Environmental Encyclopedia

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

California condor, I:204

fish, II:1335–1336

Peregrine falcon, II:1063–1064

pink pigeon (Nesoenas mayeri),

I:162

whooping crane, I:308, II:1508

Carbamates (insecticides), I:248, I:820

Carbaryl (Sevin), I:124

Carbon, I:210, I:272, I:693, I:779,

II:1162–1163

Carbon cycle, I:210–211, I:212

Carbon dating, II:1162–1163

Carbon dioxide, I:211

biomass fuel, I:147

greenhouse gas, I:671–672

in oil recovery, II:1272

photosynthesis, II:1088

weathering, II:1498

Carbon emissions trading (CET),

I:211–214

See also Emissions

Carbon monoxide, I:214, II:936

Carbon offsets, I:213, I:214–217,

I:800

Carbon sequestration. See Carbon

offsets

Carbon tax, I:217–218

See also Energy taxes; Gasoline

tax; Green taxes

Carbon tetrachloride, I:388, I:918,

II:1049

Carcinogens, I:218–220

Ames test, I:50

natural vs. synthetic, I:359

pesticide residues, II:1076, II:1077

threshold dose, II:1400

Carhart, Arthur, II:1512

Caribbean Conference on Sustainable

Tourism, I:404

Caring for the Earth, II:1535

Carrying capacity, I:220–221, I:838–

839, II:1117–1119, II:1520

dieback, I:369

ecological economics, I:421

environmental economics, I:480–

481

growth curve, I:681

growth limiting factors, I:682

Kapirowitz Plateau, I:789–790

logistic growth, I:844

views of Garrett Hardin, I:696–

697

views of Robert Heilbroner, I:711

water resources, II:1475

wildlife, II:1518

See also Food supply

Carson, Rachel Louise, I:221–223,

I:223, I:493, I:503, I:820

1597

Carter, Jimmy, Love Canal, I:639

The Case for Animal Rights, Regan,

Tom, I:56–57

Cash crop, I:223

Catabolism, I:895

Catalytic converters, I:223–224, I:224

Catastrophes in earth development,

I:854

Cations, I:773, II:1240

Catskill Watershed Protection Plan,

I:224–225

Cattails, II:1146

CDC. See Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (CDC)

Cellulose, biomass, I:146

Center for Environmental Philosophy,

I:225–226

Center for Respect of Life and Envi-

ronment (CRLE), I:226–227,

I:729

Center for Rural Affairs (CRA), I:227

Center for Science in the Public Inter-

est (CSPI), I:227–228

Center for Study of Responsive Law

(CSRL), II:931

Center-pivot irrigation, II:1020

Centers for Disease Control and Pre-

vention (CDC), I:228, I:372,

II:1447–1448

See also Public Health Service

Central Park (NY), II:1028

CEQ. See Council on Environmental

Quality (CEQ)

CERCLA. See Comprehensive Envi-

ronmental Response, Compensa-

tion, and Liability Act (CER-

CLA) (1980)

Certification

businesses (ISO 14000), I:777–

778

good wood, I:648–649

green products, I:664, I:665–666,

I:669–670

organic farm produce, II:1035

septic tanks, II:1277

See also Labels

Cesium 137, I:127, I:228–229

CET. See Carbon emissions trading

(CET)

CFCs. See Chlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs)

CGIAR. See Consultative Group on

International Agricultural Re-

search (CGIAR)

Chain reaction, I:229, I:229, II:994

Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists

and the Ecology of New England,

Cronon, William, I:336

Channel catfish (exotic species), Colo-

rado River, I:283

Chaparral, I:229–230

Char, II:1184

Charcoal, chemical spill remediation,

I:232

Chelate, I:230

Chelation, detoxification, I:367

Chelyabinsk (Russia), I:230–231

Chemical bonds, I:231

Chemical fate analyses, ecotoxicology,

I:433

Chemical oxygen demand (COD), I:9,

I:53, I:231–232

Chemical precipitation, II:1084,

II:1085, II:1108–1109

Chemical sensitivity, I:923

Chemical spills, I:232, I:561

Chemical weapon destruction, role in

Gulf War syndrome, I:684–685

Chemical weapons, II:1222, II:1466

Chemicals, I:233–234, I:927

See also Environmental chemistry;

Pollution; Toxic substances;

Toxins; specific chemicals by

name

Chemistry, Aquatic, I:67–69

Chemistry, of clouds, I:270–271

Chemosynthesis, I:234, II:1134

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station,

I:234–236, I:236, I:773, II:1156

Chesapeake Bay, I:236–238, II:1041

acidification, I:873

ecological productivity, I:526–527,

II:942

kepone pollution, I:791–792, I:873

Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX),

greenhouse gases, I:213

Child health

cigarette smoke, I:250

Food Quality Protection Act

(1996), I:184

lead, I:823, I:825

starvation from Marasmus, I:867

Child mortality and population

growth, I:239, I:360

Child Protection Act (1966), I:702

Child survival revolution, I:238–239

Chimpanzees, I:239–240, I:240,

I:649–651

China

forest management, I:844

low-head hydropower, I:854

Three Gorges Dam, II:1397–1398

tidal power, II:1401

water pollution, II:1480–1481

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Chincoteague Wildlife Refuge (VA),

effects of off-road vehicles,

II:1019

Chipko Andolan movement, I:240–

241

Chisso Company, and Minimata dis-

ease, I:905–906

Chloramination, disinfection, I:243

Chlordane, I:241, II:1071

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, I:241–242,

I:245, I:473–474, II:1406–1407

See also Hydrocarbons

Chlorination, I:242–244, I:384–385,

II:1249, II:1529

Chlorine, I:244–246, II:1145–1146,

II:1282, II:1426

Chlorine monoxide, I:246

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), I:246–

247, II:1047–1049

Crutzen, Paul, I:338–339

as greenhouse gases, I:672

Molina, Mario Jose, I:913

Montreal Protocol, I:918–919

restrictions, II:1139–1141

Rowland, Frank Sherwood,

II:1229

substitutes, I:738, II:1140–1141

Chloroform, I:243, II:1426

Chlorophyll, II:1088

Chlorpyrifos, I:684

Cholera, I:247, II:1248

Cholinesterase inhibitors, I:247–248,

I:368

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA),

I:82–83

Chromatography, I:248

Chronic effects, I:248

food additives, I:570

toxins, II:1408

See also Health effects

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Dis-

ease (COPD), II:1202–1203

Chronic wasting disease (CWD),

I:448

Chytrid fungus, in frogs, I:602

Cigarette smoke, I:54, I:179–180,

I:249–251, II:1202

See also Smoke

Cinnabar. See Mercury

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), I:63

CITES. See Convention on Interna-

tional Trade in Endangered Spe-

cies of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES) (1975)

Cities, Environmental Stress Index

rankings, I:515

Citizen science, I:251–253

1598

Waterkeeper Alliance, II:1491–

1493

Citizens for a Better Environment

(CBE), I:253–254

Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v.

Volpe (1971), I:499

Civil administrative orders, enforce-

ment, I:485

Civil disobedience. See Nonviolent re-

sistance; Protest movements

Clamshell Alliance, II:1266

Clay-hard pan, I:254

Clay minerals, I:254

Clayoquot Sound, I:254–256

Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990),

I:256–259

best available control technology,

I:121–122

best practical technology, I:123

LAER (lowest achievable emission

rate) standard, I:853

primary standards, II:1134–1135

trade in pollution permits, II:1414

Clean coal technology, I:259

Clean Water Act (1972, 1977, 1987),

I:174, I:259–262, II:1484

Clean Water Action Plan (1998),

I:261

Clear-cutting, I:262–264, I:263, I:842,

I:843

forest management, I:589, II:944

nutrient losses, I:725–726

use of herbicides, I:714

Clements, Frederic E., I:264–266,

I:268, I:423, I:430, I:641–642,

II:1381

Cleveland (OH), Cuyahoga River pol-

lution, I:344

Climate, I:266–268

Agricultural revolution, I:26

microclimate, I:903

Climate change, I:189, I:267

coral bleaching, I:322–323

El Nin

˜

o, I:438

endemic species, I:455

environmental refugees, I:511

greenhouse effect, I:672–673,

II:1260–1261, II:1390

ice age refugia, I:745–746

IPCC, I:760–762

local, II:1389

Milankovitch weather cycles,

I:904–905

nuclear winter effect, II:1002–

1003

plant succession, II:1052

possible cause of mass extinction,

I:880–881

and sunspots, II:1320

Climate cycles, I:803

Climax (ecological), I:268, II:1356–

1357

Climax (ecological) theory, Clements,

Frederic E., I:265

Clod, I:268

Cloning, I:268–270, I:623–625

Closed in-vessel method (composting),

I:927

Cloud chemistry, I:270–271

Cloud seeding, I:740

Club of Rome, I:271–272, I:838–839,

II:1254

C:N ratio, I:272

C:N ratio, in composting, I:297

Coady, E. Patrick, on Sandar Sarovar

Dam, II:1533

Coagulation, water treatment, II:1489

Coal, I:273, I:273–274, I:594

clean coal technology, I:259

coal bed methane, I:274

combustion and acid rain, I:6

and energy independence, I:464

fluidized bed combustion, I:567–

568

Four Corners energy development,

I:595

gasification, I:274–276, I:276

Mineral Leasing Act (1920),

I:907–908

Office of Surface Mining,

II:1017–1018

power plants, II:1123–1124

strip mining, II:1174–1175,

II:1351

synthetic fuels, II:1375

washing, I:276–277

Coal miners, black lung disease,

I:166–167

Coal tar, synthetic chemicals, I:233–

234

Coalition for Environmentally Respon-

sible Economies (CERES), I:518–

519, II:1453–1454

Coase theorem, I:277

Coast redwoods, II:1182–1183

Coastal Barrier Resources System,

II:1448

Coastal dunes, I:393

Coastal lagoons, I:804

The Coastal Society (TCS), I:277–

278

Coastal Zone Management Act

(CZMA) (1972), I:278–280

Coastal zone management programs

Best management practices, I:122

erosion, I:117, II:1289–1290

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

mariculture, I:867–868

marine protected areas, I:874–875

national seashores, II:959

Coca farms and deforestation, II:1169

Cocomposting, I:280

COD. See Chemical oxygen demand

(COD)

Coevolution, I:280–281

See also Symbiosis

Coffee, shade-grown, II:1282–1283

Cofrentes nuclear facility (Spain),

II:1157

Cogeneration, I:281–282, I:465,

II:1392

Colborn, Theo, endocrine disruptors,

I:487, I:488

Cold fusion, I:282–283

See also Nuclear fusion

Coliform bacteria, I:283, I:284, I:321,

I:467

See also Escherichia coli

Coliphages, II:1460

Colonial influence, I:548, I:836

Colorado River, I:191, I:283–284,

I:643–644

Colorado River Aqueduct, I:848

Colorants, food additives, I:571t,

I:572, I:573

Columbia River

dams (environmental effects),

I:191, II:1240–1241

radioactive pollution, I:694–686

Column chromatography, I:248

Combined sewer overflows, I:284,

II:956

Combustion, I:29–30, I:285, I:367,

I:594

Cometabolism, I:285–286

Commensalism, I:286, I:423

Commercial fishing, I:286–288

bycatch, I:194–195, I:195–197

“competition” by native species,

I:377–378, II:1261–1262,

II:1268

consumer boycotts of tuna, I:376

Fisheries and Oceans Canada,

I:561–562

Georges Bank, I:633–634

overfishing, I:286, II:1040–1042,

II:1287–1288

Commission for Environmental Coop-

eration (CEC), I:288–289, II:989

Committee for Humane Legislation v.

Richardson (1976), I:872

Commodity Credit Corporation

(CCC), Conservation Reserve Pro-

gram (CRP), I:309–310

Common property, I:479

1599

Commoner, Barry, I:289, I:289–290,

II:1435

on dioxins, I:371

Commons. See “The Tragedy of the

Commons”

Communicable diseases, I:290–291,

I:490, I:819

See also specific diseases by name

Community dominance index (CDI),

I:377

Community ecology, I:138, I:141,

I:291–293

Community investing, II:1310

Compaction (soil), I:293–294,

II:1238, II:1315

Compaction (waste), II:1328–1329

Comparative risk, I:294

Comparative risk, I:294–296

Competition, I:296–297

biogeography, I:776

climax (ecological), I:268

community ecology, I:292

coyotes, I:332

exotic vs. native species, I:536–

537, II:1031

keystone species, I:794–795

niche, II:972

weeds vs. crops, I:713–714

Competitive bidding, oil leases, I:908

Competitive exclusion, I:297, I:423

Complexity, I:422, I:869

Composting, I:297–299, I:299,

II:1470–1471, II:1543

C:N ratio, I:272

municipal solid waste, I:617,

I:725, I:926–927

organic waste, II:1036, II:1328–

1329, II:1330

See also Municipal solid waste com-

posting

Composting toilets, II:1404

Compound 1080 (sodium fluoroace-

tate), II:1128

Comprehensive Environmental Re-

sponse, Compensation, and Liabil-

ity Act (CERCLA) (1980),

I:299–301, I:500, I:508, I:704–

705, II:1176

ATSDR, I:16–17

brownfields, I:185–187

cleanup during Browner’s EPA ad-

ministration, I:185

contaminated soil, I:315–316

finance, II:1191

PCBs in Hudson River, I:727

United States environmental pol-

icy, I:506

See also National Priorities List

(NPL); Superfund Amend-

ments and Reauthorization

Act (SARA) (1986)

Compressed gases as propellants,

II:1141

Computer disposal, I:301–302,

II:1180

Computer modeling. See Modeling

(computer applications)

Condensation nuclei, I:302

Condoms, family planning, I:545

Conducting polymers, II:1098

Conflict of interest

Atomic Energy Commission

(AEC), I:97, II:999

Grazing Service, II:1382

Office of Surface Mining, II:1018

Rocky Flats, II:1221

Superfund, II:1231

Confucianism, II:985–986

Congo River and Basin, I:302–304

Congress on Renewable Natural Re-

sources, II:1195

Coniferous forest, I:304

Conjugation reactions, detoxification,

I:367

Connate water, I:678

Conservation, I:304–306

game reserves, I:614–615

history, II:1092–1093, II:1122,

II:1226–1227

organizations, I:45, I:781–782,

II:1538–1539

watersheds, II:1494

wetlands, II:1501

See also Environmentalism

Conservation biology, I:306–308,

II:1310–1311

ecosystem approach, I:924–925

growth limiting factors, I:682

ice age refugia, I:745

Conservation by Design, II:965

Conservation easements, I:308–309,

II:965

Conservation education. See Environ-

mental education

Conservation International (CI), I:309

Conservation Reserve Program (CRP),

I:309–312, II:1314, II:1315

Conservation strategy (IUCN), Antarc-

tica, I:60

Conservation tillage, I:312, I:390

Conservation vs. use, National Park

Service mandate, II:953

Constants (computer modeling), I:911

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Consultative Group on International

Agricultural Research (CGIAR),

I:312–313

Consumer protection, I:82–83, I:573–

574, I:702, I:824, II:931

Consumer protection, I:227

Consumers, ecological, I:210, I:414,

I:574–576, II:1134, II:1427–1428

Contact stabilization, activated sludge

process, I:9

Container deposit legislation, I:313–

314, II:1206

Containment methods, hazardous

waste site remediation, I:705,

II:1192

Contaminated bedrock, I:705–706

Contaminated soil, I:314–317,

II:1439–1440

dredged sediment, I:381

heavy metals, I:709, I:710

natural pollution, II:1106

remediation, I:150–152, I:162,

I:779–780, II:1090–1092

Contamination. See specific types of pol-

lution

Contamination vs. pollution, I:472

Continental drift, II:1099–1101

Continental shelves, petroleum re-

serves, I:908–909

Contour mining, II:1351, II:1362

Contour plowing, I:316, I:317

Contraceptives, I:545–547, II:1115–

1116

male, I:862–863, II:1116

Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild

Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1975),

I:317–318, II:1538

Convention on Long-range Trans-

boundary Air Pollution (1979),

I:318

Convention on the Conservation of

Antarctic Marine Living Re-

sources (CCAMLR) (1982), I:58,

I:60

Convention on the Conservation of

Migratory Species of Wild Ani-

mals (1979), I:318

Convention on the Law of the Sea

(1982), I:318–319, II:1386

Convention on the Prevention of Ma-

rine Pollution by Dumping of

Waster and Other Matter (1972),

I:319–320, II:1007

Convention on the Regulation of Ant-

arctic Mineral Resource Activities

(1988) rejected by Australia and

France, I:58–59

1600

Convention on Wetlands of Interna-

tional Importance (1971), I:320–

321

Conventional pollutants, I:321

Conversion of forest land to agricul-

ture, I:751, I:893–894, II:1169,

II:1282–1283

Brazil, II:1296

Conveyance systems (water), II:1473

Cool Water Integrated Gasification

Combined Cycle plant (Barstow,

CA), I:275

Cooling water, II:1491

Copeland report (“National Plan for

American Forestry”), I:924

Copper, I:321–322

synergistic interactions, II:1375

Copper mining

Ashio, Japan, I:87–88

biohydrometallurgy, I:139

Ducktown, Tennessee, I:392

Coprecipitation, I:322

Coral bleaching, I:322–323, I:449

Coral reefs, I:323–325, I:324

damaged by Indonesian forest

fires, I:751

endangered by aquarium fishing,

I:67

Great Barrier Reef, I:658–660

lagoons, I:804

Corboz, Andre, on landscape ecology,

I:817

Cormorants, I:377–378

Corporate Average Fuel Economy

standards (CAFE), I:325–326

Corporations, I:125, II:1022, II:1309

See also Business and the environ-

ment; Transnational corpora-

tions

Correlation (statistics), II:1341–1342

Corridors of Life Program (Bozeman,

MT), I:50

Corrosion and material degradation,

I:326, I:833

Corrosivity (hazardous materials),

I:700, I:703

Cosmic rays, I:105–106

Cost

carbon offsets, I:216

energy, life-cycle savings, I:461

health expenses from smoking,

I:251

litigation, I:301, I:496

municipal waste incineration,

I:747–748

pollution control programs,

I:294–295, I:670–671

remediating contaminated soil,

I:316

sharing, water projects, II:1485

Cost-benefit analysis, I:326–328, I:327

air pollution control, I:31

coal mining reclamation, II:1174

dams, I:348

debt for nature swaps, I:353

desalinization, I:361–362

environmental decision-making,

I:479

ISO 14000 certification, I:778

mass transit, I:883

ocean thermal energy conversion,

II:1013

pesticides, I:550

photovoltaic cells, II:1088–1089

regulatory review, II:1186

TSCA, II:1410

water disinfection methods, I:243–

244

wildfires, II:1516–1517

Costa Rica, I:513

Costle, Douglas M., I:328–329

Cotton production, Aral Sea water,

I:74–75

Council on Environmental Quality

(CEQ), I:329–330, II:939–940,

II:1387–1388

Cousteau, Jacques-Yves, I:330–332,

I:331

The Cousteau Society, I:331–332

Covalent bonds, I:231

Cover crops, II:1035

Cowbirds, and decline of songbirds,

I:691, I:795

Coyotes, I:332–334, I:333, II:1128

Crabs. See Asian (Pacific) shore crab

“Cradle-to-grave” systems, I:889–890,

II:1199

Crapper, Thomas, II:1404

Cree Indians, James Bay hydropower

project, I:786

Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD),

I:858, I:860

Crick, Francis (DNA research), I:626–

627

Criminal judicial response, enforce-

ment, I:485

Criteria pollutants, I:334, II:936–937,

II:1135, II:1326

Critical habitat, I:453–454, II:1033–

1034, II:1521–1522

See also Habitat

Critical load. See Assimilative capacity

Crocodiles, I:335–336, I:336

Cronon, William, I:336–337

Crop yields, I:172–173, II:1318

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

“Cropper” hypothesis (of biodiversity),

I:869

Cross-Florida Barge Canal, I:337–338

Crown of Thorns starfish (coral preda-

tor), I:660

Crude metal, II:1299–1300

Crutzen, Paul J., I:338–339

Cryptosporidium, I:339–341

Cubata

˜

o, Brazil, I:341–342

Cultural eutrophication, I:342–344,

I:599, II:976, II:1083, II:1107

dead zones, I:351–352

dissolved solids, I:374

Experimental Lakes Area, I:538–

539

fertilizer, I:556, II:973

Lake Erie, I:806

Lake Tahoe, I:807

submerged aquatic vegetation,

II:1354

Vollenweider’s research, II:1462–

1463

water pollution, II:1483

Curie, Ire

`

ne, II:1161

Curie, Marie, I:54, II:1165

Cuyahoga River (OH), I:344–345

Cyanide fishing, I:66–67, II:1042,

II:1078

Cyclodiene, I:241

Cyclone collectors, I:345, I:345,

II:1108

Cyclones (coal extraction method),

I:277, I:570

Cyclones (storms), II:1406

D

“Daisyworld” computer model, I:851

Daly, Herman

steady-state economy, II:1342–

1343

on sustainable development, I:221

Dam removal, I:347–348, II:1492

Daminozide. See Alar

Dams (environmental effects), I:348–

349, I:458, I:774, II:1239,

II:1473, II:1487

Aswan High Dam, I:92–94

Bureau of Reclamation’s role,

I:191

Glen Canyon Dam, I:643–644

Mekong River project, II:1475–

1476

reservoirs, II:1196–1197

salmon populations, II:1240–1241

Tellico Dam, Tennessee, II:1384

1601

Three Gorges Dam (China),

II:1397–1398

World Bank projects, II:1533–

1534

Dandelions, II:1031

Danube River, water pollution, I:408

Darling, Jay Norwood “Ding”, I:349

Darwin, Charles Robert, I:349–350,

I:350, I:533–535

Darwin’s finches, I:611, I:612

Data capture, GIS, I:631

Database research, Environmental

Working Group (EWG), I:515–

516

DBPs. See Disinfection, byproducts

(DBPs)

DDT. See Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloro-

ethane (DDT)

Dead zones, I:350–352

Death. See Mortality

Debt for nature swaps, I:352–354,

II:966

biosphere reserves, I:155, I:864

Debt relief, Barry Commoner’s views,

I:290

Deciduous forest, I:354

Decision-making, ecosystem manage-

ment, I:429–430

Decline spiral, I:354

Decomposers, I:354–355, II:1251

carbon cycle, I:210

food chain/web, I:574–576

nitrogen cycle, II:976

Decomposition, I:355

aerobic process, I:12–13

C:N ratio, I:272

heterotrophs, I:717

stratospheric ozone by sunlight,

I:246

Decomposition, C:N ratio, I:297

Deep ecology, I:355–356, II:933–934

biocentrism, I:489–490

Bookchin, Murray, I:172

Earth First!, I:401

vs. ecofeminism, I:413

See also Ecology

Deep-well injection, I:356

DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide),

I:684

Defenders of Wildlife, I:357

Defense National Stockpile Center

(DNSC), II:1347–1348

Defoliation, I:357–358, II:1466

by pests, I:687, II:1073

Deforestation, I:358–359, II:1168–

1171

Amazon Basin, I:43

biodiversity, I:133–134

carbon cycle, I:211

Costa Rica, I:513

desertification, I:363–365

environmental impacts, I:726,

I:842, II:1282–1283

greenhouse effect, I:672

ice age refugia, I:745–746

Vietnam, I:17–20, I:18

Degradation. See Environmental degra-

dation

Delaney Clause (food additives), I:360

Delisting, II:1331–1332

Demographic transition, I:360, I:836,

II:1118, II:1119

See also Population growth

Dengue fever, II:1455

Denitrification, I:360, II:976

Density separation (coal washing),

I:276

Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA),

I:360–361, II:1003

genes in humans and chimpan-

zees, I:240

genetic engineering, I:158, I:623–

625, I:626–628, I:628–629

Deposit legislation, I:313–314

Deposition, atmospheric, I:96–97

DES. See

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Desalinization, I:361–362, II:1473,

II:1475

Desert plants, ephemeral species,

I:519–520

Desert tortoise, I:362–363, I:363

Desertification, I:363–365, II:1235

Deserts, I:362, I:364

Deserts on the March, II:1269

Design for disassembly, I:365

computers, I:302

Design with Nature, I:886

Destruction and removal efficiency

(DRE), II:1339–1340

Detergents, I:343, I:365, I:538, I:663,

I:664, II:1083–1084

Chesapeake Bay, I:238

Deterministic vs. stochastic models,

I:912

Detoxification, I:365–367, II:1330–

1332

Detritivores, I:367, I:368

Detritus, I:368

Developing countries. See Less devel-

oped countries

Development. See Sustainable devel-

opment

Development assistance, less developed

countries, II:1117–1118, II:1256,

II:1333–1334, II:1434

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Development permits, coastal zone

management, I:279

Dew point, I:368

Diapers, disposable vs. cloth, I:373,

I:664

Diarrhea, cryptosporidium, I:339

Diatom index, I:749

Diatometer, II:1060

Diazinon, I:368, I:820

Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane

(DDT), I:368–369, II:1071,

II:1217–1218, II:1455

bioaccumulation, I:245

effect on bird populations, I:109,

I:183, II:968, II:1063–1064,

II:1539–1540

effects on wildlife, I:488, II:1532

pesticide resistance, I:368, I:626

trophic level transfer, II:1427–

1428

See also Organochlorides

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

(DDE), effects on wildlife, I:488

Die-off, I:369–370

Die-offs

See also Fish kills; Mass extinction

Diebacks, I:369, I:449, I:539, I:587–

589, II:1117

Dieldrin, II:1070

Dietary Risk Evaluation System

(DRES), II:1076

Diethylstilbestrol (DES), I:21, I:219,

I:456

The Dilbert Future, Adams, Scott,

I:252

Dillard, Annie, I:370–371

Dimethyl ether (DME) propellants,

II:1141

Dineh (Navajo) , energy development

in Four Corners, I:595

Dioxins, I:19–20, I:358, I:371–372,

I:715, II:1402, II:1466

chlorine byproducts, I:245, II:1146

See also Organochlorides

Disaster assistance, CDC activities,

I:228

Discharge, I:372–373

nuclear facilities, II:1157

zero discharge, II:1550–1551

Discharge permits, I:260, I:261,

II:956, II:1280

Reserve Mining Corporation,

II:1195–1196

Discharge ponds, groundwater pollu-

tion, I:679

Disclosure of information for ISO

14000 certification, I:778

1602

Disease. See Animal disease control;

Bioterrorism; Communicable dis-

eases; Epidemiology; specific dis-

eases or agents by name

Disinfection, II:1282

byproducts (DBPs), II:1490

drinking-water supply, I:243–244,

I:244, II:1234, II:1490

sludge, II:1298

Dispersion

of oil spill components, II:1023–

1024

of species, islands, I:775–776

of wastes dumped in ocean,

II:1008–1009

Displacement of human populations

environmental refugees, I:510–512

Hopi and Dineh (Navajo), I:595

Love Canal (NY), I:850

natural resources exploitation,

I:750

Times Beach (MO), II:1402

water diversion projects, I:348,

II:1398, II:1477

Disposable diapers, I:373

Disposable health care products, I:890

Dissolved air flotation (DAF), waste-

water treatment, I:565

Dissolved oxygen (DO), I:373,

II:1389, II:1481

cultural eutrophication, I:342,

I:343

dead zones, I:350–351

Dissolved solids, I:373–374, II:1490,

II:1491

Distribution, species, I:138, I:857–858

Disturbance hypothesis (of biodiver-

sity), I:869

Disturbances and perturbations

community ecology, I:292–293,

II:1197

ecological diseases, I:449

ecological risk assessment, II:1216

species dominance, I:376

Ditches in mosquito control, II:1029,

II:1030

DNA. See Deoxyribose nucleic acid

(DNA)

DNA polymerase, genetic engineering,

I:623

Dobzhansky, Theodosius, Genetics and

the Origin of Species, I:534, I:535

Docks, II:1290

Dodo, I:374, I:374–375

Dolly the sheep, cloning, I:268–269,

I:270

Dolphins, I:45, I:375, I:375–376

bycatch, I:196–197, I:402

River dolphins, II:1218–1220

Dominance, I:376–377, I:794–795

Dorn, Friedrich, II:1165

Dose response, I:377, I:822, II:1215

Double crested cormorants, I:377–378

Douglas, Marjory Stoneman, I:378–

379

Douglas Point facility (Canada),

II:1157

Douglas, William Orville, on environ-

mental protection, II:1196

Down’s syndrome, I:163

Dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease),

I:683

Drainage, I:379–380, II:1063

projects, Everglades, I:531–532

and salinization, II:1240

and selenium concentrations,

I:792–793

Drainfields, wastewater treatment, I:2,

II:1276–1277

Draw-down (aquifers), II:1243–1244,

II:1489

Dredging, I:380–382

beach renourishment, I:117

hazardous waste site remediation,

II:1192

Drift nets, I:382–384, I:383

marine mammal mortality, I:194

tuna boycott, I:402

See also Fishing methods

Drinking-water supply, I:384–386

asbestos-like fibers, II:1195–1196,

II:1293

chlorination, I:243–244, II:1529

cryptosporidium contamination,

I:340

EPA advisory on MTBE, I:898

less developed countries, II:1285,

II:1480–1481

mercury, I:895

New York City, I:224–225

nitrates, I:170–171

standards, II:1135–1136, II:1233–

1234

Drip irrigation, I:79–80, I:386,

II:1474

Drought-resistant plants, I:229–230,

II:962, II:1034, II:1473

Droughts, I:386–387, II:1235

Drug resistance. See Antibiotic resis-

tance

Dry alkali injection, I:387

Dry cask storage, I:387–388, II:1548

Dry cleaning, I:388–389, II:1386–

1387

Dry deposition, I:96, I:389–390

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Dry steam fields, geothermal energy,

I:635

Dryland farming, I:390

Dubos, Rene

´

Jules, I:390–391, I:391

Duck stamp program, Darling, Jay

Norwood “Ding”, I:349

Ducks Unlimited, I:391–392

Ducktown, Tennessee, I:392

Dumping. See Ocean dumping

Dunes and dune erosion, I:392–394,

I:394

See also National lakeshores; Sand

dune ecology

Dust Bowl, I:395, I:395–396

E

Eagle River Flats (AK), II:1492

Earth Charter, I:226, I:397–399

Earth Council, I:766–677

Earth Day, I:399–401

New York City, 1970, I:400

Earth First!, I:401, I:401–402, I:403,

I:585–586

Earth in the Balance, I:652

Earth Island Institute (EII), I:181,

I:402

Earth Liberation Front (ELF), I:403–

404

Earth Observing System (EOS), I:910

Earth Pledge Foundation, I:404–405

Earth Resources Observation System

(EROS), I:910

Earth Science Enterprise (ESE),

I:909–910

Earth science research, Geological Sur-

vey (USGS), I:633

Earth Summit. See United Nations

Earth Summit (1992)

EarthKind, I:729

Earthquakes, I:405–406

and injection wells, II:1222

Los Angeles Basin, I:849

New Madrid, Missouri, II:970–

971

prediction, II:1165

and tsunamis, II:1430–1431

Earthwatch, I:406–407

Easements, conservation, I:308–309,

II:965

Eastern European pollution, I:407–

409

Eastern Wilderness Act (1975),

II:1513

Ebola, I:409–411, I:447

Echolocation, II:1502–1503

Eckholm, Eric, I:451, I:542

1603

Eco-asset management, II:1175

Eco Mark, I:411–412

Ecocentric view of nature, I:503

Ecocide, I:412

Ecocriticism, I:502–503

Ecofeminism, I:412–413, I:490

Ecojustice, I:186, I:414, I:510, I:639,

II:1442

See also Equity; Social justice

Ecological consumers, I:210, I:414,

I:574–576, II:1134, II:1427–1428

Ecological economics, I:419–421

Boulding, Kenneth Ewart, I:176

See also Environmental economics

Ecological functions

eelgrass, I:435

ephemeral species, I:519–520

mangrove swamps, I:866

Ecological imbalance, and disease,

I:521

Ecological integrity, I:414–417

bioregionalism, I:150

dams (environmental effects),

I:348

as goal of environmental monitor-

ing, I:504–505

national wildlife refuges, II:961

native landscaping, II:962–963

See also Ecosystem health

Ecological planning, I:885–886

Ecological producers, I:210, I:574–

576, II:1427–1428

Ecological productivity, I:417

Bay of Fundy, I:116

Chesapeake Bay, I:526–527

estuaries, II:941

Lake Erie, I:418, I:806

marine ecosystems, II:1438

species dominance, I:376

Ecological risk assessment, I:417–418

Ecological Society of North America

(ESA), I:418–419, II:1168

Ecology, I:421–424, II:1122

Elton, Charles Sutherland, I:444–

445

Haeckel’s definition, I:692

Odum, Eugene P., II:1015–1016

See also Deep ecology

EcoNet, I:424

Economic growth and the environ-

ment, I:424–426, I:474–475,

I:480–481, I:512–513, II:1040,

II:1535–1536

Heilbroner, Robert L., I:711

Orr, David W., II:1038

waste generation, II:1198

Economic incentives for environmen-

tal protection

carbon tax, I:218

New York City water supply,

I:225

Economics. See Cost; Cost-benefit

analysis; Ecological economics; En-

vironmental economics

“Economists’ Statement on Climate

Change”, I:217

Ecosophy, I:426

Ecosystem health, I:428–429

biodiversity, I:132

bioindicators, I:139

burden of proof, I:190

carrying capacity, I:220–221

human role, I:205, II:1441

multiple-use forestry, II:983

needed by indigenous peoples,

I:750

restoration ecology, II:1204–1205

risk assessment, II:1213–1214,

II:1216

and skin cancer, I:220

stability, II:1338–1339

TNC/USFS cooperation, II:966

See also Ecological integrity

Ecosystem management, I:429–431

adjacent habitat, I:138, II:954,

II:1545

conservation biology, I:308,

II:1520–1521

Conservation International (CI),

I:309

definition, I:429

estuaries, II:941–942

growth limiting factors, I:682

holistic approach, I:718

multi-species management, I:924–

925

prescribed burning, II:1129–1132

Puget Sound/Georgia Basin,

II:1143–1144

scientific basis, I:419

species dominance, I:376

See also Environmental man-

agement

Ecosystems, I:426–428, II:1380–1381

community ecology, I:291–293

as open systems, II:1031

Yellowstone National Park,

II:1545

See also specific types of ecosystems

Ecotage.

See Monkey-wrenching

Ecoterrorism, I:403, I:431–432, I:586

Ecotones, I:432

Ecotourism, I:432–433, I:612–613,

I:659–660, II:953–955

See also Tourism

Ecotoxicology, I:433–435

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

glyphosate, I:714–715

See also Toxic substances

Ecotype, I:435

Edaphic, I:435

Edaphology, I:435

EDF. See Environmental Defense

EDMH (N,N-dimethylhydrazine),

apple processing, I:35

Education. See Environmental edu-

cation

Eelgrass, I:435

EEZ. See Exclusive Economic Zones

(EEZ)

Effective Dose (ED

50

), I:377

Efficiency, Energy. See Energy effi-

ciency

Efficiency (Pareto optimality),

II:1053–1054

Efficiency, water utilization, II:1474

Effluent, I:435–436, II:1484

cyclone collectors, I:345

kepone pollution of James River,

I:791–792

mixing zones, I:910

pipelines, II:1012

septic tanks, II:1276–1277

Effluent tax, I:436

EG&G, Inc. (Rocky Flats operation),

II:1221

E

H

, I:436

Ehrlich, Paul Ralph, I:436–437

EII. See Earth Island Institute (EII)

EIS. See Environmental Impact State-

ments (EIS)

El Nin

˜

o, I:351, I:386, I:437–438,

II:1438, II:1462

See also Weather patterns

Electric automobiles. See Automobile;

Transportation

Electric utilities, I:6, I:438–439,

II:1266

See also Power plants

Electricity

blackouts and brownouts, I:168

cogeneration, I:281

geothermal energy, I:635–636

photovoltaic cells, II:1088–1089

TVA, II:1385

Electromagnetic fields, I:439–441,

II:948, II:1422–1423, II:1526

Electromagnetic spectrum, energy in-

tensity, I:462

Electron acceptor and donor, I:442

Electron capture gas chromatographic

detector, I:851

Electrostatic precipitation, I:442,

I:442, I:570, II:1108, II:1301,

II:1326

1604

Elemental analysis, I:442, I:882

Elephants, I:442–443, I:443

ELF. See Earth Liberation Front

(ELF)

Elk and deer, Chronic wasting disease

(CWD), I:448

Elton, Charles Sutherland, I:444–445,

I:576

Elutriate test, dredged sediment, I:381

Eluviation (soil), II:1317

Embryonic development, endocrine dis-

ruptors, I:488

Emergency exemptions, pesticide regis-

tration, I:551–552

Emergency Planning and Community

Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)

(1986), I:445–447

Emergency response, I:125, II:1164

Emergent diseases (human), I:447–

448

Emergent ecological diseases, I:448–

449

Emiliani, Cesare, Milankovitch

weather cycles, I:905

Eminent domain, II:1377–1378

Emission standards, I:449–450, I:888

air quality, I:31, I:256–258,

II:937, II:938–939

burning of municipal waste,

I:879–880

California, I:848

Emissions, I:449, I:890, II:1339–1340

automobiles, I:101–102, I:102–103

changes under Clean Air Act,

I:258, II:1136

See also Carbon emissions trading

(CET); specific types of emis-

sions

Emphysema, I:450, II:1203

Empirical methods, Bacon, Sir Fran-

cis, I:107

Encapsulation, II:1331

Encephalitis, I:521, II:1455–1456

The End of Nature, I:886–887

Endangered species, I:155–156, I:450–

451

Africa, I:15

captive breeding programs, I:208–

210

conservation biology, I:307–308

international trade, I:317–318

national wildlife refuges, II:961

ranking, II:966

recovery plans, I:559

See also specific species by name

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

(1973), I:451–454, II:1305

critical habitat, I:334–335

habitat conservation plans

(HCPs), I:690

Endangered Species Committee (’God

Committee’), I:453–454

Endemic species, I:454–456

Colorado River, I:283

Congo River, I:303

Gala

´

pagos Islands, I:612

Hawaiian Islands, I:133, I:697–

698

islands, I:776

tropical rain forests, I:132

Endocrine disruptors, I:456–457,

II:1426

in wildlife, I:487–488, I:492

See also Environmental estrogens

Endothermic reactions, coal gasifica-

tion, I:275

Endrin, I:183, II:1070–1071

Energy and the environment, I:438–

439, I:457–458

Energy conservation, I:459–460

mass transit, I:883

Energy consumption

beverage containers, I:313

plastics manufacturing, II:1099

recycling, II:1201

Energy efficiency, I:460–462, II:1223,

II:1392

alternative energy sources, I:42

biomass fuel formation, I:147

coal gasification, I:275

cogeneration, I:281

environmental design, I:459–460,

II:1365

fuel cells, I:603–604

sick building syndrome, II:1291

See also Fuel efficiency

Energy flows, I:427, I:462, I:574–576,

I:840, II:1391, II:1391–1392

Energy paths, hard vs. soft, I:462–

463, I:852

Energy policy, I:463–465, II:1375–

1376, II:1447, II:1525–1526

Energy prices, II:1021–1023, II:1037

Energy recovery, I:465–466, II:1325

Energy regulation, I:549–550, I:554

Energy Reorganization Act (1973),

I:466

Energy Research and Development

Administration (ERDA), I:97,

I:466

Energy taxes, I:325, I:466–467

See also Carbon tax; Gasoline tax;

Green taxes

Enforcement. See Environmental en-

forcement

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Engineering. See Environmental engi-

neering

Engines

catalytic converters, I:223–224

knocking, II:1014

Enhanced recovery technique, II:1272

Enhancement aquaculture, II:1011–

1012

Enteric bacteria, I:467

Enteric viruses, II:1460

Entropy, II:1392

Environment, I:467–469, II:965

Environmental accounting, I:470

See also Accounting for nature

Environmental activism, II:1345–1346

Abbey, Edward Paul, I:1

American Cetacean Society, I:45

animal rights, I:55

Caldicott, Helen Mary, I:201–202

International Wildlife Coalition,

I:771

Rain forest Action Network

(RAN), II:1171–1172

seen as ecoterrorism, I:431–432

United States environmental pol-

icy, I:506

See also Greens

Environmental aesthetics, I:470–471,

I:835, II:1422, II:1517–1518

Environmental auditing, I:471, I:778

Environmental Benefits Index (EBI),

I:310

Environmental chemistry, I:471–474

Environmental Conservation, II:1111–

1112

Environmental Defense, I:474–475,

II:1539–1540

Environmental degradation, I:475–

476, II:1358

Alaska Highway, I:36

Amazon Basin, I:43

Antarctica, I:59

Australia, I:99–101

clear-cutting, I:262–263

coral reefs, I:324

deforestation, I:358–359

dunes as indicator, I:393

as externality, I:540

food policy, I:578–579

fossil fuels, I:594–595, II:1079–

1080

and free market system, II:1038

golf courses, I:646–648

Homestead Act (1862), I:722

irrigation, I:774

livestock, I:657, II:1042–1043,

II:1456

mariculture, I:868–869

1605

Mediterranean Sea, I:892–893

off-road vehicles, II:1018–1019

oil spills, II:1024

Persian Gulf War, II:1068–1069

plastics, II:1086–1087

poverty, I:425

Puget Sound/Georgia Basin,

II:1143–1144

refugees, I:510–512

road salt, II:1243

salinization, II:1237, II:1238–

1239, II:1240

spread of disease, I:520–521

St. Lawrence Seaway, II:1235–

1236

surface mining, II:1040, II:1350–

1352, II:1362

United States at end of 19th cen-

tury, I:305

war, II:1465–1467

water diversion projects, I:348–

349, II:1196–1197, II:1398,

II:1476, II:1485–1486

World Bank, II:1533–1534

See also Habitat loss or fragmenta-

tion; specific types of degra-

dation

Environmental design, I:404, I:476–

478

energy efficiency, I:459–460

passive solar design, II:1058

permaculture, II:1065–1067

sustainable architecture, II:1365–

1366

Environmental diseases. See specific dis-

eases by name

Environmental dispute resolution,

I:478–479, I:485, I:767

Environmental economics, I:479–481

shadow pricing, II:1283–1284

See also Ecological Economics

Environmental education, I:481–483

Africa, I:15

Air and Waste Management Asso-

ciation, I:29

American Cetacean Society, I:45

American Farmland Trust, I:46

Conservation International (CI),

I:309

Cousteau Society, I:331–332

Earth Island Institute (EII), I:402

NAAEE, II:986–987

Project Eco-School, II:1138–1139

Save the Whales, II:1253

Talloires Declaration, II:1379–

1380

Water Environment Federation,

II:1478–1479

World Wildlife Fund (WWF),

II:1538–1539

zoos, II:1552–1554

See also Environmental literacy

and ecocriticism

Environmental enforcement, I:483–

485, I:505

Emergency Planning and Commu-

nity Right-to-Know Act (EP-

CRA) (1986), I:446

endangered species laws, I:451

hazardous materials, I:701–702,

II:1221

Environmental engineering, I:485–487

Environmental estrogens, I:487–489

See also Endocrine disruptors

Environmental ethics, I:397, I:489–

490, II:984–986, II:1189–1190

Callicot, John Baird, I:204–205

Center for Environmental Philoso-

phy, I:225

Center for Respect of Life and En-

vironment (CRLE), I:226

ecofeminism, I:412–413

extinction, I:132

future generations, I:608–609

Global Forum, I:645

green politics, I:667–668

Henderson, Hazel, I:713

intergenerational justice, I:759–

760

International Society of Environ-

mental Ethics, I:768

Naess, Arne, II:933–934

Odum, Eugene P., II:1016

Passmore, John Arthur, II:1058–

1059

postmodernism and, II:1121–1122

See also Ethics; Land ethic

Environmental Ethics, Rolston,

Holmes, II:1224

Environmental ethics, Sale, Kirkpat-

rick, II:1236–1237

Environmental health, I:490–493

agricultural revolution, I:173

asthma, I:91–92

Bhopal (India), I:124–126

international cooperation, I:187–

188, II:1055–1056, II:1434–

1437

NIEHS, II:946–948

pesticides, II:1073–1074

rural communities, I:227

Environmental history, I:336, I:493–

495

Environmental impact assessment,

I:495–496

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

materials balance approach, I:884–

885

NEPA procedures, II:939–940

Environmental Impact Statements

(EIS), I:496–497

basis for lawsuits, I:498–499

dam removal, I:347

Glen Canyon Dam, I:644

Tellico Dam, Tennessee, II:1384

Environmental indicators. See Environ-

mental monitoring

Environmental justice. See Ecojustice

Environmental law, I:497–499,

II:1186

Consolidated Edison plant, Storm

King Mountain (NY), II:1345

control laws, I:550

enforcement, I:288–289, I:484–

485

international cooperation, II:1055–

1056

licensing laws, I:550

oil and gas industry, I:280

radioactive waste management,

II:1158–1159

Stringfellow Acid Pits, II:1350

toxic substances, II:1408–1409

victims’ compensation, II:1458–

1459

wildlife, II:1519

Environmental Law and Policy Center

(ELPC), II:1345

Environmental Law Institute (ELI),

I:499–500

Environmental law, international. See

International environmental law

Environmental Leadership Confer-

ence, II:1193

Environmental legislation

air pollution control, II:1421

EPA programs, I:508

history, I:494

influenced by NRDC, II:964

toxics use reduction, II:1411–1413

Environmental liability, I:500–501,

II:1293, II:1496

brownfields, I:186–187

certification of properties, I:486

international law, II:1417–1418,

II:1421

nuclear power, II:1132–1133

Yokkaichi asthma (Japan), II:1546

Environmental literacy and ecocriti-

cism, I:501–504, II:1038

See also Environmental education

Environmental management, I:15

adaptive management, I:10

conservation movement, I:305

1606

international voluntary standards,

I:771

Native Americans, I:47–48

See also Resources management

Environmental Management System

(EMS), ISO 14000, I:777–778

Environmental monitoring, I:504–505

composite indicators development,

I:429

ecological integrity, I:416

effects of ocean dumping on ma-

rine life, II:1010

Emergency Planning and Commu-

nity Right-to-Know Act (EP-

CRA) (1986), I:445–446

enforcement, I:485

GEMS, I:644

grazing allotments, I:50

groundwater, I:679

measurement, I:887–889

Mission to Planet Earth (NASA),

I:909–910

sea surface temperatures, I:803

water quality, II:1371–1372

See also Measurement and sensing;

Remote sensing

Environmental Monitoring and Assess-

ment Program (EMAP), I:505

Environmental policy, I:505–507

air pollution control, I:31–33

Australia, I:99–101

Caldwell, Lynton Keith, I:202–

203

comparative risk, I:294–296

Council on Environmental Quality

(CEQ), I:329

influenced by NGOs, II:980–981

“iron triangles” vs. environmental

activists, I:506

and uncertainty in science, I:425–

426

Environmental products. See Green

products

Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), I:507–509, II:1350

Browner administration, I:184

brownfields, I:185–187

Clean Air Act, I:257, I:258

comparative risk, I:294

Costle administration, I:328–329

incineration, I:879–880, II:1339

national emission standards for

hazardous air pollutants,

II:938–939

national estuary program, II:942

NEPA procedures, II:940

Online Allowance Transfer Sys-

tem (OATS), I:212

organization chart, I:509

pesticide regulation, I:550–552

RCRA, II:1199–1200

Reilly administration, II:1188–

1189

Ruckleshaus administrations,

II:1231

Superfund, I:299–301

Thomas administration, II:1395

Train administration, II:1418

TSCA, II:1409–1411

water quality standards, I:260–

261, II:1233–1234

See also specific legislation, environ-

mental concerns, and technolo-

gies by name

Environmental Quality Index, II:960

Environmental racism, I:510

Environmental refugees, I:510–512

Environmental research

Earthwatch, I:406–407

SCOPE, II:1257–1258

Environmental resources, I:512–513

See also Natural resources

Environmental science, I:513–514,

II:1433

See also Science

Environmental stress, I:514–515,

II:1107, II:1338–1339

bioassessment, I:129

California condor, I:203–204

ecological integrity, I:414–416

on ecosystems, I:428–429, II:1197,

II:1213

Experimental Lakes Area, I:538–

539

forest decline, I:587–589

genetic mutations, I:621–622

power lines, II:1423

SER model, I:504

species harvesting, II:983

Environmental Stress Index, I:515

Environmental Success Index, II:1193

Environmental Working Group

(EWG), I:515–516

Environmentalism, I:516–517

vs. Deep ecology, I:355

Earth Day celebrations, I:399

Nearing, Scott, II:966–967

views of Bjørn Lomborg, I:845–

846

See also Conservation

Environmentally Preferable Purchas-

ing, I:517–518

See also Green products

Environmentally responsible investing,

I:518–519

Enzymes, I:519, I:623, I:627

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