Габриелян О.С. Домашняя работа по химии, 9 класс
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61
Ke_^h\Zl_evghνH
2
) = 5
νK
3
G
8
) = 5
⋅
9& +
9
ν
.
Lh]^Z
V(O
2
) = V
ν
⋅νH
2
) = V
#
⋅5
38
V(C H )
V
ν
= 5⋅ e
Hl\_l: V(O
2
) = 100e
§ 33
G_ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u
Wlbe_gb_]h]hfheh]b
<hijhk
>ey wlZgZ oZjZdl_j_g lbi j_Zdpbc aZf_s_gby Z^ey wlbe_gZ
—
ijbkh_^bg_gby
<hijhk
J_Zdpbyijbkh_^bg_gby\h^hjh^ZgZau\Z_lky]b^jbjh\Zgb_f
KG
2
KG
2
G
2
→
KG
3
–
KG
3
;
KG
3
±KG
CH
2
+ H
2
→ CH
3
–CH
2
–CH
3
<hijhk
2CH
3
–CH
3
+ 7O
2
→ 4CO
2
+ 6H
2
O; CH
2
=CH
2
+ 3O
2
→ 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
;hevr_dbkehjh^Zihlj_[m_lky ^ey k`b]ZgbywlZgZ ld wlZg bf__l
gZ^\Z\h^hjh^Z[hevr_q_fwlbe_g
Wlbe_g ]hjbl k\_lysbf ieZf_g_f ld \gf [hevr_ fZkkh\Zy ^hey
m]e_jh^Zq_f\ wlZg_
<hijhk
&
+
&
+
&
+
QKG
KG ²KG
→
a
ihebijhibe_g
a
Q
Ijh^mdlihebf_jbaZpbbijhibe_gZgZau\Z_ lkyihebijhibe_g
<hijhk
&
&+
&+
&+
&G
Z=hfheh]b
CH
2
C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
=CH–CH
3
f_lbeijhi_g ijhi_g
[Bahf_ju
KG KG²KG
2
²KG
2
²KG
3
²i_gl_g
62
&+
KG
²K KG ²KG
²f_lbe[ml_g
<hijhk
KG
2
KG
2
→
G
2
KG
≡
KG
Zp_lbe_g
:p_lbe_g ijhy\ey_l kbevgh g_ij_^_evguc b^Z`_ keZ[hdbkehlguc
oZjZdl_j
§ 34
G_ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u:p_lbe_g
<hijhk
H[sZynhjfmeZm]e_\h^hjh^h\jy^ZZp_lb e_gZC
n
H
2n–2
.
<hijhk
:p_lbe_gfh`ghbgZq_gZa\Zlvwlbghf
<hijhk
&+≡ &²&+²&+
²&+
&+
Z=hfheh]b
KG
≡
KH, ²wlbg KG
≡
K —
&+
&+
²KG
3
²f_lbe[ml_g-1.
[Bahf_ju
&+
≡
&²&²&+
&+
&+
— 3,3-^bf_lbe[mlbg
KG
3
–K
≡
K–KG
2
–KG
2
–KG
3
— ]_dkbg
<hijhk
KG
≡
KG H
2
KH
2
G
2
H
63
:p_lbe_g ]hjbl dhilysbf ieZf_g_f ihlhfm \g_f hq_gv [hevrZy
fZkkh\Zy^heym]e_jh^Z
<hijhk
>Zgh
: m(CaC
2
) = 720
d]ωij
%.
GZclb
: V
K
2
G
2
)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmdZj[b^ZdZevpby[_aijbf_k_c
m
K
a
K
2
) = 720
⋅
(1–0,2) = 720
⋅ d]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
o
e
d]
fhev
fhev
0
]fhev 9 efhev
P
]
9
e
&D& +2 &+ &D2+
+= ↑+
KhklZ\bfijhihjpbx
] ²e
] ²o
o
⋅⋅
= 201,6
⋅
10
3
e f
3
.
Hl\_l
: V
K
2
G
2
f
3
.
<hijhk
>Zgh
: V(C
2
H
2
) = 134,4
e
; W = 75 %.
GZclb
: m
K
6
G
6
)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
e
W
o]
fhev
fhev
9
efhev
0
]fhev
P
]
9
e
&+ &+
e ²o]
e ²]
o
2,67
4
,
13478
⋅
]
m(C
6
H
6
)
l_hj
]
GZc^_ffZkkm[_gaheZihemqb\r_]hky\oh^_j_Zdpbb
m(C
6
H
6
)
ijZdl
= m(C
6
H
6
)
l_hj
⋅
W
]⋅ ]
Hl\_l
: m(C
6
H
6
)
]
§ 35
:jhfZlbq_kdb_m]e_\h^hjh^u;_gahe
<hijhk
K
6
G
5
–
KG
3
²f_lbe[_gahe
=hfheh]
K
6
G
5
–
K
2
G
5
²wlbe[_gahe
64
Bahf_j
HC≡C–C≡C–CH
2
–CH
2
–CH
3
²]_ilZ^bbg
<hijhk
Hj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zrbjhdhijbf_gyxlky\ k_evkdhfohayckl\_
^eyaZsblujZkl_gbchl\j _^bl_e_c[he_ag_cb khjgydh\Wlh
y^hobfbdZlubebi_klbpb^uIhk\h_f mgZagZq_gbxi_klbpb^u
^_eylkygZg_kdhevdh\b^h\Fum`_gZa\Zebbgk_dlbpb^
]_dkZoehjZg>eybae_q_ gbyjZkl_gbcbihq\uhl]jb[dh\uo
aZ[he_\Zgbcijbf_gyxlnmg]bpb^u^eymgbqlh`_gbykhjgydh\
—
]_j[bpb^u^eymgbqlh`_gby\j_^guofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\
—
[Zdl_j bpb^uZ]juamgh\ ²ahhpb^u
<k_i_klbpb^u ²y^h\blu_\_s_kl\Zihwlhfmg_h[oh^bfh ke_^blv
qlh[uhgbg_ihiZeb\ hj]Zgbaf
<hijhk
;_gahedZdb Zp_lbe_ggZ khklhblbam]e_jh^Zihwlhfmhg
dhilblijbk]hjZgbb
>ey lh]hqlh[u [_gahe]hj_e [_a dhihlb fh`gh\f_klhdbkehjh^Z
bkihevah\ZlvhahgdZd[he__kbevguchdbkebl_ev
<hijhk
< hkgh\_ijbf_g_gby[_gaheZ\khklZ\_fhlhjgh]hlhieb\Ze_`bl
j_Zdpby]b^jbjh\Zgbyl_gZkus_gbym]e_jh^Z\h^hjh^hf
G
2
⇒
<hijhk
1. CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O
⇒
C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
.
2. 3C
2
H
2
t, p, cat
⇒
3. + HONO
2
⇒
N
O
2
+ H
2
O
.
§ 36
Kibjlu
<hijhk
KG
3
HG H
2
t
⇒
KH
2
↑
G
2
H ²]hjbl[_kp\_lgufieZf_g_f
65
K
2
G
5
HG H
2
t
⇒
KH
2
↑
G
2
H ²]hjblk\_lysbfky
]hem[h\ZlufieZf_g_f
3) 2
CH
2
C
H
2
OH
O
H
H
2
t
⇒
KH
2
G
2
H
4) 2
C
H
2
C
H
O
H
C
H
2
O
H
O
H
H
2
t
⇒
KH
2
G
2
H
<hijhk
+
&
2
+
KG
HG &XH
W
⇒
&X +
2
↑
<hijhk
F_lbeh\ucb wlbeh\uckibjluijbf_gyxlky\ dZq_kl\_
jZkl\hjbl_e_c
<hijhk
KG
2
KG
2
G
2
H
⇒
KG
3
KG
2
HG
+ Q.
Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_wlhcj_Zdpbbfh`ghkf_klblv\ijZ\h
ih\ukb\^Z\ e_gb_bh[_ki_qb\hl\h^l_ieZ
<hijhk
>Zgh
:
ν
K
6
G
12
H
6
fhev
GZclb
: m(C
2
H
5
OH), V(CO
2
)
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
K
6
G
12
H
6
→
K
2
G
5
HG KH
2
↑.
BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhev]exdhaufhevm]e_dbkeh]h
]ZaZIhwlhfmbafhev]exdhauihemqbehkvfhevKH
2
.
Lh]^Z
V
KH
2
) =
ν
KH
2
)
⋅
V
ν
fhev
⋅
efhev e
Hl\_l
: m
\h^db ]
V
KH
2
e
§ 37
:ev^_]b^u
<hijhk
&
+
&
2
+
K
G
HG >2@
→
+
2
&
+
&
+
2
+
&+
≡
KG G
H
→
→
&
+
&
2
+
66
<hijhk
+
&
2
+
KG
HG >2@
→
<hijhk
.
+
&
2
+
$J
2
→
+
&
2
2
+
$J
↓
nhjfZev^_]b^ fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ
+
&
2
+
&X2+
→
+K
2
2+
&X
2↓ +
2
nhjfZev^_]b^ fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ
2)
&
+
&
2
+
$J
2
→
$J
↓
&
+
&
2
2
+
Zp_lZev^_]b^ mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ
&
+
&
2
+
&X2+
→
KX
H
↓
G
H
&
+
&
2
2
+
Zp_lZev^_]b^ mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ
<hijhk
J_Zdpb y©k_j_[jyg h]ha_jdZeZªfh`_lijbf_gylvky^eyihemq_gby
lhgdh]hgZe_lZk_j_[jZgZdZdhf-gb[m^vij_^f_l_beb^eyihemq_gby
a_jdZe.
<hijhk
Ij_^eZ]Z_f\Zfih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfkZfbf
<hijhk
wlZg
→
wlbe_g
2
→
wlbeh\ucki bjl
→
3
mdkmkgucZev^_]b^
→
4
mdkmkgZydbkehlZ
KG
3
±KG
3
→G
2
KG
2
KG
2
J_Zdpby^_]b^jbjh\Zgby
KG
2
KG
2
G
2
H→K
2
G
5
HGJ_Zdpby] b^jZlZpbb
&
+
&
2
+
KG
±KG
HG >2@
→
G
H
J_Zdpbyhdbke_gby
&
+
&
2
+
$J
H
→
&
+
&
2
2
+
$J
↓
J_Zdpbyhdbke_gby
k_j_[jyggh]ha_jdZeZ
§ 38
Ij_^_evgu_h^ghhkgh\gu_dZj[hgh\u_dbkehlu
Keh`gu_wnbju
<hijhk
I. GKHHG + Mg = (CHOO)
2
Mg + H
2
↑.
67
2)
GKHHG
+ MgO = (CHOO)
2
Mg + H
2
O.
3)
GKHHG
+ Mg(OH)
2
= (CHOO)
2
Mg + 2H
2
O.
4)
GKHHG
+ MgCO
3
= (CHOO)
2
Mg + H
2
O + CO
2
↑
.
II. 1) Mg + 2CH
3
COOH = (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg + H
2
↑
.
2) MgO + 2CH
3
COOH = (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg + H
2
O.
3) Mg(OH)
2
+ 2CH
3
COOH = (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg + H
2
O.
4) MgCO
3
+ 2CH
3
COOH = (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg + CO
2
+ H
2
O.
<hijhk
Keh`guc wnbj ihemqZ_lky \oh^_ j_Zdpbb ^_]b^jZlZpbb f_`^m
dbkehlhc b kibjlhf j_Zdpby wl_jbnbdZpbb GZa\Zgb_ wnbjZ
h[jZam_lky iml_f h[t_^bg_gby ^\mo ijbeZ]Zl_evguo i_j\h_ ² hl
gZa\Zgbydbkehlu \lhjh_²hlgZa\ZgbykibjlZ
<hijhk
+
&
2
2
+
+2 ²&+
2
&
+
+
&
2
G
H
fmjZ\vbghf_lbeh\uc wnbj
<hijhk
>eylh]hqlh[ukf_klblvjZ\gh\_kb_\ j_Zdpbbwl_jbnbdZpbb
\ijZ\hgm`gh\\_klb\ kbkl_f m\h^hhlgbfZxs__\_s_kl\h
gZijbf_jdhgp_gljbjh\Zggmxk_jgmxdbkehlm
<hijhk
KG
3
KHHG
+ Cl
2
→ KG
2
Cl
KHHG
+ HCl
oehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ
KG
2
Cl
KHHG
+ Cl
2
→ KG
Cl
2
KHHG
+ HCl
^boehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ
.
KG
Cl
2
KHHG
+ Cl
2
→ K
Cl
3
KHHG
HCl
ljboehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ
.
<hijhk
wlZg
→
1
wlbe_g
→
2
wlbeh\ucki bjl
→
3
mdkmkgucZev ^_]b^
→
4
mdkmkgZydbkehlZ
→
5
mdkmkghwlbeh\uckibjl
oehjmdkmkgZy dbkehlZ
KG
3
±KG
3
t, p
→
KG
2
KG
2
G
2
↑
.
KG
2
KG
2
G
2
H→KG
3
±KG
2
HG
KG
3
KG
2
HG
+ [O]
→
CH
3
C
O
H
G
2
H
4.
CH
3
C
O
H
+ Ag
2
H→KG
3
KHHG
+ 2Ag
↓
.
KG
3
KHHG K
2
G
5
HG→
O
C
2
H
5
C
H
3
C
O
+
G
2
O
KG
3
KHHG
+ Cl
2
→KG
2
Cl
KHHG
+ HCl.
68
§ 39
@bju
<hijhk
&
+
2
&
&
+
2
2
&
+
&
2
&
+
2
&
+
&
2
&
+
&
+
&
+
2
+
&
+
2
+
2
+
K
G
KHHG
+
2
<hijhk
>eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kbyj_Zdpbbwl_jbnbdZpbb\ij Z \hgm`gh
h[_ki_qblvm^Ze_gb_\h^ubakbkl_fu
<hijhk
C
H
2
O
C
C
17
H
31
O
O
C
17
H
31
C
O
C
H
O
C
17
H
31
C
O
C
H
2
G
2
→
C
H
2
O
C
C
17
H
35
O
O
C
17
H
35
C
O
C
H
O
C
17
H
35
C
O
C
H
2
<hijhk
K
17
G
35
KHH
Na + CaSO
4
⇒
K
17
G
35
KHH
2
KZ
↓
+ Na
2
SO
4
.
<hijhk
@bju y\eyxlky \Z`ghc qZklvx ibs_\h]h jZpbhgZ < hj]Zgbaf_
ijhbkoh^bl ]b^jheba `bjh\ dhlhju_ jZks_ieyxlky gZ ]ebp_jbg b
`bjgu_ dbkehlu g_dhlhju_ ba gbo y\eyxlky g_aZf_gbfufb ld g_
fh]mlkbgl_abjh\Zlvky \ hj]Zgbaf_q_eh\_dZ
DZd b^jm]b_ iblZl_ev gu_ \_s_kl\Z `bju ijbgbfZxl mqZklb_ \
ieZklbq_kdhf b wg_j]_lbq_kdhf h[f_g_ Bo hdbke_gb_ ijb\h^bl d
\uk\h[h`^_gbx ]hjZa^h [hevr_]h dhebq_kl\Z wg_j]bb q_f hdbke_gb _
[_edh\b m]e_\h^h\Djhf _lh] h`bjufh]mlgZdZieb\Zlvky \hj]Zgbaf_
h[jZam y mgb\_jkZevgh_ ^_ih wg_j]_lbq_kdb p_ggh]h fZl_jbZeZ
IhklmiZxsb_ \ hj]Zgbaf \ ba[ulhqg hf dhebq_kl\_ m]e_\h^u bqZklv
[_edh\ fh]ml ljZgknhjfbjh\Z lvky \`bj qlh ijb\h^bl d jhklm _]h
hleh`_g bc Ijb g_h[oh^bfhk lb aZiZk_gguc lZdbf h[jZahf `bj fh`_l
ij_\ jZsZlv ky \]ebdh]_g b bkihevah\Zlvky \ j_Zdpb yo m]e_\h^gh]h
h[f_gZ
69
§ 40
:fbghdbkehlub[_edb
<hijhk
Fhe_dmeuZfbghdbkehlkh^_j`Zl^\_nmgdpbhgZevgu_]jmiiu
H
2
N —
Zfbgh]jmiimb
COOH—
dZj[hdkbevgmx]jmiimihwlhfm
Zfbghdbkehluijhy\eyxlk\hckl\ZdZdZfbgh\lZdb dZj[hgh\uo
dbkehl
<hijhk
JZaebqb_f_`^mj_Zdpbyfbihebdhg^_gkZpbbb ihebf_jbaZpbb
aZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh\i_j\hcj_ZdpbbgZjy^mk ihebf_jhf
h[jZam_ lkygbadhfhe_dmeyjgh_\_s_ kl\hqZs_\k_]h\h^Z\
j_Zdpbbihebf_jbaZpbbh[jZam_lkylhevdhihebf_j
<hijhk
N_jf_glu±wlh[bheh]bq_kdb_dZlZ ebaZlhjuHgbij_^klZ\eyxl
kh[hc[_e dbN_jf_gluhlebqZxlkyhlg_hj]Zgbq_kdbo
dZlZeba Zlhjh\\ukhdhcwnn_dlb\ghklvxb ki_pbnbqghklvx
^_ckl\by
<hijhk
1
+
&
+
5
&
2
Q
Q+
2
>+ @
+
⇒
Q
1
+
&
+
5
&
2
2
=b^jheba[_edh\ih^^_ckl\b_fdbkehlbebs_ehq_ce_`bl\ hkgh\_
ijhp_kkZibs_\Zj_gby
<hijhk
K
2
G
6
→
1
K
2
G
5
HG
→
2
KG
3
KHG
→
3
KG
3
KHHG
→
4
→
4
KG
2
K
lCOOH
→
5
CH–NH
2
–COOH
→
6
ihebi_ilb^
K
2
H
6
W3
⇒
CH
2
= CH
2
+ H
2
; CH
2
= CH
2
+ H
2
O
→ K
2
H
5
OH;
2.
K
2
H
5
OH + [O]
→
CH
3
COH + H
2
O;
3. CH
3
COH + Ag
2
O
→
CH
3
COOH + 2Ag
↓
;
4. CH
3
COOH + Cl
2
→
CH
2
ClCOOH + HCl;
5. CH
2
ClCOOH + 2NH
3
→
CH
2
NH
2
COOH + NH
4
Cl;
6.
1
+
&
+
5
&
2
Q
Q+
2
Q&+
1+
&22+
§ 41
M]e_\h^u
<hijhk
>Zgh
:
νK
6
G
12
H
6
fhevωK
2
G
5
HG
%.
GZclb
: m
kibjlZ
70
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
K
6
G
12
H
6
→ 2
K
2
G
5
HG
+ 2CO
2
↑.
BamjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbb\b^ghqlhbafhev ]exdhauihemqZ_lkyfhev
wlbeh\h]hkibjlZihwlhfm
ν
K
2
G
5
HG
⋅ν
K
6
G
12
H
6
)=2
⋅
fhev fhev
2. m
K
2
G
5
HG
ν
K
2
G
5
HG
⋅
M
K
2
G
5
HG fhev
⋅
]fhev ]
Lh]^Z
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