Gubbins D., Herrero-Bervera E. Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism

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Index

A/D converter 977

aa index 509, 719, 720

AARM (see anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent

magnetization)

AAS (see anisotropy of anhysteretic

susceptibility)

ab initio

–, calculation 94, 99, 421

–, method 693

Abelian group of symmetry operations 306

Abinger Observatory 720

Abisko Observatory 737

absolute

–, age 320

–, intensity 890

–, unit 358

–, plate motion (APM) 20

abundance, isotopic 79

–, field 932

–, voltage 920

Académie Royale des Sciences 357

acceleration

–, centrifugal 76, 135, 275

–, nontidal 471

accelerometer 59

acceptor, electron 249

accretion

–, heterogeneous 79

–, planetary 149, 151

achondrite 796–798

–, enstatite 855

acquisition, fabric 565

activation

–, energy 685

–, enthalpy 106, 687

activity

–, geomagnetic 318

–, intrusive 986

–, magnetic

–, solar 507

–, storm-time 509

–, orogenic 785

–, solar 316

Adams-Williamson equation 82–84

Addis Ababa Observatory 461

additivity 574, 612

–, law 754

adiabatic 82

–, bulk modulus 82

–, compression 212

–, derivative 92

–, gradient 80, 106

–, heat flux 15

–, heating 128

–, reference state 14, 16

Adie, Patrick 436

Admiralty Research Laboratory 54

Adolf Schmidt Observatory 730

advection 84

–, time 297

advective timescale 644

AE index 511, 512

aeronomy 407

aether and matter 468

AF (see alteniating field )

African

–, plate 960

–, super-upwelling 964

age

–, absolute 320, 665, 780

–, C-14 669

–, determination 829

–, K-Ar 819

–, radiometric 767

–, U-Pb 819

ageostrophic, effect 853

AGFM (see alternating gradient field

magnetometer)

aggregate, framboidal 456

Agincourt Observatory 726

AGM (see alternating gradient magnetometer)

agonic line 993

Agricola, Georgius 3

AGU 274

Ahrrenius relation 105

Aichi Prefecture, Japan 696

air wave 233, 236

AIRM (see anisotropy of isothermal remanent

magnetization)

airswings 850

Airy compensation 447

AIST (see National Institute of Advanced

Industrial Science and Technology)

Aitken Basin 446

AK135 model 210, 213, 903

akagenéite 526

Aksu area 822

AL index 512

alabandite 79

Alashan/Hexi Corridor 817, 819

albedo 791

Albuquerque Volcanoes 837

–, Pringle Falls excursion 838

Alfvén

–, Hannes 6, 7

–, number 299

–, theorem 7, 112

–, timescale 650

–, velocity 5, 6

–, waves 3–7, 746

–, velocity 334

algorithm

–, genetic 220

–, optimization 220

–, search 220

ALH84001 792

Alibag 710

–, Observatory 732

Alice Springs Observatory 717

Allende meteorite 798

–, chondrules 797

–, refractory calcium aluminum inclusions

(CAI) 797

Allgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus 359

alloy, metallic 74

alpha

–, effect 138, 161, 164, 174, 192, 199, 290,

643, 843, 860, 861

–, anisotropic 194

–, turbulent 645

–, iron 691

–, omega 164

–, dynamo 179, 181

–, mechanism 196, 197

–, particles, ionizing 53

–, quenching 198, 262

alpha

–, dynamo 162

–, mechanism 196

Alpine Fault 246

Alpine-Himalayan Belt 802

–, Anatolian sector 803

alteration

–, aqueous 796

–, chemical 37, 490, 583, 785

–, diagenetic 258

–, hydrothermal 597

–, low-temperature 584

–, zone 253

–, mineralogical 512–514

–, phase 79

–, postdepositional diagenetic 253

–, process 979

–, severe 695

–, thermal 911

–, thermochemical 575

alternating field (AF) 759, 910

–, demagnetization 498, 759, 873, 884, 943

–, spectra 577

–, gradient field magnetometer (AGFM) 877

–, gradient magnetometer (AGM) 655

Altiplano 244

altitude, orbital 60

Altyn Tagh mountain range 819

aluminum–26 90, 854

Amberley Observatory 735

am-index 719

ammonite 665

AMO (see automatic magnetic observatory)

Ampère, André Marie 358

–, law 114, 287, 347, 640

amphiboles 932

amphidrome effect 65

amplitude 67, 977

–, compass 67

AMR (see anisotropy of magnetic remanence)

AMS (see anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility)

Amsterdam Island 993

AMT (see audiomagnetotellurics)

AMTM60 500

Amundsen, Roald 990

amygdalohippocampectomy 50

analysis

–, biostratigraphic 993

–, dimensional 297

–, Fourier 351

–, harmonic 921

–, least squares 86, 356, 359

–, linearized resolution 222

–, periodogram 353

–, principal component 45, 46, 845, 848

–, resolution 84

–, skewness 962

–, spectral 122, 770

–, spherical harmonic 280

–, thermomagnetic 755

–, time series 766

–, waveform 768

–, wavelet 355

analytic signal method 142

Anatolian plate 803

Ancón Observatory 734

Andes 243

anelastic approximation 11

angle, Euler 393

angular

–, momentum 130, 135

–, exchange 469

–, oceanic 469

–, operator 388

–, vector 956

–, standard deviation (ASD) 894

anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM)

527, 535, 572, 759, 910, 943

–, acquisition curve 574

–, partial 528, 590

–, spurious 573

–, susceptibility 528, 572

animal navigation 48

animists 870

anisometry, intergranular 554

anisotropy 427, 546, 560, 564, 589, 618, 799,

846, 871

–, bulk conductivity 20

–, conductive 219, 222

–, constant 621

–, corrected 476

–, crystalline 493, 618

–, uniaxial 492

–, cylindrical 419

–,D

146

–, degree 561, 937

–, electrical 20, 671

–, ellipsoid 536

–, energy 492, 872, 874

–, exchange 548

–, factor 20

–, intrinsic 20

–, macroscopic 20

–, magnetic 535, 871

–, bulk 590

–, susceptibility 514

–, magnetocrystalline 454, 491, 492,

515–517, 537, 546, 548, 566, 614,

872, 873

–, magnetostrictive, axis 872

–, mechanisms 146

–, media 146

–, multiaxial 590

–, of anhysteretic remanent magnetization

(AARM) 477, 577

–, ellipsoid 538

–, of anhysteretic susceptibility (AAS) 536

–, of isothermal remanent magnetization

(AIRM) 537

–, of magnetic remanence (AMR) 535

–, of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) 475, 535

–, carrier 557

–, ellipsoid 476, 538, 547, 553, 555

–, low field 937

–, -to-strain relationship 556

–, remanent 536

–, seismic 146

–, shape 546

–, source 564

–, stress 491

–, stress-induced 548

–, susceptibility 799

–, S-wave 148

–, uniaxial 500, 572, 590, 881

annihilator 888, 889

–, magnetic 481

annual variation 308, 816

annulus model 76, 125

anomaly 772, 773

–, attenuation 143

–, Bangui 39

–, Bouguer 39, 504

–, Br- 774

–, Brunhes central 542

–, conductivity 20, 131

–, latitude 961

–, local 676

–, magnetic 140, 143, 320, 477, 888

–, compilation 478

–, correlation with gravity anomaly 856

–, definition 478

–, field 543

–, inversion nonuniqueness 488

–, long wavelength 481

–, low amplitude 666

–, marine 324, 328, 336, 483, 665,

779, 962

–, modeling 485

–, short wavelength 982

–, skewness 857

–, stripe 478

–, vertical intensity 857

–, mapping 478

–, North German 412

–, resistive 309

–, resistivity 235

anorthosite 629

Anson, George 989

Antananarive Observatory 461

Antarctic

–, expedition 696

–, ice surface 696

–, meteorite collections 795

–, plate 960

Antarctica 359, 376, 792, 962

anthropogenic 253

antidynamo theorem 137, 163, 173, 176, 192,

468, 643

antiferromagnet 590

antiferromagnetic 513, 871, 932

–, spin 874

antiferromagnetism 519, 525, 700

AO index 511, 512

apatite 931

Apia 43

–, Observatory 735, 736

APM (see absolute plate motion)

Apollo 788

–, exploration 440

–, samples 788

apparent

–, phases 221

–, polar wander path (APWP) 777, 779, 802,

840, 956, 959, 960

–, resistivities 221, 869

application, paleomagnetic 256

approach

–, 2½-dimensional 293

–, bootstrap 608

–, least-squares 284

–, Monte Carlo 608

1014 INDEX

approach Contd.

–, nonlinear conjugate gradient

(NLCG) 221

–, reciprocity 221

approximation

–, anelastic 11

–, Born scattering 221

–, Born-Rytov 216

–, Boussinesq 11

–, first-order smoothing 194, 201

–, quasistatic 223

–, second-order correlation 194

–, thin-shell 815

APWP (see apparent polar wander path)

aqueous fluid 247

aquifer, saline 224

Arago, Fraçois 436

Arai diagram 754, 755

Arava Fault 243, 413

arc

–, auroral 376

–, transpolar 34

Archean 141, 478

–, craton 141

archeological material 766

archeologist 944

archeology 23

archeomagnetic dating 29

archeomagnetism 31, 920, 942, 943

Archie law 232

archive

–, Portuguese 990

–, Spanish 990

argon

–, –40-argon–39 age 832, 834,

835, 962

–, incremental heating experiment 836

–, isochrons 836

–, isotopes 836

ARGOS (see Automatic Remote Geomagnetic

Observatory System)

Argyre 795

–, impact basin 503

Aristotle 361

ARM (see anhysteretic remanent magnetization)

array

–, Schlumberger 229

–, Wenner 229

Ars Magnesia 463

Arsia Volcano 504

arthropods 49

artifact

–, archaeological 569

–, man fired 910

Ascension Island Observatory 720

Ascreaus Volcano 504

ASD (see angular standard deviation)

ASG–81 scalar magnetometer 850

Askania 437

ASMO (see Automatic Standard Magnetic

Observatory)

assemblage, mixed magnetic 271

Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and

Electricity 274, 382

assumption

–, kinematic 188

–, steady flow 88

astatic magnetometer 654

asteroid 788, 795, 796, 800

–

, belt 90

–, C-type 799

–, S-type 799

asteroseismology 398

asthenosphere 73, 208

asthenospheric conducting layer 73

astrochronology 785

astronaut protection 316

Astronomer Royal 61, 375

asymmetric rectangular hysteresis loop 575

asymptotics 111

Atlantic 993

–, chart 675

–, hotspot 962

Atlantis, R/V 542

atmosphere

–, martian 792

–, solar 119

atom transmutation 53

ATS (see attitude transfer system)

attenuation parameter 209

attitude 59

–, transfer system (ATS) 673

attraction, polar 356

AU index 511, 512

audiomagnetotellurics (AMT) 671

–, controlled-source (CSAMT) 671

–, method 224, 230

aurora 7, 61, 334, 376, 404, 696

–, australis 33

–, borealis 33

–, cusp 33

–, polaris 358

–, rayed 33

–, record 508

–, substorm 926

–, break-up 34

–, bulge 34

–, theta 34

auroral

–, arc 33, 376

–, breakup 927

–, corona 33

–, curl 33

–, curtain 33

–, electrojet index 34, 509

–, oval 33

–, processes 33

–, wavelengths

–, forbidden green oxygen line 33

–, Lyman-Birge-Hopfield lines 33

–, red doublet 33

–, zone 864

Australia 62, 967

Australian plate 960

authigenesis 785, 806

autocollimator 715

automatic

–, computing engine 166

–, magnetic observatory (AMO) 713

Automatic Remote Geomagnetic Observatory

System (ARGOS) 714

Automatic Standard Magnetic Observatory

(ASMO) 714

autoposition 921

average

–, azimuthal 193

–, geostrophic 648

–

, Lagrangian 103

–, local 192

–, space 193

–, statistical or ensemble 192

–, time 193

averaging

–, azimuthal 199

–, Lagrangian 102

–, low-level 199

axial quadrupole 961

axis

–, crystallographic 599

–, pattern 550

–, geographic 311

–, geomagnetic 311

–, maximum 561

–, minimum 561

–, paleovertical 561

azimuth

–, compass 67

–, visor 435

azimuthal

–, averaging 199

–, flow 746

Azorean prime meridian 356

Azores Islands 993

Bac Lieu Observatory 734

Bache, A.D. 436

backfield 591

–, curve 877, 979

backup variometer 711

Backus

–, ambiguity 466

–, dynamo 163

–, series 466

Backus-Gilbert theory 83, 221

Bacon, Roger 808

Bacon, Sir Francis 361

bacteria

–, anerobic 24

–, magnetogenic 249

–, magnetotactic 26, 48, 516, 782

–, martian 793

Bahia Province 40

Bajocian stage 666

baked contact test 35, 608, 778

balance

–, horizontal magnetic translation 977

–, hydrostatic 14

–, Lloyd's 435

–, magnetostrophic 841

–, Schmidt's 435

–, variable field translation

(VFTB) 977

–, vertical 437

band

–, longitudinal preferred 326, 341

–, pass filtration 920

–, preferred 831

Bangui anomaly 39

bar magnet 310

Baranov 856

INDEX 1015

Barentsz, Willem 988

Barkhausen

–, discontinuity 616

–, jump 613, 623

Barlow, Peter 40

–, plate 68

Baroque culture 463

Bartels, Julius 42

basalt 128, 596, 871

–, Emeishan 819

–, flood 150

–, layer 597

–, mare 788

–, marine 993

–, oceanic 583

–, submarine 518, 583

basaltic

–, magma 72

–, volcanics 72

Base Roi Baudouin Observatory 725

basement

–, magnetic 477

–, structure 224

basestation, magnetometer 140

Basin and Range Province 141, 802

basin, sedimentary 242

basis

–, function 395

–, geostrophic 86

Bastille-day magnetic storm 742

Batavia 44

bathymetry 64, 962

battery, celestial 316

Bauer, Georg (see Agricola, Georgius)

Bauer, Louis Agricola 42, 438

Bavarian Academy of Science 887

bay, magnetic 662

Bayesian

–, formulation 123

–, statistics 29

bcc, iron 916

BCMT (see Bureau Central de Magnétisme

Terrestre)

Bear Island Observatory 737

Bear Seamount 891

bedrock lithology 477

behavior

–, piezoremanent 599

–, pseudo-single-domain (PSD) 879

–, superparamagnetic 516

Beijing Mingtomb Observatory 728

Bellarmatus, Künstler 721

Belshe, J.C. 887

Belsk Observatory 728

belt, orogenic 801, 806

Bemmelen, Willem van 44

Bénard layer 650

bench, optical 59

bending, orogenic 803

Benton, E.R. 44

Berkner, Lloyd 407

Berlin Observatory 729

bernallite 526

beta

–, effect 194

–, quenching 198

Beta Regio 446

BGS (see British Geological Survey)

bias field 528

biconjugate gradient 221

bifurcation

–, Hopf 417

–, subcritical 262

–, supercritical 262

Big Bang theory 7

Big Lost event 834, 837, 838

BIM (see biologically induced mineralization)

Bingham

–, distribution 45

–, statistics 45

Binza Observatory 725

biogenic 783, 793

–, magnetite 50, 51

biologically induced mineralization (BIM) 782

biomagnetism 48, 874

biostratigraphy 320, 329, 568, 781

Biot-Savart law 955

bioturbation 476

Birch law 77

Birkeland currents 34

Birmingham Solar Oscillation Network

(BiSON) 398

Bitter

–, line 499

–, pattern method 495

Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusion 141

Bjorn event 838

Bjurbole meteorite 798

Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart 53, 887

Blake Event 770

blanket, thermal 789

Bloch

–, line 497

–, wall 492

–, wave 201

block, continental 839

blocking

–, temperature 493, 610, 614, 615, 872, 943

–, spectrum 611

–, volume 584

Bobrov magnetometer 712

Bobrov-system quartz variometer 729

Bodes law 706

body

–, gray 688

–, ideal black 688

–, wave 82

body-centered cubic (bcc) iron 94, 367

Boltzmann

–, constant 69, 100, 105, 109, 367, 610,

885, 931

–, equation 137

–, statistics 500

Bond, Henry 357

Bonnet formula 379

Booth, Felix, 989

bootstrap

–, approach 608

–, technique 553, 608

Boreal Hemisphere 464

boresight 59

Born scattering approximation 221

Born-Rytov approximation 216

Borough, Stephen 988

Borough, William 280, 357, 435, 674, 707

Boso Peninsula, Japan 829

bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) 234

Bouguer gravity anomaly 39, 447, 504

Bouma sequence 553

boundary

–, conditions

–, impermeable 75

–, inhomogeneous 416

–, continental, Precambrian 142

–, core-mantle 14, 84, 337

–, topography 124, 125

–, Cretaceous-Tertiary 666

–, inner core 14, 74, 83

–, insulating 191

–, Jurassic–Triassic 928

–, layer 76, 85, 111, 145, 152, 174, 186,

642, 657

–, superadiabatic 82

–, theory 423

–, thermal 18, 76, 132

–, Matuyama-Brunhes 781

–, outer core 84

–, reversal 982

–, Santonian-Campanian stage 666

–, stage 329

–, stress-free 76

–, tectonic 64

–, tilt 75

bounding theorem 288

Boussinesq

–, approximation 11

–, fluid 74, 630

bow shock 657

Bowie Medal 274, 469

boxcar 122

B-polarization mode 221

Braginsky dynamo 164

Braille 795

brain, human 49

breakup, auroral 927

breccia 788, 789, 798

–, high-grade 629

–, mature 623

–, regolith 789

bremsstrahlung X-ray emission 33

Briggs, Henry 357

British Association for the Advancement of

Science 468

British Board of Longitude 435

British Geological Survey (BGS) 720, 887

broadside

–, electric dipole-dipole geometry 233

–, geometry 236

–, system geometry 232

Brooks, Charles 436

Brorfelde Observatory 737

Brownian force 588

Brunhes 320, 849, 942

–, central anomaly 542

–, chron 311, 829

–, epoch 626

Bruno, Christoforo (or Borro, C.) 357

Brunt-Väisälä frequency 649

1016 INDEX

B-spline

–, basis 949

–, cubic 87, 347

BSR (see bottom-simulating reflector)

Buda Observatory 728

Budkov Observatory 728

Bulawayo Observatory 461

bulk

–, composition of Earth 213

–, conductivity, anisotropic 20

–, magnetization 141, 487

–, modulus 92, 95, 153

–, isothermal 367

–, susceptibility 937

Bullard, Edward Crisp 54, 887

Bullen parameter 82, 83

Bullseye vent 235

bump 124, 135

bundles, static flux 134

buoyancy 291

–, compositional 206

–, force 12

–, frequency 649

–, number 297

Buoyant rise time 298

Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre

(BCMT) 721

burial 588

–, depth 603, 605

–, temperature 628

Bushof 798

Busse column 291

Byron, John 989

C response 308

Cabeo, Nicolò 357, 460

cable telecommunication 227

Cabot, Sebastian 674

caesium-vapor magnetometer 2

CAI (see refractory calcium aluminum

inclusion)

Calabrian 804

calcite 931

calcium, intracellular 49

calculation

–, ab initio 94, 99, 107, 421

–, first principles 370

–, micromagnetic 873

–, molecular dynamics 421

calibration

–, curve 29

–, data 29

Callisto 203, 204, 207, 439, 445

–, differentiation 445

Cambrian 928

–, explosion 966

Cambridge, England 887

Canadian Geomagnetic Reference Field

(CGRF) 397

Canadian Geospace Monitoring Program 727

Canadian Magnetic Observatory Network

(CANMON) 726

Canadian Magnetic Observatory System

(CANMOS) 714

Canberra Observatory 717, 810

CANMON (see Canadian Magnetic

Observatory Network)

CANMOS (see Canadian Magnetic Observatory

System)

CANOPUS network 726

cap, spherical 395

Cape Chelyuskin Observatory 738

Cape Denison Observatory 717, 723

Cape Evans Observatory 723

carbon 150

–, –14 781

–, age 669

carbonaceous chondrite (C1) 854

carbonados 40

carbonate, iron-rich 793

Cardús 461

CARISMA network 726

Carixian stage 666

Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW) 56,

58, 807

Carnegie, RV 57, 58

Carnot engine 128, 290, 301

Carteret, Philip 989

Cartesian

–, components 451

–, coordinate 547

–, unit vector 272

cartridge belt 649

Carty Lake 227

Cascadia margin 238

Cassini 207, 721, 816

Cassini, Jean Jacques 435

Castellaccio Observatory 733

Cathaysia flora 823

Cathedrals 887

Catholic Church 888

Cavallo, Tiberius 435

Cavendish, Thomas 988

c-axis 546, 590

Cayley formation 791

Cayley-Klein parameters 392

CEA (see China Earthquake Administration)

cell

–, convective cyclonic 214

–, diamond anvil 94, 99, 421, 503, 689,

690, 692

–, magnetic 864

–, Taylor 649

Cenozoic 929

Central African Republic 39, 40

Central Asian Fold Belt 817, 823

Central Institute of Meteorology and

Geomagnetism (ZAMG) 728

Central Japan Anomaly 863

centrifugal acceleration 135, 956

Ceres 90, 279

cesium magnetometer 27, 542

CGRF (see Canadian Geomagnetic

Reference Field )

cgs unit 874

Cha Pa Observatory 734

Chadwick Physics Laboratory 992

Challenger expedition 359, 990

Chambon la Forêt Observatory 714, 721

CHAMP satellite 59, 60, 141, 349, 351, 352,

676, 743, 892

Chancellor, Richard 988

Chandler wobble 104, 363, 958

Chandrasekhar number 299, 630, 649

Changchun Observatory 728

change

–, angular momentum 320

–, biotic 967

–, geomagnetic 343

–, large amplitude 312

–, magnetomineralogical 754

–, paleoclimatic 669

channel, buried 236

chaos 863

–, deterministic 861

Chapman, Sydney 61

Chapman-Ferraro

–, current 658

–, theory 137

Chapman-Miller method 810

character number 810

characteristics, electric 361

charge, electric rotating 705

Charles II, King 720

Charles Chree Prize 274, 888

charnockite 40

Charon 439, 446

chart

–, Atlantic 675

–, isarhythmic 375

–, isogonic 358

–, magnetic 674

–, nautical 66

Charters Towers Observatory 717, 951

chassignite meteorite 791, 797, 799

Chebyshev polynomial expansion 303

Cheltenham Maryland Observatory 723

chemical

–, demagnetization 157

–, diffusivity 101

–, equilibrium 109

–, layering 151

–, potential 99

–

, remanent magnetization (CRM) 457, 580,

609, 696, 782, 806

–, parasitic 513

Chevron Oil Company 263

Cheyenne Belt 143

Chichijima Observatory 733

Chief Magnetician 273

Chilean earthquake, May 22, 1960 423

chimney 74

–, convection 74

China Earthquake Administration

(CEA) 727

China Seismological Bureau (CSB) 727

Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGGCAS) 727

Chinese

–, block 823

–, loess 516, 571

–, Plateau 820

Chiripa Observatory 734

chi-squared 47

Chiton 50, 782

chlorite 932

–, paramagnetic 476

Cholesky decomposition 216

INDEX 1017

chondrite 77, 796–798

–, 3L 798

–, 8LL 798

–, carbonaceous 128, 796–799

–, enstatite 855

chondrules 796

Christchurch Observatory 735

Christoffel formula 379

chromite 526

chron 311, 664, 834, 928

–, Brunhes 311

–, Matuyama 311, 542, 838

–, notation 485

–, polarity 704

chronology, reversal 338

chronometer 989

Church of England 361, 887

Churchman, John 358

CI chondrite 77

ci shi 870

circuit, global electrical 448

circularity 768, 770

circulation

–, Kelvin's theorem 103

–, meridional 162, 181, 190, 294, 859, 946

circumferentor 434

Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network

(CPMN) 738

Cirera, Ricardo 461

CIW (see Carnegie Institution of Washington)

Clapeyron slope 151

classification 795

clay

–, baked 612, 942

–, archeological 758

–, sequences 570

climate

–, archive 531

–, change 472

–, cycle 571

–, proxy 340

–, variation 531

–, wetter 531

cloud

–, chamber 53

–, magnetic 404

CM4 model 352

CMB (see core-mantle boundary)

CME (see coronal mass ejection)

CMHD (see Coriolis magnetohydrodynamics)

CMTZ (see core-mantle transition zone)

CNPS (see Cretaceous normal polarity

superchron)

CNS (see Cretaceous normal superchron)

Coast and Geodetic Survey 43, 723

coast effect 64, 807

coating 791

cobalt 873

Cobb Mountain

–, event 836

–, subchron 838

Cocos Seamounts 891

CODATA 712

coefficient

–, coupling 387

–, covarying 503

–, diffusion 96

coefficient Contd.

–, Gauss 9, 10, 84, 311, 346, 681

–, self-diffusion 106

–, thermal expansion 93

–, volume expansion 92

coercive force 157

–, intrinsic 582

coercivity 268, 589, 783, 785

–, high 786

–, low 537

–, microscopic 612

–, parameter 668, 879

–, remanent 591

–, spectrum 591

–, uniaxial 572

coil 541, 874

–, alternating field demagnetization 884

–, compensation 977

–, gradient 977

–, Helmholtz 714, 921

–, Helmholtz-Gaugain 438

–, high-resolution pickup 884

Colaba Observatory 732

colatitude 283

collapse, orogenic 802

College of Newcastle on Tyne 887

College, Alaska 424

Collegio Romano 460

Collinson, D.W. 887

collision, continental 802

Coloumb gauge condition 217

Columbia College 886

Columbia Plateau 993

columbite 148

Columbus, Christopher 674, 987

column

–, fluid 432

–, geostrophic 124

columnar rolls 81

Commission for Terrestrial Magnetism and

Atmospheric Electricity 407

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) 408

communication cable 316

compaction 588

–, process 553

compass 66

–, amplitude 67

–, azimuth 67

–, card 435

–, design 66

–, deviation 67

–, dry 435

–, dry-pivoted 356

–, fish 66

–, fossil 817

–, liquid 67

–, marine 707

–, mariner's 434

–, observation 66

–, oscillating needle 435

–, saturable-core 438

–, ship 40

–, solar 765

–, steering 66

–, Sun 993

–

, surveying 66

–, wet 435

compensation

–, Airy 447

–, coil 977

component

–, cryogenic 883

–, horizontal 49

–, in-phase 62

–, microelectronic 921

–, nondipole 342

–, nonzonal 774

–, out-of-phase 62

–, primary 586

–, terrigenous 566

–, viscous 760

composition

–, chemical 796

–, inner core 420

–, isotopic 796

comprehensive model 141

compressibility, isentropic 402

compression

–, adiabatic 212

–, effect 705

computational mineral physics 94

computing, parallel 103

concentration 248

concept, mean-field 192

condensation temperature 78, 89

condition

–, Dirichlet 466

–, field-blocking 575

–, Neumann 466

–, no-slip 76, 112, 646

–, number 216

–, Stewartson 650

conductance 72, 131

conduction

–, electrical 685

–, extrinsic 69

–, heat 75

–, intrinsic 69

–, ionic 685

–, proton 686

–, thermal 116

–, core 120

conductive anisotropy 219

conductivity 71, 901

–, anisotropic bulk 20

–, anomaly 20, 131, 309

–, bulk 244

–, distribution, global 309

–, electrical 62, 69, 72, 92, 93, 98, 109, 149,

192, 200, 204, 215, 223, 540, 641, 672,

812, 985

–, core 116

–, effect of impurities 117

–, inverse problem 671

–, mantle 288, 684

–, subseabed 224

–, Hall 453

–, high 541

–, ionospheric 317, 700, 814, 815

–, iron 116

–, land-ocean contrast 62

–, lateral variation 309

–, lattice 120, 688

–, mantle 867

1018 INDEX

conductivity Contd.

–, mean-field 194

–, melt 244

–, mineral 70

–, model 215

–, ocean 740

–, Pedersen 453

–, seafloor 72, 73, 234

–, solid rock 244

–, structure

–, oceanic 72

–, upper mantle 866

–, thermal 92, 93, 98, 107, 108, 110, 158,

605, 688

–, lateral variations 133

conductor

–, imperfect 644

–, perfect 186, 643

confidence region 938

configuration

–, multidomain 574

–, stable single 574

–, superparamagnetic 574

conglomerate test 608, 778, 797

conservation

–, mass 646

–, momentum 646

consistency test 608, 765

constant

–, barometric altitude 975

–, Boltzmann 69, 100, 105, 109, 367

–, crystalline 619

–, Debye 107

–, magnetoelastic 619

–, solar 508

–, Stefan-Boltzmann 688

–, terrain clearance 975

–, Weiss 932

constituent, ferrimagnetic 567

constrained inversion 221

continent 956

continental

–, boundary, Precambrian 142

–, drift 139, 607, 887, 980

–, shelf 63

–, slope 63

continuation, downward 131

continuum, deformation 804

contour, geostrophic 124, 135

contribution

–, diamagnetic 528

–, octupolar, long-term 961

–, paramagnetic 528

controlled source

–, audiomagnetotellurics (CSAMT) 224,

230, 671

–, electromagnetic (CSEM)

–, mapping 231

–, system 232

–, frequency-domain electromagnetics

230

convection 966

–

, chaotic 291

–, chemical 73

–, chimney 74

–, compositional 73, 81, 89

–, core 80

convection Contd.

–, cyclonic 179, 859

–, free 18

–, in a plane layer 202

–, inner core 121

–, nonmagnetic rotating 74

–, quasigeostrophic 124

–, rapidly rotating 291

–, Rayleigh-Bénard 117

–, roll 76, 315

–, rotating experiment 275

–, solar zone 137

–, subsolidus 16

–, thermal 11

–, vacillating 76

–, zone 399

–, solar 506

Cook, James 988

Coolidge chondrite 798

cooling

–, rate 327

–, secular 128, 301

coordinates

–, geocentric 450, 683

–, geodetic 683

–, quasidipole 952

–, stretched 111

Copernican 361

Copernicus, Nicholas 397

Copley medal 61

core 884

–, accretion 89

–, adiabatic 82

–, gradient 106

–, boundary

–, crystallization 979

–, layer 111

–, outer 84

–, central 179

–, composition 77

–, conductivity 93

–, convection 80

–, dynamics 81

–, cooling 146

–, correlation 253

–, density 82

–, deficit 78, 371

–, differentiation 89

–, dynamics 290, 842

–, electrical conductivity 116

–, entropy balance 289

–, evolution 89

–, formation 79

–, heat loss 128

–, impurity, resistivity 117

–, inner

–, age 91

–, boundary 14

–, evolution 91

–, light elements 78, 421

–, magnetic

–, diffusion time 298

–, instabilities 117

–, melting temperature of iron 689, 692

–, motions 84

–, Ni 371

–, origin 89

core Contd.

–, planetary 274

–, potassium 79

–, properties 94

–, physical 91

–, radioactivity 288, 289

–, radius 124

–, semicircular half 884

–, sequestration 79

–, stably stratified 86

–, surface constraint 122

–, temperature 98

–, thermal conduction 120

–, turbulence 101

–, undertone 364

–, viscosity 104

core-mantle

–, boundary (CMB) 14, 84, 337,

898, 929

–, heat flux 752, 855

–, coupling 135, 348

–, exchange 79

–, reactions 150

–, transition zone (CMTZ) 970, 971

core-rigidity zone (CRZ) 970, 971

coring equipment 766

Coriolis

–, force 5, 6, 74, 81, 105, 180, 194, 291, 430,

630, 746, 852, 940

–, magnetohydrodynamics (CMHD)

–, ideal fluid for 650

–, rise time 298

corner frequency 771

coronal

–, hole 927

–, mass ejection (CME) 317, 505

corotating interaction region 663

corpuscularism, geomagnetic 357

correlation

–, approximation, second-order 194

–, inter-core 256

–, length 127

cosmic radiation 702

cosmochemistry 77

cosmogenic isotope 161

cosmology, Aristotelian 356

COSMOS satellite 59

COSMOS 49 satellite 39

COSPAR (see Committee on Space

Research)

cost function 682

Couette flow 177

Coulomb

–, gauge 642

–, interaction energy 870

Coulomb, Charles 435

country rock 602

coupling

–, core-mantle 130

–, thermal 132

–, topographic 135

–, dissipative 132

–, electromagnetic 149, 651

–, gravitational 132

–, topographic 651

–, viscous 113, 651

covariance matrix 845, 848, 870

INDEX 1019

Cowling

–, conductivity 815

–, number 299

–, theorem 21

Cowling, Thomas George 137

Cox, Allan V. 139, 992

CPMN (see Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer

Network)

craton, Archean 141

creep

–, dislocation 105

–, Harper-Dorn 105

–, Nabarro-Herring 105

Creer, K.M. 887

C-response 277, 697

Cretaceous 134

–, normal polarity superchron (CNPS) 161,

294, 328, 329, 337, 339, 664, 749,

751, 928

–, Quiet Zone 328, 664

Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary 666

criteria

–, buoyancy 963

–, geochemical 963

–, geophysical 963

–, tomography 963

criterion, Schwarzschild 137

CRM (see chemical remanent magnetization)

crosstail current 927

crust

–, anorthositic 446

–, continental 128, 801

–, lunar 443

–, magnetization 791

–, magnetic 142

–, magnetization 350

–, oceanic 150, 208, 596, 779

–, magnetization 596

–, spreading 779

crustal field model 60

cryocooler 884, 886

–, pulse tube 886

cryogenic magnetometer 341, 992

cryogenics 886

cryptochron 664, 928

cryptocontinent 129

crystal

–, defect-free 494

–, lattice 554

–, preferred

–, alignment 148

–, orientation 549

–, twinning 455

crystallinity, degree of 515

crystallization

–, at inner core boundary 979

–, remanence 580

crystallography 535

CRZ (see core-rigidity zone)

CSAMT (see controlled-source

audiomagnetotellurics)

CSB (see China Seismological Bureau)

CSEM (see controlled source electromagnetic)

C-sequence 664

Cunningham Medal 474

Cunningham, James 989

Curie

–, isotherm 889

–, law 480, 931

–, point 1, 116, 157, 581, 583, 626, 705

–, isotherm 596

–, temperature 23, 140, 157, 454, 481, 485,

514, 597, 609, 753, 871, 874, 889, 932, 980

Curie, Pierre 214

Curie-Weiss law 932

current

–, Birkeland 34

–, channeling 224, 277

–, Chapman-Ferraro 658

–, crosstail 927

–, displacement 21, 287, 640, 841

–, eddy 224, 225, 231, 308, 956

–, electric 192, 339

–, field-aligned 659, 700

–, Hall 453

–, induced 61, 171

–, Pedersen 453, 660

–, primordial 705

–, ring 863

–, discovery 865

–, system, ionospheric 812

–, thermoelectric 206

–, wedge 662

–, western boundary 853

curve

–, first-orde 879

–, magnetization 931

–, master 943

–, null-flux 85

–, thermomagnetic 537

cusp mantle 657

cycle

–, Dungey 33

–, heteroclinic 861

–, magnetic 179

–, solar 507

–, Milankovitch 332

–, seasonal 69

–, solar 160, 319, 405, 452, 700

–, substorm 34

–, sunspot 178, 347, 353, 505, 663

–, supercontinental 966

cycling

–, performance measure 61

–, thermal 789

cyclonic convection 859

cyclostratigraphy 665, 785

cylinder

–, geostrophic 6, 647

–, tangent 115, 430, 647, 946

d'Entrecasteaux, Antoine 989

d'Urville, Dumont 989

D region 452

–, anisotropy 146

–, composition 149

–, layer 145, 929, 963

–, seismic properties 151

–, ultralow velocity zone 154

D'Entrecasteaux expedition 358, 435, 807

inversion 220

DAC (see diamond anvil cell)

daily variation 63, 308, 449, 450, 698, 858

–, disturbance 810

–, modulation 700

Dalat Observatory 734

damping 123

–, magnetic 80

–, time, magnetic 645

–, viscous 76

Danian-Selandian (Paleocene) stage boundary

567

Danzig 346

Darwin Observatory 717

Das ist der Rom Weg 674

data

–, global paleomagnetic 820

–, mineral-magnetic 525

–, multivariate magnetic 253

–, paleomagnetic 845

–, Thellier-Thellier 577

database

–, Chinese paleomagnetic 824

–, global paleomagnetic 928

–, MBD97 831

dating 944

–, –40-argon–39 age 832, 834, 835, 962

–, archeomagnetic 23, 29, 30

–, magnetic 31

–, paleomagnetic 23

–, radioisotopic 665, 834

–, relative 571

datum level 665

David 990

day length 320

–, variation 348, 419, 469

Day plot 266, 881

DC resistivity 71

–, response 233

de Acosta, José 460

De Bilt Observatory 725

de Borda, Jean-Charles 403

de Bougainville, Louis 989

de Broglie wavelength 215

de Castro, João 435, 988

de Houtman, Cornelis 988

de la Perouse, Jean-Franqois 989

De Magnete 357, 360, 404, 679, 776

de Moidrey, Joseph 461

De Mundo 361

de Nautonnier, Guillaume 674

De Rossel, E.P.E. 435

Dead Sea transform fault 243, 413

Debye

–, constant 107

–, length 640

–, solid 368

–, temperature 367

decadal variations 131

Decade of Geopotential Research 408

decay

–, mode 163

–, radioactive 205

–, time 128, 138

–, viscous 649

–, viscous 621, 944

1020 INDEX

Deccan traps 963

declination 66

–, and inclination magnetometer (DIM) 717,

726

–, magnetic 776

declinometer 434

decollement 802

decomposition

–, Cholesky 216

–, Helmholtz 217

–, Lancsoz 216, 218

–, toroidal-poloidal 85

decompression 601

deconvolution

–, Euler 263

–, Werner 263

dedolomitization 586

Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) 597

deep sounding

–, geomagnetic 307

–, geophysical 242

Deep Space 1 795

deep-sea sediment 253, 781, 993

Definitive Geomagnetic Reference Field (DGRF)

411

deformation

–, angular 802

–, ductile 554, 555

–, extensional 802

–, plastic 803

–, postintrusive 554

–, tidal 365

deforming zone 804

degaussing 54

degeneracy, geostrophic 650

degree variance 351

degrees of freedom 47

dehydration reaction 246

Deimos 439

Delambre 384

Delaunay triangulation 26

Della Porta, Giambattista 156

demagnetization 156, 599, 600, 603, 759, 872, 943

–, alternating field (AF) 498, 573, 665, 873,

884, 910, 943

–, chemical 157

–, curve 516

–, low temperature (LTD) 912

–, microwave 694

–, shock 795

–, thermal 512, 552, 604, 615, 839,

872, 943

–, continuous 627

–, remagnetization 986

demagnetizing

–, energy 874

–, field 620

–, internal 615

density 932

–, deficit 78

–, discontinuity 99

–, electron 60

–, free charge 640

–, function 46, 272

–, gradient 82

–, jump 82

density Contd.

–, inner core boundary 99

–, scale-height 13

–, stratification 649

denucleation 500, 613

Denza, Francesco 733

Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) 58

–, Universal Magnetometer 437

deposit

–, high deposition-rate drift 831

–, mineral 223

depositional remanent magnetization 758, 777

depth phase 903

derivative

–, adiabatic 92

–, Lagrangian 8

Descartes, René 357, 375

detachment zone 802

detector, SQUID 921

detrital remanent magnetization (DRM) 285,

535, 588, 781

–, postdepositional 871

Detroit Seamount 962

deviation 66

–, angular standard (ASD) 894

–, compass 67

–, maximum angular (MAD) 846, 849

–, maximum intensity (MID) 846

device, superconducting quantum interference

885

dewar, superinsulated 886

D-function 385

DGRF (see Definitive Geomagnetic

Reference Field)

diagenesis 554, 783, 806

–, oxidative 531

diamagnetic 870, 931

diamagnetism 157, 525, 579

diamond

–, anvil cell (DAC) 94, 99, 421, 503, 689,

690, 692

–, anvil melting curve 918

DIDD (delta I-delta D) 715

dielectric permittivity 215, 954

difference, finite 303

differential rotation 166, 859

differentiation, planetary 77

diffraction, electron 215

diffusion 84

–, after-effect 621

–, coefficient 96, 105

–, effective 181

–, magnetic 161

–, time 297, 298

–, Ohmic 5, 120, 186

–, slow 621

–, Soret 691

–, thermal 14

–, time 298

–, timescale 644

–, turbulent 181

–, viscous, time 298

diffusionless limit 85

diffusivity 74, 605

–, chemical 101

–, magnetic 8, 84, 92, 94, 117, 287, 641

diffusivity Contd.

–, tensor 139

–, molecular 17, 80

–, thermal 12, 74, 80, 92, 121, 688

–, turbulent 18, 305, 645

–, viscous 305

DI-flux 710, 711

dike 596

–, complexes 597

–

, contact 603, 604

–, intrusion 604

–, width 604

DIM (see declination and inclination

magnetometer)

dimension, fractal 158

diogenite 797, 798

dip 602

–, circle 711

–, magnetic 776

–, equator 700, 815

dipole

–, array method 486

–, central axial 898

–, direction, Fisherian distribution 893

–, equatorial 994

–, family 307

–, field 310, 897

–, centered ancient 961

–, geomagnetic 310

–, geocentric axial (GAD) 681, 776, 817, 959

–, hypothesis 281

–, inclined 311

–, moment 311

–, paleomagnetic 159

–, variation 159

–, virtual 159, 159, 160

–, off-centered 900

–, radial 901

–, off-centered 901

–, tilted, offset 204

–, window, Pacific 133, 314, 417

–, wobble 773

dip-pole

–, North Magnetic 989

–, south 989

direction 48

–, intermediate 327, 342

–, minimum strain 556

–, paleomagnetic dispersion 272

–, principal 547

–, true 960

Dirichlet condition 217, 466

discontinuity

–, 410-km 687

–, 660-km 687

–, Mohorovičić 158, 208

Discovery

–, Bay Observatory 723

–, RV 723

discrete deformation 804

disease, neurodegenerative 51

disk

–, dynamo 167, 202

–, Faraday 167

dislocation creep 105

disorder, neurological 51

INDEX 1021

dispersion

–, angular 773

–, relation 76, 292

–, relationship 176

displacement

–, current 21, 287, 640, 841

–, thickness 112

dissipation

–, Ohmic 22, 128, 289, 641

–, viscous 22, 128, 290

dissolution, diagenetic 786

distortion

–, ellipsoidal 443

–, galvanic 277

–, magnetic 277

distribution

–, Bingham 45

–, Fisher 273

–, Gaussian 45

–, log-normal 161

–, magnetization 888

disturbance

–, daily variation 816

–, field 720

–, storm-time index 404

diurnal period 101

divergence, static 217

–, correction 217

Division of Terrestrial Magnetism 723

Dixon Observatory 738

djerfisherite 79

Dodson, James 358

Doell, Richard 992

Dolland, George 435

domain

–, lamellar 499

–, magnetic 490, 548

–, metastable 537

–, multi- 526

–, nucleation 613

–, pseudosingle 526

–, single 157, 526

–, spatial 769

–, structure 493, 591

–, superparamagnetic 526

–, transition 498

–, wall 490, 621, 873, 876

–, migration 601

–, pinned 613

Dombås Observatory 737

DomeC Observatory 724

Doornbos Memorial Prize 903

Doppler

–, velocimetry, ultrasonic 275

–, velocity measurement 398

double

–, disk dynamo 168

–, hexagonal close-packed structure (dhcp) 94

Doubting Thomas 138

Dourbes Observatory 725

downward continuation 122, 131

DP variations 700

drape 2

drift

–, continental 139, 957

–, mirror instability 334

–, westward 133, 347, 773

drilling 784

driver plate 913

driving force 966

DRM (see detrital remanent magnetization

)

DSDP (see Deep Sea Drilling Project)

DSIR (see New Zealand Department of Scientific

and Industrial Research)

Dst geomagnetic index 414, 739, 926, 951

DTM (see Department of Terrestrial

Magnetism)

Dublin Observatory 720

duct flow 114

Duke Albert of Prussia 397

Duke of Sussex 403

Dulong-Petit value 93

Dumont D'Urville Observatory 710, 723

Dungey

–, cycle 33, 659

–, equations 333

Dunn, Samuel 358

Dutch Meteorological Institute (KNMI) 725

dyke 799

–, contact zone 603

–, intersection 802

dynamical systems theory 186

dynamics 772

–, molecular 105

–, rotational, inner core 425

Dynamics Explorer 33

dynamo

–, action 313

–, active 788

–, alpha

162

–, alpha-omega 165, 179, 181

–, Backus 163

–, Braginsky 164

–, Bullard-Gellman 166

–, condition 643

–, disk 167, 202

–, coupled 861

–, homopolar 861

–, double 168

–, Faraday 186

–, equation 214, 641

–, experimental 183

–, fast 186, 290

–, fluid, homogeneous 166

–, Gailitis 169

–, Herzenberg 170

–, homogeneous 164, 195

–, hydromagnetic 766

–, intermediate model 290

–, Karlsruhe 184, 195, 294

–, kinematic 188, 643

–, Lowes-Wilkinson 173

–, lunar 791, 794

–, martian 795

–, mean-field 192

–, MHD 175, 643

–, model-Z 174, 293

–, omega  j 197

–, periodic 200

–, spatially 200

–, planetary 203

–, Ponomarenko 175

–, precession-driven 288

–, quadrupolar 207

dynamo Contd.

–, Riga 184

–, Rikitake 173

–, satellite 203

–, screw 177

–, self-excited 643, 929

–, slow 186

–, solar 165, 178

–, spatially periodic, second order 170

–, strong-field 262

–, subcritical 652

–, theory 928

–, ionospheric 812

–, wave 161

–, model 775

–, weak field 202

E region 452

E&EM (see electrical and electromagnetic)

Earl of Cumberland 988

Early Cretaceous 929

Early Hesperian 503

Early Jurassic, GPTS 331

Early Permian 826

Earth 203, 204, 207, 439, 930

–, -air current 450

–, bulk

–, composition 213

–, silicate 956

–, core, establishment 742

–, crust 601

–, equator 956

–, figure of 208

–, habitability 863

–, hollow 357

–, inductor 435, 438

–, inner core 312

–, superrotation 304

–, ionosphere waveguide 308

–, magnetic field 37, 603, 656, 778, 897

–, strength 910

–, model

–, 1066A 422

–, PREM 422

–, viscoelastic 965

–, orbit 353

–, orbital

–, geometry 258

–, parameters 332

–, precession rate 442

–, response 308

–, rotation 54, 471

–, axis 959

–, pole 958

–, rotational energy 288

–, snowball hypothesis 780

–, solid 956

–, soul 361

–, structure 208

–, thermal evolution 127, 300

–, viscosity structure 966

earthquake

–, Chile 423

–, Kupatal 208

–, Loma Prieta 909

–, North Palm Springs 908

1022 INDEX