Габриелян О.С. Домашняя работа по химии, 9 класс
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21
§ 11
S_ehqgu_f_lZeeu
<hijhk
Z/L
→
/L
2
→
/L2+
→
/L&O
1. 4Li + O
2
= 2Li
2
O, 2. Li
2
H G
2
2 /L2G
/LHG G&O LiCl + H
2
O, 4. 2Li G
2
O = 2LiOH + H
2
↑,
5. Li
2
H G&O G
2
H + 2LiCl.
[
1D
→
1D
2
→
1D
2
→
1D2+
→
1D
62
1D12
1D
32
1. 2Na + O
2
= Na
2
O
2
;
2. Na
2
O
2
+ 2Na = 2Na
2
O;
3. Na
2
O + H
2
O = 2NaOH;
4. 2NaOH + H
2
SO
4
= Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O;
5. Na
2
O + 2HNO
3
= 2NaNO
3
+ H
2
O;
6. 3Na
2
O + 2H
3
PO
4
= 2Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O.
<hijhk
>ZghP1D ]ωijbf_kb %, W = 95 %
GZclb: V(H
2
)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]hgZljby
01D P1Dijbf_kv±P1Dijbf_kv⋅ ωij bf_kb
] ±] ⋅ ] ± 0,23 ] ]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
]
oe
fhev
fhev
F ]fhev
9
efhev
P
]
9
e
1D +2 1D2++
KhklZ\bf ijhihjpbx b gZc^_f h[t_f \h^hjh^Z dhlhjuc
l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky\oh^_j_Zdpbb
] ²e
] ²oe
x =
11,27 22,4
46
⋅
e
V
l_hj
G
2
e
Hl\_l: V
l_hj
(H
2
e
Ihmkeh\bxaZ^Zq b\uoh^]ZaZkhklZ\ey_l hll_hj _lbq_kdb
\hafh`gh]hIhwlhfmijZdlbq_kdb[uehihemq_gh
V
ijZd
G
2
) = V
l_j
G
2
)⋅W = 5,488⋅ e
Hl\_l: V
ijZd
G
2
e
22
<hijhk
K_fbwlZ`guc^hf ²i_jbh^bq_kdZylZ[ebpZih^t_a^s_ehqguo
f_lZeeh\ ²,]jmiiZwe_f_glh\\Za_ ebgh\Zy©rm[Zªkihkh[
ojZg_gbyeblbyih^keh_f\Za_ebgZLZd`_GZlZrZbkihevah\ZeZ
om^h`_kl\_ggucyaud^eyhibkZgbyb h[tykg_gbyobfbq_kdbo
k\hckl\/L\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zj_Zdpbyk dbkehjh^hf
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f \Zf \hafh`ghklv ih^mfZlv gZ^ wlbf kZfbf DZd
l_fm^eykhqbg_gbyfh`gh\aylvhdjZkdmieZf_gbs_ehqguof_lZeeh\
<hijhk
<ajhkeucq_eh\_d\kmldb^h e`_gihlj_[eylvkibs_c ] bhgh\
dZeby
KhklZ\bfijhihjpbx
]dmjZ]b²] dZeby
o]dmjZ]b ²]dZeby
o
⋅
]
Hl\_lPdmjZ]b ]
§ 12
;_jbeebcfZ]gbcb s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeu
<hijhk
ImklvfZkkZq_eh\_dZod]Lh]^ZfZkkZ_]h dhkl_c[m^_ljZ\gZ⋅o
Z f ZkkZnhknZlZdZevpby — 0,2⋅0,2⋅o ⋅od]
PKZ
3
JH
4
)
2
) = 0,04⋅o]^_o ²fZkkZq_eh\_dZ
<hijhk
=_fhnbeby ²aZ[he_\Zgb_k\yaZggh_k iehohck\_jlu\Z_fh klvx
djh\bIjbdjh\hl_q_gbyo\\h^yljZkl\hj&D&O
2
^eyih\ur_gby
dhgp_gljZpbbdZlbhgh\KZ
2+
\ djh\bdhlhju_kihkh[kl\mxl
k\_jlu\Z_fhklbdjh\b
<hijhk
>ZghPKZKH
3
lωijbf_kb %.
GZclbPKZHG
2
)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmKZKH
3
[_aijbf_kb
PKZKH
3
)=Ph[s⋅(1–ωijbf_kb 2⋅
(1–
0,25)=2⋅
⋅0,75=1,5⋅
]
2. M(CaCO
3
]fhev0KZHG
2
]fhev
KhklZ\bf ijhihjpbx ih dhlhjhc gZc^_f dhebq_kl\h ]Zr_ghc
ba\_klbdhlhjh_fh`_l[ulvihemq_gh
]fhev — 1,5 ⋅ 10
6
]
23
]fhev ²o]
o
⋅⋅
= 1,11
⋅
] l
Hl\_lPKZHG
2
l
<hijhk
FKH
→
FH
→
FHG
→
062
→
062
FKH
3
W
FH KH
2
↑
;
FH G
2
H FHG
2
;
FHG
2
+ Na
2
SO
3
= MSO
3
+ 2NaOH;
4. MSO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
= MSO
4
+ SO
2
↑ G
2
H
Fh]ml[ulvbkihevah\Zgu%_0J
G_fh]ml[ulvbkihevah\ZguKZ<Z
<hijhk
KD
→
&D+
→
&DHG
→
&D&2
→
&D2
→
&D&O
→
&D
32
&D2
KZ G
2
t
=
KZG
2
;
KZG
2
G
2
H KZHG
2
G
2
↑
;
KZHG
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
= CaCO
3
↓
+ 2NaOH;
KZKH
3
t
=
KZH
+
KH
2
↑
;
KZH
+ 2HCl = CaCl
2
+ H
2
O;
6. 3CaCl
2
+ 2Na
3
PO
4
= Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
↓
+ 6NaCl;
7. Ca + 2H
2
O = Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2
↑
;
KZ H
2
t
=
KZH
KZH G
2
H KZHG
2
.
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfkZfbf
DZd l_fm ^ey khqbg_gby fh`_f ij_^eh`blv ©Ij_\jZs_gb_
f_lZeebq_kdh]hKZ\ fjZfhjª
<hijhk
>ey]bikh\ uoih\yahdbkihevamxl Ze_[ZkljHgijb^h[Z\e_gbb\h^u
ij_\ jZsZ_ lky \ ieZklbq_kdmx fZkkm dhlhjmx b bkihevamxl ^ey
gZeh`_gbyih\yadbFZkkZ\ukuoZ_lb ij_\jZsZ_lky\ l\_j^ucijhqgu c
]bik
Ihem\h^guc]bikbebZ e_[Zk lj&D62
4
)
⋅
H
2
2ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb
k \h^hch[jZam_l^\m\h^guc]bik
(2CaSO
4
)
⋅
H
2
O + 3H
2
O
⇒
2CaSO
4
⋅
2H
2
O.
24
WlZj_Zdpbyb^_lk \u^_e_gb_fl_ieZ
<hijhk
KZKH
3
∅
KZH KH
2
↑–Q.
>eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kby\ijZ\hd kbkl_f_g_h[oh^bfhih^\_klb
l_ieh l_mkeh\b_fijh\_^_gbyy\ey_lky\ukhdZyl_fi_jZl mjZb
ihgbablv^Z\ e_gb_
§ 13
:exfbgbc
<hijhk
< Zexfbgb_\hcihkm^_g_evayojZgblvs_ehqgu_jZkl\hjuld
ijhbkoh^blke_^mxsZyobfbq_kdZyj_Zdpby
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H
2
O=2Na[Al(OH)
4
] + 3H
2
↑.
Ijhbkoh^bljZkl\hj_gb_Zexfbgby\ s_ ehqb
<hijhk
Kdhj__\k_]hfZl_jbZehf^ey ]bi_j[hehb^Zfh]ihkem`blv$O
2
O
3
baaZ_]hbg_jlguok\hckl\
<hijhk
;_g]Zevkdb_k\_qbkh ^_j`Zlkf_kvkhklhys mxbaZexfbgb_\uo
hibehdhdbkebl_ey
— KNO
3
beb.&O2
4
bde_y
Ijbih^`b]Zgbb ihy\ey_lkykghibkdjB^_lhdbke_gb_Zexfbgby
8Al
.KO2
4
t
=
4Al
2
O
3
+ 3KCl.
<hijhk
Ijbf_g_gb_Zexfbgby\ l_ogbd_hkgh\ZghgZke_^mxsbo
k\hckl\Zoe_]dhklvieZklbqghklv[hevrZywe_dljhijh\h^ghklvb
l_iehijh\h^ghklvK^jm]bfbf_lZeeZfbZexfbgbch[jZam_l
ijhqgu_kieZ\u
<hijhk
Z$O
2
(SO
4
)
3
+6KOH
g_^
=2Al(OH)
3
↓
D
2
SO
4
;
Al
3+
HG
–
g_^
=Al(OH)
3
↓
[$O
2
(SO
4
)
3
+8KOH
ba[
D>$O2+
4
@D
2
SO
4
;
Al
3+
HG
–
ba[
=[Al(OH)
4
]
–
.
<hijhk
Al
→
1
AlCl
3
→
2
Al(OH)
3
→
3
Al
2
O
3
→
4
NaAlO
2
→
5
→
5
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
→
6
Al(OH)
3
→
7
AlCl
3
→
8
NaAlO
2
.
1. 2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
↑
;
2. AlCl
3
+ 3NaOH = Al(OH)
3
↓
+ 3NaCl;
Al
3+
+ 3OH
–
→
Al(OH)
3
;
25
$O H $O
+H +
−→
→
3. 2Al(OH)
3
t
=
Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
↑
;
4. Al
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH
k
ieZ\e _ gb_W
=
2NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O
↑
;
5. 2NaAlO
2
+ 4H
2
SO
4
t
=
Na
2
SO
4
+ Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 4H
2
O;
6. Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6NaOH
g_^
=3Na
2
SO
4
+ 2Al(OH)
3
↓
;
Al
3+
+ 3OH
–
= Al(OH)
3
;
Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
+
= Al
3+
+ 3H
2
O;
7. Al(OH)
3
+ 3HCl=AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O;
8. AlCl
l\
+ 4NaOH
l\
kieZ\e_gb_W
=
NaAlO
2
+ 3NaCl + 2H
2
O
↑
.
<hijhk
>ZghPki eZ\Z ]
ω
(Cu) = 20 %, W = 85 %.
GZclb
: V
ijZd
G
2
)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmZexfbgby\kieZ\_
P:O PkieZ\Z±PkieZ\Z
⋅ω
(Cu) = 0,27–0,27
⋅
]
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^Zdhlhjuc
l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky
P
]
fhev
fhev
F ]fhev
9
efhev
P
]
9
e
$O 1D2++2 1D>$O2+@ +
] ²e
] ²o
o
⋅
e
V
l_hj
G
2
e
GZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^ZdhlhjucihemqbekyijZdlbq_kdb
V
ijZdl
G
2
) = V
l_hj
G
2
)
⋅
: e⋅ e
Hl\_l: V
ijZdl
G
2
e
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f \Zfk\h[h^m ^ey l\hjq_kl\Z Ij_^eZ]Z_f \ dZq_kl\_
l_fu ^ey khqbg_gby ©:exfhl_jfby beb [hjv[ZZexfbgbyk ^jm]bfb
f_lZeeZfbª
§ 14
@_e_ah
<hijhk
AZibr_fkgZqZeZko_fm]_g_lbq_kdbojy^h\
1) Fe→FeCl
2
→Fe(OH)
2
→FeO;
26
2) Fe
→
FeCl
3
→
Fe(OH)
3
→
Fe
2
O
3
;
)H
+
&O
⇒
)H&O
G
↑
FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH
⇒
Fe(OH)
2
↓
+ 2NaCl;
Fe
2
+
+ 2OH
–
⇒
Fe(OH)
2
↓
;
Fe(OH)
2
t
=
FeO + H
2
O
↑
.
J_ZdpbxjZae h`_ gbygm`ghijh\h^blv\ hlkm lkl\bbhdb ke b l_e_c
)H
&O
⇒
)H&O
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH
⇒
Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl;
Fe
3+
+ 3OH
–
⇒
Fe(OH)
3
↓
;
2Fe(OH)
3
t
⇒
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O.
<hijhk
1) 3Fe
2+
+ 2[Fe(CN)
6
]
3–
= Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
:
3FeSO
4
+ 2K
3
djZkgZy
djh\ygZykhev
>)H&1 @
= 3K
2
SO
4
+
]_dkZpbZ ghn_ jjZl,,,
`_e_aZ,,
)H >)H&1 @
↓
;
2) 4Fe
3+
+ 3[Fe(CN)
6
]
4–
= Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
:
4FeCl +
46
`_elZy
djh\ygZykhev
3K [Fe(CN) ]
=
463
]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,,
`_e_aZ,,,
Fe [Fe(CN) ]
↓
;
3) Fe
3+
+ 3NCS
–
Fe(NCS)
3
:
FeCl
3
+
jh^Zgb^gZljby
1D1&6
∅
jh^Zgb^`_e_aZ,,,
)H1&6
+ 3NaCl.
<hijhk
DZq_kl\_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H
2+
:
3FeCl
2
+ 2K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
⇒
Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
↓
+ 6KCl;
3Fe
2+
+ 2[Fe(CN)
6
]
3–
⇒
Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
↓
K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] ²djZkgZydjh\ygZykhev)H
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
²lmjg[mee_\Z
kbgv
DZq_kl\_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H
3+
:
4FeCl
3
+ 3K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
⇒
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
↓
+ 12KCl;
4Fe
3+
+ 3[Fe(CN)
6
]
4–
⇒
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
↓
K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
] ²`_elZydjh\ygZykhev)H
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
²[_jebgkdZy
eZamjv
27
GZa\Zgb_ djh\yguokhe_cijhbkoh^blhlf_lh^Z boihemq_gby
JZgvr_boihemqZebbahloh^h\gZfykh[hcg_l_ba]hlZ\eb\Zebba
djh\b©@_elZyªb ©djZkgZyª ²baaZjZaebqguohll_gdh\jZkl\ hjh\
khe_c
Lmjg[mee_\Z khev ihemqbeZ k\h_ gZa\Zgb_ \q_klv mq_gh]h
Lmjg[meydhlhjuc__ \i_j\u_kbgl_abjh\Ze
;_jebgkdZyeZamjvgZa\ZgZ\q_klv]hjh^Z;_jebg
<hijhk
3Fe + 4H
2
O ∅ Fe
3
O
4
+ 4H
2
↑.
Ijbih\ur_gbb^Z\e_gbyjZ\gh\_kb_g_baf_gblkyldj_Zdpby
ijhl_dZ_l[_abaf_g_gbyqbkeZfhe_dme]Zah\
H
2
O
²]Za
<hijhk
)H
→
)H&O
→
)H2+
→
)H2+
→
)H
2
→
)H
)H&O
1. Fe + 2HCl = FeCl
2
+ H
2
↑
;
Fe
0
– 2
H
→
Fe
2+
;
2H
+
+ 2
H
→
+
;
Fe
2+
+ 2OH
→
Fe(OH)
2
↓
;
2. FeCl
2
+ 2KOH = Fe(OH)
2
↓
+ 2KCl;
3. 4Fe(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
= 4Fe(OH)
3
↓
;
4. 2Fe(OH)
3
t
=
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O;
5. Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO
t
=
2Fe + 3CO
2
↑
;
)H H )H
&H &
→
→
6. Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl=2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O;
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6H
+
→
2Fe
3+
+ 3H
2
O;
7. 2FeCl
3
+ 3Zn=3ZnCl
2
+ 2Fe
↓
;
2Fe
3+
+ 3Zn
→
3Zn
2+
+ 2Fe
8. FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH=3NaCl + Fe(OH)
3
↓
;
Fe
3+
+ 3OH
–
→
Fe(OH)
3
↓
.
<hijhk
1. 10Fe + 36HNO
3
= 10Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
↑
+ 18H
2
O.
28
)H H )H
1 H 1
−
2. Fe + 4HNO
3
= Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
↑
+ 2H
2
O
)H H )H
1 H 1
−
3. 8Fe + 30HNO
3
= 8Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NH
4
NO
3
+ 9H
2
O
)H H )H
1H 1
−
−
<hijhk
>Zgh
: m(Fe
3
O
4
l
ω
ijbf_kb
%, W = 80 %.
GZclb
:
ν
(Fe), V(CO)
J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmihjh^u[_aijbf_kb
m(Fe
3
O
4
)=m(Fe
3
O
4
ij
– m(Fe
3
O
4
ij
⋅ω
ij ±
⋅
0,05=2,204
l
AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
\
]
P
l
[
eW
fhev
fhev
fhev
9
efhev F ]fhev
F ]fhev
P
]
9
e
P
]
)H 2 &2 )H &2
+
GZc^_f9&2b P)H
] ²e
2,204
⋅
] ²oe
o
⋅⋅
e
9&2 e
] ²]
2,204
⋅
10
6
²m]
m
⋅⋅
= 1,596
⋅
10
6
]
GZc^_ffZkkm`_e_aZihemqb\r_]hkygZijZdlbd_
m(Fe) = y
⋅
W = 1,596
⋅
10
6
⋅
0,8 = 1,2768
⋅
]
ν
(Fe) =
m(Fe)
M(Fe)
=
6
1,2768 10
]
56 ]fhev
⋅
fhev
Hl\_l:
ν
(Fe) = 2,28
⋅
10
4
fhevV(CO) = 8,5
⋅
10
5
e
<hijhk
Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zfk\h[h^m^eyl\hjq_kl\Z
29
=eZ\Z
2
G_f_lZeeu
§ 15
G_f_lZeeuZlhfub ijhklu_\_s_kl\Z
Dbkehjh^hahg\ha^mo
<hijhk
Z'
\
ha^
H
2
) =
U
U
02
0\ha^
=
29
32
≈
1,1;
['
\ha^
KH
2
) =
U
U
0&2
0\ha^
=
29
44
≈
1,52;
\'
\ha^
G
2
) =
U
U
0+
0\ha^
=
29
2
≈
0,069.
<hijhk
>Zgh9\ha^ e
η
\ha^
(N
2
) = 78,2 %,
η
\ha^
H
2
) = 20,95 %.
GZclb
:
ν
(N
2
),
νH
2
)
J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fH
2
b 1
2
:
V(O
2
9\ha^⋅η
\ha^
H
2
e⋅ e
V(N
2
9\ha^⋅η
\ha^
(N
2
e⋅ e
GZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah\
νH
2
) =
ν
V
)
O(V
2
=
e
efhev
≈ fhev
ν
(N
2
) =
ν
V
)
N(V
2
=
e
efhev
≈ fhev
Hl\_l
:
νH
2
fhevν
(N
2
fhev
<hijhk
>Zgh9\ha^ e
GZclb
: N(O
2
), N(N
2
)
J_r_gb_<ujZabfh[t_fdZ`^h]h]ZaZ
V(O
2
9\ha^⋅η
\ha^
H
2
); V(N
2
9\ha^⋅η
\ha^
(N
2
)
GZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah\
νH
2
)=
92
9
ν
=
9\ha^H
9
ν
⋅η
=
e
efhev
⋅
fhev
ν
(N
2
) =
9\ha^1
9
ν
⋅η
=
e
efhev
⋅
fhev
GZc^_fqbkehfhe_dmedZ`^ h]h]Z a Z
30
N(O
2
) =
νH
2
)
⋅
N
A
= 0,2095
⋅
6,022
⋅
10
23
≈
1,26
⋅
10
23
.
N(N
2
) =
ν
(N
2
)
⋅
N
A
= 0,782
⋅
6,022
⋅
10
23
≈
4,7
⋅
10
23
.
Hl\_l12
2
) = 1,26
⋅
10
23
fhe_dme
N(N
2
) = 4,7
⋅
10
23
fhe_dme
<hijhk
>Zgh
: V(H
2
S) = 20
f
3
= 20
⋅
10
3
e
GZclb9\ha ^P\ha^
J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb
fhev
fhev
9
]fhev 9 efhev
9
e9 e
+ 6 2 + 262
+=↑
GZc^_fh[t_fdbkehjh^Zg_h[oh^bfuc^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbb
e ²e
2
⋅
10
4
e ²oe
o
8
44
2
67
102
4
,
,
⋅
⋅
= 3
⋅
10
4
e
GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZg_h[oh^bfuc^eyihemq_gbylZdh]h
h[t_fZdbkehjh^Z
V(
\ha^
)
H
(
)
O(V
2
\ha^
2
η
=
e
⋅
= 1,43
⋅
10
5
e f
3
.
m(
\ha^
M
r
(
\ha^⋅ν\ha^
M
r
\ha^⋅
9\ha^
9
ν
=
= 29
efhev⋅
e
efhev
⋅
= 1,85
⋅
10
5
] d]
Hl\_l
: V
\ha^ f
3
, m
\ha^ d]
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