Environmental Encyclopedia

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Leakey, Richard Erskine Frere, I:828,

I:831–833

Leaking underground storage tanks

(LUST), I:833–834

LEAR (low erucic acid rape) oil,

health effects, I:630

Legumes, II:975, II:977

Lemmings, II:1117

Lentic ecosystems, I:839

Leopold, Aldo, I:834–836, I:835,

II:1511, II:1512

environmental aesthetics, I:470

environmental ethics, I:489

interpretations by John Baird Calli-

cot, I:204–205

land ethic, I:808–809

Leopold, Luna, II:1443

Lerner, Max, II:1274

Less developed countries, I:836,

II:1393

aquaculture, I:64–65

communicable diseases, I:490

development assistance, II:1117–

1118, II:1256, II:1333–1334,

II:1434

environmental degradation, I:34,

I:363–365, I:425, II:1480–

1481

environmental education, II:987

natural resources exploitation,

I:425

See also Third World

“Let-burn” policies, II:1131

Lethal Dose (LD

50

), I:377

Leukemia, I:836–837

children of plutonium plant work-

ers, II:1154

lawn treatment correlation, I:820

See also Cancer

Lewontin, Richard, on Edward O.

Wilson, II:1312

Licenses, environmental law, I:484

Lichens, I:837, I:928

Life cycle assessment, I:837

green products, I:664, I:666

product life cycles, I:754, I:837

Life Science Products Company, kep-

one, I:791–792

Life table, II:1364

“The lifeboat ethic”, I:696

Lime softening, II:1490

Limestone/lime process

fluidized bed combustion, I:568

phosphorus removal, II:1084,

II:1085

scrubbing, I:567

1617

Limits to Growth (1972) and Beyond

the Limits (1992), I:271–272,

I:838–839, II:1254

Limnology, I:584, I:598–599, I:734–

736, I:839, II:1051–1052, II:1060

Lindeman, Raymond L., I:575–576,

I:840

Linearized Multistage Model,

II:1216–1217

Linnaeus, Carl, I:527–528

Lipids, biomagnification, I:144

Liquid chromatography, I:248

Liquid metal fast breeder reactor

(LMFBR), I:840–841, I:841

Liquified natural gas (LNG), I:841

Lithology, I:842

Litigation

costs incurred under Superfund,

I:301

difficulty of establishing criminal

intent, I:792

environmental impact statements,

I:496

Little Galloo Island (Lake Ontario),

cormorant control, I:378

Little Ice Age, II:1320

Little Tennessee River, II:1305,

II:1382–1384

Littoral zone, I:842

Livestock

diseases, I:858–860

grazing, I:656–657, II:1142–1143,

II:1235

integrated in crop systems, II:1035

predators, II:1128, II:1530–1531

Living modified organisms (LMO).

See Genetically modified organ-

isms (GMOs)

Lloyd, William Forster, II:1415

LNG. See Liquified natural gas

(LNG)

Loading, I:842

Lake Erie, I:806

Logging, I:842–844, II:992–993,

II:1168–1171

Amazon Basin, I:43

Best management practices, I:122

British Columbia, I:255–256

causes of job losses, II:1538

Chipko Andolan movement, I:241

destruction of Ivory-billed wood-

pecker habitat, I:781–782

Indonesia, I:751

Japanese corporations, I:787–788

“Redwood Summer”, I:402

Wise use movement, II:1528

Logistic growth, I:844, II:1115

Lomborg, Bjørn, I:844–846

Lome IV Convention, hazardous

waste ban, I:770

London (Dumping) Convention,

I:319–320, II:1007

London forces (chemical bonds), I:231

Long-Term Ecological Research

(LTER) project (NSF), II:1442

Loosestrife, purple. See Purple loos-

estrife

Lopez, Barry Holstun, I:847

environmental literacy and ecocriti-

cism, I:501

Los Angeles Basin, I:847–849

water resources, I:916–917

Los Angeles County (CA), flood con-

trol policy, I:49

Los Angeles Department of Water

and Power (LADWP), Mono

Lake water, I:916–917

Lotic ecosystems, I:599, I:839

Lou Gehrig’s disease, linked to neuro-

toxins, II:969

Love Canal, I:300, I:639, I:815,

I:849–851, I:850

Lovejoy, Thomas, on Bjørn Lomborg,

I:846

Lovelock, Sir James Ephraim, I:611,

I:851, I:851–852, II:1366

Lovins, Amory B., I:852–853,

I:853,

II:1223

alternative energy sources, I:41

energy paths, I:462, I:464

fuel efficiency, I:736

sustainable architecture, II:1365,

II:1366

waste from automobiles, I:476

Low-head hydropower, I:853–854

Low-level radioactive waste, I:854

Lowest Achievable Emission Rate

(LEAR), I:853, II:937

Luciferase (bioluminescence), I:144

Luigi pressure gasifier, I:275

Lyell, Sir Charles, I:854–855

Lyle, John Tillman, II:1366

Lyman, Howard (guest on Oprah

Winfrey show), comment on mad

cow disease, II:1346

Lyme disease, I:521

Lysimeter, I:855

M

MAB. See Man and the Biosphere

Program (MAB)

MacArthur, Robert Helmer, I:857–

858

Macronutrients, II:1003–1004

Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

“Macroorgansm’ concept, Herbertson,

A. J., I:426

MACT (Maxiumum achievable con-

trol technology), II:939

Mad cow disease, I:858–861, I:860,

II:1346

Madagascar, I:861

Magnesium oxide, scrubbing, I:567

Magnetic separation, I:861, II:1184

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conserva-

tion and Management Act (1976),

I:287, I:525–526

Mahogany trade ban (Brazil), II:1171

The Making of a Counterculture,

II:1228

The Making of a Radical, II:967

Malaria, I:290–291, I:368, I:447,

I:861–862, II:1455

Malaysia, water pollution, II:1480

Male contraceptives, I:861–862

Malthus, Thomas Robert, I:271,

I:493, II:1117–1118

Man and the Biosphere Program

(MAB), I:154–155, I:863–864

Man in Nature, Marsh, George Per-

kins, I:493, I:878

Manatees, I:864–865, I:865

Manganese nodules, undersea mining,

I:909

Mangrove swamps, I:866, I:866–867,

I:868–869

“Man’s Role in Changing the Face of

the Earth” (1955), I:494

Manure. See Fertilizer

Map data and projections, GIS,

I:631–632

Maquiladoras, II:989

Marasmus, I:867

Mariculture, I:867–869

See also Aquaculture; Blue revolu-

tion (fish farming); Ocean

farming

Marine ecology and biodiversity,

I:869–870

Marine ecosystems, I:871

Bay of Fundy, I:115–117

ecological productivity, II:1438

impact of ocean dumping, II:1009,

II:1010

Marine fouling, I:134–135, I:136

Marine Habitat Program, II:1006

Marine mammal mortality, II:1268

bycatch, I:194–195, I:287, I:640

floatable debris, I:562

Marine Mammal Protection Act

(MMPA) (1972), I:605–606,

I:870–872

1618

Marine Mammal Stranding Program,

I:332

Marine pollution, I:872–874, I:876,

II:1009–1010, II:1481

Cousteau’s documentaries, I:331

II:1181

See also Red tides

major coastal pollutants, II:1482t

Mediterranean Sea, I:892–893

neritic zones, II:969

New York Bight, II:972

Santa Barbara (CA), II:1249–1250

South Pacific, II:1248–1249

as transboundary issue, II:1421

See also Red tides; Water pollution

Marine protected areas, I:874–876,

I:876–877, II:1143–1144

Marine Protection, Research and Sanc-

tuaries Act (1972), I:876–877,

II:1007–1008

Marine provinces, I:877

Marinette County v. Just (1972), I:499

Marion, Wayne, on wildlife rehabilita-

tion, II:1523

Marketing recycled materials, II:1178,

II:1179–1180, II:1326, II:1328–

1329

used oil, II:1449

MARPOL. See International Conven-

tion for the Prevention of Pollu-

tion from Ships (MARPOL)

(1978)

Marsh, George Perkins, I:493, I:878

Marshall Islands, II:1248–1249

Marshall, Robert, I:878–879, II:1511,

II:1512, II:1513

Mass burn, I:879–880, II:1325

Mass extinction, I:450, I:880–882

See also Die-offs; Extinction

Mass-marking program for hatchery

fish, II:1241

Mass spectrometry, I:882

Mass transit, I:882–884, II:1425

Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction

Act (MTURA) (1989), I:517,

II:1412ndash;1413

Massachusetts Water Resources Au-

thority (MWRA), I:174

MATC (minimum acceptable toxicant

concentration), I:249

Material Safety Data Sheets, I:446,

I:884

Materials balance approach, I:884–885

Materials degradation, air pollution,

I:30, I:31

Materials recovery. See Resource re-

covery

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF),

II:1177, II:1178, II:1179, II:1180

Mather, Stephen (National Park Ser-

vice), II:953–954

Maunder minimum (1645–1715),

II:1320

Maximum Contaminant Levels

(MCLs), I:171, II:1191

nitrates in drinking water, I:171

Maximum permissible concentration,

I:885

Maxiumum achievable control technol-

ogy (MACT), II:939

Mayak nuclear complex, Chelyabinsk,

Russia, I:230–231

Mayflies as bioindicators, I:140,

I:748–749

McDonalds Corporation, Waste reduc-

tion, I:475

McDonough, Bill, I:476–478, II:1380

McGreal, Shirley, International Pri-

mate Protection League, I:767–

768

McHarg, Ian Lennox, I:885–886

McIntosh, Robert, on Frederic E.

Clements, I:264–265

McKibben, Bill Ernest, I:886–887

Meadows, Denis, Limits to Growth

(1972) and Beyond the Limits

(1992), I:838–839

Meadows, Donella, Limits to Growth

(1972) and Beyond the Limits

(1992), I:271–272

Measurement and sensing, I:3, I:887–

889, II:1056–1057

See also Environmental monitoring

Mechanical dredging, I:380

Media coverage, environmental his-

tory, I:494

Mediation (environmental dispute reso-

lution), I:478

Medical uses of kudzu, I:798

Medical waste, I:748, I:876, I:889–

891

Medical Waste Tracking Act (1988)

(pilot program), I:889–890

Medicine, use of radioactive isotopes,

II:1161, II:1163

Mediterranean fruit fly, I:891–892

Mediterranean Sea, I:892–893

Megawatts, I:893

Mekong River project, II:1475–1476

Membrane filters, I:557, II:1490

Mendes, Chico, I:893, I:893–894

Meramec River (MO), flooding,

II:1402

Mercalli Scale, I:405

Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Mercury, I:894–895, I:895–896,

II:1229, II:1372–1373

Minimata disease, I:873, I:905–

906

Mercury-Containing Rechargeable Bat-

tery Management Act (1996),

I:114–115

Meristic approach, ecosystems study,

I:427

Metabolism, I:895

Metabolites, II:1076, II:1407–1408

Metallic bonds, I:231

Metals, as contaminants, I:895–896

Meteorites, possible cause of mass ex-

tinction, I:881

Meteorology, I:896

Methane, I:896–897, II:1184–1185

anaerobic digestion, I:52, I:53

biomass conversion, I:717–718

chemosynthesis, I:234

coal bed, I:274

greenhouse gas, I:672

and methanol, energy recovery,

I:465

as swamp gas, I:285

Methane digester, I:897

Methanol, I:465, I:897

Methemoglobinemia, I:170–171

Methyl bromide, I:178–179, II:1049

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE),

I:619–620, I:897–899

ban as non-tariff barrier to trade,

II:989

Methylation, I:141, I:899

Methylmercury, I:141, I:894–895

biogeochemistry, I:137

as fungicide, I:607

role in birth defects, I:164, I:906

Methylmercury seed dressings, I:899–

900

Mexican-U.S. border region, La Paz

Agreement, I:804

Mexico City (Mexico), I:900–901,

I:901

Mexico, environmental law and en-

forcement, II:989–990

Michigan, right-to-act law, II:1209–

1210

Microbes (microorganisms), I:157,

I:900, I:901–903

aquatic microbiology, I:69–70

biodegradation, I:131

biohydrometallurgy, I:139

bioremediation, I:150–151,

II:1090–1092, II:1109

composting, I:297

detoxification, I:366

inoculation, I:756

1619

role in disease, I:521

wastewater treatment, I:8–9

Microbial pathogens, I:290–291,

I:467, I:903, II:1059

Microclimate, I:903

Micronutrient. See Trace elements/mi-

cronutrients

Microwave radiation, electromagnetic

fields, I:440

Migration, I:904

environmental refugees (human),

I:510–512

monarch butterfly, I:914

Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act

(1934), I:570

Migratory species, I:904, II:968–969,

II:1527

breeding habitat, I:310–311

Convention on the Conservation

of Migratory Species of Wild

Animals (1979), I:318

horseshoe crabs as food supply,

I:722–723

Mono Lake, I:916

national wildlife refuges, II:961

pollinators, II:1105

Serengeti National Park, II:1278

See also Birds; specific species by

name; Waterfowl

Milankovitch weather cycles, I:904–

905

Military use of toxic chemicals, I:17–

19, I:684–686, I:715

Milkweed (food for Monarch butter-

fly), I:914–915

Mine spoil waste, I:5, I:88, I:907

Mineral King Valley (CA), Sierra Club

v. Morton (1972), I:499

Mineral Leasing Act (1920), I:907–

908

Minerals, strategic, II:950–951,

II:1346–1348, II:1347

Mines (munitions), II:1466

Mingo Creek Basin (Tulsa, OK),

flood control, II:1443–1444

Minimata disease, I:607, I:873, I:896,

I:905–907, I:906

Minimum acceptable toxicant concen-

tration (MATC), I:249

Mining, I:909–910

acid mine drainage, I:5–6

biohydrometallurgy, I:139

environmental impacts, I:907

federal policy, I:554, II:950–951

placer, II:1094

See also specific types of mining by

name

Mining, undersea, I:908–909

Minitrial (environmental dispute reso-

lution), I:479

Mirex, I:909, II:1071

Mission to Planet Earth (NASA),

I:909–910

Mississippi River, hypoxia, I:350–351

Mitigation. See Bioremediation; Reme-

diation

Mitsubishi Corporation, forest manage-

ment, I:788, II:1172

Mixed cropping, II:1035

Mixed liquor suspended solids

(MLSS), activated sludge process,

I:9

Mixing zones, I:910

MMPA. See Marine Mammal Protec-

tion Act (MMPA) (1972)

Model Forest Program, Canada’s

Green Plan, I:206

Modeling (computer applications),

I:911–913

risk assessment, II:1213, II:1216–

1217

Mojave National Preserve, I:553–554

Molina, Mario Jose, I:913

Mollison, Bill (permaculture),

II:1065–1066

“Molybdenum cow”, II:1161

Monarch butterfly, I:914–916

Monera.

See Bacteria

Monitor organisms, I:140

Monkey-wrenching, I:1, I:401, I:403,

I:585, I:916

Monkey-wrenching, seen as ecoterror-

ism, I:431

Mono Lake, I:916–917, I:917

Monoclonal antibodies, I:158, I:269

Monoculture, I:917

Monofills, II:1330

Monorails, II:1425

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), food

additives, I:571t, I:572

Monsoon, I:917–918, I:918

Montreal Protocol on Substances That

Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987),

I:918–919, II:1048–1049

halons ban, I:693

More developed country, I:919

Morning Like This, I:370

Mortality, I:919, II:1363–1364

air pollution, I:33

avalanches, I:104

cancer, I:218

coral, I:322

fish kills, I:66

marine mammals from bycatch,

I:194–195, I:287, I:640

Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Mortality reduction, Cairo Conference

goals, I:200

Morton v. Sierra Club (1972), I:499

La Mosquito Forest (Honduras),

II:1172

Mosquitoes, I:368, I:447, I:626, I:862,

II:1029–1031, II:1454–1456

Motor oil. See Used oil recycling

Mount Pinatubo (Philippines), I:672,

I:919–920, II:1050, II:1462

Mount St. Helens, I:521, I:919–920,

I:921

Mountain sheep, migration, I:904

Mountain States Legal Foundation

(MSLF), II:1494–1495

Mowat, Farley, on Dian Fossey, I:593

MRF. See Materials Recovery Facility

(MRF)

MTBE (Methyl tertiary butyl ether),

I:619–620, I:897–899, II:989

Muir, John, I:192, I:716, I:921–923,

I:923

Mulch, I:923

Mule deer, Kapirowitz Plateau, I:789–

790

Multi-species management (MSM),

I:923–925

Multinational corporations. See Corpo-

rations; Transnational corporations

Multiple chemical sensitivity, I:923

Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act

(1960), I:590, I:923–924

Mummichogs (marsh killfish), II:1029

Municipal solid waste, I:925–926,

II:1324–1325

high-solids reactor, I:717–718

incineration, I:746–748, I:879–880

organic waste, II:1036

recycling and reduction, II:1199,

II:1328–1329

See also Garbage; Household

waste; Solid waste

Municipal solid waste composting,

I:926–927, II:1109

See also Composting

Municipal Waste Combustor (MWC),

I:879–880

Muscles, anaerobic metabolism, I:12–

13

Mussels as starfish prey, I:794

Mutagenicity, Ames test, I:50

Mutagens, I:927

Mutation, I:207, I:534–535, I:927–

928, I:928

Mutualism, I:205, I:902, I:928

See also Symbiosis

Mycorrhiza, I:928–929, II:1374

Mycotoxin, I:929

1620

N

NAAQS. See National Ambient Air

Quality Standards (NAAQS)

Nader, Ralph, II:931–932, II:932,

II:1210–1211

Naess, Arne, II:932–934

NAFTA (North American Free Trade

Agreement), I:288, I:496–497,

II:987–990

Nagasaki, Japan, II:934, II:935

Narmada River, Sandar Sarovar Dam

(India), II:1533

NATIC. See National Air Toxics In-

formation Clearinghouse

(NATIC)

National Academy of Sciences,

II:934–935, II:958–959

National Air Toxics Information Clear-

inghouse (NATIC), II:936

National Alliance of River, Sound,

and Baykeepers, II:1491–1493

National Ambient Air Quality Stan-

dards (NAAQS), I:34, I:98,

II:936–937, II:980

best available control technology,

I:121

Clean Air Act, I:257, I:258

criteria pollutants, I:334

See also Ambient air

National Audubon Society, I:251–252,

II:937–938

National Biological Survey. See Biologi-

cal Resources Division (BRD)

National Cattlemen’s Beef Association

(NCBA), II:1346

National Coalition Against the Misuse

of Pesticides, I:123–124

National Coastal Zone Management

Act (1972, 1980), I:818

National Consortium for Environmen-

tal Education and Training

(NCEET), I:483

National Critical Materials Act

(1984), II:951

National Critical Materials Council

(NCMC), II:1347

National Emission Standards for Haz-

ardous Air Pollutants, II:938–939

National Environmental Policy Act

(NEPA) (1969), I:498, II:939–

940

drafting by Lynton Keith Cald-

well, I:203

EIS, I:496–497

environmental impact assessment,

I:495–496

National Environmental Satellite,

Data and Information Service

(NESDIS), II:952

National Environmental Scorecard,

I:826

National Estuary Program (NEP),

II:941–943

National Forest Management Act

(1976), I:586, II:944

National forests, II:943–944

National Institute for the Environ-

ment (NIE), II:944–945

National Institute for Urban Wildlife,

II:946

National Institute of Environmental

Health Sciences (NIEHS),

II:946–948

National Institute of Occupational

Safety and Health (NIOSH),

II:948–949

National lakeshores, II:949–950

See also Dunes and dune erosion

National Library for the Environment

(proposed), II:945

National Marine Fisheries Service

(NMFS), II:952

bycatch, I:195–196

National Materials Exchange Net-

work, II:1468

National Mining and Minerals Act

(1970),

II:950–951

National Ocean Service, NOAA,

II:952

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA), I:453–

454, II:951–952

National Park Service (NPS), II:953–

955

National parks, II:952–953, II:1277,

II:1546

as biosphere reserves, I:156

BLM vs. NPS standards, I:553–

554

Brower, David Ross, I:180–181

Canadian Parks Service, I:206

ecotourism, I:432

John Muir’s legacy, I:921

land-use control, I:818

See also Parks and reserves; specific

parks by name

National Parks and Conservation Asso-

ciation, II:955–956

National Partnership for Biological

Survey, I:143

“National Plan for American Forestry”

(Copeland report), I:924

National pollution discharge elimina-

tion system, II:956–957

Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

National Priorities List (NPL), I:300,

I:508, II:957, II:1360

contaminated soil, I:315

hazard ranking system (HRS),

I:700

minority community sites, I:510

progress, II:1192

See also Comprehensive Environ-

mental Response, Compensa-

tion, and Liability Act (CER-

CLA) (1980)

National Public Lands Grazing Cam-

paign (NPLGC), I:657

National Recycling Coalition, II:957–

958

National Renewable Energy Labora-

tory (NREL), II:1323

National Research Council, II:934–

935, II:958–959

National Science Foundation (NSF),

implementing NIE activities,

II:945

National seashores, II:958–959,

II:959–960

National Status and Trends Reports,

Biological Resources Division,

USGS, I:143

National Weather Service (NWS),

II:951

National Wetlands Protection Hot-

line, I:500

National Wilderness Preservation Sys-

tem (NWPS), II:1511, II:1513,

II:1514–1515

National Wildlife Federation (NWF),

I:349, II:960–961

National wildlife refuges, I:615–616,

II:961, II:1227–1228, II:1448

See also Parks and reserves; Wild-

life refuges; specific refuges by

name

Native Americans. See Indigenous

peoples

Native landscaping, II:961–963

Natural Acts: A Sidelong View of Science

and Nature, II:1149

Natural disasters

epidemiology, I:521

and famine, I:547

Volcanos, I:919–920, I:920–921

Natural enemies. See Biological control

in pest management

Natural gas, I:593–594, II:963

vs. coal gasification, I:275

power plants, II:1124

Natural Heritage programs, I:143

Natural monopolies, energy industries,

I:465

1621

Natural resources, II:963

damage assessments, II:1448

prices, I:481

views of Gandhi, I:616–617

See also Environmental resources

Natural resources accounting. See Ac-

counting for nature; Environmen-

tal accounting

Natural Resources Conservation Ser-

vice (NRCS), II:1316

Natural Resources Defense Council

(NRDC), I:35, II:964, II:1371–

1372

Natural resources exploitation

challenge to wildlife, II:1518

game reserves, I:614–616

hunting and trapping regulation,

I:732

less developed countries, I:425

United States at end of 19th cen-

tury, I:305

Natural resources management. See En-

vironmental management

Natural selection, I:422, I:534–535,

II:1121

Natural toxins, II:1408

Nature, II:965

balance of, I:108–109, I:‘423,

II:1530

ecosophy, I:426

modern attitudes, I:106–107

recovery from disasters, I:920–921

in theater and film, I:503

The Nature Conservancy, II:965–966,

II:1131

Nature education, I:481

Nature photography

Adams, Ansel Easton, I:9–10

Porter, Eliot Furness, II:1119–

1120

Nature writers

Abbey, Edward Paul, I:1

Berry, Wendell, I:120–121

Burroughs, John, I:192

Carson, Rachel, I:221–222

Cronon, William, I:336

Dillard, Annie, I:370

Jackson, Wes, I:785–786

Krutch, Joseph Wood, I:797

Leopold, Aldo, I:834–835

McKibben, Bill Ernest, I:886–887

Muir, John, I:922–923

See also Environmental literacy

and ecocriticism; specific writ-

ers by name

Naveh, Zev, on landscape ecology,

I:816

Nearing, Scott, II:966–967

Negligence, environmental law, I:498

Nekton, II:967

Neoplasm, II:967

Neotraditionalist approach to urban de-

sign, II:1445

Neotropical migrants, II:968–969

NEPA. See National Environmental

Policy Act (NEPA) (1969)

Nepal, forest management, II:943

Neptunist philosophy of earth history,

I:854

Neritic zone, II:969

Net national product (NNP), I:3

Neurotoxins, II:969–970, II:1542

See also Pesticides

Neutrons, I:229, II:970

Nevada Test Site, II:970

New Brunswick skyline (St. John),

I:116

“New Forestry” (sustainable forestry ap-

proach), I:47, I:589–590

New Madrid (MO), II:970–971

New Source Performance Standards

(NSPS), I:121–122, I:257, II:937,

II:971

See also Performance standards

New York Bight, II:971–972

New York City, drinking-water sup-

ply, I:224–225

New York (state), AEM programs,

I:22–23

NGOs. See Natural Resources Defense

Council (NRDC); Nongovernmen-

tal organizations (NGOs)

Niche, I:734–735, II:972–973

competitive exclusion, I:297

vs. habitat, I:422–423

Hawaiian Islands, I:697

island ecosystems, I:776

“species-packing problem”, I:857

Nickel, I:137, II:973

Nicol, Mary Douglas. See Leakey,

Mary Douglas Nicol

Nicotine addiction, I:250–251

NIEHS. See National Institute of En-

vironmental Health Sciences

(NIEHS)

Niigata (Japan), Minimata disease,

I:906

Nile River, Aswan High Dam, I:92–

94

NIMBY. See Not in My Backyard

(NIMBY)

NIOSH. See National Institute of Oc-

cupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH)

Nitrates and nitrites, I:170–171,

I:571t, I:572, II:973–974

Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Nitric acid, Experimental Lakes Area,

I:539

Nitrification, II:974, II:976

Nitrogen, II:974

C:N ratio, I:272

Gulf of Mexico, I:351–352

Nitrogen cycle, I:137, I:234, I:360,

II:974–977, II:975

Nitrogen fixation, II:977

Nitrogen oxide-ozone cycle, II:1304

Nitrogen oxides, II:977–978

acid deposition, I:4–5, I:6

combustion, I:285

as criteria pollutant, II:936

scrubbing, I:567, II:1172–1173

smog, I:689, II:1086

Nitrogen waste, II:978

Nitrous oxide, I:672, II:978

NMB Bank (Amsterdam, Nether-

lands), II:1365–1366

N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET),

I:684

N,N-dimethylhydrazine (EDMH),

I:35

No-observable-adverse-effect-level,

II:986

No-tillage cultivation, I:714, II:1314

NOAA. See National Oceanic and At-

mospheric Administration

(NOAA)

NOAA Corps, II:951

Noise pollution, II:979–980

Non-tariff barriers to trade, II:988,

II:1536

Non-timber forest products, II:982–

984, II:1168, II:1420

Non-Western environmental ethics,

II:984–986

Nonattainment areas, II:937, II:980

Noncriteria pollutants, II:980

Nondegradable pollutants, II:980

Nongame wildlife, II:980

Nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs), I:45, II:980, II:980–981

debt for nature swaps, I:352–353

environmental enforcement,

I:483–484

Global Forum, II:1437

See also Public interest groups

Nonpoint sources, II:981, II:981–982,

II:1481, II:1484

agricultural pollution, I:24

animal wastes, I:555

Best management practices, I:122

cultural eutrophication, I:343–344

pollution of Lake Tahoe, I:807

Nonrenewable resources, II:963,

II:982, II:1348

1622

Nonviolent resistance

Chipko Andolan movement,

I:240–241

Hill, Julia Butterfly, I:432

See also Protest movements

North, II:986

North American Agreement for Envi-

ronmental Cooperation

(NAAEC), I:288

North American Association for Envi-

ronmental Education (NAAEE),

II:986–987

North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA), I:288,

I:496–497, II:987–990

North American Water And Power

Alliance (NAWAPA), II:990–991

North Carolina, right-to-act law,

II:1210

Northern spotted owl, I:335, II:991–

993, II:992

Northwest Power Planning Council

(NWPPC), II:1241

Not in My Backyard (NIMBY),

II:993

landfill siting, I:816, II:1201,

II:1471

Yucca Mountain, II:1017

Noxious weeds. See Exotic species; spe-

cific weeds by name

NPL. See National Priorities list

(NPL)

NRC. See Nuclear Regulatory Com-

mission (NRC)

NRDC. See Natural Resources De-

fense Council (NRDC)

NSF. See National Science Foundation

(NSF)

Nuclear fission, II:994–995, II:1155,

II:1162

Nuclear fusion, II:995–996

See also Cold fusion

Nuclear power, I:458, II:996–999,

II:998, II:1124, II:1266, II:1398–

1400

Caldicott, Helen Mary, I:201–202

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station,

I:234–236

electricity first generated, I:75–76

environmental liability, II:1132–

1133

France, I:464

Greenpeace campaign, I:675

International Atomic Energy

Agency, I:763–764

liquid metal fast breeder reactor,

I:840–841

Union of Concerned Scientists,

II:1433–1434

Windscale reactor (UK), II:1526–

1527

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

(NRC), II:999

See also Atomic Energy Commis-

sion (AEC)

Nuclear test bans, II:1000

Nuclear transfer of genetic materials

(cloning technique), I:268–269

Nuclear waste. See Radioactive waste

Nuclear Waste Fund, II:1017

Nuclear weapons, II:1000–1002,

II:1157–1158

Caldicott, Helen Mary, I:201–202

environmental health, II:1466–

1467

production, I:230–231, I:694–685,

II:1220–1221, II:1252

testing, I:126–127, II:970

Nuclear winter, I:189, I:338,

II:1002–

1003, II:1467

Nucleic acids, II:1003

Nucleopore filters, I:557

Nucleotides, I:360–361, I:927, II:1003

Nuisance principle (law), I:498, I:555

Nutrient-film technique (hydroponics),

I:742

Nutrients, II:1003–1004, II:1428–

1429

biodegradation, I:151

biogeochemical cycles, I:136–137

cultural eutrophication, I:342–343

cycling, decomposition, I:355

dead zones, I:351–352

depletion, acid deposition, I:7

estuaries, I:526, II:1082

food additives, I:572

as growth limiting factor for algae,

I:682

hydrologic cycle, I:740

loading, I:599, I:660, I:872–873

sewer overflows, I:284

Nuu-Chah-Nulth Tribal Council,

I:255–256

NWF. See National Wildlife Federa-

tion (NWF)

O

Oak Ridge, Tennessee, II:1005–1006,

II:1160

Occupational safety

air quality, I:752

dry cleaning, I:389

Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Hazard Communication Standard,

I:220

hazardous materials, II:948,

II:1005, II:1203

lead standards, I:823, I:825

NIOSH, II:948–949

right-to-act, II:1209–1211

right-to-know laws, I:125, I:884

Occupational Safety and Health Act

(1970), II:1006

Occupational Safety and Health Ad-

ministration (OSHA), II:1006

asbestos exposure standards, I:86–

87

Material Safety Data Sheets, I:884

The Ocean Conservatory, II:1006–

1007

Ocean dumping, I:319–320, II:1007–

1009, II:1008, II:1264–1266

American Oceans Campaign, I:49

dredged sediment, I:380

Ocean Dumping Ban Act (1988),

I:320, I:876, II:1009–1010

Ocean farming, II:1010–1012

See also Blue revolution (fish farm-

ing); Mariculture

Ocean life. See Marine ecology and bi-

odiversity

Ocean outfalls, II:1012

Ocean thermal energy conversion,

II:1012–1014, II:1013

Oceania, tabu or no-take zones (tradi-

tional fisheries management),

I:874

Oceans, II:1373

conservation, I:49

Convention on the Law of the

Sea (1982), I:318–319

sustainable biosphere, II:1367

upwellings, II:1438

Octane ratings, I:619, II:1014

Ode

´

n, Svante, II:1014–1015

Odor control, I:555, II:1015

Odum, Eugene P., I:426, II:1015–

1016

Off-gas treatment in ozonation,

II:1045

Off-road vehicles, I:363, II:1018–

1019, II:1018–1019, II:1019

Off-shore oil wells, II:1021

Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste

Management (OCRWM),

II:1016–1017

Office of Information and Regulatory

Affairs (OIRA), II:1186–1187

Office of Management and Budget

(U.S. OMB), II:1017

1623

Office of Nuclear Security and Inci-

dent Response, II:998

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric

Research, NOAA, II:952

Office of Surface Mining, II:1017–

1018

Offsets, carbon, I:213, I:214–217,

I:800

Ogallala Aquifer, I:72, II:1019–1020,

II:1020

Ohia (Hawaiian tree), forest decline,

I:587–588

Oil and grease (category of conven-

tional pollutants), I:321

Oil drilling, II:1020–1021

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

(ANWR), I:77–79, II:961,

II:1419

state’s rights, I:279–280

See also Secondary recovery tech-

niques

Oil embargo, I:459, I:463, II:1021–

1023, II:1023, II:1037

Oil sands, II:1375, II:1381–1382

Oil shale, II:1023, II:1375

Oil spills, I:69, I:873, II:1023–1026,

II:1025, II:1107, II:1261–1262

Amoco Cadiz, I:51

Exxon Valdez, I:542–544, I:543,

II:1136

Persian Gulf, II:1068

Santa Barbara (CA), II:1249–1250

Torrey Canyon, II:1406

OIRA. See Office of Information and

Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)

Old-growth forests, I:47, II:1026,

II:1026–1028, II:1514

British Columbia, I:254–256

clear-cutting, I:262, I:843

critical habitat for Northern spot-

ted owl, I:335, II:992

Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) excavations,

I:827–828, I:829–831

Oligotrophic, II:1028

Oligotrophic lakes, I:599

Experimental Lakes Area, I:538–

539

Olmsted, Frederick Law, Sr., II:1028–

1029

parkways, I:664, I:665

Ombrotrophic habitat, II:1244

On the Origin of the Species, I:350,

I:534–535

Onchocerciasis (river blindness),

II:1217–1218

Online Allowance Transfer System

(OATS), EPA, I:212

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Ex-

porting Countries), II:1021–1023,

II:1037

Open Marsh Water Management

(OMWM), II:1029–1031

Open-pit mining, II:1362, II:1363

Open systems, II:1031

Opportunistic organisms, II:1031–

1032

See also Exotic species

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT),

I:239

Orangutans, I:612–613, II:1032–1033

Order of magnitude, II:1033

Oregon silverspot butterfly, II:1033–

1034, II:1034

Organic gardening and farming, I:573,

II:1034–1036, II:1224

Organic matter (soil), II:1317

Organic residues, C:N ratio, I:272

Organic waste, II:1036–1037

Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC), II:1021–1023,

II:1037

Organochlorides, I:242, II:1037–1038,

II:1061

biomagnification, I:137

persistence, I:371

See also specific substances by name

Organophosphates, I:247–248, I:368,

II:1038

Acephate, I:820

Organotin (tributyl tin or TBT),

II:1426–1427

Orr, David W., I:477, II:1038–1039

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, II:1039

OSHA. See Occupational Safety and

Health Administration (OSHA)

O’Shaughnessy Dam (CA), Hetch

Hetchy Reservoir, I:716

Our Common Future (Brundtland Re-

port), I:187, I:397, II:1039–1040,

II:1368

definition of ’Environment’, I:469

Outdoor education, I:482

Overburden, I:5, I:907, II:1040,

II:1362

Overfishing, II:1040–1042

commercial fishing, I:286

Convention on the Law of the

Sea (1982), I:319

Georges Bank, I:633–634

Great Lakes, I:377–378

Lake Erie, I:806

salmon populations, II:1240–1241

swordfish populations, II:1372–

1373

Overgrazing, II:1042–1043

Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

commons, II:1415–1416

Overhunting, I:133, II:1043–1044,

II:1401

Oxidation

autotrophs, I:103–104

of chemical bonds, chlorination,

I:242

ditch, activated sludge process, I:9

reactions, I:366–367, I:568,

II:974, II:1023–1024

reduction reactions, I:326, I:436,

I:603–604, II:1044–1045

Oxidizing agent, II:1045

Oxygen

demand testing, I:231–232

depletion, fish kills, I:560

isotopes, indicator of ice age cy-

cles, I:905

photosynthesis, II:1088

sag, I:342, I:343

Oxygenated Fuel Program, I:898

Oysters, II:1492

Ozonation, II:1045–1046

Ozone, I:95, II:1046

as criteria pollutant, II:936–937

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), ha-

lons ban, I:693

Ozone layer depletion, I:338–339,

I:598, I:913, I:918–919, II:1046–

1050, II:1348

Australia, I:100

bromine, I:178–179

chlorine monoxide, I:246

and frog species decline, I:602

nuclear winter effect, II:1003

propellants, II:1139–1141

Rowland, Frank Sherwood,

II:1229

P

Pacific Islands, sanitation, II:1248–

1249

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

(PNNL), I:694

Pacific Northwest rain forest, II:1169–

1170, II:1384–1385

Pacific Ocean, surface temperatures,

I:803

Pacific yew, II:1170

Packaging, I:666, I:725

Packed tower (air pollution control

technology), II:1259–1260

PAHs. See Polycyclic aromatic hydro-

carbons

Paint additives, II:1426–1427

1624

Paleoecology/paleolimnology, II:1051–

1052

Paleontology, work of the Leakeys,

I:826–833

Pandas. See Giant Panda

Paper mills, II:1145–1146

Paper products, dioxins, I:372

Parakeets, II:1054–1055

Parameters (computer modeling),

I:911

Parasites, II:1053

See also specific parasites by name

Parathion, detoxification, I:366

Pareto optimality (maximum social

welfare), II:1053–1054

Park Watchers Program, II:955

Parks and reserves

Canada, I:206

city parks, II:1028

conservation biology, I:308

Costa Rica, I:513

game reserves, I:614–616

Great Barrier Reef, I:658–659

wildlife refuges, II:1521–1522

See also National parks; National

wildlife refuges; specific parks

by name

Parrots and parakeets, II:1054–1055

Parrots, BirdLife International proj-

ects, I:162–163

Participation, I:453–454

ecosystem management, I:429–

430, II:1205

environmental health, II:1055–

1056

local associations, II:1382

national estuary program, II:942

right-to-act law, II:1210

shareholders (responsible in-

vesting), II:1309–1310

vs. speed in decision making,

I:454

United States environmental pol-

icy, I:506, II:939

wild rivers management, II:1510

Particles

combustion processes, I:14

sulfate, II:1358–1359

Particulates, II:1055

air pollution control, I:107–108

association with PAHs, II:1113

atmospheric air pollutants, I:95

as criteria pollutant, II:937,

II:1358–1359

nuclear winter effect, II:1002–

1003

removal by electrostatic precipita-

tion, I:442, II:1301

smelters, II:1301–1302

Partnership for Pollution Prevention

(PPP), II:1055–1056

Parts per billion, II:1056

Parts per million, II:1056–1057

Parts per trillion, II:1057

Passenger pigeon, I:541, II:1043,

II:1057, II:1057

Passive solar design, II:1057–1058

Passive solar heating systems, II:1322

Passmore, John Arthur, II:1058–1059

Pasteur, Louis, I:60

Pathogens, I:560, I:903, II:1059,

II:1234, II:1480

Patrick, Ruth, II:1060

The Pattern of Animal Communities,

I:444

Pax World Fund, II:1309

PBBs. See Polybrominated biphenyls

PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs)

PCMs, II:1178–1180

PCSD. See President’s Council on Sus-

tainable Development (PCSD)

Peat soils, II:1060–1061

Peatlands, II:1052, II:1061, II:1501

Pedology, II:1061

Pelagic zone, II:1061

Pelicans. See Brown pelican

Pentabromodiphenyl ether (Pen-

taBDE), II:1071

Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), II:1071

Pentachlorophenol (PCP), II:1061

Pentane gas (used in Polystyrene),

II:1114

People for the Ethical Treatment of

Animals (PETA), I:55, II:1061–

1062, II:1062

Peptides, II:1062

Perchloroethylene (perc or PCE),

I:389, II:1386–1387

Percolation, I:386, II:1063

Peregrine falcons, II:1063, II:1063–

1064

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS),

II:1064–1065

Performance standards, I:484

See also New Source Performance

Standards (NSPS)

Permaculture, II:1065–1067

Permafrost, II:1067

Permanent retrievable storage, II:1067

Permeable, II:1067

Permian extinction, I:880–881

Permits, I:484, I:706, I:791–792,

II:1414–1415

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), II:1067,

II:1304

Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Perry, Ted (Chief Seattle’s “speech”),

II:1270

Persian Gulf War, II:1068–1069

Gulf War syndrome, I:684–685

See also War, environmental ef-

fects of

Persistence

heavy metals, I:708–710

MTBE, I:897, I:898

See also Turnover time

Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic

(PBT) Chemical Program, furans,

I:607–608

Persistent compounds, II:1069–1070

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs),

II:1070–1072

dioxins, I:371

as endocrine disruptors, I:457,

I:488–489

perfluorooctane sulfanate, II:1064–

1065

Person/Planet, II:1229

Perturbation. See Disturbances and per-

turbations

Peru

anchovy catch, I:286, I:351, I:437

guano, II:1438

Pest management

fruit fly control, I:891–892

mosquito control, II:1454–1456

organic farming, II:1035

organizations, I:123–124

rabbits in Australia, II:1151

zebra mussels, II:1549

See also Biological control in pest

management; Integrated pest

management (IPM)

Pesticide Action Network (PAN),

II:1074

Pesticide residues, II:1075–1077,

II:1404–1405, II:1439

Pesticide resistance, I:757

DDT, I:368, I:626

malaria mosquitoes, I:447, I:626,

I:862

Pesticides, I:21, I:221–222, II:1072–

1074, II:1151–1152, II:1454–1456

drinking-water supply, I:385

effects on wildlife, I:915, II:1072,

II:1104–1105, II:1107

genetic engineering, I:629

organochlorides, I:137, I:242,

I:371, II:1037–1038, II:1061

organophosphates, II:1038

regulation, I:550

role in Gulf War syndrome,

I:684–685

runoff to Aral Sea, I:75

1625

See also Neurotoxins; specific pesti-

cides by name

Pests, II:1031–1032, II:1072

PET (polyethylene terephthalate),

II:1328

Pet trade, II:1077–1078

Peterson, Roger Tory, II:1078–1079

Petrochemicals, I:289–290, II:1079,

II:1545–1546

Petroleum, I:593–594, II:1079–1080,

II:1080, II:1418–1419

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

(ANWR), I:77–79

and energy independence, I:463

Mineral Leasing Act (1920), I:908

offshore reserves, I:849, I:908–909

oil drilling, II:1020–1021

oil pollution, I:474

power plants, II:1124

secondary recovery, II:1271–1273

Petroleum hydrocarbons, bioventing,

I:162

Pfiesteria (phytoplankton), II:1080–

1082

pH, I:4, I:6–7, I:190, II:1082,

II:1082t, II:1083

Pharmaceutical industry, bromine uses,

I:179

Pharmaceuticals, GMOs, I:629–630

Pharmacy “swap” systems, I:890–891

Phase-changing chemicals, eutectic

heating systems, I:531

Philippines

Mount Pinatubo, I:672, I:919–

920, II:1050, II:1462

pollution, II:1394, II:1480

“Phorid” fly (fire ant predator), I:558

Phosphates, II:1083–1085

Phosphorus, II:1085

Experimental Lakes Area, I:538

Great Lakes, I:661–662, I:806

undersea mining, I:909

“Phorid” fly (fire ant predator), I:558

II:1084–1085, II:1085–1086

Photic zone, II:1086

Photocatalytic degradation, II:1320–

1321

Photochemical reactions, II:1086

Photochemical smog, II:1086, II:1304

Los Angeles Basin, I:848

peroxyacetyl nitrate, II:1067–1068

research of Arie Jan Haagen-Smit,

I:689

See also Smog

Photodecomposition, I:367

Photodegradable plastics, II:1086–

1087

Photography

Adams, Ansel Easton, I:9–10

Porter, Eliot Furness, II:1119–

1120

Photometry, I:888

Photoperiod, II:1087

Photosynthesis, II:1088, II:1088

biomass production, I:146

carbon cycle, I:210

ecological productivity, I:417,

II:1134

Photovoltaic cells, II:1088–1090,

II:1089, II:1322

Phthalates, II:1090

Phytoplankton, II:976, II:1047–1048,

II:1090

See also Ocean farming; Plankton

Phytoremediation, II:1090–1092

See also Bioremediation; Remedi-

ation

Phytotoxicity, II:1092

PICs (chemicals formed during inciner-

ation), II:1339–1340

Pig and poultry farm management, flu

prevention, I:566

Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, I:370

Pinchot, Gifford, I:493, II:1092–1094,

II:1093, II:1227

conservation movement, I:305

utilitarianism, I:489

Pink pigeon, I:162

Pioneer species, II:1337, II:1355

Piping plover (threatened species),

II:1019

Placer mining, II:1094–1095

Plague, I:447, II:1095–1097

as bioterrorism agent, I:160

Plankton, I:598, I:599, I:797, II:1028,

II:1097

Planned communities, Brasilia, I:818

Planning and administration, coastal

zone management, I:278–279

Plans, Green, I:666–667

Plantations, replacing tropical forests,

I:751

Plants

competition, allelopathy, I:39

ecology, I:264–266, II:1066–1067

ethnobotany, I:527–529

native landscaping, II:961–963

pathology, II:1097

remediation, II:1090–1092

research, botanical gardens, I:175–

176

sand dune stabilization, I:393–394,

II:1245–1246

uptake of pollutants in food chain,

II:1440

vascular, II:1454

Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Plasma, II:1097

Plasmids (bacteria), I:623–624, I:627

Plastics, II:1086–1087, II:1097–1099

fire-resistance, I:179

thermoplastics, II:1393

thermosetting polymers, II:1393

waste management, II:980,

II:1328

Plate tectonics, II:1099–1101

Playing with Fire (Greenpeace report),

II:1339

PLC. See Public Lands Council

(PLC)

Pleistocene epoch (ice age), I:745

Plow pans, II:1101

Plug flow, activated sludge process, I:9

Plum Creek Timber Company, I:690

Plumes, II:1101

chemical weapon explosions, I:684

thermal, II:1388, II:1389

Plutonium, II:997, II:1002, II:1101,

II:1165, II:1220–1221

Hanford Nuclear Reservation,

I:695

liquid metal fast breeder reactor

(LMFBR), I:840–841

Savannah River Site, II:1252

Windscale reactor (UK), II:1526–

1527

Poaching, I:732, I:733, II:1044,

II:1101–1103, II:1102

bush meat, I:193

gorillas , I:592–493, I:653

ivory, I:443

rhinoceroses, II:1207

tigers, II:1401

wolves, II:1531

See also Hunting and trapping

Point sources, II:1103, II:1103,

II:1481

“Poison Patrol”, I:357

Poisoning, II:1104

chronic health effects, I:249

predator control, II:1128

shellfish, I:161, II:976–977

Political action. See Environmental ac-

tivism

Politics

biosphere reserves, I:156

Clean Air Act, I:258

energy policy, I:464

EPA under Browner’s administra-

tion, I:184

greenhouse effect, I:673

greens, I:667–668

IPCC, I:761–762

Pollination, I:15–16, II:1104–1106

1626

Pollutant level reductions under

NAAQS, II:937

Pollutant standard index (PSI), I:33

Pollutants. See Atmospheric (air) pol-

lutants; specific pollutants by name

“Polluter pays” principle, I:763,

II:1394, II:1449

air pollution control, I:31

green taxes, I:670

Superfund, I:300–301

Pollution, II:1106–1107, II:1518

effects on photosynthesis, II:1088

less developed countries, I:341–

342, II:989–990, II:1393–1394

nonpoint sources, II:981–982

rubber, II:1230

thermal, II:1388–1389, II:1389,

II:1392

See also Chemicals; specific types of

pollution

Pollution control, II:1055–1056,

II:1107–1109

air quality control regions

(AQCR), I:34

costs and benefits, I:91

energy recovery, I:466

permits trade, II:1414–1415

secondary standards, II:1273

state legislation, II:1412

zero discharge, II:1550–1551

Pollution credits, II:1109–1110

Pollution, Eastern Europe. See Eastern

European pollution

Pollution Prevention Act (1990),

I:754–755, II:1110–1111

Pollution prevention in industry, envi-

ronmental auditing, I:471

Pollution vs. contamination, I:472,

II:1106

Polunin, Nicholas, II:1111–1112

Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs),

II:1112

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),

II:1113, II:1410

Hudson River, I:727

marine pollution, I:873

role in birth defects, I:164

Polychlorinated byproducts, I:242

Polychlorinated compounds, II:1071,

II:1072–1073

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans

(PCDFs), I:607–608

Polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs),

I:607–608

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAHs), II:1113, II:1439–1440

Polycyclic organic compounds, II:1113

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET),

II:1328

Polymerase chain reactions (PCR), ge-

netic engineering, I:624, I:629

Polymers (synthetic). See Plastics

Polystyrene, II:1114, II:1328

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), II:1114

Pons, Stanley, I:282

Popline, II:1119

POPs. See Persistent Organic Pollut-

ants (POPs)

Population biology, I:539, II:1114–

1115

The Population Bomb, Ehrlich, Paul

Ralph, I:437

Population control, coyotes, I:333

Population Council, II:1115–1116

Population density, I:721, II:1299–

1300

Population growth, II:1116–1119

carrying capacity, I:220–221,

II:1342–1343

child mortality, I:239, I:360

Club of Rome studies, I:271–272,

I:838–839

environmental degradation, I:807,

II:1296

environmental philosophy, I:426,

II:1111–1112

food supply, I:547, II:1461

growth curve, I:681

growth limiting factors, I:682

Mexico City (Mexico), I:900

zero population growth, II:1551

See also Demographic transition

Population Institute, II:1119

Population policy, Cairo Conference,

I:199–201

Porter, Eliot Furness, II:1119–1120

Positional goods, II:1120

Possible estuary-associated syndrome

(PEAS), II:1081

Post Consumer Materials (PCMs),

II:1178–1180

Postmodernism and environmental eth-

ics, II:1121–1122

POTWs. See Publicly owned treat-

ment works (POTWs)

Poverty

and environmental degradation,

I:425, II:1040

population growth, II:1117–1118

Powell, John Wesley, II:1122–1123,

II:1123

and Geological Survey (USGS),

I:633

Power lines. See Transmission lines

Power plants, II:994, II:1123–1125

Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers