Gubbins D., Herrero-Bervera E. Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism

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LEM (see local energy minimum)

length of day (LOD) 88, 149, 320

–, variation 348

–, decadal 419, 469, 470

–, long-term 471

length, Debye 640

Lenoir, Étienne 435

Lenz law 4, 5, 425, 540, 643, 746, 810

Leoville meteorite 798

lepidocrocite 24, 513, 520, 526, 560

Lerwick Observatory 720

level

–, surface 974

–, survey 975

leverage 869

–, point 869

Levi-Civita tensor 193

Lewis number 297

Lhasa

–, area 825

–, terrane 819

Lhasa Observatory 728

Liaoning province 821

Liapunov exponents 187

light elements, core 421

lightning 353, 592, 596

–, overprint 593

–, remanence 593

–, strike 224, 592

limit

–, diffusionless 85

–, static 216

Lindemann law 401

Lindemann, F.A. 116

line

–, agonic 993

–, bedding intersection 555

–, cleavage intersection 555

–, isogonic 375

–, neutral 927

–, semiannual 308

Line Island Seamounts 891

linear variable differential transfonmer

(LVDT) 977

linearization, thermodynamic 13, 16, 18

lineation 538, 561, 937

–, Hawaiian 330

–, Japanese 330, 331

–, Keathley 330, 331

–, magnetic 476, 485, 548, 553, 596

–, Pacific 330

–, parameter 938

–, Phoenix 330, 331

Lingzizong 825

Linzhou area 822

liquid

–, compass 67

–, helium 886

–, nitrogen 979

liquidus temperature 371

lithology 480

–, bedrock 477

lithosphere 73, 140, 145

–, mean 956

–, planetary 486

lithospheric field 485

Little America Observatory 723

Livingston Island Observatory 740

Lloyd's balance 435, 436

Lloyd, Humphrey 472

LMT (see long-period magnetotelluric)

loadstone (see lodestone)

lobe

–

, reconnection 661

–, symmetrical pattern 433

local

–, energy minimum (LEM) 494, 613

–, gradient 48

–, turbulence theory 18

LOD (see length of day)

lodestone 66, 156, 214, 435, 776, 870

–, rock 356

–, spherical 356

loess 27

–, layer 667

–, paleosol climate archive 531

–, windblown 251

Loess Plateau 252

Loma Prieta earthquake 909

London, historical measurements 55

longitude 283

–, problem 675

longitudinal, preferred band 326

long-period magnetotelluric (LMT) 672

Longuet-Higgins calculation 814

loop, superconducting 885

Loran-C system 317

Lord Howe rise 967

Lorentz

–, equations 861

–, field 72

–, force 4, 10, 74, 85, 114, 187, 630, 641, 746,

841, 852, 860

–, number 120

–, torque 746

–, geostrophic cylinders 6

Lorentz, E.N. 863

Louisville

–, chain 962

–, hotspot 961

Love number 444

Lov Observatory 737

low temperature demagnetization (LTD) 912

low-Curie temperature 499

lower mantle 211

Lowes spectrum 352

Lowes-Mauersberger

–, function 898, 900

–, spectrum 465, 481

low-level averaging 199

Loyola, Ignatius of 460

LTD (see low temperature demagnetization)

Lubber's line 66

Lukiapang Observatory 461

luminosity, solar 508

lunar

–, breccia, monomict 797

–, dynamo 791, 794

–, eclipse 471

–, laser ranging 471

–, paleomagnetic record 789

–, regolith 788

–, sample 788

Lundqvist number 7, 299, 645

Lundqvist, Stig 7

LVDT (see linear variable differential

transfonmer)

Lwiro Observatory 725

Lyell Medal 742

Lyman-Birge-Hopfield lines 33

MAC (see magnetic Archimedean Coriolis)

MACCS network 726

MacDonald hotspot 961

Mach number, magnetic 649

Mackay 990

Macquarie Island Observatory 717

MAD (see maximum angular deviation)

Madras Observatory 731

Madrid Observatory 739

maghemite 23, 24, 50, 248, 513, 516, 517, 526,

560, 570, 668, 783, 791, 794, 932

–, nanocrystalline 249

–, single-domain 623

–, superparamagnetic 624

maghemitization 749

magma

–, basaltic 72

–, chamber 72, 238, 247

–, ocean 90, 151

–, lunar 446

–, pulse 603

magnes rotundus 356

Magnes, sive de Arte Magnetica 460, 463

magnesiowüstite 73, 148, 688

magnet

–, bar 310

–, project 352

magnetic

–, activity, storm-time 509

–, airborne detector 542

–, anisotropy 535

–, annihilator 481

–, anomaly 140, 143, 477, 888

–, compilations 478

–, correlation with gravity anomaly 856

–, definition 478

–, field 543

–, global map 829

–, inversion nonuniqueness 488

–, long wavelength 481

–, low amplitude 664

–, marine 324, 328, 336, 483, 664, 665,

779, 962

–, modeling 485

–, short-wavelength 982

–, skewness 857

–, stripe 478

–, thermoremanent 619

–, vertical intensity 857

–, Archimedean Coriolis (MAC) (see beyond)

–, assemblage, mixed 271

–, Atlas 358

–, basement 477

–, bay 662

–, cell 864

–, chart 674

–, cloud 404

–, Crusade 376

–, crust 142

INDEX 1033

magnetic Contd.

–, cycle 179

–, solar 507

–, damping 80

–, time 645

–, declination 776

–, diffusion 161

–, time 297

–, diffusivity 8, 84, 92, 94, 117, 204, 287, 641

–, tensor 139

–, dip 707, 776, 777

–, distortion 277

–, domain 490, 548

–, energy 339

–, density 351

–, equator 10, 39, 60, 511

–, fabric 579, 798

–, mimetic 554

–, study 578

–, fiber 357

–, fibril 182

–, field 776, 778, 872, 931

–, alternating 31

–, ambient 617

–, applied 560

–, Earth 37

–, excursion 770

–, galactic 7

–, helicity 506

–, instrument-generated 541

–, interplanetary 658

–, line 7, 8

–, potential 841

–, primary 225

–, primordial dipole 179

–, Saturn 198

–, secondary 225

–, self-consistent model 123

–, sensing 49

–, solar 178

–, source 541

–, spherical harmonic model 502

–, stellar 508

–, Sun 179, 505

–, toroidal 173, 302

–, very-low-inducing 566

–, flux

–, frozen 841

–, tube 7, 8

–, foliation 548

–

, force microscopy (MFM) 495

–, gradient 977

–, grain 542

–, multidomain 266

–, single domain 266

–, granulometry 577

–, technique 577

–, hysteresis 518

–, index 509

–, induction 974

–, instability 118, 293

–, intensity 601

–, layer 141

–, lineation 476, 485, 548, 553, 596

–, Mach number 649

–, map 141

–, memory 344

magnetic Contd.

–, discoverer 942

–, meridian 66

–, mine 54

–, mineral 140, 248, 526, 546, 870

–, growth 260

–, mineralogy 479, 512, 533, 754

–, mixed 532

–, moment 601, 694, 870, 877, 933

–, atomic 932

–, sensitivity 979

–, spontaneous 758

–, monopole 287, 351, 705

–, mountain 356

–, needle 356

–, north pole 339

–, observatory 460, 715

–, particles, synthetic 48

–, permeability 118, 173, 215, 541, 670,

875, 954

–, phase 552, 600, 794

–, transformation 512

–, transition 515

–, philosophy 357

–, polarization 361, 974

–, pole 310

–, potential 122, 492

–, field (PMF) 840

–, Prandtl number 291, 297

–, pressure 641

–, property

–, map 141

–, measurement system (MPMS) 877

–, Rayleigh number 651

–

, reconnection 33, 316, 658

–, recording 943

–, region, bipolar 179

–, relaxation 753

–, remanence 535

–, spontaneous 599

–, response 540

–, Reynolds number 8, 85, 164, 171, 173,

176–178, 183–186, 188, 190, 191, 194,

195, 200, 201, 205, 275, 288, 297, 299,

641–645, 652

–, Rossby number 650

–, Schmidt number 297

–, sheet 541

–, shield 540

–, signal

–, environmental 259

–, ocean flow 60

–, storm 61, 376, 696, 741

–, relationship to sunspots 890

–, stripe 542, 979, 980

–, surface 8

–, survey 56

–, Ireland 473

–, marine 542

–, susceptibility 94, 475, 513, 546, 560, 564,

667, 780

–, anisotropy 514, 535, 546, 578

–, differential 932

–, low-field 566

–, tension 633, 644

–, torque 341

–, variation 310

magnetic Contd.

–, mapping 310

–, wave 118, 994

–, wind 174, 946

magnetic Archimedean Coriolis (MAC) 206

–, balance 292, 634

–, regime 205

–, wave 87, 298, 348, 632, 635, 652

–, bifurcation 653

–, buoyancy-driven 635

–, convection-driven 633

–, diffusive 635

–, equation 634

–, instability 651

–, time 298

–, timescale 293

Magnetic Crusade 359, 436, 890

magnetic-Coriolis (MC)

–, Rossby wave 633

–, timescale 633

–, wave, convection-driven 633

Magneticum Naturae Rerum 463

Magnetische Ungewitter 404

Magnetischer Sturm 403

magnetism 931

–, environmental 248, 256, 527, 577, 758,

874, 881

–, induced 24

–, permanent 203, 870

–, physics 870

–, remanent 23

–, rock 54, 139, 701, 942

magnetite 23, 24, 32, 157, 495, 516, 526, 536,

560, 570, 618, 668, 759, 781, 782, 793,

870, 932, 942

–, authigenic 584

–, biogenic 50, 51, 516, 782, 786

–, crystal, synthetic 516

–, detrital 786

–, ferrimagnetic 781

–, glass-ceramic 497

–, low-temperature monoclinic phase of 517

–, nanocrystalline 249

–, botanical 249

–, pedogenically formed 249

–, physiological role 51

–, single-domain 623, 794

–, superparamagnetic 624

–, synthetic 611, 878

–, titanium-poor 539

magnetization 31, 535, 546, 560, 600, 931, 974

–, anhysteretic 876

–, remanent (ARM) 527, 759, 910, 943

–, anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent

(AARM) 477, 577

–, bulk 141, 487

–, chemical remanent (CRM) 580, 609, 696,

782, 806

–, parasitic 513

–, crust 350

–, curve 931

–, depositional remanent 588, 758, 777

–, detrital remanent (DRM) 285, 588, 781

–, direction, stable 665

–, distribution 888

–, gyromagnetic 455, 456

–, remanent (GRM) 455, 456

1034 INDEX

magnetization Contd.

–, homogenous 795

–, inclination 588

–, independent 943

–, induced 140, 480, 519, 535, 598, 856, 870,

874, 888, 931

–, intensity 596

–, intrinsic 580

–, irreversible 875

–, isothermal 977

–, remanent (IRM) 51, 455, 572, 589, 596,

621, 668, 758, 760

–, locked-in 342

–, low coercivity 270

–, measurement 931

–, multiple components 594

–, natural remanent (NRM) 335, 515, 594,

607, 777, 910, 911, 920

–, oceanic crust 596

–, partial thermoremanent (pTRM) 37, 596

–, post-metamorphic 456

–, permanent 871

–, piezoremanence 599

–, post-depositional remanent (PDRM) 767

–, pressure-induced remanent (PRM) 696

–, primary 595, 616, 664, 781, 783, 786

–, natural remanent (NRM) 781

–, radial 785

–, random 795

–, remanent (RM) 140, 528, 535–537, 596,

603, 871, 920

–, anhysteretic (ARM) 535, 572

–, application 38

–, chemical 38

–, detrital (DRM) 535

–, fold test 607

–, isothermal (IRM) 535, 613

–, Moon 443

–, multicomponent 156

–, natural 156

–, postdetrital (pDRM) 535

–, saturation 266

–, thermal (TRM) 535

–, viscous 29

–, reversed 339

–, rock 35

–, rotational remanent (RRM) 455, 456

–, saturation 589, 874, 877

–, isothermal remanent (SIRM)

515, 527

–, secondary

–, origin 783

–, viscous 597

–, shock 791

–, remanent (SRM) 696

–, spontaneous 491, 535, 621, 876

–, structure 874

–, thermoremanent (TRM) 35, 37, 325, 514,

528, 609, 616, 696, 749, 777, 781, 910,

911, 942

–, thermoviscous 621

–, vector 546

–, vertically integrated 486

–, viscous 623, 962

–, remanent (VRM) 577, 621, 696

–, weak 608

–, spontaneous 496

magnetocardiagram 48

magnetoconvection 137, 630

magnetoelastic energy 874

magnetoencephalogram 48

magnetofluid mechanics 639

magnetofossil, bacterial 249

magnetogram 506, 810

magnetograph 179, 712

–, Eschenhagen 735

magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) 639

–, classical 649

–, dynamo 175, 643

–, mean-field 198

–, rotating, experiment 276

magnetometer 2, 54, 596, 602, 654

–, alternating gradient (AGM) 655

–, alternating gradient field (AGFM) 877

–, ASG–81 scalar 850

–, astatic 654, 942

–, bifilar 280, 435

–, Bobrov 712

–, cesium 2, 27, 542

–, cryogenic 341, 561, 655, 992

–, declination and inclination (DIM) 717, 726

–, floating total-field 65

–, fluxgate 59, 72, 242, 438, 483, 672,

713, 714

–, sensor 26

–, helium 850

–, induction 435

–, coil (ICM) 72, 242, 713

–,JR–6/JR–6A dual speed spinner 921

–, Kew 279

–, NAROD ring-core fluxgate vector 850

–, ocean-bottom 741

–, optically pumped 438, 712

–, Overhauser 59, 542, 712, 727, 744

–, parastatic 655

–, precession, proton-free 26

–, proton precession (PPM) 2, 60, 438, 468,

484, 542, 710–

712, 717, 858, 990

–, quartz horizontal (QHM) 438, 717

–, rotating-sample 942

–, rubidium 714

–, saturable-core 435

–, seafloor 71

–, ship-towed 741

–, spinner 29, 655, 920, 992, 993

–, SQUID 793

–, subsatellite 791

–, superconducting (SRM) 883

–, superconducting quantum interference

device (SQUID) 438

–, surface 791

–, survey 25

–, theodolite 435

–, translation 942

–, unifilar 280

–, universal 437

–, vector proton (VPM) 714, 715

–, vibrating sample (VSM) 655, 756, 877

magnetometric resistivity (MMR)

–, method 230

–, sounding 72

magnetometry 920

–, superconducting quantum interference

device (SQUID) 51

magnetomineralogy 879

magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) 495

magnetopause 333, 449, 657, 659, 927

magnetosheath 657

magnetosome 782

–, chain 782

–, goethite 782

magnetosphere

–, dynamics 660

–, Earth 656

magnetospheric substorm 662, 700, 926

magnetostatic 871

magnetostratigraphy 331, 664, 760, 780

magnetostriction 515, 535, 614, 618, 871

magnetostrictive

–, anisotropy 879

–, energy 874

magnetostrophic 852

magnetotail 33

magnetotaxis 50, 782

magnetotellurics (MT) 219, 230, 316, 670, 866

–, dead band 869

–, method 71, 227, 844

–, survey 844

magnetozone 664

–, normal polarity 665

magnon 694

MAGPROX 533

Magsat 59, 673, 892

–, mission 465

–, satellite 349, 352

main

–, field

–, ellipticity correction 683

–, model 60

–, modeling 679

–, phase 663

mainstream 111

Maisach Observatory 729

Makerstoun Observatory 720

Malaspina's expedition 990

Mallet, Frederick 435

manganese carbonate 932

Manhay Observatory 725

Manila Observatory 461

mantle

–, conductivity 696, 867

–, electrical 288, 684

–, thermal 688

–, continental 72

–, convection 19, 294, 928, 958, 966

–, geochemistry 77

–, heat capacity 128

–, hot spot 245

–, lateral temperature variations 133

–, lower 211, 929, 964

–, high viscosity 967

–, mean 956, 957, 967

–, mineralogy 684

–, model, isoviscous 966

–, nutation of the 207

–, plume 146, 228, 902

–, primitive 77, 854

–, radioactivity 854

–, rheology 206

–, roll 959

–, upper 211

INDEX 1035

mantle Contd.

–, low viscosity 967

–, upwelling 148

–, viscosity 965

map

–, magnetic 141

–, main field 674

mapping

–, anomaly 478

–, controlled source electromagnetic

(CSEM) 231

–, geological 1, 228, 230, 478

–, magnetic variation 310

Maraldi 721

mare

–, basalt 788

–, magnetized 791

margin

–, continental 485

–, passive 64

Marie Byrd Land 962

marine magnetic survey 542

Mariner 10 865

Markowitz wobble 363, 426, 958

Marr, John 357

Mars 89, 203, 204, 207, 439, 788, 800

–, crustal dichotomy 447

–, Galilean satellites 203

–, magnetic field 287, 481, 502

–, magnetization crustal 443

–, moment of inertia 442

–, paleomagnetic pole position of 504

–, polarity reversal had 504

–, southern highlands crust of 443

–, two-layer model 442

Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) 443, 444, 502, 791

Mars Pathfinder 444, 791

martian

–, anomaly 794

–, core 502

–, crust

–, anomalies 795

–, magnetic carrier 503

–, magnetic field 795

–, north-south dichotomy 503

–, dynamo 794, 795

–, field 793, 794

–, meteorites 502

–, power spectrum 794

–, rock 603

Martini, Martin 460

mass

–, anomaly 956

–, conservation 646

–, coronal ejection 505

–, diffusion time 298

–, ejection, coronal 927

–, excess 956

–, spectrometer 834, 835

master curve 943

matching principle 111

material

–, archeological 31, 766

–

, heated 694

–, environmental 248

–, ferromagnetic 874

–, high temperature 886

material Contd.

–, isotropic is 535

–, magnetic remanent 541

–, synthetic 519

Mathilde 795

matrix

–, covariance 870

–, equation 948

matter, organic 784

Matuyama reversed chron 311, 542, 829, 838

Matuyama, Motonori 689

Matuyama-Brunhes

–, boundary 781

–, polarity transition 311, 836

–, reversal 161, 829, 837

–, record 830

Mauersberger-Lowes spectrum 352

Maunder Minimum 182, 507

Mawson 990

Mawson Observatory 717

maximum

–, angular deviation (MAD) 846, 849

–, entropy method 353

–, intensity deviation (MID) 846

–, Medieval 182

Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie 42

Maxwell

–, equation 21, 84, 192, 215, 229, 335, 954

–, relationship 367

–, stress 103, 114

Maxwell-Boltzmann probability density

function 897

Mayaud, Pierre Noel 461

Maza Tagh range 822

MC (see magnetic-Coriolis)

MD (see multidomain)

MDF (see median destructive field)

mean

–, field

–, concept 192

–, conductivity 194

–, definition 192

–, dynamo 192

–, electrodynamics 192

–, equation 193

–, flow instability 76

–, lithosphere 956

–, mantle 956, 957, 967

–, pole 46

Meanook Observatory 726

measurement

–, absolute 711

–, airborne 224

–, paleomagnetic, astatic 883

–, relative 435

–, solar surface 508

–, vector magnetic 673

mechanics, magnetofluid 639

medal

–, Bowie 274, 469

–, Copley 61

–, Cunningham 474

–, Fleming 274, 888

–, Lyell 742

–, Price 844

–, Royal 61

–, Royal Astronomical Society 844

medal Contd.

–, Wegener 888

media, anisotropic 147

median destructive field (MDF) 533

Medieval Maximum 182

Melbourne Observatory 717

melt

–, breccia 789

–, granitic 244

melting

–, curve 117

–, density change on 92

–, entropy 100

–, eutectic 691

–, latent heat 92

–, partial 150, 247

–, temperature 372

–, iron 98

–, suppression 99

Memambetsu Observatory 733

memory, magnetic 344

–, discoverer 942

Mendelson-Bartholdy, A. 403

Meng Chhi Pi Than 435

Mercator, Gerard 357, 988

merchant marine 139

Mercury 89, 203, 204, 206, 276, 375, 439,

706, 788, 865

–, two-layer model 441

meridian

–, magnetic 66

–, prime 356

meridional circulation 190, 859, 946

Merret, Christopher 707

Mesozoic 826

–, serie 485

MESSENGER mission 206, 865

Met Éireann 720

metal

–, ferromagnetic 581

–, nickel-rich 541

–, salt electrode 227

metal-silicate segregation 77

metamorphism

–, low-grade 555

–, thermal 796

meteorite 77, 446, 696, 788, 796, 799, 800

–, C1 carbonaceous chondrite 854

–, Chassignite 791

–, chondritic 77, 89, 795

–, collections 795

–, composition of 854

–, crater 602

–, Nahklite 791

–, Shergotite 791

–, Shergotty-Nakhla-Chassigny

(SNC) 446

Meteorological Agency of Japan 733

meteorology 61

method

–, ab initio 693

–, absolute 436

–, analytic signal 142

–, audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) 224, 230

–, Bitter pattern 495

–, bootstrap 553

–, continuous 872

1036 INDEX

method Contd.

–, controlled-source audiomagnetotellurics

(CSAMT) 224, 230

–, dipole array 486

–, electrical and electromagnetic (E&EM) 228

–, finite-difference 216

–, finite-element (FEM) 217, 225

–, Fourier domain 486

–, frequency-domain electromagnetic (FEM)

224, 225

–, geophysical 228

–, grounded wire 225

–, integral equation 218

–, jackknife 870

–, magnetometric resistivity (MMR) 230

–, magnetotelluric (MT) 71, 227, 310, 844

–, maximum entropy 353

–, microwave 31, 910

–, Naudy 263

–, paleointensity 583

–, alternative 575

–, plane wave source 224

–, progressive 872

–, pseudo-Thellier 759

–, Shaw 575, 910

–, Slingram 230

–, space-domain 486

–, surface integral 449, 451

–, Thellier double heating 583, 749

–, Thellier-Thellier 575, 611, 943, 944

–, time-domain electromagnetic 225

–, transient electromagnetic 231

–, transmission electron microscopy 496

–, universal stage 550

–, very low frequency (VLF) 224

–, wavenumber domain centroid 143

–, Z/H- 697

metrology, geomagnetic 711

MFM (see magnetic force microscopy)

MGS (see Mars Global Surveyor)

MHD (see magnetohydrodynamics)

microbe 783, 784, 874

microcoercivity 617, 620

microplate 802

micropulsation 308

microscopy

–, magnetic force (MFM) 495

–, transmission electron 50, 495

microstate 609

microtesla 799

microwave

–, demagnetization 694

–, intensity, determination 792

–, method 31

–, technique 694

MID (see

maximum intensity deviation)

Middle Ordovician 928

MIDM (see modified iterative-dissipative

method )

mid-ocean ridge 72, 208, 237, 446, 779, 980

–, basalt 80

Mie-Grüneisen

–, equation of state 96

–, relationship 366

migration, domain wall 601

Mihara volcano 984

Milankovitch cycle 332

Milankovitch periodicities 759

Milne's Observatory 743

Milne, John 742

mine

–, magnetic 54

–, Silesian 403

mineral

–, assemblage, natural magnetic 577

–, authigenic iron sulfide 260

–, conductivity 70

–, diamagnetic 874

–, distribution 566

–, exploration 1, 224, 477

–, fabric 564, 565

–, ferrimagnetic 535

–, ferromagnetic 157, 567

–, secondary 665

–, growth, magnetic 260

–, lithogenic components 256

–, magnetic 140, 248, 258, 526, 546,

604, 870

–, magnetically hard 516

–, orientation 535

–, preferred 546

–, paramagnetic 874, 932

–, physics 94

–, synthetic 943

–, thermoremanent magnetization 616

–, transformation 561

mineralization, biologically induced

(BIM) 782

mineralogical alteration 513

mineralogy 248, 684, 920

–, magnetic 479, 512, 754

–, mixed 532, 533

mineraloid, ferric-oxyhydroxide 932

minima, grand 507

minimum

–, energy

–, absolute 492

–, state 871

–, Maunder 182

–, strain direction 556

–, structure 220

–, model 243

minnesotaite 522

mircopulsation 333

mirror symmetry- 643

mixed-polarities 47

mixing length theory 181

Miyake-Jima volcano 986

Mizusawa Observatory 734

MMR (see magnetometric resistivity)

mode

–, B-polarization 221

–, core-sensitive 418

–, E-polarization 221

–, f 399

–, freely decaying 844

–, g 399

–, geostrophic 125, 647

–, normal 176, 210

–, p 399

–, resonant 398

–, transverse

–, electric (TE) 221, 671

–, magnetic (TM) 221

model

–, 1066A 83

–, 1066B 83

–, 3D micromagnetic 611

–, AK135 83, 210, 213, 903

–, annulus 76, 125

–, comprehensive 141

–, conductivity 215

–, cosmochemical 128

–, crustal field 60

–, dynamo wave 775

–, dynamo, intermediate 290

–, Earth 422

–, eccentric dipole 679

–, equivalent source 158

–, flooding 321

–, four-pole 679

–, free decay 860

–, free electron 109

–, GAD 820

–, Giant Gaussian Distribution 897

–, GSFC 346

–, gufm1 637

–, interatomic potential 94

–, localized dipole-current-loop 774

–, magnetic field 502

–, main field 60

–, mantle, isoviscous 966

–, micromagnetic 490, 494

–, minimum structure 243

–, Néel-Preisach 575

–, parameterization 220

–, PREM 83, 91

–, PREM2 213

–, reference 208

–, Rikitake 863

–, scale-similarity 102

–, secular variation 892–898, 901

–, self-exciting 173

–, spherical harmonic 315, 774

–, subgrid scale 305

–, terrella 64

–, tomographic 152

–, two-layer 440–442

–, velocity 83

modeling

–, EM 215, 219

–, forward 142, 486

–, inverse 142, 487

–, magnetic anomaly 485

–, main field 679

model-Z

–, dynamo 174, 293

–, state 941

modified iterative-dissipative method

(MIDM) 218

modulus

–, bulk 153

–, shear 153

Mohe Observatory 728

Mohorovičić discontinuity 158, 208

Mojave Province 143

MOKE (see magneto-optical Kerr effect)

molecular

–, diffusivity 80

–, dynamics 94

–, ab initio 105

INDEX 1037

molecular Contd.

–, calculation 421

–, viscosity 104, 112

moment

–, atomic 931, 932

–, magnetic 601, 694, 870, 877, 931–933

–, sensitivity 979

–, spontaneous 758

–, of inertia 77, 363, 441, 442, 957, 966

–, axial 443

–, measurement 442

–, nonhydrostatic principal 967

momentum

–, angular 6, 130, 135, 179, 994

–, change 320

–, exchange 469

–, oceanic 469

–, conservation 646

–, equation 634

–, vector 956

Mongolia-North China plate 824

Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean 823

Mono Lake

–, excursion 770

–, event 761

monopole, magnetic 287, 351, 705

monsoon

–, relative intensity 531

–, summer 531

–, winter 531

Monte Carlo approach 608

Moon 89, 203, 204, 207, 439, 788, 800, 887

–, crustal types 446

–, exterior field outside Earth 889

–, farside 446

–, highlands 446

–, interior 442

–, magma ocean 446

–, moment of inertia 442

–, remanent magnetization 443

Morgan Stanley 240

Morin transition 519

Mössbauer spectroscopy 600

motion

–, absolute 959

–, geostrophic 136, 843

–, helical 194, 643

–, inter-hotspot 963

–, paleolatitudinal 140

–, speed 957

–, subgrid-scale 276

motor, piezoelectric 715

Mount Etna 986

Mount Haruna 339

Mount St. Helens 986

Mount Wilson Survey 508

mountain, magnetic 356

Mountaine, William 358

MPMS (see magnetic property measurement

system)

MS standard sequence 571

M-sequence 664

–, GPTS 330

MT (see

magnetotellurics)

multidomain (MD) 518, 591

–, state 455, 575

–, theory 575

multiplier, Lagrange 87, 123

–, theory 575

Munich Observatory 729

Murchison meteorite 798

Murray chondrite 798

Museum of the History of Science

in Florence 711

mush 74

mushy layer 421

Nabarro-Herring creep 105

NAD (see nonaxial-dipole)

Nagata 870

Nagpur Observatory 732

Nagqu 822

Nagycenk Observatory 728

Nahklite meteorite 791

nahklites 797, 799

Nairn, A.E.M. 887

Nakhla 792

nannofossil 665

nanoparticle 791

nanotesla 350

Napier 384

Napier-Shaw prize 888

nappe 802

Narsarsuaq Observatory 736, 737

NASA 60, 465

Nashville Seamount 891

National Geophysical Data Center 850

National Institute of Advanced Industrial

Science and Technology

(AIST) 734

National Physical Laboratory (NPL) 55, 438

National Science Foundation 992

natural remanent magnetization (NRM) 156,

335, 515, 535, 594, 607, 777, 910,

911, 920

–, multivectorial nature 156

Naudy method 263

Navier-Stokes equation 118, 191, 290, 335,

430, 940

navigation

–, animal 48

–, oceanic 356

–, system 317

–, inertial 850

navigator, Arabian 66

NEAR spacecraft 795

Neckam, Alexander 435, 987

needle

–, magnetic 356

–, oscillating 435

–, weighting 435

Néel

–, point temperature 526

–, temperature 516, 519, 871, 872,

874, 932

Néel, Louis 700

Néel-Preisach model 575

Neogene 825

neotectonic 803

Neptune 203, 204, 207, 439, 865

–, magnetic field 287, 865

Nernst-Einstein relation 686

Nernst-Ettinghausen effect 705, 841

Neumann

–, condition 217, 466

–, formula 379

neurological disorder 51

neutral line 927

neutron bombardment 701

New Zealand Department of Scientific

and Industrial Research

(DSIR) 736

Newe Attractive 707

Newton

–, law of gravitation 443

–, second law 4

nickel 873

–, core 371

–, deposits 477

Niemegk 42, 699

Niemegk Observatory 729, 730

Ningxia Hui Autonomous region 821

Ningxia province 820

niningerite 79

niobium, toroidal body 885

nitrogen, liquid 979

–, temperature 157

NLCG (see nonlinear conjugate gradient)

Noachian 443, 503

noble gas 792

noise

–, basic 920

–, cancellation 866

–, operating 920

–, white 928

nonaxial-dipole (NAD) field 832

nondimensionalization 297

nondipole 897

–, component 342

–, field 311, 701, 901

–, drifting 773

–, present-day 326

–, standing components 774

nondynamo

–, generation 288

–, theory 704

nonferrimagnetic 513

non-GAD 780

nonlinear conjugate gradient (NLCG)

approach 221

nonmagnetic quartz glass sample

holder 977

nonmagnetotactic 782

nonohmic effect 841

normal

–, mode 176

–, polarity 313

normalization

–, Ferrers 381

–, Schmidt 381

Norman, Robert 435, 707

North American plate 960

North Anatolian Fault 247, 803

North China 823, 826

North China Block 817

North German anomaly 412

North Palm Springs earthquake 908

northeasting 356

northwest passage 890

northwesting 356

1038 INDEX

no-slip condition 112, 646

notation, Kroger-Vink 685

Nouvelle hypothèse sur les variations de l

'aiguille aimantée 460

Nova demonstratio inmobilitatis terrae petita ex

virtute magnetica 460

Novum Organon 361

NPL (see National Physical Laboratory)

NRM (see natural remanent magnetization)

nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer 435

nucleation 498

–, failure 613

nucleon 931

null flux curve 9, 85

number

–, Alfvén 299

–, buoyancy 297

–, Chandrasekhar 299, 630, 649

–, condition 216

–, Cowling 299

–, Ekman 75, 81, 111, 124, 175, 291, 297,

299, 365, 430, 647

–, Elsasser 114, 118, 206, 263, 291, 297

–, Hartmann 114, 299, 649

–, Lewis 297

–, Lorentz 120

–, Love 444

–, Lundqvist 299, 645

–, Nusselt 19, 297, 299

–, Péclet 299

–, mass 297

–, thermal 297

–, Prandtl 75, 291, 297, 299, 646

–, magnetic 291, 645

–, Rayleigh 74, 75, 80, 82, 117, 128, 262, 291,

297, 417, 630, 646

–, critical 631

–, magnetic 651

–, modified 297, 652

–, Reynolds 85, 101, 111

–, magnetic 8, 164, 171, 173, 176–178,

183–186, 188, 190, 191, 194, 195,

200, 201, 205, 275, 288, 297, 299,

641–645, 652

–, Roberts 120

–, magnetic 297

–, Rossby 75, 291, 297, 299, 430

–, magnetic 650

–, modified 648

–, Schmidt 297

–, magnetic 297

–, Strouhal 194

–, Taylor 630

Nunes, Pedro 435

Nurmijärvi Observatory 736, 737

Nusselt number 19, 297, 299

nutation 104, 362

O'Gyalla Observatory 728

obducted 802

oblate 548, 553

–, ellipsoid 562

observation

–, compass 66

–, field, historical 773

–, spectroscopic 400

observator

–, Fürstenfeldbruck 710

–, Tihany 710

observatory 708

–, Abinger 720

–, Abisko 737

–, Adolf Schmidt 730

–, Agincourt 726

–, Alibag 732

–, Alice Springs 717

–, Amberley 735

–, Ancón 734

–, Apia 735, 736

–, Ascension Island 720

–, automatic 712, 713

–, automation, 713

–, Bac Lieu 734

–, Base Roi Baudouin 725

–, Bear Island 737

–, Beijing Mingtomb 728

–, Belsk 728

–, Berlin 729

–, Binza 725

–, Brorfelde 737

–, Buda 728

–, Budkov 728

–, Canberra 717, 810

–, Cape Chelyuskin 738

–, Cape Denison 717, 723

–, Cape Evans 723

–, Castellaccio 733

–, Cha Pa 734

–, Chambon-la-Forêt 714, 721

–, Changchun 728

–, Charters Towers 717, 951

–, Cheltenham Maryland 723

–, Chichijima 733

–, Chiripa 734

–, Christchurch 735

–, Colaba 732

–, colonial 359

–, Dalat 734

–, Darwin 717

–, data 708, 720

–

, monthly 319

–, yearly 319

–, De Bilt 725

–, Discovery Bay 723

–, Dixon 738

–, Dombås 737

–, DomeC 724

–, Dourbes 725

–, Dublin 720

–, Dumont D'Urville 710, 723

–, Ebre 739, 740

–, Ekaterinburg 737

–, Elizabethville 725

–, Esashi 734

–, Eskdalemuir 720

–, Ettaiyapuram 732

–, Eyrewell 735

–, Fredericksburg 509, 723

–, Fürstenfeldbruck 729

–, geophysical

–, Huancayo 274

–, Peru 274

–, Watheroo 274

observatory Contd.

–, Gnangara 719

–, Godhavn 736

–, Göttingen 729

–, Greenwich 61, 720

–, Grocka 729

–, Guangzhou 728

–, Güimar 740

–, Gulmarg 732

–, Halliburton 721

–, Hartebeesthoek 739

–, Hartland 710, 720

–, Hatizyo 734

–, Heard Island 717

–, Hel 728

–, Hermanus 739

–, Hollandia 725

–, Honolulu 723

–, Hornsund 728, 737

–, Huancayo 734, 807

–, Hurbanovo 728

–, Hyderabad 732

–, Indonesian 717

–, instrumentation 711

–, Irkutsk 737

–, Jaipur 732

–, Jassy 728

–, Kakadu 710, 717

–, Kakioka 715, 733, 951

–, Kanoya 733

–, Kanozan 734

–, Kazan 737

–, Kew 333, 720

–, Kodaikanal 732

–, L'Aquila 733

–, La Habana 734

–, Lanzhou 728

–, Learmonth 717

–, Leiden 725

–, Leirvogur 736, 737

–, Lerwick 720

–, Lhasa 728

–, Little America 723

–, Livingston Island 740

–, Lov 737

–, Lwiro 725

–, Macquarie Island 717

–, Madras 731

–, Madrid 739

–, magnetic 460, 715

–, Maisach 729

–, Makerstoun 720

–, Manhay 725

–, Mawson 717

–, Meanook 726

–, Melbourne 717

–, Memambetsu 733

–, Milne's 743

–, Mizusawa 734

–, Mohe 728

–, Munich 729

–, Nagpur 732

–, Nagycenk 728

–, Narsarsuaq 736, 737

–, Niemegk 729, 730

–, Nurmijärvi 736, 737

–, O'Gyalla 728

INDEX 1039

observatory Contd.

–, Orcadas del Sur 723

–, Panagyurishte 728

–, Paramaribo 725

–, Paris 721

–, Pavlovsk 737

–, Phu Thuy 734

–, Pola 728, 733

–, Pondicherry 732

–, Port Martin 723

–, Port Moresby 717

–, Port Stanley 720

–, Potsdam 729

–, Prague 728

–, Prudhoe Bay 721

–, Pruhonice 728

–, Qaanaaq 737

–, Qeqertarsuaq 710, 736, 737

–, Resolute 710

–, Rossbank 717, 807

–, Sabhawala 732

–, Sable Island 721

–, San Fernando 739

–, San Pablo 740

–, Sanya 728

–, Scott Base 735, 736, 951

–, Seddin 729

–, Sheshan 728

–, Shillong 732, 733

–, Shimla 731

–, Silchar 732

–, Sitka Alaska 723

–, Sodankylä 737

–, Srednekan 738

–, Stará Dala 728

–, subauroral 509

–, Surlari 729

–, Swider 728

–, Tamanrasset 710

–, Tangerang 725, 734

–, Terra Nova Bay 733

–, Tiflis 737

–, Tihany 728

–, Tikhaya Bay 738

–, time series 948

–, Tirunelveli 732, 733

–, Toledo 739

–, Tondano 734

–, Toolangi 717

–, Toronto 726

–

, Trelew 734

–, Trivandrum 731

–, Troms 737

–, Tsumeb 739

–, Tuntungan 734

–, unstaffed 714

–, Uppsala 737

–, Urumqi 728

–, Utrecht 725

–, Valentia Island 720

–, Vienna 728

–, Vishakhapatnam 732, 733

–, Watheroo 717, 807

–, Wellen 738

–, Wien Auhof 728

–, Wilhelmshaven 729

–, Wilkes 717

observatory Contd.

–, Wingst 714, 729

–, Witteveen 725

–, Wuhan 728

–, Yakutsk 738

Occam's Razor 950

ocean 61

–, conductivity 740

–, floor

–, conductivity 71

–, dating 484

–, isochrons 484

–, flow 741

–, magnetic signal 60

–, hidden 81, 637

–, induction 742

–, Mongol-Okhotsk 823

–, shallow 814

–, water-ammonia 207

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) 234,

479, 762

–, drillcore 666

oceanic crust 208, 596

oceanography 992

octupole 284

–, geocentric 681

ODP (see Ocean Drilling Program)

offset, frequency-independent 277

Ogg, Alexander 739

OGO (see Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)

Ohm law 21, 84, 114, 192, 287, 335,

641, 813

Ohmic

–, diffusion 5, 120, 186

–, dissipation 128, 641, 955

–, time 186

OhmMapper system 229, 230

oil exploration 1

Oldham, Richard Dixon 208, 742

oldhamite 79

Olduvai subchron 834, 837, 838

olivine 20, 21, 560, 685, 686, 932

–, electrical conductivity 72

–, electrogeotherm 70

–, hot-pressed 70

Olympus volcano 504

omega

–, effect 9, 10, 162, 164, 171, 946

–,  j dynamo 197

–,  j effect 194

–, loop 179, 182

–, system 317

Ontong-Java Plateau 783

ooze, calcareous 784

operating noise 920

operator

–, angular momentum 388

–, Hermitian 139

–, reduction-to-pole 487

–, roughening 220

ophiolite 596, 802, 819

optimization algorithms 220

optocoupler 920

orbit 59

–, dawn/dusk 59

–, Earth 353

–, elliptical 59

orbital

–, altitude 60

–, geometry, Earth's 258

–, parameter 161

Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO) 828

Orcadas del Sur Observatory 723

Ordovician 928

–, superchron 929

ore body 62

organic, matter 784

–, labile 786

organism, marine 566

Orgueil meteorite 798

orientation

–, animal 48

–, distribution, isotropic 590

–, lattice preferred 148

orienting devise 765

Ørsted Initial Field Model (OIFM) 745

ØRSTED satellite 349, 351, 352, 676,

743, 892

Ørsted, Hans Christian 358, 376

orthogonality 46

orthopyroxenite, cataclastic 792

oscillation

–, free 82

–, frequencies 77

–, geomagnetic 333

–, inertial 101, 364

–, inner core 422

–, relaxation 76

–, solar 398

–, torsional 6, 87, 508, 746

oscillator, harmonic, damped 132

osmium, isotopic composition 79, 150

outcrop 766

outer core

–, liquid-iron 766

–, viscosity 424

out-of-phase component 62

oval, auroral 33

overburden 224

Overhauser magnetometer 59, 542, 712,

727, 744

overprint 577

–, component 604

–, intensity 593

–

, lightning 593

–, low-temperature 797

overprinting 592

–, thermal 35

overturn time 297, 298

oxidation 993

–, degree 629

–, deuteric 597

–, low-temperature 749, 752, 794, 873, 878

–, partial 584

–, state 580

oxide

–, ferromanganese 783

–, magnetic 561

oxyexsolution 629

oxygen 371

–, fugacity 71, 480, 873

–, green line 33

–, isotope stratigraphy 771

–, state 70

1040 INDEX

oxygen–18 record 762

oxyhydroxide 248

–, ferromanganese 783

p mode 399

pace weather observatory 720

PACES system 229, 230

Pacific

–, dipole window 133, 134, 314, 417

–, hemisphere 994

–, lineation 330

–, Ocean 129

–, paleopole 962

–, plate 961, 962, 967

–, super-upwelling 964

PAIGH (see Pan-American Institute of

Geography and History)

Palazzo, Luigi 733

paleochannel 27, 240

paleoclimatologist 956

paleocontinent 839

paleodirection 313, 943

paleofield, intensity 611

paleoflow 874

paleogeomagnetic 874

paleointensity 32, 514, 589, 770, 799, 943

–, absolute 321

–, techniques 753

–, determination 574

–, absolute 749, 910

–, fluctuation 666

–, geomagnetic 257

–, method 583

–, record 259

–, relative 354, 758

–, reliable 780

–, study 31, 32, 271

–, relative 271

–, Thellier 749

–, variation 353

paleolatitude 283, 777, 959, 962, 967

paleomagnetic 966

–, dipole moment (PDM) 159

–, direction dispersion 45

–, field 281

–, collection 765

–, time-averaged 947

–, mean direction 282

–, microwave technique 694

–, recorder 325

–, secular variation (PSV) 766

–, data 775

–, record 769

–, signal 260

–, signature 273

–, study, baked contact test 35

–, vector 654

paleomagnetism 54, 548, 776, 781, 795, 797,

801, 817, 825, 839, 845, 870, 883, 920,

957–959, 993

–, extraterrestrial 788

–, sedimentary 579

paleomagnetist 992

paleomeridian 283

paleontologist 956

paleontology 957

paleopole 839

–, Cambrian 821

–, Cretaceous 820

–, key 839, 840

–, Pacific 962

–, Precambrian 839

–, Tertiary 821

paleorotation 472

paleoslab region 148

paleosol

–, layer 667

–, pre-Quaternary 252

paleosusceptibility 251

paleotectonic 803, 874

paleothermometry 943

Paleozoic 966

Panagyurishte Observatory 728

Pan-American Institute of Geography and

History (PAIGH) 734

Pangea 817

Papal Academy of Sciences 888

paramagnetic 116, 870, 931

–, rock 480

paramagnetism 157

Paramaribo Observatory 725

parameter

–, attenuation 209

–, Bullen 83

–, Cayley-Klein 392

–, coercivity 668

–, Euler Rodrigues 390

–, Floquet 201

–, Grüneisen 13, 91–93, 95, 100,

107, 366

–, interaction 649

–, Lamé 147

–, mineral-magnetic 527

–, orbital 161

–, precision 273

–, proxy 525, 527, 528

–, regime 290

–, response 647

–, rock-magnetic proxy 525

–, seismic 82, 100, 107

–, structural 647

parameterization model 220

parametric bootstrap technique 608

Paramore 675, 989

Paris Observatory 721

Parkinson

–, arrow 807

–, plane 808

–, preferred plane 65

–, terrella 808

–, vector 807, 867

Parkinson, Wilfred Dudley 807

pARM 537, 579

Parmentier, Jean 988

Parmentier, Raoul 988

Parry, J.H. 887

partial

–, melting 150

–, thermal remanent magnetization (pTRM)

596, 612

–, additivity 696

–, check 754

–

, law of additivity 754

partial Contd.

–, reciprocity law 943

–, relaxation 614

particle

–, ellipsoidal 565

–, ferrimagnetic 571

–, magnetic, synthetic 48

–, motion 147

–, noninteracting SD 574

–, path 187

–, pollutant 251

–, single-domain 589

–, noninteracting uniaxial 268

–, super-paramagnetic 581, 759, 932

passive margin 64

patch, preferred 831

path

–, apparent polar wander (APWP) 779,

802, 956

–, electrically conductive 245

–, polar 428

–, reversal

–, geomagnetic 134

–, preferred 132

pathway, preferred 830

Pauli exclusion principle 870

Pavlovsk Observatory 737

Pavonis Volcano 504

PcP 903, 970

–, ray 125

PDM (see paleomagnetic dipole moment)

PDOS (see phonon density of states)

pDRM (see postdetrital remanent

magnetization)

Péclet number 299

–, mass 297

–, thermal 297

Pedersen

–, conductivity 453, 815

–, current 453, 660

pedogenesis 569

penalty functional 220

pencil structure 476, 538

pendulum 977

Penrose crust 598

percolation 91

–, threshold 20

Peregrinus, Petrus 435, 808

periclase 793

peridotite 982

–, serpentinized 597

period

–, diurnal 101

–, magnetically quiet 141

–, tidal 72

periodic dynamo 200

–, spatially 200

periodogram analysis 353

Perkins, Peter 357

permeability 63, 72

–, free-air 872

–, hydraulic 985

–, magnetic 118, 173, 192, 215, 540, 541, 670,

875, 954

Permian 568

Permian-Triassic boundary 568

Perminvar 173

INDEX 1041

permittivity 641

–, dielectric 215, 226, 954

Permo-Carboniferous superchron 928

Permotriassic 960

perovskite 148, 687, 688

Perry, Stephen J. 460, 887

perturbation, finite-amplitude 262

petrofabric 560

petroleum

–, exploration 477

–, target 224

petrology 796

Pfaff, J.F. 279

Phanerozoic 568, 928

phase 672, 977

–, calibration 920

–, compressional 802

–, curve 869

–, expansion 927

–, growth 927

–, magnetic 600, 794

–, main 663

–, recovery 663, 927

–, seismic 82

–, transition 515, 620

–, velocity 76

phenomen, tectonoelectric 909

Phillippes, Henry 357

Philosophia Magnetica 357, 460

Phobos 439

Phoenix lineation 330, 331

phonon 116, 694

–, density of states (PDOS) 368, 369

–, scattering 688

photosphere 4, 178

–, solar 89

Phu Thuy Observatory 734

phyllosilicate, paramagnetic 563

physics

–, ionospheric 61

–, solar-terrestrial 61

–, solid-state 701

Pi2 pulsation 927

Piazzi, G. 279

piezoelectric motor 715

piezomagnetism 985

piezoremanence 599

–, magnetization 599

pillow lava 597

pin domain wall 621

pinning

–, effect 609

–, energy 625

–, strength 613

piston core 993

–, gravity-driven 665

pitch 176

–, error 673

Piton de la Fournaise 986

PKIKP 213, 427, 903, 904

–, wave 125, 424

PKJKP 427, 433, 903

PKKP wave 125, 126

PKP 970

PKPab 418, 427

PKPbc 427

PKPdf 418, 427

plagioclase 931

–, c-axes 540

–, crystal 749

–, feldspar 752

Plancius, Petrus 357

plane

–, paleohorizontal 561

–, Parkinson preferred 65

–, preferred 808

–, wave

–, electromagnetics 230

–, source method 224

planet

–, cooling rate 206

–, formationary 854

–, icy 204

–, interior 439, 441

–, moment of inertia 441

–, properties 440

–, rotation 442

–, terrestrial 89, 203, 439

–, crust 446

–, two-layer model 440

planetary

–, accretion 151

–, dynamo 203

–, thermoremanent magnetic

anomaly 619

–, wave 994

planetesimals 90

plasma 7, 60, 790

–, bubble 316

–, cavity 60

–, density distribution 334

–, instability 333

–, interstellar 7

–, mantle 657

–, sheet 33, 657, 658

–, solar wind 657

plasmasphere 657, 864

plasmoid 864

plate

–, convergence 801

–, motion 20, 891, 965

–, oceanic 128

–, tectonics 139, 779, 801, 957, 992

–, reconstruction 817

–, theory 887

plateau age 835

platform tilt 708

plume 128, 146, 689, 959

–, generation 967

–, mantle 146, 902

–, polar 946

Pluto 204, 207, 439, 446

PMF (see potential magnetic field)

pNRM (see primary natural remanent

magnetization)

Poggendorff, J.C. 436

POGO (see Polar Orbiting Geophysical

Observatory)

Poincaré

–, flow 843

–, mode 843

point

–, isotropic 517

–, antipodal 122

Poisson

–, distribution 336, 497

–, equation 229, 643

Pola Observatory 728, 733

polar

–, electrojet 700

–, null zone 828

–, path 428

–, plume 946

–, vector 306

–, wander 504, 959, 965

–, curve 887

–, large-scale 957

–, long-term 958

–, true 956, 957

–, wandering 959

–, wind 657

Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory

(POGO) 39, 828

–, spacecraft 828

polarity

–, asymmetries 314

–, bias 314

–, chron

–, C-sequence 329

–, M-sequence 329

–, short-lasting 665

–, geomagnetic 664

–, history 666

–, timescale 320, 328, 544, 664

–, interval, statistics 140

–, magnetic 361

–, normal 313, 664, 778

–, reversal 324

–, geomagnetic 311, 320, 781

–, Mars 504

–, reverse 313, 664, 778

–, state, equivalence 859

–, stratigraphy, magnetic 664

–, study 993

–, superchron, Cretaceous 329

–, timescale 992

–, geomagnetic 664, 780, 929

–, Plio-Pleistocene 993

–, transition 321, 325, 829, 834

polarization 155

–, induced 230

–, magnetic 974

polaron 685

pole

–, Early Quaternary 821

–, Euler 959

–, Fisherian 893

–, geographic 350

–, geomagnetic 33

–, virtual 150, 321, 947, 961

–, Jurassic 821

–, key paleomagnetic 839

–, Late Carboniferous 820

–

, Late Jurassic 820

–, Late Permian 820

–, Late Triassic 820

–, magnetic 310

–, north 339

–, mean 46

–, Ordovician 821

–, paleomagnetic 282, 777–779

1042 INDEX