Габриелян О.С. Домашняя работа по химии, 9 класс

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81
<uiZ\rbchkZ^hdjZa^_ebfgZ^\_jZ\gu_qZklbD i_j\hc
ijh[bjd_^h[Z\ bfjZkl\hj+&O
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2HCl ⇒ ZnCl
2
+ 2H
2
O, Zn(OH)
2
+ 2H
+
⇒ Zn
2+
+ 2H
2
O.
HkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky
Dh\lhjhcijh[bjd_^h[Z\bfba[ulhd1D2+
Zn(OH)
2
+2NaOH⇒Na
2
[Zn(OH)
4
], Zn(OH)
2
+2OH
–
⇒[Zn(OH)
4
]
2–
.
H[jZam_lky]b^jhdkhdhfie_dkpbgdZIjb\_^_ggZy\mq_[gbd_
nhjfmeZ1D
2
ZnO
2
g_\_jgZ^eyj_Zdpbc\ jZkl\hjZo
Zn(OH)
2
\j_Zdpbyob \_^_lk_[ydZdZlfhkn_jguc]b^jhdkb^
j_Z]bjmybkdbk ehlhcbkhkgh\Zgbyfb
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
3.
Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^ZqbihjZkiha g Z\ Zg bx
b ihemq_gbx\_s_kl\
<ZjbZgl
<\u^Zgguoijh[bjdZokh^_j`Zlkyl\_j^u_[_eu_ \_s_kl\Z>ey
gZqZeZjZkl\hjbfbo\\h^_>h[Z\bfd ihemq_ggufjZkl\hjZf
H
2
SO
4
.
Z1D2+
+ H
2
SO
4
⇒
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O,
2Na
+
+ 2OH
–
+ 2H
+
+ SO
4
2–
⇒
2Na
+
+ SO
4
2–
+ 2H
2
O,
HG
–
G
+
⇒
G
2
H
G_l\b^bfuobaf_g_gbc
[D
2
KH
3
+ H
2
SO
4
⇒
K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2
↑
.
2K
+
+ CO
3
2–
+ 2H
+
+ SO
4
2–
⇒
2K
+
+ SO
4
2–
+ H
2
O + CO
2
↑
.
CO
3
2–
+ 2H
+
⇒
H
2
O + CO
2
↑
.
<u^_ ey_lky]Za
\%D&O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
⇒
BaSO
4
↓
+ 2HCl;
Ba
2+
+ 2Cl
–
+ 2H
+
+ SO
4
2–
⇒
BaSO
4
↓
+ 2H
+
+ 2Cl
–
.
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2–
⇒
BaSO
4
↓
.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
<ZjbZgl
< ijh[bjdZokh^_j`Zlkyl\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_kl\ZKgZqZ eZbo
jZkl\hjbf\\h^_
Z< h^ghcijh[bjd_\_s_kl\h g_[m^_ljZkl\hjylvkyWlh&D&2
3
.
>eyhdhgqZl_evghcijh\_jdb^h[Z\bfdg_fmjZkl\hj+&O
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl ⇒ CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
↑.
CaCO
3
+ 2H
+
+ 2Cl
–
⇒ Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
–
+ H
2
O + CO
2
↑.
CaCO
3
+ 2H
+
⇒ Ca
2+
+ H
2
O + CO
2
↑.
<u^_ ey_lky]Za
82
[D hklZ\rbfkyjZkl\hjZf^h[Z\ bfjZkl\hj%D&O
2
< h^ghcba
ijh[bjhd\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hdWlhjZkl\hj1D
2
SO
4
.
Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
⇒ 2NaCl + BaSO
4
↓.
2Na
+
+ SO
4
2–
+ Ba
2+
+ 2Cl
–
⇒ 2Na
+
+ 2Cl
–
+ BaSO
4
↓.
SO
4
2–
+ Ba
2+
⇒ BaSO
4
↓.
\< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_gZoh^blky.&O
<ZjbZgl
< ijh[bjdZo ²l\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_ kl\ZIhiulZ_fkybojZkl\hjblv
\\h^_G_jZkl\hjb\r__ky\_s_kl\h\ h^ghcbaijh[bjhd ²wlh
KZK
O
3
>eyih^l\_j`^_gbyfh` gh^h[Z\blvdg_fmjZkl\hjdbkehlu
kfhljb\ZjbZglZ>eyhij_^_e_gby1D
2
SO
4
ijh\_^_f
ZgZeh]bqguchiuldZdb\\ZjbZgl_[
< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_gZoh^blky%D
(NO
3
)
2
.
<ZjbZgl
< ijh[bjdZo ²ljbjZae bqguojZkl\hjZ>h[Z\bfd dZ`^hcbalj_o
ijh[bjhdg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+
Z< ijh[bjd_]^_g_l\b^bfuobaf_g_gbckh^_j`blky1D&O
[< ijh[bjd_k jZkl\hjhf$O&O
3
\uiZe[_eucklm^_g bklu chkZ^hd
jZkl\hjbfucdZd\ dbkehlZolZdb\s_ehqZo
AlCl
3
+ 3NaOH ⇒ 3NaCl + Al(OH)
3
↓.
Al
3+
+ 3Cl
–
+ 3Na
+
+ 3OH
–
⇒ 3Na
+
+ 3Cl
–
+ Al(OH)
3
↓.
Al
3+
+ 3OH
–
⇒ Al(OH)
3
↓.
\< ijh[bjd_k jZkl\hjhf)H&O
3
hkZ^hdbf__l[mjucp\_lWlhl
hkZ^hdlZd`_jZkl\hjbf\ dbkehlZob\ba[uld_s_ehqb
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH ⇒ 3NaCl + Fe(OH)
3
↓.
Fe
3+
+ 3Cl
–
+ 3Na
+
+ 3OH
–
⇒ 3Na
+
+ 3Cl
–
+ Fe(OH)
3
↓.
Fe
3+
+ 3OH
–
⇒ Fe(OH)
3
↓.
AZ^ZqZ
>eyhij_^_e_gbyijbf_kbkmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,,\ `_e_aghf
dmihjhk_ \hkihevam_fkydZq_kl\_gghcj_Zdpb_cgZbhg)H
3+
l_
ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbxk`_elhcdjh\yghckhevx
2Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
⇒
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
↓
+ 6K
2
SO
4
.
?kebijbf_kv)H
3+
kh^_j`blky\ d mihjhk_lh\uiZ^_ll_fghkbgbc
hkZ^hdlmjg[me_\hckbgb
AZ^ZqZ
>eygZqZeZi_j_\_^_f)H&O
3
\ ]b^jhdkb^^h[Z\ eyyjZkl\hj1D2+
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH
⇒
Fe(OH)
3
↓
+ 3NaCl.
83
<uiZ^Z_l[mjuchkZ^hd]b^jhdkb^ZL_i_jvkhev_fkg_]hjZkl\hjih
\hafh`ghklbZkZfhkZ^hdi_j_g_k_f\ nZjnhjh\uclb]evb
ijhdZebfgZh]g_HklZ\rbckyihjhrhdp\_lZj`Z\qbgub[m^_l
Fe
2
O
3
.
2Fe(OH)
3
t
⇒
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O↑.
AZ^ZqZ
>ey ihemq_gby ZexfbgZlZ gZljby g_h[oh^bfh d $O ^h[Z\blv
ba[ulhdjZkl\hjZ1D2+b ih^h`^Zlvg_dhlhjh_\j_fy
:exfbgbcgZ\ha ^mo_ihdju\Z_lkyhdkb^ghcie_gdhcdhlhjZy
f_^e_gghjZkl\hjy_lky\ s_ehqbKZf`_Zexfbgbcks_ehqvx
j_Z]bjm_l^h\hevghZdlb\gh
AZibr_f\k_ijhbkoh^ysb_j_Zdpbb
3H
2
O + Al
2
O
3
+ 6NaOH ⇒ 2Na
3
[Al(OH)
6
];
2Al + 6H
2
O ⇒ 2Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
2
↑;
Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaOH ⇒ Na
3
[Al(OH)
6
].
< j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkyZexfbgZlgZljby
AZ^ZqZ
>eyihemq_gby)H&O
2
ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbxf_`^m)Hb jZkl\hjhf+&O
Fe + 2HCl ⇒ H
2
↑ + FeCl
2
.
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
4.
DZq_kl\_ggu_j_ZdpbbgZbhguf_lZeeh\
AZ^Zgb_
< obfbbbkoh^j_ZdpbbqZklhaZ\bkblhlmkeh\bc_]hijh\_^_gby
gZijbf_jhlkhhlghr_gbyj_Z]_g lh\
Ijb^h[Z\ e_ gbbd jZkl\hjm$O&O
3
s_ehqb\uiZ^Z_lhkZ^hd
]b^jhdkb^Zlds_ehqv\wlhfkemqZ_\ g_^hklZld_
AlCl
3
+ 3NaOH
g_^hkl
⇒ Al(OH)
3
↓ + 3NaCl.
Ijb^h[Z\ e_ gbbds_ehqbjZkl\hjZ$O&O
3
hkZ^hdg_\uiZ^Z_lld
Al(OH)
3
kjZam`_j_Z]bjm_lk ba[uldhf1D2+^hh[jZah\Zgby
]b^jhdkhdh fie_dkZ
AlCl
3
+ 6NaOH
ba[
⇒ 3NaCl + Na
3
[Al(OH)
6
]↓.
AZ^Zgb_
>eyih^l\_j`^_gbydZq_kl\_ggh]hkhklZ\Z&D&O
2
^h[Z\ bfd_]h
jZkl\hjmdZj[hgZlgZljbyIjbwlhf\uiZ^_l[_ euchkZ^hd
CaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
= CaCO
3
↓ + 2NaCl;
Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
–
+ 2Na
+
+
&2
−
⇒ CaCO
3
↓ + 2Na
+
+ 2Cl
–
;
84
Ca
2+
+
&2
−
= CaCO
3
↓
.
>eyhij_^_e_gbybhgh\&O
–
\ h[jZap_fh`ghbkihevah\ZlvjZkl\hj
AgNO
3
dhlhjuc^Z_lg_jZkl\hjbfuc[_euchkZ^hd
CaCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
⇒
Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ 2AgCl
↓
;
Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
–
+ 2Ag
+
+ 2NO
3
–
⇒
Ca
2+
+ 2NO
3
–
+ 2AgCl
↓
.
AZ^Zgb_
Ijh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby
Fe
→
1
FeCl
2
→
2
FeCl
3
.
JZkl\hjbf`_e_ah\ jZkl\hj_+&O
)H
+&O
+
⇒
)H&O
+
+
↑
Fe
0
+ 2H
+
= Fe
2+
+
0
2
H
↑
.
<u^_ ey_lky\h^hjh^L_i_jvijh\_jbf\ jZkl\hj_gZebqb_)H
2+
k
ihfhsvxdjZkghcdjh\yghckheb
3FeCl
2
+ 2K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
⇒
Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
↓
+ 6KCl.
3Fe
2+
+ 2[Fe(CN)
6
]
3–
⇒
Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
↓
.
<uiZ^Z_ll_fghkbgbchkZ^hdlmjg[me_\hckbgbke_^h\Zl_evgh
bhgu)H
2+
²ihemq_gu
I_j_\_^_f)H
2+
\ )H
3+
bkihevamyoehjgmx\h^mOehjgZy\h^Z
—
wlhjZkl\hj&O
2
\\h^_
+
)H&O
&O
⇒
+
−
)H&O
2Fe
2+
+
0
2
Cl
⇒
2Fe
3+
+ 2Cl
–
.
P\_ljZkl\hjZbaa_e_gh]hi_j_oh^bl\`_elhdhjbqg_\ucL_i_jv
ijh\_jbfjZkl\hjgZgZebqb_)H
3+
k ihfhsvx`_elhcdjh\yghc
kheb
4FeCl
3
+ 3K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
⇒
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
↓
+ 12KCl.
4Fe
3+
+ 3[Fe(CN)
6
]
4–
⇒
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
↓
.
?keb\uiZ^Z_ll_fghkbgbchkZ^hdlmjg[me_\Zkbgvlh\ jZkl\hj_
kh^_j`Zlkybhgu)H
3+
.
AZ^Zgb_
Ihemqbf)H62
4
.
Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx)Hk +
2
SO
4
.
0
Fe
+
1
4
2
SOH
+
⇒
2
4
FeSO
+
+
0
2
H
↑
.
@_e_ahjZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehl_b \u^_ey_lky]Za < jZkl\hj_
hklZ_lky)H62
4
.
85
Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx)Hk jZkl\hjhf&X62
4
.
&X62
+
)H
⇒
)H62
+
&X
↓
<uiZ^Z_ldjZkguchkZ^hdf_^b\ jZkl\hj_hklZ_lky)H62
4
.
BajZkl\hjZkheb)H
2+
ihemqbfkgZqZeZ]b^jhdkb^`_e_aZ,,
FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH
⇒
Fe(OH)
2
↓
+ 2NaCl.
Fe
2+
+ 2OH
–
⇒
Fe(OH)
2
↓
.
Khev_fhklZ\rbckyjZkl\hjb ^h[Z\bf+
2
SO
4
H[jZa m_lky)H62
4
.
Fe(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
⇒
2H
2
O + FeSO
4
;
Fe(OH)
2
+ 2H
+
⇒
Fe
2+
+ 2H
2
O.
?s_)H62
4
fh`ghihemqblvba)H62
3
^h[Z\e_gb_fdbkehlu
FeSO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
⇒
FeSO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2
↑
;
FeSO
3
+ 2H
+
⇒
Fe
2+
+ H
2
O + SO
2
↑
.
AZ^Zgb_
Ijh\_jbfdZq_kl\_gguckh klZ\kmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,
>hdZ`_fkh^_j`Zgb_ \ jZkl\hj_bhgh\)H
2+
Bkihevam_f^ey
wlh]hdZq_kl\_ggmxj_Zdpbxk djZkghcdjh\yghckhevx
3FeSO
4
+ 2K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
⇒
Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
↓
+ 3K
2
SO
4
;
3Fe
2+
+ 2[Fe(CN)
6
]
3–
⇒
Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
↓
.
<uiZ^_gb_l_fghkbg_]hhkZ^dZ]h\hjblh gZebqbbbhgh\)H
2+
.
>hdZ`_fkh^_j`Zgb_ \ jZkl\hj_bhgh\62
4
2–
j_Zdpb_ckkhevx
[Zjby
FeSO
4
+ BaCl
2
⇒
BaSO
4
↓
+ FeCl
2
;
SO
4
2–
+ Ba
2+
⇒
BaSO
4
↓
.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjyxsbcky\ dbkehlZob s_ehqZo
Ke_^h\Zl_evghjZkl\hjkh^_j`Ze62
4
2–
.
86
Obfbq_kdbcijZdl bdmf
II.
K\hckl\Z kh_^bg_gbcg_f_lZeeh\
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
5
.
Ihemq_gb_kheyghcdbkehlub bamq_gb___k\hckl\
Ihemq_gb_ kheyghcdbkehlu+&O
Z;m^mqbg_e_lmq_ckbevghcdbkehlhc+
2
SO
dhgp
kihkh[gZy
\ul_kgylv^jm]b_dbkehlubabokhe_c< ^ZgghfkemqZ_+&OlZd` _
kbevgZydbkehlZghhgZh[eZ^Z_le_lmqbfbk\hckl\Zf bIhwlhfm
^ey__ ihemq_gbybkihevamxlj_Zdpbxk
H
2
SO
dhgp
ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
H
2
SO
dhgp
+ NaCl
l\
t
⇒
NaHSO
4
+ HCl
↑
.
< kbevghdbkehckj_^_kj_^gyykh ev1D
2
SO
4
i_j_oh^bl\dbkemx
NaHSO
4
.
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
⇒
2NaHSO
4
.
;_agZ]j_\Zgby\ jZkl\hj_mklZgZ\eb\Z_lkybhggh_jZ\gh\_kb_
Oehjh\h^hjh^g_\u^_ey_lky
NaCl + H
2
SO
4
⇒
NaHSO
4
1Z&O
JZkl\hjoehjh\h^hjh^Zg_fgh]hly`_e_ _\h^uihwlhfmfu
fh`_fgZ[ex^Zlvlhgdb_h imkdZxsb_kykljmcdb_s_g_
i_j_f_rZ\r_ckylhevdhqlhh[jZah\Z\r_ckyijbjZkl\hj_gbb
kheyghcdbkehlu
Oehjh\h^hjh^hq_gvohjhrhjZkl\hjbf\\h^_?kebdhg_p
]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[dbhimklblvgbadhd ih\_joghklb\h^ulhfh`_l
ijhbahclb\kZku\Zgb_jZkl\hjZ\ljm[dm
Ihkfhljbl_jbkbamq_[gbdZkljbeexkljbjmxsbc
ohjhrmxjZkl\hjbfhklvoehjh\h^hjh^Z\\h^_
Bamq_gb_k\hckl\kheyghcdbkehlu
>eybamq_gbyk\hckl\kheyghcdbkehluijh\_^_fg_kdhevdh
oZjZdl_jguo^eyg__j_Zdpbc
G_\k_f_lZeeuj_Z]bjmxlk kheyghcdbkehlhcB^_lj_Zdpbybeb
g_laZ\bkblhlZdlb\ghklbf _lZeeZQ_fZdlb\g_cf_lZeel_f
[uklj__b^_l\aZbfh^_ckl\b_>eym^h[kl\Zfh`ghjZkkfhlj_lv
we_dljhobfbq_kdbcjy^gZijy`_gbcf_lZeeh\hggZoh^blkygZ
nhjaZp_\ dhgp_mq_[gbdZLh]^Zf_lZeeugZoh^ysb_kyi_j_^G
2
,
j_Z]bjmxlk dbkehlZfbihke_G
2
²g_j_Z]bjmxl
Ihwlhfm=Qb 0J\ul_kgyxl+
2
badbkehlu
Zn + 2HCl
⇒
ZnCl
2
+ H
2
↑
,
87
Mg + 2HCl ⇒ MgCl + H
2
↑.
K f_^vxkheygZydbkehlZg_j_Z]bjm_l
< q_l\_jlhcijh[bjd_ijhl_dZ_lj_Zdpby
CuO + 2HCl
t
⇒
CuCl
2
+ H
2
O.
&X2jZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehl_h[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjaZkq_l
hdjZr_gguobhgh\&X
2+
.
<iylhcijh[bjd_ijhbkoh^bljZkl\hj_gb_&X2+
2
\ +&O
Cu(OH)
2
+ 2HCl ⇒
G
2
H
+ CuCl
2
.
LZd`_h[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hj&X
2+
).
< r_klhcijh[bjd_
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl ⇒ CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
↑.
;he__kbevgZydbkehlZ\ul_kgy_l[he__ keZ[mxm]hevgmxdbkehlm
dhlhjZyjZaeZ]Z_lkygZm]e_dbkeuc]Zab\h^m
H
2
CO
3
⇒ CO
2
↑ + H
2
O.
KgZqZeZaZibr_f\k_j_Zdpbbk $J12
3
.
HCl + AgNO
3
⇒ AgCl↓ + HNO
3
;
NaCl + AgNO
3
⇒ AgCl↓ + NaNO
3
;
CaCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
⇒ 2AgCl↓ + Ca(NO
3
)
2
.
<h\k_oijh[bjdZo\uiZ^Z _ l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\
HNO
dhgp
.
:gZeh]bqghijhbkoh^ylj_Zdpbbk 3E12
3
)
2
:
2HCl + Pb(NO
3
)
2
⇒ PbCl
2
↓ + 2HNO
3
;
2NaCl + Pb(NO
3
)
2
⇒ PbCl
2
↓ + 2NaNO
3
;
CaCl
2
+ Pb(NO
3
)
2
⇒ PbCl
2
↓ + Ca(NO
3
)
2
.
LZddZdjZkl\hjbfhklv3E&O
2
\k_lZ db^hklZlhqgh\_ebdZ lhhkZ^hd
\uiZ^Z_lebrvba^hklZlhqghdhgp_gljbjh\ZgguojZkl\hjh\Ijb
^h[Z\e_gbbba[uldZdhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcG12
3
dhgp_gljZpbybhgh\
Pb
2+
b &O
–
mf_gvrZ_lkydjhf_lh] hjZ\gh\_kb_baaZba[uldZ+12
3
kf_sZ_lky\e_\hihwlhfmhkZ^hd3E&O
2
jZkl\hjy_lky
Z>eylh]hqlh[uhlebqblvkheygmxdbkehlmhl^jm]bodbkehl
fh`ghijh\_klbj_Zdpbxk $J12
3
beb3E12
3
)
2
< j_amevlZl_
\uiZ^Z_l[_eucl\hjh`bkluchkZ^hd$J&ObebfZehjZkl\hjbfuc
PbCl
2
.
[Oehjb^uhij_^_eyxlkybgufh[jZahf
\Kheyg mx dbkehlmhloehjb^h\fh`ghhlebqblvj_Zdpb_ck
f_lZeeZfb
+&Oj_Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfbk \u^_e_gb_f\h^hjh^Z
88
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
6.
Wdki_jbf_g lZevgu_aZ^Zqbihl_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZdbkehjh^Zª
AZ^ZqZ
>ey^hdZaZl_evkl\Zijh\_^_fkgZqZeZj_Zdpbxk_jghcdbkehluk =Q
Zn + H
2
SO
4
⇒ ZnSO
4
+ H
2
↑.
Pbgd\ul_kgy_l\h^hjh^badbkehlul_+
2
SO
4
kh^_j`blbhgu
\h^hjh^Z
Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx+
2
SO
4
k jZkl\hjhfkheb<Z
2
+
:
<Z&O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
⇒ BaSO
4
↓ + 2HCl.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob hkgh\Zgbyo
l_+
2
SO
4
kh^_j`blbhgu62
4
2
+
.
AZ^ZqZ
< j_ZdpbbpbgdZk jZa[Z\e_gghck_jghcdbkehlhc\u^_e y_lky\h^hjh^
:
Zn + H
2
SO
jZa[
⇒ ZnSO
4
+ H
2
↑.
Ijbj_Zdpbb=Qk dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghck_jghcdbkehlhc\u^_ey_lky
H
2
6h[eZ^Zxsbcg_ijbylgufoZjZdl_jgufaZiZohf
4Zn + 5H
2
SO
4(
dhgp
⇒ 4ZnSO
4
+ H
2
S↑ + 4H
2
O.
JZa[Z\e_ggZyk_jgZydbkehlZj _Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfbdZdh[uqgZy
fbg_jZevgZydbkehlZDhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyk_jgZ ydbkehlZ\_^_ l
k_[ym`_dZddbkehlZhdbkebl_ev\ j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbyijhbkoh^bl
ih^jm]hfm
AZ^ZqZ
OehjgZyb [jhfgZy\h^Z ²hdbkebl_ebihwlhfm\h[_boijh[bjdZo
kmevnb^hdbkeblky^hk_ju
Na
2
S + Cl
2
= S + 2NaCl;
Na
2
S + Br
2
= S + 2NaBr.
JZkl\hjuh[_kp\_qb\Zxlky
AZ^ZqZ
MgZk_klvljbjZaebqguo\_s_ kl\Z+&O+
2
SO
4
; NaOH.
>eyhij_^_e_gby1D2+fh`ghbkihevah\ZlveZdfmk
bg^bdZlhjgZy[mfZ`dZ^he`gZihkbg_lv\ s_ ehqghckj_^_beb
jZkl\hj0J
2+
.
MgCl
2
+ 2NaOH ⇒ 2NaCl + Mg(OH)
2
↓.
< ijh[bjd_k 1D2+\uiZ^_l[_ euchkZ^hd\ hklZevguo\b^bfuo
baf_g_gbcg_ijhbahc^_l
>eyhij_^_e_gby+
2
SO
4
gZ^hbkihevah\ZlvjZkl\hj%D
2+
.
89
H
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
⇒ 2HCl + BaSO
4
↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdk +&OjZkl\hj%D
2+
g_\aZbfh^_ckl\m_l
< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_jZkl\hj+&O>eyijh\_jdb^h[Z\bf
jZkl\hj$J12
3
beb3E12
3
)
2
.
HCl + AgNO
3
⇒ AgCl↓ + HNO
3
;
2HCl + Pb(NO
3
)
2
⇒ PbCl
2
↓ + 2HNO
3
.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
AZ^ZqZ
Ih\Zj_ggZykhevbf__lnhjfmem1D&O>eyhij_^_e_gby ijbf_kb
kmevnZlZfh`ghbkihevah\ZlvdZq_kl\_ggmxj_Zdpbxk %D
2+
.
Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
⇒ 2NaCl + BaSO
4
↓.
?keb\uiZ^Z_l[_ euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob
s_ehqZolhih\Zj_ggZykhevkh^_j`blijbf_kbkmevnZlh\
AZ^ZqZ
>eyhij_^_e_gbykmevnZlZbkihevam_foZjZdl_jgmxj_Zdpbxk
jZkl\hjhf<Z
2+
.
<Z
2+
+ SO
4
2–
⇒ BaSO
4
.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdK oehjb^hfb bh^b^hfj_Zdpbyg_b^_l
>eyhij_^_e_gbyoehjb^Zb bh^b^Z\havf_fjZkl\hj$J12
3
ij_^\Zjbl_evghijh\_jb\gZkmevnZl
Ag
+
+ Cl
–
⇒ AgCl↓,
Ag
+
+ I
–
⇒ AgI↓.
AgCl
²[_euc$J
I
²`_elucIhp\_lmfh`ghhij_^_eblvkhklZ\
\u^Zgghckheb
AZ^ZqZ
JZkl\hjbfihemq_gguchdk b^f_^b\k_jghcdbkehl_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
CuO + H
2
SO
4
t
⇒
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O.
H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjkmevnZlZf_^b
Ihemq_ggucjZkl\hj&X62
4
i_j_ev_f\ nZjnhjh\mxqZr_qdmb
ijh^he`bf]j_lvgZh]g_^hihy\e_gbykeZ[hcie_ghqdbgZ
ih\_joghklbjZkl\hjZAZl_fkgbfZ_fqZr_qdmkh]gyb hklZ\ ey_f
hoeZ`^Zlvky< jZkl\hj_h[jZamxlkydjbklZeeuf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ
L_i_jvbofh`ghhklhjh`ghhlnbevljh\u\Zlvb\ukmrblv
NhjfmeZf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ
— CuSO
4
⋅
G
2
H
90
AZ^ZqZ
<havf_fjZkl\hjkheyghcdbkehlub ^h[Z\bf__ \dZ`^mxbaijh[bjhd
< ijh[bjd_kkmevnZlhfgbq_]hg_ijhbahc^_l<^\mo^jm]bo
ijh[bjdZo\u^_ey_lky]ZaBofh`ghjZaebqblvihaZiZom
Na
2
SO
3
+2HCl⇒2NaCl+H
2
O+SO
2
↑,
Na
2
S+2HCl⇒2NaCl+H
2
S↑.
SO
2
bf__lj_adbcg_ijbylgucaZiZo+
2
6bf__loZjZdl_jgucaZiZo
ihjq_guoybp
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
7.
Ihemq_gb_ZffbZdZb bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\
Ihemq_gb_ZffbZdZIjh\_^_f\k_^_ckl\byhibkZggu_\mq_[gbd_
Ba]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[db[m^_l\u^_eylvkyZffbZdHgjZkl\hjy_lky
\\h^_ijhiblZ\r_cn_ghenlZe_bgh\mx[mfZ`dm
NH
3
+ H
2
O ⇒ NH
4
OH.
< j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lky]b^jhdkb^Zffhgbydhlhjucbf__l
s_ehqgmxj_Zdpbxb hdjZrb\Z_lbg^bdZlhj\ fZebgh\ucp\_l
?kebih^g_klbd hl\_jklbxijh[dbkl_deyggmxiZehqdmkfhq_ggmx
dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghckheyghcdbkehlhclhgZ^hl\_jklb_f
h[jZam_ lky[_eZy^ufdZ Ijhbkoh^blj_Zdpby
NH
3
+ HCl ⇒ NH
4
Cl.
NH
4
&Oh[eZ^Z_le_lmq_klvx_]hqZklbqdbih^gbfZxlky\f_kl_k
ZffbZdhfBofub\b^bf\\b^_[_ehc^ufdb
Ijh\_^_fjZkl\hj_gb_ZffbZdZlZddZdwlhhibkZgh\mq_[gbd_Ba
aZhq_gvohjhr_cjZkl\hjbfhklbZffbZdZ\h^Z\ ijh[bjd_
ih^gbfZ_lkyH[jZam_lky1+
4
OH.
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbf_`^m&D2+
2
b 1+
4
Cl.
Ca(OH)
2
+ 2NH
4
Cl ⇒ CaCl
2
+ 2NH
3
↑ + 2H
2
O↑.
DZdfh`gh\b^_lvbamjZ\g_gby\ j_Zdpbbh[jZamxlkyiZju\h^u
Hgbdhg^_gkbjmxlkygZ[he__oheh^guokl_gdZoijh[bjdb?keb
dZi_evdb\h^u ihiZ^mlgZjZkdZe_ggh_^ghlhijh[bjdZfh`_l
lj_kgmlvIhwlhfm__ gZdehgyxllZdbfh[jZahfqlh[udZi_evdb
kdZlu\Zebkvd hl\_jklbxijh[bjdb
:ffbZde_]q_\ha^moZldF1+
3
]fhevF\ha^moZ
≈
≈
29
]fhevHgih^gbfZ_lky\\_joihwlhfm_]hgZ^hkh[bjZlv\
i_j_\_jgmlmxijh[bjdm:gZeh]bqghfh`ghkh[bjZlvG
2
F
2
]fhev&+
4
²f_lZgF ]fhev+HF ]fhevb ^jm]b_
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