Gubbins D., Herrero-Bervera E. Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism

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Earthquake Research Institute, University of

Tokyo 862

East Antarctica 967

East India Company 357, 732, 988

East Pacific Rise 981

Eastindiamen 67

Ebre (Ebro) Observatory 461, 739, 740

eccentric dipole model 679

eccentricity 548

eclipse 471

–, lunar 471

–, solar 471

–, timing of 469

Eddington, Arthur 61, 137, 468

eddy

–, current 224, 225, 231, 308, 956

–, diffusion 102

–, diffusivity 101

–, simulation 102

–, turbulent 183

–, viscosity 94, 102, 305

EDOS (see electronic density of states)

effect

–, ageostrophic 853

–, compression 705

–, diamagnetic 60

–, electrokinetic 985

–, far-sided 283, 703, 772

–, gyromagnetic 705

–, Hall 705

–, magneto-optical Kerr (MOKE) 495

–, Nernst-Ettinghausen 705

–, off-diagonal, condensed matter physics 705

–, pinning 609

–, rolling-over 565

–, seismo-electromagnetic (SEM) 908

–, seismomagnetic 602

–, tectonomagnetic 696

–, temperature-induced 560

–, thermoelectric 214, 288, 705

effective viscosity 104

efficiency 617

–, equation 301

–, factor 290, 301

–, thermoremanent 617

eGY (see Electronic Geophysical Year)

eigen analysis 608

eigenvalue 190, 535

–, problem 845

eigenvector 535, 846

–, column 845

–, orthogonal 845

Einstein function 367

ejecta 789

Ekaterinburg Observatory 737

Ekman

–, layer 76, 112, 113, 648, 843, 941

–, equatorial 115

–, number 75, 81, 111, 124, 175, 291, 297,

299, 365, 430, 647, 940

–, pumping 76, 113, 124, 648

–, spiral 113

–, state 174

–, suction 113

Ekman-Hartmann layer 112, 114, 653, 853

–, stability 115

elasticity 91

E-layer 697

Electric and Magnetic Studies on Earthquakes

and Volcanoes (EMSEV) 408

electrical

–, and electromagnetic (E&EM) method 228

–, anisotropy 671

–, characteristics 361

–, circuit, global 448

–, conductivity 62, 69, 72, 92, 98, 109, 149,

192, 200, 204, 215, 223, 540, 641, 672,

685, 812, 985

–, core 116

–, effect of impurities 117

–, inverse problem 671

–, mantle 684

–, subseabed 224

–, current

–, density 192

–, gyre 63

–, field, sensor 242

–, potential, W form 985

–, power transmission grid 316

–, resistance tomography (ERT) 229

–, resistivity 62, 92, 242, 985

electrode

–, grounded 224

–, metal salt 227

–, noise 227

electrodynamics 640

–, mean-field 192

electrogeotherm 70

–, olivine 70

electrojet 34, 927

–, equatorial 543, 697, 734, 815

–, index 34

–, auroral 509

–, polar 700

electromagnet 977

electromagnetic (EM)

–, coupling 149, 651

–, exploration 844

–, field, polarization 277

–, frequency-domain 223, 230

–, induction 863, 866

–, technique 223, 954

–, industrial use 223

–, lake-bottom measurement 227

–, land uses 228

–, marine controlled source 231

–, modeling 215, 219

–, plane wave 230

–, refraction 233

–, regional study 242

–, spectrum 308

–, stress tensor 641

–, tectonic interpretation 245

–, time domain 223, 225, 231

–, transient 954

electromagnetism, nonrelativistic 640

electron

–, acceptor 249

–, charge 109

–, density 60, 452

–, diffraction 215

–, exchange 599

–, holography 500

–, hopping 685

electron Contd.

–, ion recombination 452

–, mobility 453

–, overlap 870

–, reflectance experiment 791

–, reflectometer 502

–, specific heat 93

–, spin 870

–, temperature 60

–, total content (TEC) 452

electronic

–, contribution to specific heat 370

–, density of states (EDOS) 370

–, semiconduction 69

–, transition 79

Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) 408

electrostatic

–, force 841

–, function 813

element

–, abundance 77

–, finite 103

–, lithophile 77

–, radioactive 79, 128

–, rare earth 78

–, refractory 77

–, siderophile 90, 421

–, volatile 77, 149

ELF (see extremely low-frequency)

Elizabethville Observatory 725

ellipsoid

–, finite strain 476

–, oblate 562

ellipticity 842

Elsasser 887

–, integral 86

–, number 114, 118, 206, 263, 291, 297

Elsasser, Walter M. 214

Eltanin Leg–19 981

EM (see electromagnetic)

Emeishan basalts 819

emission, optical 693

Emperor chain 962

Emperor Seamounts 891, 963

Emperor/Line pair 962

EMSEV (see Electric and Magnetic Studies on

Earthquakes and Volcanoes)

EMSLAB 245

Encyclopedia Britannica 931

energy 772

–, absolute minimum 492

–, activation 685

–, anisotropy 492

–, Coulomb interaction 870

–, density, magnetic 351

–, equation 300

–, exchange 491, 870

–, free 408, 421, 692, 693

–, geothermal 158

–, Gibbs free 95, 99

–, gravitational 14, 128, 300, 362

–, released 289

–, Helmholtz free 99

–, internal 11

–, magnetic 339

–, magnetocrystalline anisotropy 872

–, magnetostatic 491, 493

INDEX 1023

energy Contd.

–, low 496

–, minimum, local (LEM) 494, 873

–, pinning 625

–, rotational, Earth 288

–, source 645

–, surface 491

–, thermal 870

English Heritage 26

enhancement, thermal 561

enthalpy, activation 106

entropy 11

–, balance, core 289

–, equation 12, 301

–, flux, turbulent 17

–, maximum method 353

–, of melting 100

–, specific 840

environment

–, alteration 597

–, cryogenic 886

–, suboxic 585

environmental magnetic signal 259

EOS (see equation of state)

Eötvös Loránd Geophysical Institute 715

ephemeral active region 506

Epicurus 156

episode, super fast 960

Epistle on the Magnet 356

Epistola Petri Peregrini de Maricourt 361, 808

E-polarization mode 221

epsilon iron 368

equation

–, Adams-Williamson 82, 84

–, azimuthally averaged 164

–, Boltzmann 137

–, constitutive 872

–, Dungey 333

–, dynamo 214, 641

–, efficiency 301

–, energy 300

–, entropy 301

–, Euler 263

–, Gibbs-Duhem 409

–, induction 118, 176, 178, 186, 188, 190,

214, 290, 307, 634, 940

–, integral, method 218

–, Laplace 84, 204, 377, 443, 449,

680, 888

–, uniqueness of solutions 466

–, magnetic Archimedean Coriolis (MAC)

wave 634

–, Maxwell 21, 84, 192, 215, 229,

335, 954

–, mean-field 193

–, Mie-Grüneisen of state 96

–, momentum 634

–, Navier-Stokes 118, 191, 290, 335, 430

–, of state (EOS) 77, 91, 912

–, K-primed 107, 108

–, Poisson 229, 643

–, pre-Maxwell 287, 640

–, Rankine–Hugoniot 912

–, Schrödinger 94

–, Stokes-Einstein 105

–, temperature 634

–, thermal wind 852, 945

equation Contd.

–, vector diffusion 223

–, vorticity 75

equator, magnetic 10, 39, 60, 511

equatorial

–, dipole 994

–, electrojet 543, 697, 734

equilibrium

–, chemical 109

–, hydrostatic 107, 443, 957

equinox, September 452

equipartition field 181

equipotential surface 132, 136

equivalent

–, source method 158, 857

–, layer 857

erasure

–, diagenetic 253

–, postdepositional 253

Erebus, HMS 717

ergodicity 130

Eros 795

error

–, Gaussian 32

–, inclination 285

–, pitch and yaw 673

ERT (see electrical resistance tomography)

Ertel theorem 840

Esashi Observatory 734

escape, tectonic 802

Eschenhagen magnetograph 735

Eschenhagen, J.F.A.M. 436

Eskdalemuir Observatory 720

establishment, Beno 743

estimation

–, maximum-likelihood 46

–, scheme, data adaptive 866

–, spectral 353

Ettaiyapuram Observatory 732

eucrite 797, 798

EULDPH 263

Euler 679

–, angles 384, 393

–, deconvolution 40, 263

–, equation 263

–, pole 959, 962

–, Rodrigues parameters 390

Euler, Leonhard 358

Eurasia 823, 825

Eurasian

–, landmass 826

–, plate 803

Europa 203, 204, 207, 444

–, internal ocean 445

European plate 960

European Space Agency 59

eustacy, plate-driven 567

eutectic

–, solidus 154

–, temperature 99

event

–, Big Lost 834, 837

–, Bjorn 838

–, Blake 770

–, Cobb Mountain 836

–, deformation 607

–, Flores Sea 434

event Contd.

–, Gardar 838

–, Gilsa 838

–, Heinrich 531

–, Huckleberry Ridge 837, 838

–, hypothetical 310

–, impact 792

–, Kamikatsura 837

–, Laschamp 758, 761, 834

–, Mono Lake 761

–, precursory 344

–, Punaruu 837, 838

–, reheating 37

–, resurfacing 207

–, Santa Rosa 838

–, solar flare 404

evolution, thermal 127, 300

excess mass 956

exchange 871

–, energy 491, 870, 874

–, interaction 525, 872

–, quantum mechanical 875

excitation, thermal 933

excursion 311, 344, 928

–, Albuquerque Volcanoes/Pringle Falls 838

–, Big Lost 838

–, geomagnetic 311, 761, 835

–, Jamaica 838

–, Laschamp 311, 837, 838

–, magnetic field 770

–, Mono Lake 770

expansion

–, coefficient

–, compositional 73

–, thermal 73

–, phase 927

–, polynomial, Chebyshev 303

–, spectral 166

–, spherical harmonic 86, 303

–, thermal 74

–, coefficient 93

expansivity, thermal 95, 372

expedition

–, Antarctic 696

–, D'Entrecasteaux 435

experiment

–, electron reflectance 791

–, flying plate 789

experimental

–, dynamo 183

–, law 612

exploration 224

–, Arctic 359

–, electromagnetic 844

–, mineral 1, 477

–

, oil 1

–, petroleum 477

–, polar 696

–, resources 477

explosion, Cambrian 966

expression, Cartesian 849

extremely low-frequency (ELF) 700

Eyrewell Observatory 735

f mode 399

F region 452

1024 INDEX

fabric

–, acquisition 565

–, composite 561

–, cryptic 563

–, inverse 514, 563

–, magnetic 579, 798, 920

–, mimetic 554

–, syndeformational 476

–, multicomponent 561

–, sedimentary 475

–, structure 565

face-centered cubic (fcc) iron 94

factor

–, anisotropy 20

–, efficiency 301

–, Lamb-Mössbauer 691

family

–, dipole 307, 896

–, quadrupole 307, 896

Faraday

–, disk 167

–, dynamo 186

–, law 186, 203, 287, 347, 640, 865, 955

Faraday, Michael 358, 920

fast

–, dynamo 186

–, wave 651

fault

–, Arava 243, 413

–, fossil 244

–, North Anatolian 247

–, San Andreas 244

–, seal 244

–, transform 779

–, West, Chile 413

–, zone conductor (FZC) 247

fayalite 522

FCN (see free core nutation)

Felix, Boothia 989

FEM (see frequency-domain electromagnetic)

Fennoscandian shield 479

Fényi, Gyula 461

feroxyhite 526

Ferraro law of co-rotation 946

Ferraro, V.C.A. 61

Ferrers

–, normalization 381

–, normalized functions 380

ferric 522

ferrihydrite 513, 520, 526

ferrimagnet 249

ferrimagnetic 50, 513, 870, 931, 932

–, geological formation 480

–, rock 480

–, spin 874

ferrimagnetism 525

ferritin 51

ferrogabbro 597

ferromagnetic 116, 932

–, spin 874

ferromagnetism 525

–, parasitic 518

ferromanganese

–, oxide 783

–, oxyhydroxide 783

ferrosilite 522

ferrous 522

fiber

–, magnetic 357

–, suspension instrument 435

fibril 179

–, magnetic 182

FICN (see free inner core nutation)

field

–, AC 932

–, alternating (AF) 582, 596, 759

–, demagnetization 759

–, ambient geomagnetic 596

–, ancient 911

–, anomalous 140

–, coercive 874, 877, 881

–, controlled source 223

–, demagnetizing 613

–, dipole 171, 310

–, centered ancient 961

–, inclined 341

–, disturbance 720

–, downward continued 84

–, electric

–, rotating 705

–, recorder 72

–, electromagnetic, polarization 277

–, equipartition 181

–, external 448, 874, 877

–, energy 874

–, inducing 874

–, weak 498

–, geomagnetic 48

–, ancient 612

–, asymmetry 313, 337

–, hemispheric asymmetry 947

–, intensity 140

–, long-term behavior 929

–, mean 960

–, morphology 133

–, orbital energization 259

–, reversals 54, 139

–, spatial spectrum 771

–, time-averaged 817

–, time-dependent model 948

–, transition 140

–, gradient 49, 977

–, growth, runaway 652

–, homogeneous 264

–, inducing, aperiodic 844

–, intensity 797, 944

–, ancient 753

–, internal 448, 876

–, interplanetary 33, 829

–, line

–, closed 33

–, magnetic 7, 8

–, open 33

–, lithospheric 485

–, Lorenz 72

–, magnetic 776, 778, 931

–, alternation 31, 328

–, ambient 617

–, anomaly 543

–, applied 560, 931

–, crustal 140

–, Earth 37

–, excursion 770

–, external 871, 872

field Contd.

–, galactic 7

–, helicity 506

–, induction 872

–, instrument-generated 541

–, interplanetary 658

–, Mars 481

–, poloidal 22

–, potential 841

–, primary 225

–, primordial dipole 179

–, Saturn 198

–, secondary 225

–, self-consistent model 123

–, sensing 49

–, source 541

–, spherical harmonic model 502

–, stellar 508

–, Sun 179, 335, 505

–, toroidal 23, 173, 302

–, very-low-inducing 566

–, magnetizing 547

–, intensity 546

–, main

–, ellipticity correction 683

–, modeling 679

–, mean, definition 192

–, minimum detectable 920

–, nonaxial-dipole (NAD) 832

–, nondipole 311, 341, 344, 701, 901

–, standing 773

–, standing components 774

–, normal-polarity 626

–, octupolar 171

–

, paleomagnetic 778

–, collection 765

–, time-averaged 281, 947

–, poloidal 174, 180, 302

–, potential 448

–, quadrupolar 171, 311

–, reference 396

–, regime, strong 652

–, region, open 659

–, reverse-polarity 626

–, SAD- 832

–, secondary 69

–, induced 224

–, self-demagnetizing 623, 876, 879

–, separation 448

–, solar magnetic 179, 335, 505

–, source, varying 541

–, station 739

–, steady 540

–, stepwise alternating 839

–, strength

–, peak alternating 533

–, geomagnetic 31

–, terrestrial surface 794

–, thermal 596

–, time-averaged 133, 285, 778

–, toroidal 174, 901

–, transitional 321, 326

–, weak, state 652

fifth element 361

filtering 857

filtration, band pass 920

fine-scale layering 148

INDEX 1025

finite-difference

–, method 216

–, scheme 190

finite-element method 217

Finnish Meteorological Institute 736

first principles calculation 370

first-order reversal curve (FORC) 253,

266, 533

–, diagram 267, 620

–, distribution 881

–, Preisach 267

fish 782

Fisher

–, direction 893

–, distribution 273, 552, 900

–, pole 893

–, precision parameter 894

–, statistics 272, 552, 608

Flamsteed, John 720

flare, solar 404, 505

flattening 802

–, degree 539

–, inclination 539

–, preferential 539

F-layer 145

Fleming, John Adam 273, 723

–, Medal 274, 888

Flinders bar 68

floating total-field magnetometer 65

flood basalt 150

flooding model 321

Floquet

–, parameter 201

–, theorem 201

Flores Sea event 434

flow (see also flux)

–, azimuthal 746

–, construction 87

–, convergence 86

–, Couette 177

–, divergence 86

–, duct 114

–, geostrophic 75, 76, 124, 174, 293, 746,

852, 941

–, helical 184

–, instability, mean 76

–, spiraling 165

–, tangentially geostrophic 86

–, time-varying 320

–, twin-vortex 659

fluctuation 192

–, thermal 575, 621

fluid

–, Boussinesq 74

–, column 432

–, dynamics 274

–, geophysical 840

–, dynamo 166

–, flow, helical 302

–, hydrothermal 986

–, imperfect 652

–, pressure torque 425

–, real 7, 177

–

, rotating 646

–, rapidly 647

–, saline 244

flux (see also flow)

–, creation 10

–, curve 9

–, frozen 6, 645

–, heat 12

–, magnetic, frozen 841

–, Poynting 641

–, quanta 885

–, static 133

–, bundles 133

–, transformer, superconducting 884

–, tube 644

–, magnetic 7, 8

–, turbulent

–, entropy 17

–, heat 17

fluxgate

–, gradiometer 25, 28

–, magnetometer 72, 438, 483, 672, 710,

713, 714

–, sensor 26, 71, 921

–, spinner 883

–, theodolite 710, 858

fly ash 533

flyer plate 912

flying plate experiment 789

fold

–, test 608, 778

–, tight 802

fold, stretch-twist 187

foliation 538, 561, 799, 937

–, magnetic 548

–, parameter 938

footwall 802

foraminifera 665, 762

FORC (see first-order reversal curve)

force

–, buoyancy 12

–, centrifugal 135, 956

–, coercive 157, 518

–, Coriolis 74, 81, 105, 180, 194, 291, 430,

630, 746, 852

–, driving 966

–, electrostatic 841

–, gravitational 565

–, gyroscopic 852

–, hydrodynamic 565

–, Lorentz 10, 74, 85, 114, 187, 630, 641, 860

–, mean electromotive 194

–, ponderomotoric 198

–, remanent coercive 527

–, telluric 359

–, viscous 630

forcing

–, orbital 259

–, external 259

–, precessional 289

–, tidal 289

formation

–, ferrimagnet 248

–, geological, ferrimagnetic 480

–, planetismal 77

formula

–, Bonnet 379

–, Christoffel 379

–, Lawson 688

formula Contd.

–, Neumann 379

–, Rodrigues 385

formulation, Bayesian 123

Forster, Georg 402

forward modeling 142, 486

fossil

–, assemblage 956

–, compass 817

Fourier

–, analysis 351, 810

–, domain method 486

–, harmonic analysis 921

–, law 12

–, transformation 977

four-pole model 679

Foxe, Luke 988

Fra Mauro Apollo 14 site 791

fractal dimension 158

fracture zone 983

frame, mean-lithosphere 959

framework, Lagrangian 165

Fredericksburg Observatory 509, 723

free

–, core nutation (FCN) 135

–, electron model 109

–, energy, Helmholtz 367

–, inner core nutation (FICN) 426

–, shear layer 114

–, stream 111

freedom, degrees of 47

freezing point, depression 371

F-region 209

French Academy of Sciences 435

French National Magnetic Observatory 721

frequency

–, Brunt-Väisälä 649

–, buoyancy 649

–, Larmor 468

–, reversal 134, 320

frequency-domain electromagnetic (FEM)

method 224, 225

Fresnel zone 126

Frezier 358

friction

–, tidal 128, 471

–, viscous 12

–, wheel 435

Friedrich Wilhelm III, King 403

Frobisher, Martin 674, 988

frozen-flux 645, 841

–, hypothesis 85, 320

–, theorem 6

fugacity, oxygen 71

fulgurite 593

function

–, basis 395

–, cost 682

–, D- 385

–

, density 46, 272

–, Einstein 367

–, electrostatic 813

–, generating 379

–, Green 218, 888

–, Green-Kubo 105

–, impedance 955

1026 INDEX

function Contd.

–, Legendre 395, 642

–, associated 377

–, log-Gaussian model 533

–, Lowes–Mauersberger 898, 900

–, orthogonal 396

–, poloidal scalar 22

–, potential 359

–, probability-density 272

–, response 219

–, Schmidt 680

–, temporal basis 949

–, toroidal scalar 22

–, transfer 670, 866, 953

–, magnetotelluric 953

–, Z-transfer 310

functional penalty 220

furnace, demagnetization 884

Fürstenfeldbruck Observatory 710, 729

fusion, latent heat 693

FZC (see fault zone conductor)

g-mode 399

gabbro 72, 596, 597, 983

–, plutonic 982

GAD (see geocentric axial dipole)

Gailitis dynamo 169

Galilean

–, satellites

–, Jupiter 203

–, Mars 203

–, transformation 640

Galilee, RV 57–59

Galilei, Galileo 357

Galileo 506, 795, 888

–, spacecraft 443

gallium 275

galvanometer, sine 438

Gambey, H.P. 436

gamma 542

–, iron 691

–, face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure 691

–, process 336

gamma-epsilon-liquid triple point 691

gamma-ray spectrometer survey 478

Gansu province 820

Ganymede 203, 204, 207, 439, 445

–, magnetic field 287

Gardar event 838

garlic 156

Garzoni, Leonardo 460

gas

–, giant 77, 203, 204

–, hydrate 234, 457

–, pipeline 316

Gaspra 795

Gassendi, Pierre 357

Gaubil, Antoine 460

gauge, Coulomb 642

Gaunt integral 86

Gauss

–, chron 783

–, coefficient 9, 10, 84, 311, 346, 681, 888,

898, 948

–, epoch 667

Gauss Contd.

–

, spherical harmonics coefficients 680

–, theorem 378, 888

Gauss, Carl Friedrich 279, 435

–, instruments 436

Gauss, RV 723

Gaussian

–, distribution 45, 897, 898, 900

–, error 32

Gay-Lussac, J.L. 403, 435

Gazelle expedition 359

GCM (see ground conductivity meter)

Gellibrand, Henry 280, 346, 357, 435, 707

GEM (see global energy minimum)

generating function 379

genetic algorithm 220

Geobacter metallireducens 782

geobiology 874

geocentric

–, axial dipole (GAD) 681, 776, 959

–, hypothesis 281–283, 817, 961

–, model 820

–, axial quadrupole 284

–, octupole 681

geocentrism 357

Geochemical Earth Reference Model

(GERM) 854

geochemistry 586

geocorona 657

geodynamo 287, 791, 838, 930

–, dimensional analysis 297

–, energy source 300

–, numerical simulation: 302

–, stability 432

–, symmetry 306

GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam 512, 729

geographic axis 311

Geographical Survey Institute of Japan 734

geoid 966

–, coefficient 965

geological

–, mapping 228, 230, 478

–, timescale 253, 281

–, unit 478

Geological Survey of Canada 236, 726

geologist 956

geology 477

geomagnetic

–, activity 318

–, axis 311

–, change, fast 343

–, corpuscularism 357

–, field 48

–, ancient 281

–, asymmetry 313, 337

–, core-based inversion 122

–, hemispheric asymmetry 947

–, intensity 140

–, morphology 133

–, orbital energization 259

–, reversal 54

–, spatial spectrum 771

–, strength 31

–, time-dependent model 948

–, transition 140

–, hazard 316

geomagnetic

Contd.

–, inclination 68

–, information nodes (GIN) 716

–, index 408, 508

–, instability time-scale (GITS) 838

–, jerk 88, 319

–, metrology 711

–, observatory data

–, monthly 319

–, yearly 319

–, paleointensity, relative 257

–, polarity

–, history 666

–, reversal 311, 324

–, timescale (GPTS) (see beyond)

–, potential 466

–, reversal 161, 306

–, archive 339

–, frequency 133

–, rate 354

–, sequence 335

–, secular variation 68

–, spectrum

–, natural 308

–, spatial 350

–, temporal 353

–, variation 308

–, storm 137, 316, 663

–, frequency 316

Geomagnetic Network of China 728

geomagnetic polarity timescale (GPTS) 320,

328, 328, 329, 332, 544, 664, 778, 834

–, Cenozoic 329

–, Early Cretaceous 330

–, Early Jurassic 331

–, Late Cretaceous 329

–, Late Jurassic 330

–, M-sequence 330

–, Triassic 331

geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) 316

geomagnetism 407

–, history 355

geomancy 356

geometry

–, broadside 232, 236

–, electric dipole-dipole 233

–, in-line 232, 236

–, electric dipole-dipole 233

–, two-cell 965

geophysical method 228

geophysics 53, 943, 992

–, longest historical time series 509

Geostationary Meteorological Satellite

(GMS) 716

geostrophic 85

–, average 648

–, basis 86

–, column 124

–, contour 124, 135

–, cylinder 647

–, degeneracy 650

–, flow 75, 76, 124, 174, 293, 746,

852, 941

–, mode 125, 647

–, motion 136, 843

–, pressure 87

INDEX 1027

geostrophic Contd.

–, surface 940

–, velocity 746

geostrophy, tangential 131

geotherm 227

geothermal

–, investigation 230

–, resources 245

geothermometer, conductivity 69

GERM (see Geochemical Earth Reference

Model)

German Samoan Islands 736

German South-Polar Expedition 736

GGP (see Global Geodynamics Project)

giant

–, gas 203, 204, 439

–, Gaussian distribution model 897

–, ice 203, 204, 439

Gibbs

–, free energy 14, 95, 99, 408, 421, 692

–, relation 12

Gibbs-Duhem

–, equation 409

–, relation 100

GIC (see geomagnetically induced currents)

Gilbert, William 360, 435

Gilsa event 838

GIN (see geomagnetic information nodes)

GITS (see geomagnetic instability timescale)

glacial isotopic stage 783

glacial-interglacial variations 569

glacier 958

glass

–, submarine basaltic 756

–, volcanic 756

glauconite 932

global

–, electrical circuit 448

–, stacks 160

Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

(GSSP) 568

global energy minimum (GEM) 493

–, domain state 498

Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) 365

Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) 398

Global Paleomagnetic Computerized

Database 960

Global Paleomagnetic Database 820

Global Positioning System (GPS) 317, 469

GMS (see Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)

Gnangara Observatory 719

Godhavn Observatory 736

Goertzel algorithm 810

goethite 251, 516, 520, 526, 560, 760, 783, 786

–, magnetosomes 782

–, nanocrystalline 520

Goetz, Edmund 461

Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical

Society 844

GOLF, helioseismology instrument 398

Gondwana 817, 820, 823, 966

GONG (see Global Oscillation Network Group)

goodness-of-fit (GoF) 536

Göttingen Magnetic Union 359, 720, 731, 736

Göttingen Observatory 729

Göttinger Magnetischer Verein 42, 280, 403

Gouin, Pierre 461

GPR (see ground-penetrating radar)

GPS (see Global Positioning System)

GPTS (see geomagnetic polarity time-scale)

gradient

–, adiabatic 80, 106

–, biconjugate 221

–, coil 977

–, field 49, 977

–, geothermal 603

–, local 48

–, magnetic 977

–, paleogeothermal 606

–, superadiabatic 18

gradiometer 27

–, fluxgate 25, 28

Graham fold test 607

Graham, George 435

grain

–, anisotropy 549

–, ferrimagnetic 566, 571

–, multidomain 571

–, flattening 539

–, magnetic 542

–, morphology 566

–, multidomain (MD) 266, 571, 573,

755, 873

–, nonequidimensional 548

–, orientation 535

–, paramagnetic 566, 571

–, pre-solar 795

–, pseudo-single domain (PSD) 527, 571, 573,

617, 755, 873

–, shape 875

–, single domain (SD) 266, 527, 535, 571,

598, 782, 873, 943

–, stable 249

–, size 248, 526, 875, 879, 933

–, dependence 571

–, distribution- 525

–, proxy 577

–, spheroidal 610

–, strain state of the 526

–, superparamagnetic (SP) 268, 528, 535,

571, 873

–, ultrafine 518

–, volume 612

grand minima 507

Grandami, Jacques 357, 460

granite 554

–, sedimental type 554

–, S-type 563

Granite-Rhyolite province 141

granulite 40

granulometry 624

–, magnetic 577

graphite 69

gravitation law 443

gravitational

–, coupling 132

–, dynamo 980

–, energy 362

–, potential 362

gravity

–, meter, superconducting 365

–, torques 136

–, wave 364

gray body 688

Green

–, function 218, 888

–, theorem 466, 974

–, third identity 451

Green-Kubo functions 105

greenstone

–, belt 40

–, formation 141

Greenwich meridian 311

Greenwich Royal Observatory 61, 713, 720

greigite 248, 260, 455, 457, 526

–, authigenic 783

–, magnetic properties 455

–, prismatic 456

–, sedimentary 586

–, synthetic 520

Gresham College, London 707

Gresham, Professor of Astronomy 280, 357

GRM (see gyromagnetic remanent

magnetization)

Grocka Observatory 729

ground conductivity meter (GCM) 230

ground-penetrating radar (GPR) 226, 229, 230

–, survey 226

grounded wire method 225

groundwater 1, 223

group sum sequences 810

group table 306

growth

–, dendritic 419

–, phase 927

–, rate 176

Grubb, Thomas 473

Grüneisen

–, parameter 13, 91–93, 95, 100, 107, 366

–, ratio 83

GSFC model 346

GSSP (see Global Boundary Stratotype Sections

and Point)

GTPS (see Geomagnetic Polarity Timescales)

Guangdong province 821

Guangzhou Observatory 728

Gubbio, Italy 669

Guérard, Jean 674

Güimar Observatory 740

Gulf Company 263

Gulf Research and Development 438

Gulf Stream 945

Gulmarg Observatory 732

Gunter, Edmund 280, 357, 707

Gutenberg, Beno 469

gyrocompass 68

gyromagnetic

–, effect 705

–, remanent magnetization (GRM) 455, 456

gyroscope 425, 715

–, Sperry 438

gyroscopic force 852

habitability, Earth 863

hafnium-tungsten isotopic observations 90

Hale

–, law 506

–, polarity laws 506

Hale, G.E. 468, 506

Haleakala volcano 836

1028 INDEX

half-life 79

Hall

–, conductivity 453

–, current 453

–, effect 705, 841

–, layer, ionospheric 660

–, sensor 656

Halley

–, Atlantic chart 675

–, four-pole model 679

–, magnetic core 357

Halley Bay 376

Halley, Edmond 357, 375

Halleyan lines 375, 676

Halliburton Observatory 721

Halloween storm 405, 509

hanging wall 802

Hankel transform 233

Hansteen, Christopher 358, 376, 435

harmonics

–, high-order 898

–, low-order 898

–, rectangular 397

–, potential 467

–, sectorial 680

–, spherical 103, 204, 214, 377, 680, 899

–, analysis 449

–, cap 395

–, coefficients 680

–, expansion 86, 303, 356

–, finite series 467

–, model 315

–, sectorial surface 382

–, solid 380

–, surface 378

–, tesseral surface 382

–, transformation 383

–, vector 382, 387

–, spline 123

–, surface 351

–, tesseral 680

–, zonal 314, 680

Harper-Dorn creep 105

Harrison, Edward 357

Harrison, John 674

Harry, Benjamin 989

Hartebeesthoek Observatory 739

Hartland Observatory 710, 720

Hartmann

–, layer 644

–, number 114, 299, 649

Hartmann, Georg 357, 397

Haruna dacite 696, 872

Harvey, William 361

hat matrix 869

Hatizyo Observatory 734

Hawaii

–, chain 962

–, hotspot 246, 892, 961, 964

–, lava 912

–, lineation 330

Hawaiian-Emperor chain 779, 963

Haynald Observatory 461

hazard, geomagnetic 316

HCL 687

hcp iron 916

Heard Island Observatory 717

heat

–, capacity, mantle 128

–, Carnot engine 290

–, conduction 75

–, equation 12

–, flux 12, 929

–, adiabatic 15

–, core-mantle boundary (CMB) 855

–, global average 855

–, tomographic 129

–, turbulent 17

–, internal sources 12

–, latent 74, 92, 128, 206

–, radiogenic 121

–, specific 12, 80, 92, 93, 95

–, electron 93

–, electronic contribution 370

–, transfer

–, radiative 688

–, supercritical 276

heating

–, adiabatic 128

–, conductive 605

–, dielectric 694

–, effects 560

–, laser- 690

–, radioactive 300

–, stepwise 563

–, wire 690

heating/cooling unit 977

heating-cooling steps 944

heavy metal concentration 533

Hebei province 820, 821

Heinrich

–, event 531

–, layer 762

Hel Observatory 728

helicity 55, 87, 170, 175, 190, 290, 307

–, mean 201

–, specific 852

helioseismology 137, 182, 398

heliosphere 863

helium

–, abundance 400

–, liquid 886

–, magnetometer 850

Hell, Maximilian 460

Hellas 795

–, impact basin 503

Helmholtz

–, coil 203, 714, 756, 921

–, decomposition 217

–, free energy 99, 367, 408, 693

–, potentials 217

Helmholtz-Gaugain coil 438

hematite 24, 32, 251, 267, 495, 526, 536,

560, 618, 668, 759, 760, 786, 794, 873,

932, 942

–, crystalline lattice 519

–, ilmenite solid solution 794

heme iron 51

hemisphere

–, boreal 464

–, Indo-Atlantic 964

–, Pacific 994

Henkel plot 591

Hercynian orogenic pulse 785

hercynite 526

Hermanus Observatory 739

Hermitian operator 139

Herzenberg dynamo 170

Hess, Harry 55

heterogeneity

–, inner core 429

–

, lower mantle 831

Hevelius, Johannes 375

hexagonal close packed (hcp) iron 94, 367

Hexi-Corridor 825

Hexizoulang 819

hidden ocean 81

Hide, R. 887

Higgins-Kennedy paradox 401

highlands, lunar 446

high-resolution deep-sea record 312

Hilbert matrix 949

Himalaya terrane 819

Hipparcos astrometric satellite 958

hippocampus, human 50

historic secular variation (HSV) 766

historical field observation 773

history

–, accretion 799

–, geological 595

–, metamorphic 480

–, postaccretion 799

holder, automatic 921

hole, coronal 663

Hollandia Observatory 725

hollow Earth 357

holography 500

homogeneous inverse problem 467

Hong Kong 821

Honolulu Observatory 723

Hooke, Robert 357

Hopf bifurcation 417

Hopkinson peak 513, 943

Hornsund Observatory 728, 737

host component 604

hotspot 128, 150, 779, 959

–, apparent polar wander 959

–, Atlantic 962

–, fixity 962

–, Hawaiian 246, 892, 962

–, long-lived 962

–, mantle 245

–, motion 959, 963, 965, 967

–, primary 963

–, reference frame 21, 957

–, track 961, 964

Hough, S.S. 852

howardite 798

HSV (see historic secular variation)

Huancayo Observatory 43, 734, 807

Hubei province 821

Huber function 868

Huckleberry Ridge event 837, 838

Hugoniot state 912

Humboldt, Alexander von 402

Hunan province 821

Hurbanovo Observatory 728

Hyderabad Observatory 732

hydrocarbon

–, reserves 478

–, reservoir 72

INDEX 1029

hydrogen 150

–, geocorona 657

Hydrographic and Oceanographic

Department 734

Hydro-Quebec power grid 317

hydrostatic

–, equilibrium 107

–, state 300

hydroxide 513

hyperdiffusion 101, 102

hypothesis

–, dipole 281

–, frozen-flux 85, 320

–, GAD 961

–, paleoclimatic 780

–, standing field 321

–, Taylor 103

hysteresis 497, 589, 874

–, cycle 701

–, loop 266, 527, 540, 874, 875,

878–881, 979

–, analysis 514

–, outlines 880

–, Stoner-Wohlfarth 876

–, magnetic 518

–, measurement 874

–, parameter 879

–, shape 880

–, total 874

IA (see induction arrow)

IAGA (see International Association of

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy)

IATME (see International Association of

Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity)

Iberian Massif 244

Iberian Peninsula 243

ice

–, cover 960

–, giant 204

Iceland 993

ICM (see induction coil magnetometer)

ICME (see interplanetary coronal mass ejection)

ICW (see inner core wobble)

Ida 795

ideal

–, black body 688

–, body theory 143

identity, third 451

IEEY (see International Equatorial Electrojet

Year)

IGGCAS (see Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Ignatius of Loyola 460

igneous intrusion 40

IGRF (see International Geomagnetic Reference

Field)

IGY (see International Geophysical Year)

IIG (see

Indian Institute of Geomagnetism)

IITPW (see inertial interchange true polar

wander)

ilmenite 519, 526

ILP (see International Lithosphere Program)

IMAGE mission 865

IMF (see interplanetary magnetic field )

IMGA (see Indonesian Meteorological and

Geophysical Agency)

impact

–, event 792

–, extraterrestrial 40

impedance 671

–, contrast 82

–, function 955

–, magnetotelluric 277

–, tensor 223, 242, 670, 671, 866

Imperial College London 887

impulse

–, response 236

–, sudden 663

impurity

–, scattering 688

–, silicon 110

–, sulfur 110

inclination 802, 943

–, anomaly curve 285

–, error 285, 588

–, geomagnetic 68

–, magnetic 777

–, magnetization 588

–, shallowing 584

inclinometer 435

inclusion 751

–, refractory 797

independence 574, 612

–, Norwegian 377

index

–, aa 509

–, auroral electrojet 509

–, equatorial storm 511

–, geomagnetic 408, 414

–, AA 508

–, activity 318

–, AP 508

–, magnetic 509

–, range 509

–, solar cycle 508

–, structural 263, 264

India-Asia collision 824

Indian plate 960

Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) 732

Indian National Academy of Science 887

Indian Ocean 993

indicator

–, magnetostratigraphic 664

–, petrofabric 564

Indo-Atlantic hemisphere 964

Indonesian Meteorological and Geophysical

Agency (IMGA) 734

Indonesian Observatory 717

induced magnetization 140, 856, 888

inducing field, aperiodic 844

inductance

–

, mutual 186

–, self- 186

–, SQUID loop 885

induction

–, arrow (IA) 412, arrow 808

–, coil 71

–, magnetometer (ICM) 72, 713

–, sensor 72

–, electromagnetic 863

–, equation 118, 176, 178, 186, 188, 190, 214,

290, 307, 634, 940

–, global 867

induction Contd.

–, magnetic 974

–, field 872

–, satellite data from 413

inductor 435

–, earth 438

inertia 291, 957

–, axes 966

–, moment of 77, 957, 966, 967

–, tensor 957, 966

inertial

–, interchange true polar wander (IITPW) 966

–, wave 365, 843

inertio-gravity wave 364

ING (see Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica)

in-line

–, electric dipole-dipole geometry 233

–, geometry 236

–, system geometry 232

inner accretionary belt 141

inner core 312, 901, 929

–, age 91

–, anisotropy 418

–, attenuation 427

–, boundary 14, 74, 83

–, density discontinuity 82, 99

–, composition 420

–, convection 121

–, dynamo operation 425

–, Earth's superrotation 304

–, geodynamo 432

–, gravitationally 426

–, growth 928

–, heterogeneities 429

–, magnetic diffusion time 298

–, oscillation 422

–, PKJKP 433

–, rotation 294, 423

–, dynamics 425

–, seismic velocity 427

–, sensitive mode 428

–, structure 419

–, tangent cylinder 430

–

, viscosity 105

–, wobble (ICW) 426

Inner Mongolia province 820

in-phase component 62

input, detrital 248

Inquisition, Spanish 156

instability 119, 120

–, baroclinic 648

–, classes of 118

–, critical level 119

–, ideal 119

–, magnetic 118, 293

–, parametric 365

–, Rayleigh-Taylor 649

–, resistive 119

instrument

–, absolute 710

–, fiber-suspension 435

–, geomagnetic 56

–, La Cour 438

–, magnetic, second generation 438

–, medical diagnostic 541

–, photographically self-registering 436

instrumentation 434

1030 INDEX

insulation, thermal 885

insurance, mathematics 280

integral

–, Elsasser 86

–, Gaunt 86

integration, thermodynamic 99

intensity 589

–, absolute 890

–, Gauss determination 278

–, magnetic 601

interaction

–, dipolar 541

–, electrostatic 579

–, exchange 872

–, magnetostatic 268, 574, 872

–, inter-grain 268

–, parameter 649

interbedding 233

interferometry, very long baseline (VLBI)

426, 469

INTERMAGNET (see International

Real-time Magnetic Observatory

Network)

International Association of Geomagnetism

and Aeronomy (IAGA) 407

International Association of Terrestrial

Magnetism and Electricity (IATME) 407

International Council of Scientific Unions 407

International Decade of Geopotential Research

711, 743

International Equatorial Electrojet Year

(IEEY) 408

International Geodetic and Geophysical

Union 407

International Geological Congress 568

International Geomagnetic Reference Field

(IGRF) 411

International Geophysical Year (IGY) 42,

61, 333, 461, 708, 717, 720,

807, 844

International Lithosphere Program (ILP) 408

International Meteorological Organization 407

International Polar Year (IPY) 359, 708, 723,

723–726, 736, 737, 844

–, First 407

–, Second 407

–, Third 407

International Quiet Sun Year 844

International Real-time Magnetic observatory

Network (INTERMAGNET) 711, 715

International Seismological Centre 209

International Service of Geomagnetic

Indices 512

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

(IUGG) 407, 902

interplanetary

–, coronal mass ejections (ICME) 404

–, field 829

–, magnetic field (IMF) 658, 676, 927

intrusion

–, cooling 603

–, igneous 40

–, layered 141

inverse

–, fabric 514

–, modeling 142, 487

–, theory 467

inversion

–, constrained 221

–,D

220

–, helioseismic 508

–, Schmucker 220

investigation, geothermal 230

Io 203, 204, 439, 444

–, eccentricity 444

ion

–, cyclotron wave 333

–, drift meter 59

–, propulsion unit 795

ionic conduction 685

ionization potential 33

ionosphere 60, 449, 452, 696

ionospheric

–, conductivity 317, 700, 814, 815

–, current system 812

–, dynamo theory 812

–, physics 61

IPY (see International Polar Year)

Ireland, magnetic survey 473

Irkutsk Observatory 737

IRM (see isothermal remanent magnetization)

iron 526, 618, 873

–, body-centered cubic (bcc) 367, 421, 691

–, carbonate and manganese 932

–, conductivity 116

–, epsilon 368

–, face-centered-cubic 421

–, ferromagnetic 789

–, formation 141

–, Kursk 141

–, heme 51

–, hexagonal close-packed (hcp) 367, 421,

691, 692

–, high pressure melting curve 693

–, hydrophosphate 521

–, melting temperature 98, 689, 692

–, metallic 526, 629, 788

–, meteorite 77, 796, 797

–, molten 313

–, oxide 248, 525

–, ferrimagnetic 23, 569

–, fine-grained 533

–, hydrous 519

–, paramagnetic 789

–, phase diagram 421, 691

–, silicate 522

–, alloy 916

–, storage 50

–, sulfide 249, 253, 454, 457, 520, 586, 786

–, authigenic 260, 783

–, fine-grained 533

–, greigite 455

–, superparamagnetic 623, 789

iron-nickel 618, 788

–, alloy 873

–, ordered phase 701

–

, phase 796

iron-titanium oxide 526, 583

irreducibility 378

Irtysh-Zaysan region 823

Irving, E. 887

isentropy 300

Ishtar Terra 446

Isidis impact basin 503

isochron analysis 836

isoclinics 358

isogonics 357, 676

isotherm, Curie 889

isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) 51,

455, 535, 572, 589, 596, 621, 668, 758,

760, 979

–, acquisition curve 979

–, anisotropy 536

–, component analysis 532

–, grain-size dependencea 536

–, normalization 790

–, saturation 536

–, triaxial 591

isotope

–, abundance 79

–, cosmogenic 161, 760

–, radioactive, short-lived 796

–, radiogenic 605

–, stratigraphy 320

isotropic point 500, 516

isotropy, vertical transverse 147, 155

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica (ING) 733

itabrite 40

iteration, Krylov 216

IUGG (see International Union of Geodesy and

Geophysics)

Izu-Oshima volcano 986

jackknife method 870

jacobsite 526

Jaipur Observatory 732

Jamaica excursion 838

James, Thomas 988

Japanese lineation 330, 331

Jaramillo subchron 834, 837, 838

Jassy Observatory 728

Jeans, James 137

Jeffreys, Harold 468, 743

jerk, geomagnetic 88, 319

Jesuits 460

jet stream 294

Jiangsu province 821

John Adam Fleming Medal 274, 888

Jones, Thomas 435

Joule

–, dissipation 288

–, losses 641

Joy, law 506

Juan de Fuca Ridge 981

Juan de Fuca subduction zone 245

Junggar basin 817, 819

Jupiter 90, 203, 204, 207, 439, 446, 865

–, Galilean satellites 203

–, tilted dipole 206

Jurassic Quiet Zone 331, 664

Jurassic–Triassic boundary 928

K1 tide 816

Kakadu Observatory 710, 717

Kakioka Observatory 715, 733, 951

Kakioka Automatic Standard Magnetometer

(Kasmmer) 715

Kalliroscope flakes 842

kamacite 788, 796

INDEX 1031

Kamikatsura event 837

Kanoya Observatory 733

Kanozan Observatory 734

Karelian Craton 751

Karlsruhe dynamo 184, 195, 294

Kater, Henry 890

Kazakhstan block 819, 823

Kazan Observatory 737

Keathley lineation 330, 331

Kelvin 214

–, theorem 8, 103, 840

Kelvin-Helmholtz instability 334

Kentucky magnetic anomaly 143

Keping area 822

Kepler, Johannes 357

Kerguelen Island 993

Kerr rotation 499

Kew 359

–, magnetometer 279

–, pattern 436

Kew Observatory 333, 720

kewness, magnetic anomaly 857

key paleopole 839, 840

Kiaman reversed polarity superchron 339, 752

Kilauea 984

Kilns 24

kimberlite pipe 477

K-index 42, 717, 729

kinematic 7

–, assumption 188

–, dynamo 188

–, viscosity 74, 102, 104, 111

kinematics 963

King Charles II 720

King Friedrich Wilhelm III 403

King's College of Durham University 887

Kircher, Athanasius 357, 463

Kiruna magmatic iron ore 477

KNMI (see Dutch Meteorological Institute)

Kodaikanal Observatory 732

Koenigsberger 870

–, parameter 597

–, ratio 481, 597

Korean Peninsula 818

Kp-index 719, 720

Kreil, Karl 728

Kroger-Vink notation 685

Kronecker

–, delta 379

–, tensor 193

Krylov

–, iteration 216

–, space solver 221

Kuche depression 822

Kunlun Mountain range 819

Kunlun Terrane 819

Kupatal earthquake 208

Kursk formation 141, 477

Kyoto World Data Center 512

L'Aquila Observatory 733

La Cour instrument 438

La Habana Observatory 734

La Hire 721

La Pérouse expedition 358

La Pérouse, Jean-Françoise 435

laboratory

–, heating 911

–, TRM 612

Lagrange multiplier 87, 123

Lagrangian

–, average 102, 103

–, derivative 8

Lake Carty 227

Lake sediment 577

Lake St. Croix PSV data 775

Lake Tecopa, California 829

Lake Washington 227

Lake Woelfersheimer 228

Lamb, Horace 61

Lamb-Mössbauer factor 691

Lambert, Johann Heinrich 358

Lamé parameter 147

lamellae structure 598

Lancaster, Sir James 988

Lancsoz decomposition 216, 218

Landau-Lifshitz-type structure 499

Langel, Robert A. 465

Langevin alignment function 541

Langmuir probe 59

Lanzhou Observatory 728

Laplace

–, equation 84, 204, 377, 443, 449, 680, 888

–, uniqueness of solutions 466

–, tidal equation 813, 814

–, transform 176

Large Aperture Seismic Array (LASA) 433

large-eddy simulation 102

Larmor

–, frequency 468

–, precession 468

Larmor, Joseph 468

LASA (see Large Aperture Seismic Array)

Laschamp

–

, excursion 161, 311, 837, 838

–, event 758, 761, 834

laser

–, heating technique 690

–, ranging, lunar 471

Late Jurassic 929

Late Permian 818, 821

Late Precambrian 780

Late Silurian 928

Late Triassic 332

latent heat 92, 128

latitude

–, anomaly 961

–, paleomagnetic time-averaged 281

lattice 201

–, cell 201

–, conductivity 688

–, defect 621

–, dynamic 94, 367

–, preferred orientation 148

Laurussia 817

lava 597

–, Hawaiian 912

–, Icelandic 900

–, lamp 864

–, radiometrically dated 666

law

–, Ampère 114, 347, 640

–, Archie 232

law Contd.

–, Biot-Savart 955

–, Birch 77

–, Bodes 706

–, Curie 480

–, Curie-Weiss 932

–, Faraday 186, 203, 287, 347, 640, 955

–, Fourier 12

–, gravitation 443

–, Hale 506

–, polarity 506

–, Joy 506

–, Lenz 425, 643, 746

–, Lindemann 401

–, of additivity 754

–, Ohm 21, 84, 114, 192, 287, 335, 641

–, reciprocity 943

–, Wiedemann-Franz 116, 120, 205

Lawson formula 688

Lawson, A.W. 688

layer

–, asthenospheric conducting 73

–, Bénard 650

–, boundary 145, 152, 174, 186, 642

–, thermal 132

–,D

145

–, E- 697

–, Ekman 76, 112, 113, 648

–, equatorial 115

–, Ekman-Hartmann 112, 114, 653

–, stability 115

–, F- 145

–, free shear 114

–, Hartmann 644

–, loess 667

–, magnetic 141

–, magnetized 158

–, mushy 421

–, paleosol 667

–, resistive 72

–, seismic 597

–, shear 431

–, stably stratified 87

–, Stewartson 115, 432, 649

–, stratified 81, 632

–, stably 191

layering

–, chemical 151

–, fine-scale 148

Le Maire, Jakob 988

Le Monnier 358

leakage, torque 131

Learmonth Observatory 717

least-squares

–, analysis 86, 356, 359

–, approach 284

–, computation 536

–, fit 680

leeway 66

Legendre

–, function 395, 642

–, associated 377

–, polynomials 350, 364, 378, 899

Lehmann, Inge 208, 468

Lehnert wave 651

Leiden Observatory 725

Leirvogur Observatory 736, 737

1032 INDEX