Габриелян О.С. Домашняя работа по химии, 9 класс

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g_h[uqgufkihkh[hfg_kdhevdh jZa\_jhylgh[ueh[ukeh`ghDjhf_

lh]h [_eucnhknhjgZ \ha^mo_e_]dhhdbkey_lky  i_j_oh^y ijbwlhf\

kl_i_gvhdbke_gby

4P + 5O

= 2P

DZdlhevdhijhp_kkhdbke_gbyaZdZgqb\Z_lkykh[ZdZi_j_klZ_l

k\_lblvky

Hdkb^nhknhjZ9hq_gv]b] jhkdhibqgh_\_s_kl\hl_hgh

ijbly]b\Z_ldk_[_\h^m<kihfgbfqlh\ hlju\d_]h\hjbehkvh

lmfZg_badhlhjh]h\ukdhqbeh©qm^h\bs_ªLmfZg ²wlh

kdhg^_gkbjh\Zggu_iZju\h^uLh]^Zkdhj__\k_]hh[jZah\Z\rbcky

ih^^_ckl\b_f\eZ]bij_\jZlbeky\ nhknhjgmxdbkehlm

G

⇒

G

Ljm^gh ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ qlh kh[ZdZ h[fZaZggZy y^h\bluf

\_s_kl\hfb dbkehlhcfh`_l_s_qlheb[hk^_eZlv

§ 28

M]e_jh^

<hijhk

:efZa ²ijhajZqgh_djbklZeebq_kdh_ \_s_kl\hkZfh_l\_j^h_ba

\k_o ijbjh^guo \_s_kl\ LZdZy l\_j^hklv h[mkeh\e_gZ hkh[hc

kljmdlmjhc_]hZlhfghcdjbklZeebq_kdhc j_r_ldb<g_cdZ`^ucZlhf

m]e_jh^Z hdjm`_g lZdbfb `_ ZlhfZfb jZkiheh`_ggufb  \ \_jrbgZo

ijZ\bevgh]hl_ljZw^jZ

DjbklZeeuZefZaZh[uqgh[_kp\_lgu_gh[u\Zxlkb g_]h]h em[h]h

djZkgh]hb q_jgh]hp\_lh\Hgbbf_xlhq_gvkbevguc[e_kd

[eZ]h^Zj y \ukhdhck\_lhij_ehfeyx s_cb k\_lhhljZ`Zxs_c

kihkh[ghklb:efZaohjhrhijh\h^bll_iehh[eZ^Z_l

we_dljhbaheypbhggufbk\hckl\Zfb

=jZnbl ²l_fghk_jh_`bjgh_gZhsmivdjbklZeebq_kdh_

\_s_kl\hk f_lZeebq_kdbf[e_kdhf< hlebqb_hlZefZaZ]jZnbl

fy]dbcb g_ijhajZqgucohjhrhijh\h^bll_iehb we_dljbq_kdbc

lhdFy]dhklv]jZn blZh[ mkeh\e_gZkehbklhckljmdl mjhcjbk\

mq_[gbd_<djbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_l d_]jZnblZZlhfum]e_jh^Z

e_`Zsb_\ h^ghciehkdhklbijhqghk\yaZgu\ ijZ\bevgu_

r_klbm]hevgbdb

Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZklj

Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZklj

<hijhk

K H

KH







&H &



\hkklZgh\bl_ev





hdbk eb l_ev

2H 2

−

K G







&H&

hdbkebl_ev





\hk klZg h\ bl_ ev

+H+

−

+= −

−

−=

<hijhk

DZj[hg ² wlh h^bg ba i_jb h^h\ iZe_hahckdhc  wju < dZj[hg_

ijh^he`Zxl jZkijhkljZgylvky  kihjh\u_ jZkl_gby l_ iZihjhlgbdb

HklZldbih]b[rboiZihjhlg b dh\ f_^e_ggh hdbkeyebkvih^keh_fa_feb

\l_q_gb_ fgh]b o fbeebhgh\ e_l < j_amev lZ l_ h[jZah\Zebkv h]jhfgu_

aZe_`b dZf_ggh]h m]ey dhlhjuc g_ qlh bgh_ dZd hklZldb ^j_\g_crbo

jZkl_gb c

<hijhk

DZj[he_g ²wlhjZagh\b^ghklvZdlb\bjh\Zggh]hm]ey

Ke_^h\Zl_evghhgh[eZ^Z_lohjhrbfbZ^khj[bjmxsbfb

k\hckl\Zfbb bkihevam_lky^eyih]ehs_gbyjZaebqguoaZiZoh\\

oheh^bevgbdZo

<hijhk

K

+ Fe

2Fe

KH

↑

;





&H& 





)H H )H

−=

2) PbO

+ 2C

Pb + 2CO

↑

;





3E H 3E 





&H&

−=

<hijhk

>ZghPK ij ]9&2

 e: 

GZclb

ij

J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZdhlhjuc^he`_g[ue

ihemqblvky

V(CO

)

l_hj



9&2 

e



e

AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb

K H

Ba mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbb \b^gh qlh ba h^gh]h fhev m]ey ihemqZ_lky

jh\ghh^bgfhevm]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZAgZqbl

νK νKH

) =

)

CO(V

l_hj

 

efhev

fhev

Lh]^ZP& νK⋅0K fhev⋅]fhev ]

Pij P& ij±PK ]±] ]

Lh]^Zωij 

)

C(m

)

]

= 0,25 = 25 %.

Hl\_l

ωij 

<hijhk

K KH

KH





&H&

\hkklZgh\bl_ev





hdbkebl_ev

KH K

−= −

−

<hijhk



→



CaC



→



→



→



1. 2C + Ca

CaC

;





& H & 

hdbkebl_ev 



\hkklZgh\bl_ev

&D H &D

−

2. CaC

+ 2H

O = Ca(OH)

+ C

↑

;

3. 2C

+ 5O

= 4CO

↑

+ 2H





&H &



\hkklZgh\bl_ev 



hdbkebl_ev 

HH H

−+

−

4. CO

+ C = 2CO.

§ 29

Dbkehjh^gu_kh_^bg_gbym]e_jh^Z

<hijhk

+ 3CO

2Fe + 3CO

↑





)H H )H 





&H&

−=

<hijhk

G_khe_h[jZamxsb_ bebbg^bnn_j_glgu_ hdkb^u g_ j_Z]bjmxsb_

k \h^hc ²wlhgZijbf_jK2126L2djZcg_g_mklhcqb\uc

<hijhk

KH H



KH

Ih\ur_gb_^Z\e_gbyijb\h^bld kf_s_gbxiheh`_gbyjZ\gh\_kby

\ijZ\h

<hijhk

G



K



KH

+ 2Mg = 2MgO + C;

−

<hijhk

IjbjZkl\hj_gbbm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZ\\h^_h[jZam_lkykeZ[Zy

m]hevgZydbkehlZihwlhfmeZdfmkbf__ldjZkgmxhdjZkdm

+ H

O  H

IjbklhygbbjZkl\hjZm]hevgZydbkehlZjZaeZ]Z_lkyb jZkl\hjkgh\Z

klZgh\blkyg_cljZevguf 

<hijhk

CuCO

²kj_^gyyfhev ²dZj[hgZlf_^b,,

&XG&2

)

²dbkeZykhev ²]b^jhdZj[hgZlf_^b,

II),

(CuOH)

²hkgh\gZykhev ²]b^jhdkhdZj[hgZlf_^b,,fZ eZobl

Bai_j_qbke_gguokhe_clhevdh&X+&2

)

y\ey_lkywe_dljheblhf

&XG&2

)

Cu

+ 2CO

2–

+ 2H

<hijhk

ZKD&2

→

CaO

→

&Z2+

→

CaCO

→

Ca(HCO

)

→

CaCO

1. CaCO

CaO + CO

↑

;

2. CaO + H

O = Ca(OH)

;

3. Ca(OH)

+ CO

g_^

= CaCO

+ H

4. CaCO

+ CO

ba[

+ H

O = Ca(HCO

)

;

5. Ca(HCO

)

CaCO

+ H

O + CO

↑

[K



→



→



→



→



1. C + O

;







&H& 





2H2

−

−=

2. CO

+ C = 2CO;





&H& 





&H&

−=

3. 2CO + O

= 2CO

;

 





&H &







2H 2

−

4. CO

+ 2Mg

2MgO + C.







&H &





0J H 0J

−

<hijhk

>ZghPjjZ1D

 ]ω

(Na

) = 2 %;

m(Na

⋅G

H ]

GZclb

(Na

)

J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkm1D

\ djbklZeeh]b^jZl_

m(Na

)=m(Na

⋅G

H⋅ω

(Na

=m(Na

⋅G

H⋅



 

0U1D &2 

0U1D &2  0U+ 2

= 14,3

⋅



 

]

GZc^_ffZkkm1D

\ jZkl\hj_

m(Na

 PjjZ1D

)

⋅ω

(Na

) = 1060

⋅ ]

(Na



h[s

 

P1D &2 

PjjZ P1D &2 + 2

−+ ⋅

] ]

]]

]

Hl\_l

(Na

 ] beb

§ 30

Dj_fgbcb_]hkh_^bg_gby

<hijhk

>bhdkb^dj_fgbyb m]e_dbkeuc]Zay\eyxlkydbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb

H^gZdh\ hlebqb_hlKH

hdkb^dj_fgby,9bf__lg_

fhe_dmeyjgmxZ ZlhfgmxdjbklZeebq_kdmxj_r_ldmIhwlhfm6L2

y\ey_lkyl\_j^ufb lm]hieZ\dbf\_s_kl\hfZKH

y\ey_lky]Zahf

M]e_dbkeuc]Za\aZ bfh^_ckl\m_lk \h^hck h[jZah\Zgb_fm]hevghc

dbkehlu+

O + CO

∅

\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lks_ehqZfbKH

+ 2NaOH = Na

+ H

2j_Z]bjm_lk hkgh\gufbhdkb^ZfbKH

KZH KZKH

\klmiZ_l\ j_Zdpbxk f_lZeebq_kdbffZ]gb_f

+ + 2Mg = 2MgO + C.

Hdkb^dj_fgby,9g_jZkl\hjy_lky\\h^_\aZbfh^_ ckl\m_lijb

\ukhdbol_fi_jZlmjZokhs_ehqZfbk h[jZah\Zgb_fkbebdZlh\

SiO

+ 2NaOH

SiO

+ H

2\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lijbkieZ\e_gbbk

hkgh\gufbhdkb^Zfb

SiO

+ CaO

CaSiO

j_Z]bjm_lkfZ]gb_f

SiO

+ 2Mg

⇒

2MgO + Si.

<hijhk

M]e_jh^ ² wlh hkh[uc obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl Hg hkgh\Z

fgh]hh[jZaby hj]Zgbq_kdbo  kh_^bg_gbc ba dhlhjuo ihkljh_gu \k_

`b\u_hj] ZgbafugZgZr_cieZg_l_

< ijbjh^_dj_fgbc ²\lhjhcihjZkijhkljZg_gghklbihke_

dbkehjh^Zobfbq_kdbcwe_f_glA_fgZydhjZ[he__q_fgZq_l\_jlv

khklhblba_]hkh_^bg_gbc Ihwlhfmm]e_jh^gZau\Zxlhkgh\guf

we_f_glhf`b\hcijbjh^uZ dj_fgbc²hkgh\gufwe_f_glhf

g_`b\hcijbjh^u

<hijhk

>Zgh

: m(Si +

ij ]

V(H

) = 22,4

eω

(NaOH) = 60 %.

GZclb

(Si), m(SiO

), m(

jjZ

NaOH)

J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbc

Si + 2NaOH + H

O = Na

SiO

+ 2H

↑

BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhevdj_fgbyihemqZ_lkyfhev

\h^hjh^ZAgZqbl

(Si) =

νG

) =

⋅

)

H(V

⋅

fhev

4,22

fhev

Lh]^Z

m(Si) =

(Si)

⋅

M(Si) = 0,5

⋅

28 = 14

]

(Si) =

)

Si(m

)

Si(m

]

⋅

0,875 = 87,5 %.

2. m(SiO

) = m(Si

ij±

m(Si) = 16

]±] ]

BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlh^eyjZkl\hj_gbyfhevdj_fgby

gm`gh\aylvfhevs_ehqbKe_^h\Zl_evghν

(NaOH) = 2

(Si) =

= 2

⋅

fhev fhev

m(NaOH) =

(NaOH)

⋅

M(NaOH) =

fhev⋅]fhev ]

PjjZ1D2+ 

)

NaOH(

)

NaOH(m

6,0

]

]

Hl\_l

(Si) = 87,5 %; m(SiO

) = 2

]PjjZ1D2+ ]

<hijhk

Z6L



→



→



→



SiH



→



SiO



→



1. SiO

+ 2Mg

2MgO + Si;





6L H 6L 





0J H 0J

−=

2. Si + 2Ca

Si;





6L H 6L 





&D H &D

−

−=

3. Ca

Si + 4H

O = 2Ca(OH)

+ SiH

↑

;

4. SiH

+ 2O

= SiO

+ 2H







6L H 6L 





2H2

−+

−

−=

5. SiO

+ Mg

2MgO + Si.

[6L



→





6L2





→





6L2





→







6L2





→





6L2





→





1. Si + O

SiO

;







6L H 6L 





2H2

−

−=

2. SiO

+ 2NaOH

l\

SiO

+ H

↑

;

3. Na

SiO

+ H

= H

SiO

↓

+ Na

;

4. H

SiO

O + SiO

5. SiO

+ 2Mg

Si + 2MgO.

<hijhk

Dhg_qgh`_wlhkh_^bg_gb_ ²hdkb^dj_fgby

(IV).

<hijhk

Hlebqbl_evghchkh[_gghklvxkl_deZy\ey_lky_]hk\hckl\h

jZafy]qZlvkyb\jZkieZ\e_gghf\b^_ijbgbfZlvex[mxnhjfm

dhlhjZykhojZgy_lkyijbaZklu\Zgbbkl_deZGZwlhfhkgh\Zgh

ijhba\h^kl\hihkm^ub^jm]boba^_ebcbakl_deZ>hihegbl_evgu_

dZq_kl\Zkl_demijb^ZxljZaebqgu_^h[Z\d bLZd\\_^_gb_fhdkb^Z

k\bgpZihemqZxlojmklZevgh_kl_dehhdkb^ojhfZhdjZrb\Z_l

kl_deh\ a_e_gucp\_lhdkb^dh[Zev lZ ²\kbgbcbl^

H[eZklv ijbf_g_gby kl_deZ hq_gv h[rbjgZ Wlh hdhggh_

[mluehqgh_ eZfih\h_ a_jdZevgh_ kl_deh kl_deh hilbq_kdh_ ² hl

kl_dhehqdh\^hkl_dhenhlhdZf_jebgau[_kqbke_gguo ijb[hjh\ ²hl

fbdjhkdhih\^hl_e_kdhih\ 

=eZ\Z

Hj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z

Ij_^f_lhj]Zgbq_kdhcobfbb

<hijhk

S = C = S

k_jhm]e_jh^

ljboehjf_lZg

²KG

ijhiZg

²KG

[mlZg

<hijhk

kl_i_gvhdbke_gbym]e_jh^Z±kl_i_gvhdbke_gby\h^hjh^Z

\Ze_glghklvm]e_jh^Z\Ze_glghklv\h^hjh^Z

kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ\Ze_glghklv

≡

kl_i_gvhdbke_gbydbkehjh^Z±kl_i_gvhdbke_gby

\h^hjh^Z\Ze_glghklvdbkehjh^Z\Ze_glghklv\h^hjh^Z

G ²H ²H ²G

<hijhk

L_hjby:F;mle_jh\Zml\_j`^Z_l lhqlhdZ`^h_\_s_kl\hbf__l

hij_^_e_ggh_obfbq_kdh_kljh_gb_hldhlhjh]haZ\bkylk\hckl\Z

\_s_kl\K\hckl\Z\_ s_kl\aZ\ bkylhlijbjh^uobfbq_kdbo

we_f_glh\hlbodhebq_kl\Zbhllh]hdZdhgbkh_^bgyxlkyf_`^m

kh[hc

Ijb\_^_f ijbf_j ^\m o bahf_jh\ k jZaebqgufb  obfbq_kdbfb

k\hckl\Zfb

& 2



— N =

= O

fhq_\bgZ pbZgZlZffhgby

<hijhk

Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyoZjZdl_jbam_ldhebq_kl\hijbgyluobeb

hl^Zgguowe_f_glhfwe_dljhgh\Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyfh`_l[ulv

iheh`bl_evghchljbpZl_evghcgme_\hc

<Ze_glghklvihdZau\Z_ldhebq_kl\hk\ya_cdhl hju_h[jZam_l

we_f_gl\ fhe_dme_<Ze_glghklvfh`_l[ulvlhevdhiheh`bl_evghc

<hijhk

Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbf\hijhkhf

kZfbf

<hijhk

>Zgh

: V(CH

) =

f

ηH

)

\ha^

= 21 %.

GZclb

: V

\ha^

J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]Zgbyf_lZgZ

H

G

H

Ba mjZ\g_gby \b^gh qlh ^ey k`b]Zgby  fhev f_lZgZ g_h[oh^bfh

fhevdbkehjh^ZAgZqbl

H

) = 2

KG

) = 2

⋅

)

CH(V

Lh]^Z

\ha^ 

\ha^

)O(

)

O(V

\ha^

)O(

)

\ha^

)O(

)

CH(V

⋅

\ha^

)O(

)

CH(V2

⋅

21,0

2502

⋅

f

Hl\_l

: V

\ha^ f

§ 32

Ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u

<hijhk

Ijbqbgu fgh]hh[jZaby m]e_\h^hjh^h\  ykgu ba  iheh`_gbc l_hjbb

:F ;mle_jh\Z

:lhfu\ fhe_dmeZohj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\k\ yaZgu^jm]k^jm]hf

kh]eZkghbo\Ze_glghklb

K\hckl\Z\_s_kl\aZ\bkylg_lhevdhhl khklZ\Zbo fhe_dme gh b

hlbokljh_gby

<hijhk

=hfheh]bq_kdbcjy^fh`ghaZibkZlvdZd

2n+2

M]e_\h^hjh^uk

≤ y\eyxlky]ZaZfb

M]e_\h^hjh^uk 

< n

≤ y\eyxlky`b^dhklyfb

M]e_\h^hjh^uk

≥ y\eyxlkyl\_j^ufb\_s_kl\Zfb

Ihf_j_m\_ebq_gby

m\_ebqb\Z_lkyl_fi_jZlmjZdbi_gbyb

ieZ\e_gbym]e_\h^hjh^h\

<hijhk

GZ]hjh^kdhfb k_evkdhohayckl\_gghfljZgkihjl_ijbf_gyxlky

[_gabgd_jhkbgkheyjdZ^ba_evgh_lhieb\hhgby\eyxlky

e_]dh\hkieZf_gyxsbfbky]hjxqbfb\_s_kl\Zfihwlhfmke_^m_l

kh[ex^Zlvijhlb\hih`Zjgu_ijZ\beZl_ogbdb[_ahiZkghk lb

<hijhk



²KG ²&+



²KG



Z=hfheh]b



²KG ²KG



²KG

bah[mlZg ijhiZg

[Bahf_ju

²KG



i_glZg l_ljZf_lbef_lZg

<hijhk

K

G

↑

;

—

ijhi_gK

K

G

↑

;

—

[ml_g

<hijhk

>Zgh

: V

kf_kb eηKH

) = 10 %.

GZclb

: V(O

)

J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fijhiZgZ[_aijbf_kb

V(C

)=V(

kf_kb±

kf_kb⋅ηKH

 e ±e⋅ e

AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbK

H

KH

G

H

BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlh^eyk`b]ZgbyfhevijhiZgZgm`ghfhev

dbkehjh^Z