Gardiner V., Matthews H. The changing geography of the United Kingdom
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
The changing geography
of the United Kingdom
Providing an integrated survey of how the geography of the United Kingdom has changed
through the 1990s, this book offers an understanding of the social, economic, political and
physical forces bringing about change. It captures the changing geography of the country at
a time of particular interest, with the 1990s seeing not only a change in government but also
radical shifts in policies in many areas.
All aspects of the social, economic, political and physical geography of the United
Kingdom are covered. The basic primary use of the resources afforded by the physical
environment are assessed through chapters on water, energy and bulk resources. The book
then proceeds to address the geographies of manufacturing and service sectors, before
considering the social issues arising, and the political frameworks within which the social,
economic and physical processes moulding the geography of the country operate. The
relationships between the people of the United Kingdom and their environment are considered
further in chapters addressing topics such as physical hazards, pollution, conservation and
climatic change. The book focuses on changes throughout the 1990s, although the final
chapters look towards possible changes in the future.
Vince Gardiner is Director of the School of Social Science, Liverpool John Moores
University. Hugh Matthews is Professor of Geography at University College Northampton.
The changing geography of the
United Kingdom
Third edition
Edited by Vince Gardiner
and Hugh Matthews
London and New York
First published by Methuen 1982
Second edition published by Routledge 1991
Third edition 2000
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002.
© 1982, 1991, 2000 selection and editorial matter, Vince Gardiner and Hugh Matthews;
individual chapters, the contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The changing geography of the UK/[edited by] Vince Gardiner and Hugh
Matthews. —3rd ed.
Rev. ed. of: The changing geography of the United Kindom/edited
for the Institute of British Geographers by R.J.Johnston and
V.Gardiner. 2nd ed. 1991.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Great Britain—Economic conditions—20th century. 2. Great
Britain—Population—History—20th century. 3. Great Britain—
Social conditions—20th century. 4. Natural resources—Great
Britain—History—20th century. I. Gardiner, V. II. Matthews, M.
H. (Michael Hugh). III. Changing geography of the United Kingdom.
HC256.C47 1999
914.1–dc21 99–28270
ISBN 0-415-17900-9 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-17901-7 (pbk)
ISBN 0-203-01882-6 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-20219-8 (Glassbook Format)
For our families
vii
Contents
List of figures ix
List of tables xiii
List of boxes xvi
List of contributors xvii
Preface xxi
1 Introduction 1
Ron Johnston
2 Water resources 9
Vince Gardiner
3 Energy 32
Keith Chapman
4 Earth resources 61
John Blunden
5 Agriculture 84
Ian Bowler
6 Transport 108
Brian Turton
7 Manufacturing industry 129
David Sadler
CONTENTS
viii
8 Labour markets 150
Jamie Peck and Adam Tickell
9 Demography 169
Tony Champion
10 Towns and cities 190
David Herbert
11 Rural change and development 213
Malcolm Moseley
12 Life chances and lifestyles 230
Daniel Dorling and Mary Shaw
13 Leisure and consumption 261
David Crouch
14 Cultures of difference 276
Peter Jackson
15 Local government and governance 296
Joe Painter
16 A (dis)United Kingdom 315
Charles Pattie
17 Human occupance and the physical environment 336
David Jones
18 Atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic pollution 382
Jonathan Horner
19 Climate change 406
Mike Hulme
20 Conservation and preservation 437
Chris Park
21 Growing into the twenty-first century: social futures 469
Hugh Matthews
22 Growing into the twenty-first century: environmental futures 484
Vince Gardiner
Index 490
ix
Figures
2.1 Trends in public water supply, 1985–96 11
2.2 Variations in the use of water abstracted from surface and groundwater, 1995 12
2.3 Irrigation water, England and Wales 12
2.4 Estimated abstractions from various sources of water, 1995 13
2.5 Tests on drinking water which failed to meet standards, 1992–7 19
2.6 Geographical variation in resource potential 26
3.1 Production and consumption of primary energy, 1966–96 33
3.2 Consumption of primary fuels, 1960–96 34
3.3 Rates of change in consumption of primary fuels, 1960–96 35
3.4 Oil production and consumption, 1966–96 36
3.5 Coal exports and imports, 1960–96 36
3.6 Offshore drilling activity, 1964–96 38
3.7 Recoverable oil and gas reserves, 1980–96 40
3.8 Life-cycle indicators, UK Continental Shelf oil and gas 41
3.9 Energy ratio, 1960–95 42
3.10 Privatised electricity supply industry 46
3.11 Trends in coal production, 1960–96 48
3.12 Oil refineries, 1996 49
3.13 North Sea oil and gas, 1996 51
3.14 Electricity generating stations 55
3.15 Projects contracted under the NFFO, 1995 58
4.1a Ubiquitous non-metalliferous UK minerals, 1972–97 62
4.1b Localised non-metalliferous UK minerals, 1972–97 64
4.1c Metalliferous UK minerals, 1972–97 66
4.2 Minerals prospecting in Britain, 1972 68
4.3 Aggregates and construction 73
4.4 The Lingerbay superquarry proposal, South Harris 75