Gardiner V., Matthews H. The changing geography of the United Kingdom
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INDEX
496
61; hazards 371–9; landscape designations
455–61; see also agriculture; rural
landfill 397–8, 402–3; gas 57, 58
landslides 347, 349, 372–3, 374–5, 376–7
Lansdown, G. 469, 470, 474, 475, 480
LEADER programme 220
Lee Moor 72, 76–7, 78
Leeds 2, 181, 201, 204, 312; leisure and
consumption 263, 265; retail 198, 199;
transport 114, 117
legislation see regulation
Leicestershire/Leicester 72, 121, 179, 204, 250,
297; environment 365, 369
leisure and consumption, new 3–5, 261–75;
city-centre 267; computers and Internet 268,
270–1; countryside 264–5, 269;
embodiment 272; enjoyment 271–2;
friendship 272; ‘gaze’ 270; heritage 265,
266, 267, 270; ‘McDonaldisation’ 269–70;
mixing 273; rural areas 221, 261, 264–5,
269; social class 272–3; sports 264, 265;
‘street cred’ 268–9; symbolic geography of
270–1; themed places 262, 263, 270; urban
areas 262–7, 263, 266, 270; see also
shopping
Liberal Democrats and Liberals 308–10, 316–
17, 324, 330
life expectancy and lifestyles 196, 215, 230–
60; behavioural factors 253–6;
demography 173, 242–4; environment
249–53; inequality 238–42; physical
factors 247–8, 253–6; quality of life in
cities 200–1; relationships 257–8;
unemployment 248–9; see also health;
leisure; mortality
Limb, M. 469, 471, 475, 477, 478
Lincolnshire 250, 297, 360, 372
Lingerbay superquarry proposal 75, 76
literature 282, 288
Liverpool 2, 48, 181, 372, 424, 485;
immigrants 206; labour markets 200;
transport 114, 117, 124
livestock 88–99 passim, 97, 100, 103–4
local government 7, 296–314, 472; elected
298–311; functions 302–5; future 313–14;
history 299–302; map of 297; non-elected 7,
312–13; reorganised 306–11; see also
dis(United Kingdom)
local labour-market areas (LLMAs) 176, 179–
80, 191, 192, 193
Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) 452, 456, 460
Lochalsh 220
London 3, 191, 193, 194, 208, 210; consensus
318, 322; demography 176, 179–81, 182,
185; dis(United Kingdom) 332; Docklands
208; energy 2, 52, 55, 58; environment and
resources of see London, environment and
resources of; functions 197, 198, 199;
futures 470; housing 196, 203; immigrants
204, 205, 206; labour markets 151, 152,
153, 154–8, 162, 200; leisure and
consumption 262, 264, 267; life expectancy
231, 233–9 passim; local government 297,
299–301, 305–7, 309–10, 312;
manufacturing industry 133, 147;
multiculturalism 280, 281, 287, 289, 292;
retail 199; transport 49, 108, 112, 113, 114,
116, 119, 120, 121–3, 203
London, environment and resources of 376–7,
486; climate 364, 365–70 passim, 407; earth
72, 73; geohazards 338, 339, 347, 352–3,
354, 355, 357, 360, 361; pollution 384, 385,
389, 391, 396–7; water 13, 20, 23, 25–8
Lothians 18, 96, 297, 331
Lynmouth 347, 354, 355
‘M4 corridor’ 130, 193
McCrone, D. 326, 327
‘McDonaldisation’ 269–70
‘MacSharry reforms’ 86–7, 88
‘Madchester’ scene 284–6
MAFF see Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries magazines, men’s 287–8
Major, J. 162, 305, 306, 311, 324, 331, 438
Manchester 3, 181; earth resources 68; energy
48, 52; environment 201, 365, 369, 388;
labour and industry 2, 200; leisure and
consumption 266, 267, 270; local
government 297, 300, 306, 312;
multiculturalism 204, 284–6; politics and
management 208, 209; retail 198, 199;
transport 48, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121–
3, 125, 283
Manley, G. 411, 413
manufacturing industry 1–2, 129–49, 182, 192;
foreign direct investment 139–42, 146–7;
government policy 143–5; labour markets
151, 152; new management and working
practices 142–3; performance since 1980s
129–39; water resources 10, 11
Marine Nature Reserves (MNRs) 452, 456,
460, 465
marketing see trade
Marsden, T. 84, 105
INDEX
497
Martin, R. 152, 160, 164
Matthews, H. xix, xxiii, 200–1; social futures
469–83
Mawson, J. 330, 331
Meadowhall shopping centre 1, 2, 119, 198,
199, 402
media 323; men’s magazines 287–8;
multiculturalism 277, 279, 283, 287–8, 293;
television tourism 266, 267; see also films
men: magazines for 287–8; see also gender
Mendips 73, 77, 354
metals 61, 66–7, 68, 78–9
migration 170; from cities 190, 192–4, 198,
199, 215; to cities 202–3; immigrants see
multiculturalism; international 174–5; north-
south 176–81
Milford Haven 48, 49, 50, 384, 385
minerals and mining 61–8, 182, 217, 219;
environment 69–70, 72–4, 80, 339, 347,
373–4; metals 61, 66–7, 68, 78–9;
national significance 79–80; non-
metalliferous and aggregates 62, 64–5,
68, 70–9 passim, 75; prospecting map 68;
regional development 77–9; sustainable
development 74–6; see also coal; earth
resources
Minerals Planning Guidance (MPG6) 76, 81
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 91–100
passim, 101, 102, 228
Mitchell, J. 323, 324
monetarism 161, 303, 305, 316
Monopolies and Mergers Commission 15
Morris, J.K. 248–9, 316
mortality 170, 171, 173–4, 231–7; see also life
expectancy
Moseley, M. xix; rural areas 213–29
multiculturalism and ethnic minorities 204–6,
249–50, 276–95; commodifying 283–8;
demography 174–5, 181, 183–5; difference
denied 277–9; limits to tolerance 288–92;
mapping 279–83; see also under urban areas
multinationals 63, 70, 79
Munday, M. 147, 164
music 263, 278, 284
NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) 421–3
National Coal Board (later British Coal) 34–5,
37, 44–5
National Grid Company 45, 46
National Health Service see health
National Nature Reserves 440, 452, 453, 456,
457, 459–60
National Parks 453, 455–7, 456; and earth
resources 65, 68, 69–70, 72–4, 76–7
National Power 46, 47, 54, 57
National Rivers Authority (NRA) 14, 15, 17,
18, 26–7, 440
National Scenic Areas 456, 457
National Union of Mineworkers see NUM
nationalisation 317–18
nationalism 315–16; parties 308–10, 321–2,
323–6, 328; symbols 282; see also
devolution; heritage
natural gas 45, 52–4, 55; consumption 33–4,
35, 51, 52–4; reserves 37–9, 41–3; see also
under North Sea
NCB see National Coal Board
Newbury 297, 357; bypass 125, 126, 283
Newcastle upon Tyne 3, 181, 197, 312;
transport 114, 117, 121–3
NNRs see National Nature Reserves
Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation 56, 57, 58
non-governmental organisations 69; see also
quangos
non-statutory protected land 452–3
Norfolk 96, 262, 297, 339
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) 421–3
North East 3; agriculture 87, 95, 99, 100;
consensus 318–20; demography 177–8;
dis(United Kingdom) 8, 330, 331;
environment and resources see North East,
environment and resources of; labour
markets 151, 152, 153, 154–8, 162; leisure
and consumption 265, 266; life expectancy
231, 233–9 passim; local government 297,
300, 306, 307, 312; manufacturing industry
130–41 passim, 144–8 passim;
multiculturalism 279, 280; transport 112,
114, 117–23, 117, 120; urban areas 191,
193, 197, 198, 199, 208 (see also Gateshead;
Newcastle)
North East, environment and resources of:
climate 364, 407, 416, 424; conservation
455, 456; energy 48, 49, 51, 55, 58, 68;
geohazards 352–3, 355, 358; land 376–7;
pollution 392, 393; water 12–14 passim, 13,
20, 26–8
North Sea 359–60; oil and gas 33–45 passim,
50–2, 51, 338, 370
North West and Merseyside 3, 328, 485;
agriculture 87, 95, 96, 100; consensus 318–
20; demography 177–8; environment and
resources see North West and Merseyside,
environment and resources of; labour
INDEX
498
markets 151, 152, 153, 154–8, 162; leisure
and consumption 4, 262, 264, 265, 266,
267, 270; life expectancy 231, 233–9
passim; local government 297, 312;
manufacturing industry 2, 131, 133–8,
144–5; multiculturalism 279, 280, 284–6;
transport 114, 117, 118–19, 120, 121–5;
urban areas 191, 198, 199, 200–3, 205,
206, 208, 209 (see also Liverpool;
Manchester)
North West and Merseyside, environment and
resources of: climate 364, 365, 366, 369,
407, 424, 430; conservation 455, 456;
energy 48, 49, 51, 55, 58, 59, 61, 65, 67, 68;
geohazards 347, 352–3, 355, 358; land 372,
373, 374, 376–7; pollution 388, 392, 393;
water 10, 12, 13, 15–16, 21, 26–8
North York Moors 65, 68, 73, 456
North-South divide 7–8, 287, 317–20; see also
life expectancy
north-south migration 176–81
Northamptonshire 67, 297, 373, 378
Northern Ireland 215, 250; agriculture 91, 93–
4, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100; demography 176–8,
187; devolution and nationalism 296, 315–
16, 320–2, 332–3; dis(United Kingdom) 8;
energy 55, 58; environment and resources
see
Northern Ireland, environment and resources
of; labour markets 152, 153, 154–8, 162;
local government 7, 297, 298, 300, 306–10
passim; manufacturing industry 2, 133–8,
140, 144–5; multiculturalism 289–92; social
futures 473, 478, 480; transport 114, 117,
122; urban areas 191, 195, 206 (see also
Belfast)
Northern Ireland, environment and resources of
355, 363, 372, 378; climate 362, 364, 407,
431; conservation 452, 455, 456; earth 65,
67; pollution 387, 392, 399–400; water 11,
18
Northumbria/Northumberland 297, 416, 456;
leisure and consumption 266, 267; water
resources 15, 16, 27
Nottinghamshire/Nottingham 72, 197, 206,
218, 262, 297; environment 353, 365;
transport 113, 119
nuclear power 42–6 passim, 54–6, 55; accidents
and pollution 43, 341, 342, 384, 385, 399;
consumption 33–4
NUM (National Union of Mineworkers) 2, 44–
5, 164
OFFER (Office of Electricity Regulation) 45,
56–7
OFWAT 9, 14, 15–16, 18, 22–5, 30, 31
OGA (other gainful activity) 98–9, 101
oil 55; consumption 33–4, 36; exploitaton 50–
2; pollution (spills) 384, 385, 400; price
shocks 34–5, 37, 56, 59; production 36, 51;
refining 48, 49, 50; reserves 37–43; see also
under North Sea
Orkney 18, 51
other gainful activity (OGA) 98–9, 101
output of manufacturing industry 130–2, 134–5,
136, 138
Oxfordshire 67, 193, 227, 297; Oxford 108,
121, 198
ozone layer see greenhouse gases
Painter, J. xix; local government 296–314
Park, Chris xix, 470; conservation 437–68
Parry, M. 414, 415
participation by young 470–3, 476–9; lack of
470–1, 474–5, 479
parties, political 276–8, 282, 289, 387;
nationalist 308–10, 321–2, 323–6, 328; see
also Conservative Party; Labour Party
Pattie, C. xix; dis(United Kingdom) 315–35
Peach, G.C.K. 203, 293
Peak District 65, 68, 69, 80, 81, 456
Peck, J. xix; labour markets 150–68
Pembrokeshire 68, 297, 456
Penning-Rowsell, E.G. 353, 487, 488
Pitcairn, C.E.R. 414, 416
Plaid Cymru (PC) 308, 323, 328
Plan for Coal (NCB) 34–5, 37
plants: and climate 414, 428, 431; indigenous,
lost 487–8; pollution 391, 393, 394; see also
agriculture; biodiversity; conservation
Plymouth 72, 78, 114, 208, 372–3
policy see regulation
politics 85; see also dis(United Kingdom);
government; local government;
participation; parties pollution 382–405;
aquatic 19–20, 384, 385–7, 399–401;
atmospheric 46, 288–96, 338–9, 340, 341,
342, 384, 385–7; climate change 368–71,
394–5, 428–9, 431–2; future 401–3;
legislation 385–8, 397; terrestrial see waste;
see also environment
population see demography; human occupance;
labour markets; leisure; life expectancy;
INDEX
499
multiculturalism; politics; rural change;
social futures; urban areas
Portsmouth 20, 23, 25, 123, 124, 297, 372
potash 64, 65, 68, 79
Potter, C. 87, 103
poverty, inequality and deprivation 5–6, 299,
317; life expectancy 237–42; rural areas
217–19; urban areas 196, 201–2
power see energy
Powergen 46, 54, 57
precipitation 418, 420, 422; agriculture 415–17;
future 425–6, 428, 430–1; hazards 346, 351,
354, 362, 367–8; history 407, 411–13; water
resources 26; see also climate; drought
Prescott, J. 402, 441
preservation see conservation prices: agriculture
87, 103–5; energy 34–5, 37, 42, 45, 53, 56,
59; see also costs
privatisation and deregulation: energy 45–6, 52,
54, 56, 59; labour markets 150, 159–64;
transport 108, 111–12, 118; water 9, 14–15
productionism in agriculture 86, 88–96
protection see conservation; regulation
quality of life 200–1
quangos and NGOs 7, 312–13
racism 277, 279, 293; see also multiculturalism
radon 375–8, 378, 383
railways 42, 108, 109, 110–15, 114, 339; see
also Channel Tunnel
rainfall see precipitation
Ramsar sites 452, 456, 457, 458, 460–1
rates (on property) 23, 303, 305
Reading 263, 265, 297, 366, 368
recessions 151, 153–5, 160, 161–2; oil shocks
34–5, 37, 56, 59
recycling 385, 397
Redcliffe-Maud Report 302
regional development 127; Agencies (RDA)
145, 228, 331–2; grants 143, 144, 210;
manufacturing industry 130–2, 134–8, 140–
1, 143–5; minerals and mining 77–9;
political 296, 298, 330–2; Regional Water
Authorities (RWAs) 14, 15; see also East
Anglia; East Midlands; North East; North
West; Northern Ireland; Scotland; South
East; South West; Wales; West Midlands;
Yorkshire
regulation, legislation and government policy:
agriculture 85–8, 102; and agriculture 86–7;
children 472, 473; climate change 431–3;
against discrimination 204; dis(United
Kingdom) 315; earth resources 63, 69–70,
76; education 299, 473; energy 43–7, 56;
environment 17, 69, 337, 347, 368–70, 440,
450; health 299; homosexuality 286;
housing 195, 196, 207, 224; immigrants
204; labour markets 159–60, 161; local
government 299; and manufacturing
industry 143–5; planning 69, 76, 203, 446;
pollution 338, 383, 385–8, 397, 403; poor
relief 299; removed see privatisation; rural
areas 223–8; social futures 472, 480;
transport 111, 118, 123, 299; urban areas
190, 195, 203, 206–10; water resources 9,
14, 15, 17, 19–22 passim; see also
conservation; government
relationships 272; and life expectancy 257–8
religion 288–92, 293, 320–4 passim
renewable energy 54–7
reserves of energy 37–43, 59
reservoirs and dams 351, 354, 357
resources see earth resources; energy; water
resources
retailing see shopping
rights of children 469–74 passim, 476, 479–80
risks see under hazards
rivers 27, 47, 72, 116; conservation 451–2;
environment 339, 361, 372; floods 346, 347,
351–7, 352, 360, 361, 430; pollution 387,
393, 399–400, 403; water resources 14, 15,
17, 18, 21, 23, 26–7, 440
roads and traffic 108, 109, 113, 115–18, 117,
126; pollution 339, 371, 384, 385, 388–91,
394, 402, 502; rural areas 217, 220, 227
Robertson, D. 161, 207
rock, quarried 62, 70, 76
Rogers, A. 61, 216
Rojek, C. 268, 271
Royal Commissions 116, 125
Royal Society for Protection of Birds 74, 453,
464, 488
rural areas 4–5, 213–29; demographic and
social change 179, 182, 214–17; economy
219–21; housing and planning 217, 223–5,
227; labour market 176, 179–80, 219;
leisure 221, 261, 264–5, 269; migration to
190, 192–4, 198, 199, 215; Rural
Development Commission 219, 222;
services and accessibility 221–3; welfare,
deprivation and exclusion 217–19; see also
agriculture; conservation; Countryside;
human occupance and environment
INDEX
500
Sadler, D. xix; manufacturing industry 129–49
sand and gravel 62, 72–4, 75
Scotland: agriculture 93–101 passim, 95, 97,
100; consensus 318–20; demography 176–8;
devolution and nationalism 8, 50, 296, 315–
17, 322, 323–7, 331, 332–3; environment
and resources see Scotland environment and
resources of; labour markets 152, 153, 154–
8, 162, 164; leisure and consumption 263,
266, 267; life expectancy 231, 233–9
passim, 250; local government 7, 297, 298–
300, 302–3, 306–10, 313; manufacturing
industry 2, 130, 133–8, 140, 141, 144–7
passim; multiculturalism 280; rural areas
215, 220, 221, 226; social futures 472, 473,
477–8, 480; transport 108, 112, 113, 114,
117, 119, 121–3; urban areas 191, 195, 198,
199, 200, 203, 206, 207 (see also
Edinburgh; Glasgow)
Scotland, environment and resources of: climate
362, 363, 364, 369, 407, 411–16 passim,
415, 418, 424, 426, 428–9, 431;
conservation 450, 455, 456; earth 61, 63,
65, 67, 68, 75, 76, 78, 79; energy 15, 39,
45–59 passim, 49, 51, 55, 58; geohazards
337, 355, 358, 364; land 372, 374, 376–7,
378; pollution 384, 385, 387, 392, 399;
water 11, 15, 18, 21
Scottish National Party 308, 323–5, 326
sea-level change 32–3, 358, 361, 394, 423–4,
428–9, 430
seaports and international trade 48–50, 49,
123–5, 182, 384, 385
Select Committees 74; Trade and Industry 138,
141–2, 144–5
Selsey 357, 359, 362
services and service industries 3, 193, 221–3;
health 222, 223, 317, 472; labour markets
152, 153; local government 303–4; rural
216, 217, 222, 223, 227; see also shopping;
transport; water
set-aside land, arable 86–7, 102, 447–8
Severn, River 21, 116, 354, 451
sewage 21, 25, 399, 400; gas 57, 58
sex see gender
Seyd, P. 7, 316
Shaw, C. 173, 187
Shaw, M. xxx; life expectancy 230–60
Sheffield 181, 402; Attercliffe 1–2, 3, 4, 7, 8;
demography 179; leisure and consumption
1–4 passim, 119, 198, 199, 264, 266, 267;
manufacturing industry 1–2, 6, 68; politics
and management 206, 208; retail 1, 2, 119,
198, 199; transport 117, 119, 120; urban
areas 7
Shetland 18, 478; earth resources 68, 78, 79;
energy 39, 42–3, 51; pollution 374, 385, 395
shopping and shopping centres 1, 2–3, 119,
282, 402; as leisure 262, 264, 266, 269;
rural 222, 223; supermarkets 104; urban
198, 199
Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) 143–4, 209,
210
Sinn Fein (SF) 321–2
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) 440,
444, 452, 457–9, 461, 464
Skye 220
Snowdonia 68, 76, 456
social class: leisure and consumption 269, 272–
3
life expectancy 244–7; multiculturalism 281,
283; rural areas 214, 224
Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) 321–2
Social Democratic Party (SDP) 316
social futures 469–83; rights and UNCRC 469–
74 passim, 476, 479, 480; see also
participation
Somerset 73, 77, 96, 198, 199, 297;
environment 339, 347, 354, 357, 377
South East (excluding London): agriculture 87,
95, 100, 102; consensus 318–20;
demography 176, 177–8, 183; dis(United
Kingdom) 330, 332; environment and
resources see South East (excluding
London), environment and resources of;
labour markets 151, 152, 153, 154–8, 161–
2; leisure and consumption 262, 263, 265,
266, 267; life expectancy 231, 233–9
passim; local government 297;
manufacturing industry 133–8, 140, 144–5;
multiculturalism 280, 287; transport 108,
112, 113, 114, 117, 121–7; urban areas 191,
193, 195, 198, 199, 205 (see also London);
see also London
South East (excluding London), environment
and resources of: climate 362–8, 363–4,
407, 416, 424, 425–6, 429, 431;
conservation 455, 456; energy 49, 55, 58,
59, 73, 76, 65, 72; geohazards 336–7, 339,
347, 351, 352–3, 355, 357, 358; land 372–3,
374, 376–7; pollution 388, 391, 392, 396;
water 12, 13, 15–16, 17, 20–1, 23, 25
South West: agriculture 95, 96, 97, 99, 100,
102; consensus 318–20; demography 176,
INDEX
501
177–8; dis(United Kingdom) 8, 330, 331;
environment and resources see South West,
environment and resources of; labour
markets 151, 152, 154–8, 162; leisure and
consumption 5, 262, 263, 265, 267; life
expectancy 231, 233–9 passim; local
government 297, 307; manufacturing
industry 134–8, 140, 144–5, 147;
multiculturalism 280; transport 112, 114,
116, 117, 119, 123, 125; urban areas 191,
193, 198, 199, 203, 206, 208 (see also
Bristol; Plymouth; Portsmouth; Swindon)
South West, environment and resources of:
climate 364, 407, 416; conservation 448–9,
455, 456; earth 61, 63, 65, 67, 68, 71–2, 76–
9; energy 55, 58; geohazards 339–40, 346–
7, 351, 352–3, 354, 355, 357, 358; land
372–3, 374, 374, 376–7, 377; pollution 383,
388, 392; water 10, 12, 13, 17, 20, 21, 23,
25–8, 29
Southampton 114, 123, 201, 297
Southend 297, 361, 372
Special Protection Areas 452, 456, 457, 458,
460–1
Species Action Plans and Recovery Programme
464, 465
sport 4, 264, 265
SSSIs see Sites of Special Scientific Interest
Staffordshire see West Midlands
Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMRs) 237,
240–1
state see regulation
Stevens Report 69, 74
stone walls 449–50
storms see gales
Storrie, T. 475, 476
Streatley 227
‘street cred’ 268–9
Structural Funds, EU 144–5
Subak, S. 414–15, 416, 417
subsidence 346, 347, 374, 415–17
subsidies see grants
suburbs and commuter areas 485–6; see also
decentralisation
Sunley, P. 160, 164
Surrey 15, 20, 21, 193, 297
Sussex 102, 183, 218, 297, 431; environment
357, 359, 372
sustainable development 87, 228, 438–9, 488–
9; earth resources 74–6, 81; indicators 442–
6; water resources 26–7; see also
conservation; Earth Summit
Swansea 2, 198, 202, 297; environment 384,
385, 402; transport 114, 117
Swindon 3, 140, 198, 232, 297
symbolic geography of leisure and consumption
270–1
taxation 44, 63, 161, 325–6; rates 23, 303, 305
Taylor, I. 284, 286
Taylor, P. 190, 316
Teesside 148; energy 48, 49, 51; politics and
management 206, 208
television tourism 266, 267
temperature 417–21, 432; future 425–9;
hazards 362, 365–6, 367, 370–1 (see also
greenhouse gases); history 408–15 passim;
see also climate
Thames, River and basin 27, 72, 353, 354, 360,
361; Barrier 347, 361
Thatcher, M. 279, 408; dis(United Kingdom)
316, 323, 331; energy policy 44–5; labour
markets 160–3 passim; local government
303–6 passim, 311
themed leisure 262, 263, 270
Thomas, H. 206, 208
Thompson Report 477
Tickell, A. xx; labour markets 150–68
tin 61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 79
TOCs (train operating companies) 112–13
tolerance, limits to 288–92
tourism see leisure towns see urban areas
Trade and Industry Committee 138, 141–2,
144–5
trade and marketing 465; agriculture 87, 89–90,
103–5; earth resources and energy 33, 35–6,
48–50, 52, 70, 79; manufacturing industry
130, 131, 132–3; transport 123–5; wastes
399; see also Department of Trade; industry;
seaports
trade unions see unions
training see education
Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs) 163,
209, 210, 313
transport 108–28; environment 125–6, 432;
hazards 347, 350; pollution see under oil
and roads; rural areas 217, 222, 223, 227;
urban areas 118–21; see also air;
Department of Environment; railways;
roads; seaports
Trent, River 21, 47, 351, 353, 357
Tunstall, S. 487, 488
Turton, B. xx; transport 108–28
INDEX
502
Tyne and Wear 202, 297; politics and
management 209, 300, 306; transport 118–
19, 120
UDCs see Urban Development Corporations
UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) 39, 41, 59
UKCIP (UK Climate Impacts Programme) 414,
425, 427–31
UNCRC (UN Convention of Rights of Child)
469–74 passim, 476, 479, 480
unemployment 2, 50, 148, 200, 316, 317;
labour markets 153–8 passim, 156, 158,
162, 165; life expectancy 248–9; see also
labour markets
Unionist Party 289, 321
unions and industrial relations 2, 44–5, 59, 142,
164; see also labour markets
United Nations 341; children see UNCRC;
climate change 408, 434; conservation 438,
442; pollution 386, 396; UNICEF 479, 481;
see also Earth Summit
urban areas 182, 190–212, 443; central cities
197–201; change processes 192–3; climate
338, 365–71; commercial functions 197–
200; demography 179–81, 182, 202–3, 204–
6, 205; environment see under environment;
General Improvement Areas (GIAs) 207;
gentrification 202–3; government see local
government; housing 194–6, 201–3, 206–9;
labour markets 191, 192, 193, 200; leisure
262–7, 263, 266, 270; management 206–9;
migration from 190, 192–4, 198, 199, 215;
migration to 202–3; multiculturalism 204–6,
205, 280, 281, 284–92 passim, 297, 299–
301, 305–7, 309–10, 312; problem
residential areas 201–2; transport 118–21;
see also in particular Belfast; Birmingham;
Bristol; Edinburgh; Glasgow; Leeds;
Liverpool; Manchester; Newcastle;
Sheffield; London; Cardiff; Swansea
Urban Development Corporations 143, 206,
208, 209, 210, 312–13
Urban Programme Authorities 143, 209
Urry, J. 262, 270, 272
variability of climate 414–15
Verney Report 69, 74
visibility 367
vulnerability 343–4
Wales 2; agriculture 93–4, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100,
102; consensus 318–20; demography 177–8;
devolution and nationalism 296, 315–16,
317, 323, 327–30, 332–3; dis(United
Kingdom) 8; earth resources 61, 67, 68, 73,
76, 78; environment and resources see
Wales, environment and resources of; labour
markets 152, 153, 154–8, 162, 164; leisure
and consumption 265, 266, 267; life
expectancy 231, 233–9 passim; local
government 7, 297, 298, 306–10 passim;
manufacturing industry 130, 131, 133–41
passim, 144–7 passim; multiculturalism
280; transport 114, 117; urban areas 191,
193, 198, 201–2, 206, 208 (see also Cardiff;
Swansea); see also conservation; England
and Wales (generally)
Wales, environment and resources of: climate
362, 363–4, 407, 411–12, 424, 426, 429;
conservation 448–9, 455, 456; energy 45,
47, 49, 50, 55, 58; geohazards 346–7, 351,
352–3, 355, 357, 358, 359; land 373, 374,
376–7; pollution 384, 385, 387, 392, 399–
400; water 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 25–6, 28
Waller, R. 1, 8
waste and terrestrial pollution 384, 385–7, 396–
9, 402–3; energy from 57, 58; mining and
quarrying 71–2, 76–7, 339; pollution by
396–9; regulation 17, 440; water treatment
21–2
water resources 9–31, 433; Bristol Water 29;
competition 24–5; demand 10, 17–18;
drinking 15–21, 31; EC legislation 21–2;
finance 22–4; leakage and efficiency 25;
long—term planning 17–18; pollution 19–
20, 384, 385–7, 399–401; public supply 14–
16; quality 18–21; regulation 16–18;
sustainability 26–7; use and supply 9–13;
see also floods; hydropower; precipitation
Waverley Committee Report 347
welfare and benefits 6–7, 159, 162, 317, 318,
473; rural areas 217–19
West Midlands 328; agriculture 87, 95, 96, 100;
consensus 318–20; demography 177–8, 183;
environment and resources see West
Midlands, environment and resources of;
labour markets 152, 154–8, 162; leisure and
consumption 262, 263, 265, 270; life
expectancy 231, 233–9 passim; local
government 297, 300, 306; manufacturing
industry 2, 131, 133–8, 140, 144–5;
multiculturalism 279, 280, 292; transport
114, 116, 117, 119, 121–2, 125, 126; urban
INDEX
503
areas 191, 193, 199, 200, 204, 206, 208 (see
also Birmingham)
West Midlands, environment and resources of:
climate 363–4, 365, 369, 407; conservation
455, 456; energy 52, 55, 58, 68; geohazards
338, 351, 352–3, 357; land 374, 376–7;
pollution 383, 384, 385, 392; water 13, 28
Western Isles/Hebrides 18, 75, 76, 220, 226,
297
Wetlands see Ramsar
Wheatley Report 302
White, I. 176, 214
White Papers: energy 44; environment 387,
439; local government 298, 313–14; rural
areas 228, 454; transport 116, 126–7
Whitehead, M. 244, 246, 247, 248, 250, 252
Wight, Isle of 297, 349–50, 375
Wigley, T.M.L. 358, 411, 428
wildlife 403; see also biodiversity; conservation
Wilson, D. 301–2, 303, 306–7
Wiltshire 72, 140, 233, 297, 339, 449; urban
areas 3, 193, 198
wind: power 56, 57, 58; see also gales women
see fertility; gender
Woodworth, P.L. 423, 424
World Health Organisation (WHO) 17, 19, 231,
240
World Heritage Sites 265, 456
World Trade Organisation (WTO) 87, 105
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 438, 476
York 20, 203, 297, 307
Yorkshire and Humber(side) 297; agriculture
87, 95, 96, 100; consensus 318–20;
demography 177–9, 185; environment and
resources see
Yorkshire and Humber(side), environment and
resources of; labour markets 152, 153, 154–
8, 162, 164; leisure and consumption 3, 4,
263, 263–7 passim, 266; life expectancy
233–9 passim; local government 297, 300,
306, 307, 312; manufacturing industry 1–2,
6, 131, 133–8, 140, 144–5; multiculturalism
279, 280, 292; transport 113, 114, 117, 119,
120; urban areas 7, 191, 198, 199, 201, 203,
204, 206, 208 (see also Leeds; Sheffield)
Yorkshire and Humber(side), environment and
resources of: climate 364, 407; conservation
455, 456; energy 47, 48, 50, 51, 55, 58, 65,
68, 73, 77; geohazards 338, 339, 346, 352–
3, 355, 358, 361; land 372–7, 374, 376–7;
pollution 383–5, 384, 392, 393, 402; water
10, 20, 22, 26–7
young people: commodified culture 284–6;
environmental futures 484–9; mortality 231–
2, 233; youth councils 476–9; Youth
Training Scheme (YTS) 162, 478; see also
education; social futures