Environmental Encyclopedia

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

United States vs. Canada, I:767,

II:1417–1418

water resources, II:1488

Transfer stations, II:1422

Transgenic organisms. See Genetically

modified organisms (GMOs)

Transmissible spongiform encephalopa-

thies (TSE), I:448

Transmission lines, II:1422–1424

Transnational corporations, II:1393–

1394

See also Corporations

Transpiration, II:1424, II:1442

Transport of heavy metals, I:708–709

Transportation, II:1424–1426

and communicable diseases, I:291

farm produce, II:1419–1420

hazardous materials, I:701–702,

I:816

human-powered vehicles, I:729–

731

liquified natural gas, I:841

mass transit, I:882–883

See also Storage and transport of

hazardous materials

Transuranic waste, II:1157–1158,

II:1468–1469

Trapping. See Hunting and trapping

Trauberman, Jeffrey (ELI director),

II:1459

Travel and spread of disease, I:582–

583

Trawl nets, vs. drift nets, I:384

Trees, I:215–216, I:645–646, I:866,

II:1211–1212

Trees for People program, I:46

Trespass (environmental law), I:498

Tributyl tin (TBT), II:1426–1427

Tributyl tin (TBT), effects on snails

and periwinkles, I:487

Trichloroethylene, drinking-water sup-

ply, I:385

Trihalomethanes (THMs), II:1427

in drinking-water supply, I:243,

I:385

Tritium, II:1252

Troll, Carl (landscape ecology), I:816

“The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of

Ecology”, Lindeman, Raymond

L., I:840

Trophic levels, II:1427–1428

Trophic levels

community ecology, I:292, I:293

food chain/web, I:574–576

Tropical flora, botanical garden re-

search, I:176

Tropical rain forests, II:1168–1169,

II:1171, II:1428–1429, II:1429

1637

biodiversity, I:132

clear-cutting, I:263–264

deforestation, I:358–359, I:787–

788, I:894, II:968, II:1282–

1283

deforestation, Indonesia, II:1032–

1033

deforestation, Madagascar, I:861

ecology of, I:422

species extinction, I:450–451,

I:529, I:541

See also Rain forest

Tropopause, II:1429

Troposphere, II:1429

Trust for Public Lands (TPL), I:813

TSS. See Total suspended solids (TSS)

Tsunamis, II:1430–1431

Tsuruga nuclear facility (Japan),

II:1157

Tuan, Yi-Fu, I:470, II:1275

Tuberculosis, I:62, I:447–448

Tubificid worms as bioindicators,

I:140, I:748–749

Tucuruí Dam (Brazil), II:1533–1534

Tufa (calcium carbonate) towers,

Mono Lake, I:916, I:917

Tularemia, as bioterrorism agent,

I:160

Tulsa (OK), Flood control, I:380,

II:1443–1444

Tundra, II:1431

Tuolumne River (Hetch Hetchy Reser-

voir), I:716

Turbidity, II:1431

Turnover time, II:1431

See also Persistence

Turtle excluder devices (TEDs),

I:194–195, II:1006–1007, II:1263,

II:1432

Turtles. See American box turtles; Sea

turtles

TVA. See Tennessee Valley Authority

(TVA)

Twinning (cloning technique), I:268–

269

2,4,5-T, TCDD contamination, I:715,

II:1466

Typhoons. See Hurricanes

U

U Regulations (USFS wilderness man-

agement), I:879, II:1514

UCS (Union of Concerned Scientists),

II:1433–1434

Ugilec, II:1071

Ujong Kulon Peninsula (Indonesia),

wildlife refuge, I:796

Ultraviolet radiation, I:266–267, I:267,

I:913, II:1047–1048, II:1433

UN International Conference on Hu-

man Development (1994), I:199–

201

Uncertainty in science

balance of nature, I:109

and environmental liability,

II:1293

and environmental policy, I:425–

426

risk assessment, I:327, II:1215–

1216, II:1216

Uncertainty in science, statistics,

II:1433

Uncertainty in statistics, II:1432

Underdeveloped countries. See Less de-

veloped countries

Underground gasification, I:276

Undersea mining, I:908–909

The Undersea World of Jacques Cous-

teau, I:331

UNEP. See United Nations Environ-

ment Programme (UNEP)

UNESCO Man and the Biosphere

Program (MAB). See Man and

the Biosphere Program (MAB)

UNESCO World Heritage List. See

World Heritage List

UNFCCC. See Framework Conven-

tion on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) (1992)

Uniformitarianism (earth history

theory), I:854

Uninterruptible power source (UPS),

I:168

Union Carbide, Bhopal (India), I:124–

126

Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS),

II:1433–1434

Uniroyal Chemical Company, Alar,

I:35

United Kingdom, energy policy, I:465

United Nations Commission on Sus-

tainable Development, II:1434

United Nations Conference on Envi-

ronment and Development (UN-

CED). See United Nations Earth

Summit (1992)

United Nations Conference on Hu-

man Development (1994), I:199–

201

United Nations Conference on the Hu-

man Environment (1972),

II:1434–1435

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

United Nations Division for Sustain-

able Development, II:1435–1436

United Nations Earth Summit (1992),

I:397–398, II:1369–1370, II:1435,

II:1436–1437

biotechnology, I:159

NGOs, II:981

UN Commission on Sustainable

Development, II:1434

See also Agenda 21

United Nations Environment Pro-

gramme (UNEP), II:1071,

II:1435, II:1437–1438

United States

environmental policy, I:505–507

rejection of Kyoto Protocol, I:671,

I:762

resistance to Earth Summit trea-

ties, II:1436–1437

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. See

Army Corps of Engineers

(ACOE)

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. See Bu-

reau of Reclamation

U.S. Department of Agriculture

(USDA), II:1446

Agricultural Research Service

(ARS), I:25

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE),

II:1447

U.S. Department of Health and Hu-

man Services (HHS), II:1447–

1448

U.S. Department of Housing and Ur-

ban Development (HUD), lead,

I:824

U.S. Department of State, Bureau of

Oceans and International Environ-

mental and Scientific Affairs

(OES), I:191

U.S. Department of the Interior,

II:1448–1449

Watt administration, II:1494–

1495

U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA). See Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA)

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. See

Fish and Wildlife Service

(USFWS)

U.S. Forest Service. See Forest Service

(USFS)

United States Synthetic Fuels Corpora-

tion, II:1375–1376

U.S. Geological Survey. See Geological

Survey (USGS)

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA). See Oc-

1638

cupational Safety and Health Ad-

ministration (OSHA)

U.S. Public Health Service. See Public

Health Service (PHS)

U.S. Public Interest Research Group

(PIRG), II:1449

United States v. Globe Fur Dyeing Cor-

poration, I:872

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE),

I:522–523

Universal Waste Rule, I:114

Unsafe at Any Speed, II:931

UPS (Uninterruptible power source),

I:168

Upwellings, II:1438

Uranium, I:896, II:996–997, II:1164–

1165, II:1438

mines, I:47, I:595–596, I:717–718

Urban contamination, II:1438–1440

brownfields, I:185–187

Urban design and planning, II:1440

Urban ecology, II:946, II:960, II:987,

II:1440–1442

Urban growth, II:1284–1285

Urban heat islands, II:1389, II:1442,

II:1443, II:1497

Urban runoff, I:122, I:284, I:380,

II:1246–1247, II:1442–1444

See also Runoff; Storm runoff

Urban-rural relations, I:225, II:1224

Urban sprawl, II:1441, II:1444–1446

brownfields, I:185, I:186

fire control, II:1132

smart growth, II:1299–1300

Urban trees, greenhouse effect preven-

tion, I:216, I:645–646

Used oil recycling, II:1324–1325,

II:1328, II:1449–1450

User fees in waste reduction, II:1330

USFS. See Forest Service (USFS)

USFWS. See Fish and Wildlife Ser-

vice (USFWS)

USGS. See Geological Survey (USGS)

Utilitarianism, II:1450–1451

animal welfare, I:55–56, II:1294

environmental ethics, I:489

extinction, I:132

V

Vaccination

for anthrax, I:60–61

of farm animals, I:21

role in Gulf War syndrome,

I:684–685

See also Immunization

Vadose zone, I:678, II:1453

Vail Ski Resort, arson, I:432

Vaiont reservoir landslide (Italy),

II:1197

Valdez. See Exxon Valdez

Valdez Principles, I:518–519, II:1309,

II:1453–1454

Validation (computer modeling), I:912

Valuation, I:420, I:479

Value, measurement of, I:3

Vanomycin, I:448

Vapor recovery system, II:1454

Variables (computer modeling), I:911

“Vas occlusive” methods, I:862–863

Vascular plants, II:1454

Vector digital data, GIS, I:631–632

Vector (mosquito) control, II:1454–

1456

Vectors, definition, II:1053

Vegans, II:1456

Vegetarianism, II:1456

“Veil of ignorance” (John Rawls),

I:760

Ventilation systems, role in indoor air

quality, I:752–754

Vermont Yankee power plant, II:1157

Vernadsky, Vladímir Ivanovich,

II:1457–1458

Vibrio cholerae (cholera bacillus), I:247

Victims’ compensation, II:1458–1459,

II:1546

Vietnam, Agent Orange, I:17–20,

I:715

See also War, environmental ef-

fects of

Vinyl chloride, II:1459

Virus, II:1459–1460

Viruses, I:901, II:1059

Visibility, I:706, II:1460–1461

Arctic haze, I:76–77

Clean Air Act, I:257–258

Lake Tahoe, I:807

Vistula River (Poland), water pollu-

tion, II:1480

VOCs. See Volatile organic com-

pounds (VOCs)

Vogt, William, II:1461

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),

I:135, II:1291, II:1461

Volcano Hazard Program, I:920

Volcanos, II:1462

Hawaiian Islands, I:698

possible cause of mass extinction,

I:880–881

See also specific volcanoes by name

Voles, Mice and Lemmings, I:444

Volga River (Russia), water pollution,

II:1480

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Vollenweider, Richard Albert,

II:1462–1463

Volpe v. Citizens to Preserve Overton

Park (1971), I:499

W

Walden, I:501–502

Wallace, Alfred Russell (evolution),

I:533

Wankel rotary engine, I:101

War, environmental effects of,

II:1465–1467

See also Persian Gulf War; Viet-

nam, Agent Orange

Ward, Barbara Mary (Spaceship Earth),

II:1334, II:1335

Warfarin, role in birth defects, I:164

Warning labels, Hazardous Substance

Act (1960), I:702

Waste

See also specific types of waste by

name

Waste exchange, II:1467–1468

Waste gases, biofiltration, I:135

Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)

(NM), II:1166, II:1468–1469,

II:1470

Waste management, II:1323–1325,

II:1469–1471

Air and Waste Management Asso-

ciation, I:29

Basel Convention, I:111–112

deep-well injection, I:356

dry cask storage, I:387–388

environmental policy, II:1198–

1200

high-solids reactor, I:717–718

industry, I:754–755

ocean dumping, II:1007–1008,

II:1009–1010

Post Consumer Materials

(PCMs), II:1178–1180

refuse-driven fuels, II:1183–1185

reuse, II:1206

yard waste, II:1543

See also Recycling

Waste minimization. See Recycling;

Waste reduction

Waste reduction, I:755–756, II:1201,

II:1206, II:1324, II:1471–1472

automobiles, I:102

beverage containers, I:313–314

computer disposal, I:301–302

environmental design, I:476–477

household waste, I:617–618,

I:725, II:1127–1128

1639

industry, I:475, I:754–755, II:1111

solid waste, II:1329

source separation, II:1332–1333

Waste stream, II:1472

biodegradation, I:131

biofiltration, I:135

synthetic chemicals, I:233

Waste-to-energy, II:1200–1201,

II:1326, II:1330

See also Fuel from solid waste; Re-

fuse-derived fuels

Wastewater, II:1247–1249

biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD), I:130

cadmium pollution, I:779–780

effluent tax, I:436

food waste, I:579–580

toilets, II:1403–1404

water reclamation, II:1486

Wastewater treatment

Clean Water Act (1972, 1977,

1987), I:260–261

coprecipitation, I:322

dissolved air flotation (DAF),

I:565

improved under NPDES, II:956

nitrogen, II:978

oxidation reduction emissions,

II:1044–1045

phosphorus removal, II:1084–

1085, II:1085–1086

removing heavy metals, I:710–711

septic tanks, II:1275–1278

sludge, I:8–9, I:13–14, II:1297–

1298

soil absorption, I:2

use of water hyacinths, II:1480

See also Sewage treatment

Water allocation, II:1472–1473

Water balance, hydrologic cycle, I:739

Water-borne diseases, II:1246–1247,

II:1248–1249, II:1371, II:1460,

II:1474, II:1480

Water conservation, I:79–80, I:386,

II:1404, II:1472–1473, II:1473–

1475

Water consumption. See Water conser-

vation; Water resources

Water diversion projects, II:1475–

1478

plans for Congo River, I:304

The Water Environment Curriculum,

II:1479

Water Environment Federation

(WEF), II:1478–1479

Water, environmental chemistry,

I:472–473

Water erosion. See Erosion; Soil

erosion

Water hyacinths, I:772, II:1479,

II:1479–1480

Water pollution, II:1480–1482,

II:1487––1488

acid mine drainage, I:5

agricultural runoff, I:24

beaches, II:1371

Chesapeake Bay, I:237–238

cultural eutrophication, I:342–344

Cuyahoga River (OH), I:344

environmental chemistry, I:473,

I:474

environmental policy, II:1060

feedlot runoff, I:554–555

fertilizer, I:556

Hudson River, I:726, I:727

indicator organisms, I:748–749

Lake Baikal, I:805

Lake Superior, II:1195–1196,

II:1293

Lake Washington (WA), I:808

Mediterranean Sea, I:892–893

mining, II:1094

MTBE, I:898–899

radioactive waste, I:595–596

sewer overflows, I:284, II:1246–

1247

used oil, II:1449

See also Groundwater pollution;

Marine pollution

Water pollution control, I:123

Clean Water Act (1972, 1977,

1987), I:259–262

deep-well injection, I:356

Great Lakes, I:661, I:661–662

groundwater, I:680–681

Izaak Walton League, I:781–782

NPDES, II:956–957

technology, II:1108–1109

Water Pollution Control Amendments

(1972), waste discharge goals,

I:90–91

Water Pollution Control Federation,

II:1478

Water quality, II:1367, II:1449,

II:1473, II:1482–1484

aquatic chemistry, I:67–69

aquatic weeds, I:71

bioassessment, I:129

changes under Clean Water Act,

II:1136

Cubata

˜

o, Brazil, remediation,

I:342

Escherichia coli vs. coliform bacte-

ria, I:524–525

Great Barrier Reef, I:660

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

monitoring, I:888–889, II:1270,

II:1482–1483

Water quality standards, II:1233–

1234, II:1375, II:1483, II:1484–

1485

drinking-water supply, I:384–385

priority pollutants, II:1137

tetrachloroethylene, II:1386–1387

Water reclamation, II:1173–1174,

II:1485–1486

Water resources, II:1486–1488

Aral Sea, I:74–75

coal bed methane, I:274

Los Angeles Basin, I:848–849,

I:916–917

losses from evaporation and seep-

age, I:348, I:387, II:1196–

1197

Ogallala Aquifer, II:1019–1020

used by crops and products,

II:1475t

zebra mussels blocking intake

pipes, II:1549

Water resources development

Army Corps of Engineers, I:80

proposed Yukon River diversion

project, II:990–991

Water Resources Development Act

(WRDA) (biennial), II:1477–1478

Water rights, II:1212–1213, II:1488

Native Americans, I:48

Water snails (schistosomiasis vector),

II:1255

Water supply. See Water resources

Water table draw-down, II:1489

Water tables, I:678, II:1489

aquifer depletion, I:72

Cross-Florida Barge Canal, I:337

and salinization, II:1237, II:1240

Water treatment, I:705, II:1489–1491

aquifer restoration, I:72–74

bromine, I:178

chlorination, I:242–244, I:384–

385, II:1249, II:1529

ozonation, II:1045

provided by estuaries, I:526

Water vapor as greenhouse gas, I:672

Water wheels, II:1322

Waterfowl

Conservation Reserve Program

(CRP), I:311

habitat restoration, I:349, I:391–

392

hunting, I:733

as influenza carriers, I:566

migration, I:377, I:904

selenium poisoning, I:792–793

See also Birds; Migratory species

1640

Waterkeeper Alliance, II:1491–1493

Waterlogging, II:1493

Watershed analysis, II:1205, II:1492–

1493

Watershed management, II:1493–

1494

Watersheds, II:1493

Watkins, James (Secretary of Energy),

II:1221

Watson, James (DNA research),

I:626–627

Watt, James Gaius, II:1494–1495

Wave power, II:1495–1496

WCMC (World Conservation Moni-

toring Center), II:1535

Weather modification, II:1496–1498

Weather patterns

effects on monarch butterflies,

I:915

La Nin

˜

a, I:803

monsoons, I:918

See also El Nin

˜

o

Weathering, II:1498–1499

Weeds, I:713–716, II:1259

See also Exotic species; Introduced

species

Wegener, Alfred Lothar, II:1100

Wells, II:1499–1500

See also Artesian wells; Injection

wells

Werbach, Adam, II:1500

West Nile virus, II:1455

Western blue violet, II:1033

Wet deposition, I:96

Wet scrubbers, II:1500

Wet steam fields, geothermal energy,

I:635

Wetlands, I:864, II:1211–1212,

II:1500–1502, II:1502

drainage for stream channeliza-

tion, II:1349

Everglades, I:379, I:532, I:533

open marsh water management,

II:1029–1031

in paleoecology, II:1051–1052

Ramsar Convention, I:320–321

restoration, I:310–311, I:380

Whale protection, I:45, II:1253,

II:1262–1263

Whale strandings, II:1502–1503

Whales, II:1503–1504, II:1504

Whaling, II:1504–1506, II:1505

international cooperation, I:764–

765, II:1006

“What if” questions (computer model-

ing), I:911

Where the Sea Used to Be, I:112–113

Where the Wasteland Ends, II:1228–

1229

White, Gilbert, II:1506–1507

White, Lynn Townsend, Jr., II:1507

White-tailed deer as Florida panther

prey, I:564

Whitman, Christie (EPA Administra-

tor), I:508

Whooping cranes, I:308, I:772–773,

II:1507–1508, II:1508

Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968),

II:1508, II:1508–1509, II:1509–

1510

Wild Bird Conservation Act (1992),

II:1054

Wild rivers, II:1508–1509, II:1509

,

II:1509–1510

Wilderness, I:336, I:834–835,

II:1510–1512

designation for BLM land, I:553

national wildlife refuges, II:961

as positional good, II:1120

USFS U Regulations, I:879

Wilderness Act (1964), II:1511–1512,

II:1512–1514

Wilderness Society, I:834, I:879,

II:1511, II:1514

Wilderness Study Area, II:1514–1515

Wildfires, II:1515–1517, II:1517

Wildlife, II:1517–1519

cyclodiene (pesticide) poisoning,

I:241

effects of war, II:1466

endocrine disruptors in, I:457,

I:487–488, I:492

international trade, II:1101–1103

national wildlife refuges, II:961

poisoning by lawn chemicals,

I:820

Prince William Sound, I:542,

I:544

urban ecology, II:960, II:1441

Wildlife management, I:50, I:118,

I:834–835, II:946, II:1519–1521

Africa, I:15

American alligator, I:39

animal activist viewpoint, I:57

Canada, I:206–207

carrying capacity, I:220

fecundity as criterion, I:549

game reserves, I:614–615

international cooperation, I:318

Kapirowitz Plateau, I:789–790

predator control, II:1128

use of growth curve, I:681

USFWS, I:559

Wildlife refuges, II:1521–1522

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

See also National wildlife refuges;

specific refuges by name

Wildlife rehabilitation, I:771, II:1522–

1523

Wildlife trade. See International trade

in endangered species

Wilson, Edward Osborne, Jr., I:148,

I:845, II:1312, II:1523, II:1523–

1524

Wind energy, I:41, II:1194, II:1524–

1526, II:1525

Wind erosion, I:522

dryland farming, I:390

Dust Bowl, I:395–396

sand dunes, I:393

See also Erosion; Soil erosion

Wind Erosion Equation (WEE),

I:522–523

Windrows (composting), I:298, I:927

Windscale (Sellafield) plutonium reac-

tor (England), II:1526–1527

Winfrey, Oprah, II:1346

Winograd, Isaac, Milankovitch

weather cycles, I:905

Winter range, II:1527

WIPP. See Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

(WIPP) (NM)

Wise use movement, II:1527–1529

Wolfensohn, James D. (World Bank)

on globalization, II:1537

Wolman, Abel, II:1529–1530, II:1530

Wolves, I:357, II:1530–1532, II:1531

Women and the environment. See Eco-

feminism

Women’s movement (India), I:241

Wood alcohol. See Methanol

Wood, arsenic contamination, I:82–83

Woodwell, George Masters, II:1532

Worker safety. See Occupational safety

World Bank, II:1169, II:1532–1534

World Charter for Nature (1982),

I:397

World Conservation Monitoring Cen-

ter (WCMC), II:1535

World Conservation Strategy (WCS),

II:1535

1641

The World Conservation Union. See

IUCN—The World Conservation

Union

World Health Organization (WHO)

Brundtland administration, I:186

primary standards, II:1136

World Heritage List

Australia, I:101

Everglades, I:531

World Population News Service,

II:1119

World Resources Institute (WRI),

II:1365, II:1535–1536

World Trade Organization (WTO),

II:1536–1538

World Wildlife Fund (WWF),

II:1538–1539

Worldwatch Institute, I:72, I:181–182,

II:1539

Wrangell-St. Elias National Park,

II:955

WRI. See World Resources Institute

(WRI)

WTO. See World Trade Organization

(WTO)

Wurster, Charles Frederick, II:1539–

1540

WWF. See World Wildlife Fund

(WWF)

X

X ray, II:1541

enobiotic, II:1541

Xenobiotic chemicals, frog and hu-

man metabolism, I:602

Xeriscaping. See Arid landscaping

Xylene, II:1541–1542

Y

Yangtze River (China), Three Gorges

Dam, II:1196–1197, II:1397–1398

Yard waste, II:1543

Yellowstone National Park, I:165,

I:166, I:615, II:1543–1545,

II:1544, II:1545

Yokkaichi asthma, II:1545–1546

See also Asthma

Yosemite National Park (CA), I:922,

II:952, II:953, II:1546–1547

Young, Gerald L., human ecology,

I:728

Yucca Mountain (NV), I:388, II:1017,

II:1158, II:1165–66, II:1546,

II:1547–1548

Yukon River diversion project, II:990–

991

Z

Zahniser, Howard, II:1511, II:1513

Zaire River. See Congo River and

Basin

Zebra mussels, I:537, I:772, II:1236,

II:1549, II:1549–1550

cormorants, I:377

Lake Erie, I:806

Zebras, II:1550, II:1551

Zeldovich cycle, combustion, I:285

Zero discharge, II:1550–1551

Clean Water Act (1972, 1977,

1987), I:260

Zero population growth, II:1551

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Ehrlich, Paul Ralph, I:437

Environmental Stress Index, I:515

Zero risk, II:1552

Zimbabwe, cultural eutrophication,

II:1394

Zone of saturation, I:678, II:1552

Zoning, land use, I:818

Zooplankton, I:598, II:1028, II:1554

Zoos, II:1552–1554

Zooxanthellae (coral algae), I:322

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