluxgate 710, 858

theorem

–, Alfvén's 112

–, antidynamo 21, 22, 137, 163, 173, 176,

192, 468, 643

–, binomial 383

theorem Contd.

–, bounding 21, 22

–, Cowling's 21

–, Floquet's 201

–, Gauss 378, 888

–, Green 466, 974

–, Kelvin 8

–, Proudman-Taylor 631, 852

–, Runcorn 888

–, Stokes 8, 112

–, toroidal 21

theory

–, Backus-Gilbert 221

–, Big Bang 7

–, boundary layer 423

–, Chapman-Ferraro 137

–, continental drift 607

–, dynamical systems 186

–, dynamo 928

–, ideal body 143

–, ideal solution 408

–, inverse 467

–, mixing length 181

–, multidomain 575

–, nondynamo 704

–, Plate Tectonic 887

–, potential 466

–, pre-Maxwell 640

–, relaxation 575, 609, 701

–, reversals 859

–, turbulence 192

–, X-ray 369

thermal

–, boundary layer 18

–, conduction 116

–, conductivity 92, 98, 107, 108,

110, 688

–, lateral variations 133

–, demagnetization 604

–, continuous 627

–, diffusivity 74, 80, 92, 121, 688

–, expansion 74

–, coefficient 93

–, expansivity 95, 372

–, Péclet number 297

–, relaxation 121

–, stratification 129, 130

–, vibration 688

–, wind 76, 174, 648, 945

–, equation 852, 945

thermodynamic

–, integration 99

–, linearization 13, 16, 18

–

, relation 12

thermoelectric 841

–, effect 705

thermopower 686

thermoremanence 23, 701, 943

thermoremanent

–, efficiency 617

–, magnetization (TRM) 35, 37, 161,

325, 493, 514, 535, 609, 616, 696,

777, 781, 942

–, acquisition 616

–, field-blocked 614

–, multidomain 613

1050 INDEX

thermoremanent Contd.

–, partial (pTRM) 37, 590, 753, 943

–, self-reversal 696

–, weak-field 499

thermoviscous magnetization 621

theta aurora 34

thickness, displacement 112

thin sheet 63

thin-shell approximation 815

thorium–232 854

threshold, percolation 20

thunderstorm activity 308

Tibet 825

Tibet basin 817

Tibetan plateau 208, 247, 822

TID (see traveling ionospheric disturbance)

tidal

–, friction 128, 471

–, mode, spectral analysis 814

tide

–, semidiurnal 365

–, solar 471

Tiflis Observatory 737

Tihany Observatory 710, 728

Tikhaya Bay Observatory 738

tillite, Late Precambrian 561

tilt-over mode 843

time

–, annealing 582

–, -average field 778

–, domain electromagnetic 225, 231

–, domain transmitter 225

–, magnetic diffusion 298

–, Ohmic 186

–, relaxation 269, 628

–, sequence 336

–, series 509

–, analyses 766

–, equi-spaced 767

–, translation 306

timescale

–, advective 644

–, Alfvénic 650

–, convective turnover 133

–, diffusion 644

–, diffusive 348

–, dynamical 323

–, geological 253, 281

–, geomagnetic polarity (GPTS) 778

–, reversal 484

–, spin-up 651

tiny wiggle 599, 664

Tipper vector 867

Tirunelveli Observatory 732, 733

tissue 50

–, diamagnetic 51

Titan 204, 207, 439, 445

titanohematite 518, 519, 873

titanomaghemite 597, 791, 878

titanomagnetite 495, 517, 536, 560, 597, 781,

873, 878, 879

–, intermediate 499

–, iron-rich 626

–, low Ti 792

–, oxidation-exsolution 597

–, stoichiometric 583

titanomagnetite Contd.

–, Ti-rich 517, 518

–, cruciform 794

TM (see transverse magnetic)

Toledo Observatory 739

tomographic heat flux 129

tomography 146, 148

–, electrical resistance (ERT) 229

–, finite-frequency 963

–, seismic 129, 416, 965

–, baseline uncertainty 153

Tondano Observatory 734

tool, paleomagnetic 564

Toolangi Observatory 717

topographic, variations 975

toroidal 163

–, field 23, 174

–, mode 163

–, scalar functions 22

–, theorem 21

Toronto Observatory 726

torque

–, advective 131

–, electromagnetic 425

–, fluid pressure 425

–, gravitational 136, 362

–, leakage 131

–, Lorentz 746

–, magnetic 341

–, poloidal 131

–, viscous 425

torsional

–, oscillation 746

–, wave 650

total electron content (TEC) 318, 452

TPW (see true polar wander)

TRACE (see Transition Region and Coronal

Explorer)

trace mineral, ferromagnetic 475

track, quasicircular 960

transdomain 623

transfer

–, function 277, 670, 697, 866, 953

–, magnetotelluric 953

–, matrix 223

–, vertical field 221

transformer, linear variable differential

(LVDT) 977

transform

–, fault 779, 959

–, intracontinental 806

–, Hankel 233

–, similarity 264

transformation

–, Galilean 640

–, magnetic phase 512

–, mineralogical 513

transient electromagnetic 954

–, method 231

–, sounding 277

transition

–, electronic 79

–, magnetic phase 515

–, metamagnetic 522

–

, Morin 519

–, order-disorder 872

transition Contd.

–, paramagnetic 515

–, phase 515

–, spin glass 519

–, temperature 517, 519

–, zone 145, 211

Transition Region and Coronal Explorer

(TRACE) 506

transitional

–, long-lived 342

–, precursor 323

–, state 323

translation

–, balance 656

–, nappes 804

transmission electron microscopy 50, 495

transmitter

–, loop 224, 954

–, time-domain 225

transmutation of atoms 53

transport properties 104

transverse

–, electric (TE) mode 221, 671

–, magnetic (TM) mode 221

traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID)

910, 984

treatment, thermal 561

–, progressive 563

Trelew Observatory 734

triangulation, Delaunay 26

Triassic 568

–, GPTS 331

Triaxe 756

triaxial 554

trigonometry, hyperspherical 391

Trinity College, Dublin 472, 742

Triton 204, 207, 439, 446

Trivandrum Observatory 731

TRM (see thermoremanent magnetization)

Trodos Ophiolite 756

Troms Observatory 737

true polar wander (TPW) 956

–, Indo-Atlantic 961

–, curve 962

–, Pacific curve 962

–, synthetic path 965

truncation point 122

Tsumeb Observatory 739

T-Tauri wind 799

tunneling process 334

Tuntungan Observatory 734

turbulence 17, 101, 169, 645

–, entropy flux 17

–, isotropic 193

–, magnetohydrodynamic 193

–, reflectionally 194

–, theory 18, 192

turbulent

–, diffusivity 18, 305

–, eddies 183

–, heat flux 17

–, viscosity 104

turtles 782

twin-vortex flow 659

Tycho Brahe 361

Tysnhes Island 798

INDEX 1051

u-channel 665, 760, 884

UK National Physics Laboratory 166

ultralow

–, frequency (ULF) 700

–, plasma wave 333

–, velocity zone (ULVZ) 154,

208, 970

ulvöspinel 517, 526, 597

ULVZ (see ultra-low velocity zone)

Umbrian Apennines 666

unblocking temperature 626, 872

unconformity 567

undersea communication cable 316

undertone, core 364

unit 973

–, absolute intensity 358

–, geological 478

–, igneous 35

–, universal system of 278

United States Navy 850

universal

–, stage method 550

–, system of units 278

–, time 810

University of Göttingen 279

University of Liverpool 992

University of London 992

upper, mantle 211

Uppsala Observatory 737

upstream wave 333

Urals 823

uranium–235 854

uranium–238 854

Uranus 203, 204, 207, 439, 865

–, magnetic field 287

Urumqi Observatory 728

US Coast and Geodetic Survey 436

US Coast and Geodetic Survey's Division

Magnetism 273

US National Academy of Science 980

US Naval Research Laboratory 438

USNS Eltanin 993

Utopia basin 795

Utrecht Observatory 725

Vacquier, Victor 438

vacuum seals, cryogenic 883

VADM (see virtual axial dipole moment)

Valentia Island Observatory 720

Valles Marineris 504

Valu Fa Ridge 237

value

–, chi-squared 47

–, Dulong-Petit 93

Van Allen radiation belt 865

van Heemskerck, Jacob 988

van Musschenbroek, Pieter 358, 725

van Neck, Jacob 988

Vanadis expedition 359

Vancouver, George 989

Vardö Island 460

variable

–, effective 164

–, field translation balance (VFTB) 877, 977

variable Contd.

–, measurement 977

–, separation 378

variance 846

–, ellipsoid 846

variation

–, annual 308, 698, 816

–, daily 3, 27, 63, 308, 359, 449,

450, 858

–, disturbance 816

–, quiet-time 509

–, regular 698

–, decadal 131

–, DP 700

–, geomagnetic

–, secular 68

–, spectrum 308

–, lateral 129

–, latitudinal 892, 897

–, magnetic 310

–, mapping 310

–, paleoclimatic 874

–, paleointensity 353

–, paleomagnetic secular (PSV) 766

–, paleosecular 256

–, secular 86, 280, 340, 346, 588, 778, 779,

892, 929, 993

–, impulses 651

–, model 892–898, 901

–, paleomagnetic 133

–, semiannual 698

–, storm-time 698

–, stratigraphic 256

variometer 27, 435, 436, 708

–, Bobrov-system quartz 729

–, declination 712

Variscan orogen 243

Vatican Council 887

VDM (see virtual dipole moment)

vector

–, algebra 391

–, Cartesian unit 272

–, diffusion equation 223

–, Hawaiian paleomagnetic 848

–, looping 768, 770

–, magnetic measurement 673

–, paleomagnetic 654

–, Parkinson 867

–, polar 306

–, potential 180, 194

–, proton magnetometer (VPM) 715

–, sum 595, 959

–, Tipper 867

–, waveform 768

–, Wiese 867

velocity

–, effective cyclonic 182

–, geostrophic 746

–, gradient 565

–, measurement 398

–, pattern, seismic 152

–, phase 76

–, potential 85

–, zone, ultra-low (ULVZ) 154, 208, 970

Vema Seamount 891

Venus 89, 203, 204, 439, 788

Venus Contd.

–, transit 720

–, two-layer model 441

Venusian lowland plains 447

Verhoogen, John 979

vernier scale 435

versorium 66, 361

vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) 147, 155

Verwey

–, temperature 517

–, transition 500, 516, 552, 749, 751

very early time EM (VETEM) system 231

very long baseline radio interferometry (VLBI)

426, 469

very low frequency (VLF) 224

–, method 224

Vesta 90

VFTB (see variable field translation balance)

VGP (see virtual geomagnetic pole)

vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) 877

vibration, thermal 688

Victory 989

Vienna Observatory 728

Vietnam, National Centre for Natural Science

and Technology 734

Viking 791

–, magnetic properties experiment 791

–, spacecraft 441

VIRGO, helioseismology instrument 398

virtual

–, axial dipole moment (VADM) 159, 160

–, dipole moment (VDM) 159

–, geomagnetic pole (VGP) 282, 321, 778,

829, 892, 947

–, path 322

–, low-latitude 892

–, path 829

–, scatter 895, 899

VISAR sound speed measurement 917

viscosity 81, 92, 94, 96

–, coefficient 622

–, definition of 104

–, eddy 94, 102, 305

–, effective 104, 275

–, inner core 105

–, kinematic 12, 74, 80, 102, 104, 111

–, magnetic 513

–, molecular 104, 112

–, temperature-dependent 128

–, turbulent 104

–, variation with temperature 146

viscous

–, coupling 113

–, dissipation 128

–, force 630

–, remanent magnetization (VRM) 577,

621, 696

–, ambient-temperature 626

–, elevated-temperature 626

–, hard 629

–, intensity 627

–, soft 629

Vishakhapatnam Observatory 732, 733

vivianite 521

VLBI (see very long baseline radio

interferometry)

1052 INDEX