Габриелян О.С. Домашняя работа по химии, 9 класс
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91
?keb\f_klh+&Oih^g_klbd hl\_jklbxijh[bjdbk ZffbZdhf
iZehqdmkfhq_ggmxdhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghcdbkehlhclhfu
gbq_]hg_m\b^bf
NH
3
+ HNO
3
⇒ NH
4
NO
3
.
NH
4
NO
3
²g_h[eZ^Z_le_lmq_klvx
H[uqgh^eyhij_^_e_gbyhkgh\Zgbcbkihevamxlj_Zdpbbk
h[jZah\Zgb_fg_jZkl\hjbfuo]b^jhdkb^h\gZijbf_j0J2+
2
.
2NH
4
OH + MgCl
2
⇒ 2NH
4
Cl + Mg(OH)
2
↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
Bamq_gb_k\hckl\\h^gh]hjZkl\hjZZffbZdZ
<h^guc jZkl\hj ZffbZdZ bf__l s_ehqgmx kj_^m l_ ^Z_l
fZebgh\mxhdjZkdmk n_ghenlZe_bghf
Ijbdbiyq_gbbjZkl\hjZ]b^jhdkb^ZffhgbyjZaeZ]Z_lky\
j_amevlZl_q_]hZff bZdme_lZ_lb jZkl\hjklZgh\blkyg_cljZevguf
NH
4
OH
t
⇒
NH
3
+ H
2
O↑.
N_ghenlZe_bg\ g_cljZevghckj _^_ ²[_k p\_lgu c
N_ghenlZe_bg^Z_lfZebgh\mxhdjZkdm\ jZkl\hj_]b^jhdkb^Z
ZffhgbylZddZdlhly\ey_lkyhkgh\Zgb_fIjb^h[Z\ e_gbbdbkehlu
ijhbkoh^blg_cljZebaZpbybp\_lbkq_aZ_l
NH
4
OH + HCl ⇒ NH
4
Cl + H
2
O,
OH
–
+ H
+
⇒ H
2
O.
Ijhbkoh^bl\aZbfh^_ckl\b_ f_`^mjZkl\hjhf$O&O
3
b 1+
4
OH.
AlCl
3
+ 3NH
4
OH ⇒ Al(OH)
3
↓ + 3NH
4
Cl,
Al
3+
+ 3OH
–
⇒ Al(OH)
3
↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_eucklm^_gbkluc hkZ^hd
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
8.
Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbihl_f_©Ih^]jmiiZZahlZª
AZ^ZqZ
ZJZkl\hjbfZffbZd\\h^_b ijh\_jbfhkgh\gu_k\hc kl\ZjZkl\hjZ
NH
3
+ H
2
O ⇒ NH
4
OH, 2NH
4
OH + MgCl
2
= 2NH
4
Cl + Mg(OH)
2
↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdN_ghenlZe_bghdjZrb\Z_lky\ fZebgh\uc
p\_l
[Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyZahlgZydbkehlZjZkl\hjy_lf_lZeebq_kdmx
f_^v
92
Cu + 4HNO
dhgp
⇒
KX12
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
↓ + 2H
2
O.
H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjb \u^_ey_lky[mjuc]Za
\GbljZlZffhgbyijbgZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeZ]Z_lkygZ^\Z]Zahh[jZaguo
ijbW
°
>100
°
K\_s_kl\Z
NH
4
NO
3
t
⇒
N
2
O↑ + 2H
2
O↑.
IjbgZ]j_\Zgbbk s_ehqvx\u^_ey_lkyZffbZd
NH
4
NO
3
+ NaOH
t
⇒
NaNO
3
+ NH
3
↑ + H
2
O.
:ffbZdfh`ghhij_^_eblvihaZiZombebdZdmdZaZgh\ imgdl_ Z
AZ^ZqZ
Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx1+
4
)
2
SO
4
b 1+
4
NO
3
k &D
(OH)
2
.
< j_amevlZl_\aZbfh^_ckl\byiblZl_evgucwe_f_glZahl
me_lmqb\Z_lky\\b^_Zf f bZdZ
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ Ca(OH)
2
=CaSO
4
↓ + 2NH
3
↑ + 2H
2
O;
2NH
4
NO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2
= Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NH
3
↑ + 2H
2
O.
AZ^ZqZ
Z>eyhij_^_e_gby1+
4
+
fh`ghbkihevah\Zlvj_Zdpbxk s_ehqvx
ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
NH
4
Cl + NaOH
t
⇒
NH
3
↑ + H
2
O + NaCl.
G_mklhcqb\uc1+
4
2+jZaeZ]Z_lkyijbgZ]j_\Zgbbk h[jZah\Zgb_f
]Zahh[jZagh]hZffbZdZHij_^_e_gb_1+
3
ih^jh[ghhibkZgh\
aZ^Zq_Z
Oehjb^bhgu&O
–
fh`ghhij_^_eblvk ihfhsvxbhgh\$J
+
beb3E
2+
.
AgNO
3
+ NH
4
Cl ⇒ NH
4
NO
3
+ AgCl↓.
Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NH
4
Cl ⇒ PbCl
2
↓ + 2NH
4
NO
3
.
<uiZ^Zxl[_eu_hkZ^db
[:gZeh]bqghhij_^_eyxlkybhguZffhgby
1+
+
\kmevnZl_
KmevnZlbhgu62
4
2–
hij_^_eyxlkyj_Zdpb_ck jZkl\hjhf<Z
2+
.
<Z&O
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
⇒ 2NH
4
Cl+BaSO
4
↓
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob s_ehqZo
AZ^ZqZ
AZibr_fnhjfmeu\u^Zgguom^h[j_gbcoehjb^dZe by
—KCl;
ZffbZqgZyk_ebljZ
— NH
4
NO
3
kmi_jnhknZl
—Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.
KgZqZeZhij_^_ebf&D+
2
PO
4
)
2
>eywlh]h\havf_f ba[ulhd
jZkl\hjZs_ehqb
93
3Ca(H
2
PO
4
)+12NaOH ⇒ Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
↓+4Na
3
PO
4
+12H
2
H
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd< ijh[bjd_]^_gZoh^beZkvZffbZqgZy
k_ebljZih^^_ckl\b_fs_ehqb\u^_e y_lky]Za
NH
4
NO
3
+ NaOH=NaNO
3
+ NH
3
↑ + H
2
O.
Hij_^_ebfl_i_jv.&O>eywlh]h^h[Z\ bfjZkl\hj$J12
3
beb
Pb(NO
3
)
2
.
AgNO
3
+KCl ⇒ AgCl↓+KNO
3
,
Pb(NO
3
)
2
+2KCl ⇒ PbCl
2
↓+2KNO
3
.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
AZ^ZqZ
IjhdZeb\Zyl\_j^uc1+
4
&Ofh`ghihemqblvqbklucZffbZd
NH
4
Cl
t
⇒
NH
3
↑ + HCl↑.
IjbjZaeh`_gbbh[jZamxlky^\Z]Zahh[jZaguoijh^mdlZIjhimkdZy
wlmkf_kvq_j_as_ehqvfuba[Z\ey_fkyhloehjh\h^hjh^Z
HCl + NaOH ⇒ NaCl + H
2
O.
HklZ_lkyqbklucZffbZd
Ba1+
4
)
2
SO
4
b 1+
4
NO
3
ZffbZdfh`ghihemqblv\
kbevghs_ehqghckj_^_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH ⇒ 2NH
3
↑ + H
2
O+Na
2
SO
4
,
NH
4
NO
3
+ NaOH ⇒ NH
3
↑ + H
2
O + NaNO
3
.
AZ^ZqZ
I_j\ZybhggZyj_Zdpbykhhl\_lkl\m_lj_Zdpbbg_cljZebaZpbb
HCl+NaOH
⇒
NaCl+H
2
O, H
+
+OH
–
⇒
H
2
O.
<lhjZybhggZyj_Zdpby ²hkZ`^_gb_%D62
4
;
BaCl
2
+Na
2
SO
4
⇒
BaSO
4
↓
+2NaCl; Ba
2+
+SO
4
2–
= BaSO
4
↓
.
Ihke_^gyyj_Zdpby ²hkZ` ^_gb_$J&O
AgNO
3
+KCl
⇒
AgCl+KNO
3
, Ag
+
+Cl
–
⇒
AgCl
↓
.
AZ^ZqZ
JZkl\hjbff_lZeebq_kdmxf_^v\ dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghc
dbkehl_
Cu+4HNO
dhgp
⇒ Cu(NO
3
)
2
+2NO
2
↑+2H
2
O.
H[jZamxsbcky]hem[hcjZkl\hjkh^_j`bl&X12
3
)
2
.
JZkl\hjbf&X2+
2
\ +12
3
:
Cu(OH)
2
+2HNO
3
⇒ Cu(NO
3
)
2
+2H
2
O.
H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjgbljZlZf_^b,,
94
Ihemqbf&X12
3
)
2
q_j_aj_ZdpbxhkZ`^_gby
CuSO
4
+Ba(NO
3
)
2
⇒ BaSO
4
↓+Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
H[jZam_lky[_euchkZ^hd_]hg_h[oh^bfhhlnbevljh\Zlv
HklZ\rbckyjZkl\hj
— Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
9.
Ihemq_gb_hdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z ,9b bamq_gb_
_]h k\hckl\ JZkihagZ\Zgb_dZj[hgZlh\
Ihemq_gb_hdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z,9b bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\
Ijb^_clk\bbkheyghcdbkehlugZf_ebebfjZfhjhgb
jZkl\hjyxlkyijbwlhf\u^_ey_lky&2
2
NhjfmeZf_eZb
fjZfhjZ
— CaCO
3
.
CaCO
3
+2HCl
⇒
CaCl
2
+CO
2
↑
+H
2
O,
K
aCO
3
+2H
+
⇒
&Z
2+
+ CO
2
↑
+ H
2
O.
< ijh[bjd_k ba\_kldh\h c\h^hcijhbkoh^yl^\_
ihke_^h\Zl_evgu_j_ZdpbbKgZqZeZijhbkoh^blh[jZah\Zgb_[_eh]h
hkZ^dZ
Ca(OH)
2
+CO
2
⇒
CaCO
3
↓
+H
2
O.
AZl_fhkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky
CaCO
3
+CO
2
+H
2
O
⇒
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
²jZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\h
CaCO
3
+CO
2
+H
2
O
⇒
Ca
2+
+2HCO
3
–
.
IjbijhimkdZgbbKH
2
q_j_a^bklbeebjh\Zggmx\h^mm]e_dbkeuc
]ZaqZklbqghjZkl\hjy_lkyk h[jZah\Zgb_fm]hevghcdbkehluG
2
KH
3
.
CO
2
+H
2
O
∅
H
2
CO
3
,
DZddbkehlZ+
2
CO
3
bf__ldbkemxj_ZdpbxihwlhfmeZdfmk
hdjZkblky\ kbgbcp\_l
JZkihagZ\Zgb_dZj[hgZlh\
GZf\u^Zgh\_s_kl\Z1D
2
SO
4
, ZnCl
2
, K
2
CO
3
, Na
2
SiO
3
.
KgZqZeZijb[Z\bfjZkl\hj+&OIj bwlhfj_Zdpbyihc^_llhevdh
\^\moijh[bjdZo
K
2
CO
3
+2HCl
⇒
2KCl+H
2
O+CO
2
↑
.
2K
+
+CO
3
2–
+2H
+
+2Cl
–
⇒
2K
+
+2Cl
–
+H
2
O+CO
2
↑
.
CO
3
2–
+2H
+
⇒
CO
2
↑
+H
2
O.
<u^_ ey_lky]Za
Na
2
SiO
3
+2HCl
⇒
H
2
SiO
3
↓
+2NaCl.
2Na
+
+SiO
3
2–
+2H
+
+2Cl
–
⇒
H
2
SiO
3
↓
+2Na
+
+2Cl
–
.
SiO
3
2–
+2H
+
⇒
H
2
SiO
3
↓
.
95
L_i_jv^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj%D&O
2
K 1D
2
SO
4
wlhljZkl\hj^Z_l
hkZ^hd
Na
2
SO
4
+BaCl
2
⇒ BaSO
4
↓+2NaCl,
2Na
+
+SO
4
2–
+Ba
2+
+2Cl
–
⇒ BaSO
4
↓+2Na
+
+2Cl
–
,
Ba
2+
+SO
4
2–
⇒ BaSO
4
↓.
<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdK jZkl\hjhf=Q&O
2
gbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^bl
< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_=Q&O
2
>h[Z\bfjZkl\hj$J12
3
qlh[u
ijh\_jblvwlh<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd
ZnCl
2
+2AgNO
3
⇒ Zn(NO
3
)
2
+2AgCl↓,
Zn
2+
+2Cl
–
+2Ag
+
+2NO
3
–
⇒ Zn
2+
+2NO
3
–
+2AgCl↓.
Cl
–
+Ag
+
⇒ AgCl↓.
<u\h^>eydZj[hgZlbhgh\dZq_kl\_g ghcj_Zdpb_cy\ey_lky
j_Zdpbyk dbkehlhck \u^_e_gb_fm]e_dbkeh]h]Z a Z
CO
3
2–
+2H
+
⇒ H
2
O+CO
2
↑.
96
Obfbq_kdbcijZdl bdmf
III.
K\hckl\Zhj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
10
.
Ihemq_gb_wlbe_gZ b bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\
< ijh[bjd_gZqbgZ_l\u^_eylvky]Za
C
2
H
5
OH
t, H
2
SO
4 (
dhgp
C
2
H
4
↑+H
2
O.
Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyk_jgZydbkehlZaZ[bjZ_l\h^mbakibjlZb\
j_amevlZ l_h[jZam_lkywlbe_g
IjbijhimkdZgbbK
2
G
4
q_j_a[jhfgmx\h^mihke_^gyy
h[_kp\_qb\Z_lky
K
2
G
4
+Br
2(aq)
⇒ C
2
H
4
Br
2
.
Ijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_wlbe_gZ[jhfghc\h^hcih^\hcghck\yab
Ih^dbke_gguci_jfZg]ZgZllZd`_hdbkey_lwlbe_g
K
2
G
4
+12KMnO
4
+18H
2
SO
4
=10CO
2
+6K
2
SO
4
+12MnSO
4
+28H
2
O.
JZkl\hj.
MnO
4
h[_kp\_qb\Z_lky
Ih^h``_f \u^_eyxsbcky ]Za Hg ]hjbl yjdbf k\_lysbfky
ieZf_g_f
K
2
G
4
H
2
t
⇒
2CO
2
+2H
2
O.
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
11
.
Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^ZqbihjZkiha g Z\ Zg bx
b ihemq_gbx\_s_kl\
GZfg_h[oh^bfhhij_^_eblvljb\_s_ kl\Z]ebp_jbg
fgh]hZlhfguckibjlZev^_]b^]exdhamm]e_\h^
H^ghcbaoZjZdl_jguoj_Zdpbc^eywlbo\_s_kl\y\ey_lky
\aZbfh^_ckl\b_k &X2+
2
.
KgZqZeZihemqbf]b^jhdkb^f_^b,,>eywlh]hd f_^ghfm
dmihjhkm^h[Z\bfg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+
CuSO
4
+2NaOH ⇒
KX2+
2
↓+Na
2
SO
4
.
<uiZ^Z_l]hem[hchkZ^hd]b^jhdkb^Z
D h[jZah\Z\r_fmkyhkZ^dmijbev_fg_fgh]hZev^_] b^Zb gZ]j__f
kf_kv
C
O
R
H
+2Cu(OH)
2
t
⇒
C
O
R
O
H
+2CuOH
↓
G
2
H
97
Zev^_]b^]hem[hc `_eluc
2CuOH
t
⇒
KX
2
O↓+H
2
O
`_eluc djZkguc
< j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkydjZkguchkZ^hd&X
2
O.
L_i_jvd &X2+
2
^h[Z\ bfihdZieyf]ebp_jbgb kf _kv
\a[helZ_fHkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyihemqZ_lkyjZkl\hjyjdhkbg_]h
p\_lZH[jZam_lkymklhcqb\ucdhfie_dk]ebp_jbgZkf_^vx
2
&
+
&
+
&
+
2
+
2
+
2
+
&X2+
⇒
&
+
&
+
&
+
2
2
+
2
+
&
X
2
2
+
2
+
&
+
&
+
&
+
+
2
=exdhaZihk\h bfobfbq_kdbfk\hckl\Zfy\ey_lky
Zev^_]b^hkibjlhfl_hgZijhy\ey_lk\hckl\Zb Zev^_]b^h\b
fgh]hZlhfguokibjlh\DZdZev^_]b^hgZ\klmiZ_l\ j_Zdpbb
oZjZdl_jgu_^eywlh]hdeZkkZ\_s_kl\\ qZkl ghkl bijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk &X2+
2
k h[jZah\Zgb_fdjZkghdhjbqg_\h]h
hkZ^dZ&X
2
HDZdfgh]hZlhfguckibjl]exdhaZ^Z_ljZkl\hjyjdh
kbg_]hp\_lZijb^h[Z\e_gbbdg_ck\_ `_]hhkZ^dZ&X2+
2
.
&
+
&
+
&
2
+
+
2
2
+
&X2+
W
⇒
&
+
&
+
&
2
+
2
+
2
2
+
G
H&X2+
↓
2CuOH
t
⇒
Cu
2
O↓+H
2
O.
<uiZ^Z_ldjZkguchkZ^hd&X
2
O.
>eyhij_^_e_gbylj_o^Zgguo\_s_kl\badZ`^hcijh[bjdb
^h[Z\bfg_fgh]h&X2+
2
<^\moijh[bjdZoh[jZam_lkyyjdhkbgbc
jZkl\hj]exdhaZb ]ebp_jbgL_i_jvgZ]j__f\k_ljbkf_kb\^\mo
ijh[bjdZo\uiZ^_ldjZkguchkZ^hdZev^_]b^b]exdhaZLZdbf
h[jZahffumagZ_f\dZdhcijh[bjd_dZdh_\_s_kl\hgZoh^blky
FZrbggh_fZkehkhklhbl\ hkgh\ghfbaij_^_evguo
m]e_\h^hjh^h\Z jZklbl_evgh_fZkeh ²ba`bjh\h[jZah\Zgguo
g_ij_^_evgufbdbkehlZfbJZklbl_evgh_fZkehh[_kp\_qb\Z_l
[jhfgmx\h^mZfZrbggh_²g_l
Z>eyihemq_gbyijhklh]hwnbjZijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx
^_]b^jZlZpbbwlbeh\h]hkibjlZ
K
2
G
5
HG
t, H
2
SO
4 (
dhgp
K
2
G
5
²H ²K
2
G
5
G
2
H
H[jZamxsbcwnbjgZau\Z_lky^bwlbeh\uf>ZggZyj_Zdpby
ijhoh^blebrvijbhij_^_e_gguomkeh\byogZ]j_\Zgbb\
ijbkmlkl\bb+
2
SO
4
bijbba[uld_kibjlZ
[>eyihemq_gbyZev^_]b^Z bakibjlZgm`ghbkihevah\ZlvkeZ[uc
hdbkebl_evgZijbf_j&X
2+
.
98
C
2
H
5
OH+CuO
t
⇒
Cu+
CH
3
C
O
H
+H
2
O;
CH
3
C
O
H
²mdkmkgucZev^_]b^
\Ijb^Zevg_cr_fhdbke_gbb Zev^_]b^Zh[jZam_lkydbkehlZ
CH
3
C
O
H
+2Cu(OH)
2
t
⇒
CH
3
COOH+Cu
2
O↓+2H
2
O;
H[jZam_lkymdkmkgZydbkehlZ
KZoZj ²wlhkeh`gh_hj]Zgbq_kdh_\_s_kl\hkh^_j`Zs__
^hklZlhqgh[hevrh_dhebq_kl\hm]e_jh^ZQlh[u^hdZaZlvwlh
\havf_fg_fgh]hkZoZjZb ^h[Z\bfdg_fm+
2
SO
dhgp
.
KZoZjih^^_ckl\b_fdhgp_gljbjh\Zgghck_jghcdbkehluhl^Zkl
\h^mb ij_\jZlblky\ m]e_jh^
C
12
H
22
O
11
H
2
SO
4 (
dhgp
12C+11H
2
O.
Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZy+
2
SO
4
aZ[bjZ_l\h^mm kZoZjZ\ j_amevlZl_
ihemqZ_lkyk\h[h^gucm]e_jh^q_j gh_\_s_kl\h
Z>eyhij_^_e_gbydjZofZeZkms_kl\m_lohjhrZydZq_kl\_ggZy
j_Zdpbyk bh^hfH[jZam_lkymklhcqb\ucdhfie_ dkyjdhkbg_]h
p\_lZ
DZig_fg_kdhevdhdZi_evjZkl\hjZbh^ZgZdZjlh n_ev b[_eucoe_[
?kebgZijh^mdlZoh[jZam_lkykbg__iylghlhhgbkh^_j`Zl
djZofZe
[>eyijh\_jdby[ehdZgZkh^_j`Zgb_]exdhauijb]hlh\bf
g_kdhevdhdZi_evy[ehqgh]hkhdZ>h[Z\bfg_fgh]hkbg_]hhkZ^dZ
Cu(OH)
2
?kebbkke_^m_fucjZkl\hjkh^_j`bl]exdhamlhkgZqZeZ
fuihemqbfkbgbcjZkl\hjbfucdhfie_dk]ex dh a u dhlhjucijb
gZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeh`blky^hdjZkgh]h&X
2
H
ZKgZqZeZhij_^_ebfdjZofZe^h[Z\b\ddZ`^hfmbalj_o
\_s_kl\jZkl\hjbh^Z< ijh[bjd_k djZofZehfh[jZam_lkykbgbc
dhfie_dk=exdhamhlkZoZjhaufh`ghhlebqblvaZkq_l
Zev^_]b^guok\hckl\H[Z\_s_kl\Zh[eZ^Zxlk\hckl\Zfb
fgh]hZlhfgh]hkibjlZghlhevdh]exdh aZ h[eZ^Z_l_s_b
k\hckl\ZfbZev^_]b^Z>h[Z\bf\h[_ijh[bjdb&X2+
2
h[jZam_lky
kbgbcjZkl\hjGhlhevdhijbgZ]j_\Zgbbk ]exdhahc\uiZ^Z_l
djZkguchkZ^hd&X
2
2l_ijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_Zev^_]b^ghc
]jmiiu
[KgZqZeZ hij_^_ebfdjZofZek ihfhsvxbh^ZH[jZam_lkykbgbc
dhfie_dk
99
L_i_jvijh\_jbfdbkehlghklbjZkl\hjh\fueZb ] ebp_jbgZ
=ebp_jbgbf__lkeZ[hdbkemxkj_^ mZfueh²s_ehqgmx
=ebp_jbglZd`_h[jZam_lk &X2+
2
kbgbcjZkl\hjk\hckl\h
fgh]hZlhfguokibjlh\
GZ]j__f ihemq_ggu_ jZkl\hju < h^ghc ba ijh[bjhd \uiZ^Z_l
[_euc hkZ^hd ² ijhbkoh^bl ^_gZlmjZpby [_edZ K ]ebp_jbghf ijb
gZ]j_\Zgbbgbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^bl
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
12.
JZkihagZ\Zgb_ieZklfZkk
Ijb\_^_f^ey^Zgguo\b^h\ieZklfZkkkljmdlmjgu_ nhjfmeu
Ihebwlbe_g ²KG
2
—
KG
2
—)
n
,
Iheb\bgbeoehjb^
(—
KG
2
—
KG
— )
n
K
l
,
Ihebklbjhe
(– CH
2
– CH – )
n
,
N_ghenhjfZev^_]b^gZykf heZ
O
H
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
2
O
H
O
H
n
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
13.
JZkihagZ\Zgb_\hehdhg
AZibr_fkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeubkdmkkl\_gguo\hehdhg
:p_lZlgh_\h ehdgh
[ – C
6
H
7
O
2
(OCCH
3
)
3
– ]
n
H
.
K
Zijhg
[– (
KG
2
)
5
—
K
— NH — ]
n
O
.
EZ\kZg
>±&± ±&±2±&+
±&+
±H ±@
Q
2 2
.
100
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ
14.
JZkihagZ\Zgb_fbg_jZevguom^h[j_gbc
<mq_[gbd_^hklZlhqghih^jh[ghijb\_^_ghhibkZgb_\k_ohiulh\
Ihwlhfmijb\_^_febrv\hafh`gu_j_Zdpbb
Hij_^_e_gb_Zf f h gb_\uofbg_jZevguom^h[j_gbc
NH
4
+
+OH
–
t
⇒
NH
3
↑+H
2
O.
GZijbf_j1+
4
NO
3
+NaOH
t
⇒
NaNO
3
+NH
3
↑
+H
2
O.
Hij_^_e_gb_kmevnZlguom^h[j_gb c
SO
4
2–
+ Ba
2+
⇒ BaSO
4
↓.
GZijbf_j
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
⇒ BaSO
4
↓ + 2NH
4
Cl.
Hij_^_e_gb_oehjb^bhgh\
Cl
–
+ Ag
+
⇒ AgCl↓.
GZijbf_j
KCl + NaCl + 2AgNO
3
⇒ KNO
3
+ NaNO
3
+ 2AgCl↓.
Hij_^_e_gb_nhknhjguom^h[j_gbc
PO
4
3–
+ 3Ag
+
⇒ Ag
3
PO
4
↓
GZijbf_j
K
3
PO
4
+ 3AgNO
3
⇒ Ag
3
PO
4
↓ + 3KNO
3
.
J_Zdpby$J12
3
k bhgZfb62
4
2–
:
2Ag
+
+ SO
4
2–
⇒ Ag
2
SO
4
↓.
Hij_^_e_gb_dZj[hgZlh\
CO
3
2–
+ 2H
+
⇒ H
2
O + CO
2
↑.
GZijbf_j
CaCO
3
+2HCl ⇒ CaCl
2
+H
2
O+CO
2
↑.