Environmental Encyclopedia
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
Organizations
UNIDO—Climate Change/Kyoto Protocol Activities
UNIDO New York Office
New York, NY, USA 10017
Phone: (212) 963-6890
e-mail: office.newyork@unido.org
website: <http://www.unido.org/doc/310797.htmls>
Union of Concerned Scientists
2 Brattle Square
Cambridge, MA, USA 02238-9105
Phone: (617) 547-5552
Fax: (617) 864-9405
e-mail: ucs@ucsusa.org
website: <http://www.ucsusa.org>
United Nations
New York, NY, USA 10017
website: <http://www.un.org>
United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development
United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2220
New York, NY, USA 10017
Phone: 212-963-3170
Fax: 212-963-4260
e-mail: dsd@un.org
website: <http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/>
United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 30552
Nairobi, KenyaPhone: (254-2) 621234
Fax: (254-2) 624489/90
e-mail: eisinfo@unep.org
website: <http://www.unep.org>
United Nations Environment Programme, Chemicals
Division
11-13 chemin des Anemones, 1219 Chatelaine
Geneva, Switzerland
Phone: (41) (22) 917-8191
Fax: (41) (22) 797-3460
United Nations Environment Programme, Division of
Technology, Industry and Economics, Energy and
OzonAction Programme
Tour Mirabeau, 39-43 quai Andre
´
Citroe
¨
n
73759 Paris Cedex 15, France
Phone: (33-1) 44 37 14 50
Fax: (33-1) 44 37 14 74
e-mail: ozonaction@unep.fr
website: <http://www.uneptie.org/ozonaction>
1587
United Nations Environment Programme: Chemicals
11-13, chemin des Ane
´
mones, 1219 Cha
ˆ
telaine
Geneva, Switzerland
e-mail: opereira@unep.ch
website: <http://www.chem.unep.ch>
United States Golf Association
P.O. Box 708
Far Hills, NJ, USA 07931-0708
Fax: 908-781-1735
e-mail: usga.org
website: <http://www.usga.org/>
University of Geneva
24 street Rothschild
Geneva, Switzerland
e-mail: Jacques.Grinevald@iued.unige.ch
website: <http://www.unige.ch>
University Leaders for a Sustainable Future
2100 L Street, NW
Washington, DC, USA 20037
Phone: 202-778-6133
Fax: 202-778-6138
website: <http://www.ulsf.org>
Urban Ecology
414 13th Street, Suite 500
Oakland, CA 94612
Phone: 510-251-6330
Fax: 510-251-2117
e-mail: urbanecology@urbanecology.org
website: <http://www.urbanecology.org/>
W
Izaak Walton League of America
707 Conservation Lane
Gaithersburg, MD, USA 20878
Phone: (301) 548-0150
Fax: (301) 548-0146
Toll Free: (800) IKE-LINE
e-mail: general@iwla.org
website: <http://www.iwla.org>
Washington D.C. Field Office, National Wildlife Federation
1400 16th Street NW
Washington, DC, USA 20036
Phone: (202) 797-6800
Fax: (202) 797-6646
website: <http://www.nwf.org>
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
Organizations
Water Environment Federation
601 Wythe Street
Alexandria, VA, USA 22314-1994
Phone: (703) 684-2400
Fax: (703) 684-2492
Toll Free: (800) 666-0206
e-mail: csc@wef.org
website: <http://www.wef.org>
Waterkeeper Alliance
78 North Broadway, Bldg. E
White Plains, NY, USA 10603
Phone: (914)422-4410
Fax: (914)422-4437
e-mail: info@waterkeeper.org
website: <http://www.waterkeeper.org>
Western Watersheds Project (National Public Lands Grazing
Campaign)
P.O. Box 1770
Hailey, ID, USA 83333
e-mail: andykerr@andykerr.net
website: <http://www.publiclandsranching.org>
Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
P.O. Box 232
MelkshamWiltshire, United Kingdom SN12 7SB
Phone: 44 (0) 1225-354333
Fax: (44) (0) 1225-791577
e-mail: webmaster@wdcs.org
website: <http://www.wdcs.org>
The Wilderness Society
1615 M St. NW
Washington, DC, USA 20036
Toll Free: 800–843–9453
e-mail: member@tws.org
website: <http://www.wilderness.org/standbylands/orv>
World Conservation Union Headquarters
Rue Mauverney 28
Gland, Switzerland 1196
Phone: 41 (22) 999-0000
Fax: 41 (22) 999-0002
e-mail: mail@hq.iucn.org
website: <http://www.iucn.org>
1588
World Health Organization Regional Office
525 23rd Street NW
Washington, DC, USA 20037
Phone: (202) 974-3000
Fax: (202) 974-3663
e-mail: postmaster@paho.org
website: <http://www.who.int>
World Resources Institute
10 G Street, NE, Suite 800
Washington, DC, USA 20002
Phone: (202) 729-7600
Fax: (202) 729-7610
e-mail: front@wri.org
website: <http://www.wri.org>
World Wildlife Fund
1250 24th Street, NW, P.O. Box 97180
Washington, DC, USA 20090-7180
Fax: 202-293-9211
Toll Free: (800)CALL-WWF
website: <http://www.panda.org>
website: <http://www.worldwildlife.org>
Worldwatch Institute
1776 Massachusetts Ave., NW
Washington, DC, USA 20036-1904
Phone: (202) 452-1999
Fax: (202) 296-7365
e-mail: worldwatch@worldwatch.org
website: <http://www.worldwatch.org/>
Dr. Charles F. Wurster
Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York
at Stony Brook
Stony Brook, NY, USA 11794-5000
Phone: (631) 632-8738
e-mail: Charles.F.Wurster@stonybrook.edu
Y
Yellowstone National Park
P.O. Box 168
Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190-0168
Phone: (307) 344-7381
e-mail: yell_visitor_services@nps.gov
website: <http://www.nps.gov/yell>
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
Organizations
Yosemite National Park
P.O. Box 577
Yosemite National Park, CA 20240
Phone: (209) 372-0200
e-mail: comments@yosemite.com
website: <http://www.yosemitepark.com>
Yucca Mountain Project
PO Box 364629
North Las Vegas, NV 89036-8629
Phone: (800) 225-6972
Fax: (702) 295-5222
website: <http://www.ymp.gov>
Z
Zero Population Growth
1400 16th Street NW, Suite 320
Washington, DC 20036
1589
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
General Index
A
Abbey, Edward Paul, I:1
Abnormalities, frogs, I:601–602
Abortion, I:546
Absorption, I:1–2, I:244, II:1259–
1260
Acclimation, I:2–3
Accounting for nature, I:3, I:420–421
See also Environmental accounting
Accuracy, I:3
Acetaldehyde, and Minimata disease,
I:905–906
Acetone, I:3–4
Acetylcholinesterase, II:969
Acid and base, I:4
Acid deposition, I:4, I:4–5, I:6–7,
I:96–97, II:1358–1359
Ducktown, Tennessee, I:392
forest decline, I:588–589
smelters, II:1301–1302
tall stacks, II:1379
as transboundary issue, II:1421
See also Atmospheric deposition
Acid drainage, mine spoil waste, I:907
Acid mine drainage, I:5–6
Acid rain, I:6–8, I:8, II:1302
Adirondack Mountains, I:11–12
cloud chemistry, I:271
marine pollution, I:873
Ode
´
n’s research, II:1014–1015
in paleoecology, II:1052
See also Air pollution
Acidification, I:8,II:1106, II:1107
aquatic chemistry, I:68
dry deposition, I:390
Experimental Lakes Area, I:538–
539
fish kills, I:561
Act Now, Apologize Later, II:1500
Activated sludge, I:8–9, II:1280,
II:1297
1591
wastewater treatment, II:1084,
II:1085
Acute effects, I:9
Adams, Ansel Easton, I:9–10
Adams, Scott, The Dilbert Future,
I:252
Adaptation, I:10, II:1373
desert tortoise, I:362
drought, I:387
Gala
´
pagos Islands, I:612
human ecology, I:390
natural selection, I:535
Adaptive management, I:10–11,
I:430–431, I:690, II:983
Additives to gasoline, I:619–620
ADI (allowable daily intake), II:1075–
1076
Adirondack Mountains, I:11–12
Adjudication, environmental dispute
resolution, I:478
Adosine triphosphate (ATP), I:12–13
Adsorption, I:12
activated sludge process, I:9
clay minerals, I:254
coprecipitation, I:322
definition, I:12
iron minerals, I:774
pollution control, II:1108, II:1109
role of mycorrhiza, I:928–929
Advertising, green advertising and mar-
keting, I:663–664
AEC. See Atomic Energy Commis-
sion (AEC)
AEM. See Agricultural environmental
management (AEM)
Aeration, I:12
fish kill prevention, I:560
lake management, I:599
odor control, II:1015
sludge processing, I:8–9, I:12–13
wastewater treatment, I:2
Aerobic, I:12
Aerobic/anaerobic systems, I:12–13,
II:1281–1282, II:1297
Aerobic biodegradation, I:162, I:926–
927
Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, C:N ra-
tio, I:272
Aerobic sludge digestion, I:13–14,
II:1276
Aerosols, I:14
Arctic haze, I:76–77
as bioterrorism agent, I:159
loading of the atmosphere, climate
change, I:95
propellants in ozone layer deple-
tion, II:1047, II:1139–1141
test of filter efficiency, I:558
Aflatoxins, I:14–15, I:929
African Wildlife Foundation (AWF),
I:15
Africanized bees, I:15–16, I:16, I:537
See also Bees
AFT. See American Farmland Trust
(AFT)
The Age of Missing Information, I:887
Agency for Toxic Substances and Dis-
ease Registry (ATSDR), I:16–17
Agenda 21, II:1369–1370, II:1434
See also United Nations Earth
Summit (1992)
Agent Orange, I:17–20, I:18, I:358,
I:372, I:715, II:1466
See also Herbicides; Military use of
toxic chemicals
Agglomeration, I:20
Agitation dredging, I:380
Agrarian reforms, I:810
Agricultural chemicals, I:20–21, I:23,
I:679
Agricultural commodity programs,
I:578–579
Agricultural environmental manage-
ment (AEM), I:21–23
Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
General Index
Agricultural pollution, I:23–25,
II:1483, II:1488
Cross-Florida Barge Canal, I:337
Mississippi River Watershed,
I:351–352
national wildlife refuges, II:961
salinization, II:1237
urban contamination, II:1439
See also Feedlot runoff
Agricultural productivity, CGIAR,
I:312–313
Agricultural Research Service (ARS),
I:25
Agricultural revolution, I:25–26,
I:157–158, I:172–173
Agricultural Stabilization and Conser-
vation Service, I:26
Agriculture, I:25–26, II:1446
Agroecology, I:22, I:27
Agroforestry, I:22, I:27–28, II:1066
AIDS, I:28–29, I:291, I:447, I:521,
I:819
Air and Waste Management Associa-
tion (A&WMA), I:29
Air classification, refuse-driven fuels,
II:1184
Air-pollutant transport, I:35, I:740
Air pollutants. See Atmospheric (air)
pollutants
Air pollution, I:29–31,I:32, II:936,
II:1134, II:1460–1461
atmospheric air pollutants, I:95–96
automobiles, I:101–102, I:102–103
as carcinogen, I:219
fly ash, I:570
forest decline, I:588
health effects, II:1203
Mexico City (Mexico), I:900,
I:901
urban contamination, II:1439
See also Acid rain
Air pollution control, I:31–33, I:32,
II:1259–1260, II:1379
Air and Waste Management Asso-
ciation, I:29
flues, I:567
history, I:33–34
NAAQS, II:936–937, II:1134–
1135
restrictions on off-road vehicles,
II:1018
smelters, II:1301–1302
technology, I:223–224, I:274,
II:1107–1108, II:1123–1124,
II:1326
Air Pollution Control Act (1975),
I:256
Air pollution index, I:33, I:33
1592
Air quality, I:33–34, I:97, I:100,
I:257–258
Air quality control region (AQCR),
I:34
Air quality criteria, I:34
Aircraft, human-powered vehicles,
I:731
Airshed, I:35
Alar, I:35
Alaska Highway, I:35–36, I:36
Alaska National Interest Lands Con-
servation Act (ANILCA) (1980),
I:37, II:1511, II:1513
Alaska, Trans-Alaska pipeline,
II:1418–1419
Albedo, I:38, I:38, I:189, I:266–267,
II:1496
Albert Schweitzer Medal, I:57
Alberta (Canada), oil sands, II:1382
Albright, Horace, National Park Ser-
vice, II:953–954
Alcohol, role in birth defects, I:164
Alcyone (research vessel), I:332
Aldrin, II:1070
Algae, I:322, I:533, I:598, I:902
Algal bloom, I:38–39, II:976, II:1081,
II:1180–1181
Experimental Lakes Area, I:538
fish kills, I:560
Marshall Islands, II:1248–1249
Mono Lake, I:916
Algicide, I:39
Alkyl mercury compounds. See
Mercury
All-terrain vehicles (ATVs). See Off-
road vehicles
Allelopathy, I:39
Allergen, I:39
Allied Chemical, kepone pollution of
James River, I:791–792
Alligator, American, I:39–40, I:40,
I:532–533
Allocation of water, II:1472–1473
Allopatric species, II:1336
Allowable daily intake (ADI),
II:1075–1076
Alpha particle, I:41
Alpha rays, II:1161
Altamont Pass (CA), II:1525–1526
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR).
See Environmental dispute reso-
lution
Alternative energy sources, I:41–42
automobiles, I:101–102
Barry Commoner’s views, I:289–
290
electric utilities, I:439
energy and the environment, I:458
power plants, II:1124–1125
See also Renewable energy
Aluminum, I:42–43, I:385
Alves da Silva, Darli (murderer of
Chico Mendes), I:894
Alzheimer’s disease, linked to neuro-
toxins, II:969
Amazon Basin, I:43
Amazon river dolphins, II:1219
Ambient air, I:31, I:34, I:44, I:44,
I:888
See also National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Ambient standards, I:484
Amenity values, I:44, I:327–328,
II:1444, II:1517–1518
See also Intrinsic values
America as a Civilization, II:1274
American box turtles, I:44–45
American Cetacean Society (ACS),
I:45
American Committee for International
Conservation (ACIC),
I:45–46
American coots, I:792
American Farm Bureau Federation
(AFBF), on farmers and carbon se-
questration, I:213
American Farmland Trust (AFT),
I:46
Global ReLeaf, I:47
American Forestry Association, I:46–
47
American Forests, I:46–47
American Indian Environmental Of-
fice (AEIO), I:47–48
American Oceans Campaign (AOC),
I:48–49, II:1371–1372
American Wilderness Alliance, I:50
American Wildlands (AWL), I:50
Ames, Bruce N., natural pesticides,
I:359
Ames test, I:50
Amino acids, in nitrogen cycle, II:976
Ammonification (nitrogen cycle),
II:976
Amoco Cadiz, I:51, I:51
Amory, Cleveland, I:51–52, I:52
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),
linked to neurotoxins, II:969
Anabolism, I:895
Anaerobic, I:52
Anaerobic digestion, I:53, I:146,
I:897, II:1276
Anaerobic metabolism, I:12–13
Anemia, I:53–54
ANILCA. See Alaska National Inter-
est Lands Conservation Act (AN-
ILCA) (1980)
Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
General Index
Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS), I:891–892
Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS), safety measures,
I:582
Animal cancer tests, I:54–55
Animal disease control, agricultural
chemical use, I:21
Animal Ecology, I:444
Animal feed
contamination, I:858–860, II:1112
supplements, I:21
Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF),
I:55
Animal Liberation, I:56, II:1293–1294
Animal Liberation Front (ALF), I:403
Animal rights, I:55–57, I:56, I:728–
729, II:986
activists, II:1061–1062
Amory, Cleveland, I:51–52
Animal Legal Defense Fund, I:55
application to humans, I:492
feedlots as abuse of, I:555
Fund for Animals, I:605–606
hunting and trapping, I:732–733
International Wildlife Coalition,
I:771
Regan, Tom, II:1185–1186
Singer, Peter, II:1293–1294
views of Jane Goodall, I:650
Animal testing, risk assessment,
II:1215
Animal unit month (AUM), grazing
fees, I:657
Animal waste, I:57
Animal welfare, fox hunting, I:596–
597
Animal Welfare Institute (AWI),
I:57–58
Animals. See specific species by name
Anions, I:773, I:774, II:1240
Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coali-
tion (ASOC), I:60
Antarctic Treaty (1961), I:58–59
Antarctica, I:59, II:1047, II:1438
Antarctica Project, I:59–60
Anthracosis (black lung disease),
I:166–167
Anthrax, I:60–61, I:61,I:63, I:160
Anthropogenic, I:61
extinction, biodiversity, I:131–134
vs. natural change, I:504
view of nature, I:503
See also Human ecology
Anti-cancer drugs (rosy periwinkle),
I:132
Antibiotic resistance, I:62–64, I:169–
170, I:247, I:447–448, I:626
1593
Antibiotics in animal feed, I:573
Ants, II:1523–1524
fire ants, I:558
ANWR. See Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge (ANWR)
AOC. See American Oceans Cam-
paign (AOC)
Apartheid, II:1309
APHIS. See Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS)
Aplastic anemia, I:53–54
Apostle Islands (WI), II:949
Apples, Alar, I:35
Aqua Lung, Cousteau’s SCUBA appa-
ratus, I:330
Aquaculture, I:64–66
Bay of Fundy, I:116
blue revolution, I:169–170
ocean farming, II:1010–1012
See also Mariculture
Aquarium trade, I:66–67, I:324,
II:1077–1078
Aquatic chemistry, I:67–69, I:709
Aquatic farming. See Mariculture
Aquatic microbiology, I:69–70
Aquatic toxicology, I:70, I:249
Aquatic weed control, I:71, I:529–530
Aqueducts, II:1473
Aquifer depletion, I:71–72
Aquifer restoration, I:72–74, I:74
Aquifers, I:71, I:74, I:678
Cross-Florida Barge Canal, I:337
groundwater pollution, I:679–680
Ogallala Aquifer, II:1019–1020
recharge zone, II:1173
salt water intrusion, II:1243–1244
Arable land, I:74, I:271
Aral Sea, I:74–75, II:1239
Arbitration, environmental dispute res-
olution, I:478–479
Arco, Idaho, I:75–76
Arctic Council, I:76
Arctic haze, I:76–77
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
(ANWR), I:37, I:77–79, I:78,
I:336, II:961, II:1419
Arctic road construction, I:36
Area mining, II:1351, II:1362
Arid, I:79
Arid landscaping, I:79–80, I:821,
II:962, II:1474
Aridity, evapotranspiration, I:531
Arkansas National Wildlife Refuge
(whooping crane area), II:1507–
1508
Arms control, II:1000, II:1001,
II:1433–1434
Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE),
I:80, I:337, I:382, I:495
Aromatic organic chemicals, biomagni-
fication, I:144
Arrhenius, Svante, I:80–81
Arsenic, I:81–82
Arsenic-treated lumber, I:82–83
Artesian wells, I:71, I:84, I:678,
II:1473
See also Wells
Asbestos, I:84
, II:1410
Asbestos-like fibers, II:1195–1196,
II:1293
Asbestos removal, I:84–87, I:86
Asbestosis, I:87, II:1203
Ash, II:1326, II:1339
See also Fly ash
Ashio, Japan, I:87–88
Asian longhorn beetle, I:89
Asian (Pacific) shore crab, I:89
Asiatic black bear, I:89–90
Asset Management Program, II:1138
Assimilative capacity, I:90–91
Association of National Estuary Pro-
grams (ANEP), II:942
Asthma, I:91–92, II:1203
See also Yokkaichi asthma
Aswan High Dam, I:92–94, I:93
Atabrine, Giardia treatment, I:638
Atlantic Cement Co. v. Boomer (1970),
I:499
Atlantic cod, I:633–634
Atlantic Ocean, surface temperatures,
I:918
Atmosphere, I:94–95, I:95
Atmospheric (air) pollutants, I:29–31,
I:95–96, II:1460–1461
environmental chemistry, I:472
hazardous air pollutants (HAPs),
II:938–939
primary pollutants, II:1133
role in indoor air quality, I:752–
754
See also specific pollutants by name
Atmospheric chemistry, hydrologic cy-
cle, I:740
Atmospheric composition, as climate
variable, I:267
Atmospheric deposition, I:96–97,
I:389–390
See also Acid deposition
Atmospheric inversion, I:97
Atomic bomb, II:1000, II:1155
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC),
I:97, II:999
See also Nuclear Regulatory Com-
mission (NRC)
ATP. See Adosine triphosphate (ATP)
Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
General Index
Atrazine, I:98
ATSDR. See Agency for Toxic Sub-
stances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR)
Attainment areas, I:98
ATVs. See Off-road vehicles
Auditing. See Environmental auditing
Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Pro-
gram for Golf Courses, I:647
Audubon, John James, I:98–99, I:99
Auger mining, II:1362
Auks, Extinction, II:1043
Australia, I:99–101, II:1151
Autochthonous endemic species, I:455
Autoecology, I:101
Automobile emissions, I:102–103,
I:257
fuel economy standards, I:325–326
Los Angeles Basin, I:848, II:1304
Automobiles, I:101–102
environmental design, I:459
traffic congestion, II:1444
Automobiles, panther mortality, I:565
Autotrophs, I:103–104, I:574, II:1134
Avalanche, I:104
Avoided cost, II:1326
B
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), I:105, I:629
Background radiation, I:105–106,
II:1163, II:1438
Backyard Wildlife Habitat Program,
II:960
Bacon, Sir Francis, I:106–107, I:107
BACT. See Best available control tech-
nology (BACT)
Bacteria, I:900–901
antibiotic resistance, I:62–64
in nitrogen fixation, II:974–976,
II:977
as pathogens, II:1059
Bacteriophages (viruses), genetic engi-
neering, I:623–624
Bagasse, energy recovery, I:465–466
Baghouse (air pollution control de-
vice), I:107–108, I:108, II:1108,
II:1326
Baiji (Chinese river dolphins), II:1219
Baikalsk cellulose plant (Russia), I:805
Balance of nature, I:108–109, I:423,
II:1530
Bald eagle, I:109–110, I:110, II:1128
Bamako Convention of the Ban of the
Import into Africa and the Con-
trol of Transboundary Wastes
within Africa, I:770
1594
Bangladesh, pollution, II:1394
Barrier islands, I:110–111
Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Dis-
posal (1989), I:111–112, I:770
Baseline information, measurement,
I:887
Bass, Rick, I:112–113, I:112
Bats, I:113–114, I:114, II:1105
Battery recycling, I:114–115, II:1180
Bay of Fundy, I:115–117, I:116,
II:1400
Beach closings, II:1371–1372
Beach renourishment, I:117, II:1290
Beachfront Management Act (SC,
1988), II:1290
Beaching (cetaceans). See Strandings;
Whale strandings
Bears. See Asiatic black bear; Grizzly
bear
Beattie, Mollie Hanna, I:117–118
Becquerel, Henri, II:1161
Bedrock contamination, I:705–706
Bees, II:1104–1105
See also Africanized bees
Beetles. See Asian longhorn beetle
Behn, Mira and Sarala, I:241
Belcourt, Robert (Chippewa-Cree
tribal member), I:48
Belgrade Charter, environmental edu-
cation, I:482
Bellwether species, I:118–119
See also Bioindicators
Below Regulatory Concern (BRC),
I:119
Benefit-cost analysis. See Cost-benefit
analysis
Bennett, Hugh Hammond, I:119–120,
II:1315, II:1316
Bentham, Jeremy, II:1450–1451
Benthic macroinvertebrates, bioindica-
tors, I:139
Benzene, I:120
Benzo(a)pyrene, I:120, II:1113
Berkes, Fikret, adaptive management,
I:10
Berleant, Arnold, environmental aes-
thetics, I:470–471
Berry, Wendell, I:120–121, I:810–
811, II:1275
Berylliosis, I:556
Best available control technology
(BACT), I:121–122, I:260,
II:1326
Best management practices (BMPS),
I:122, I:122–123
Best practical technology (BPT), efflu-
ent limitations, I:123
Beta particle, I:123
Beta rays, II:1161
Beverage containers, recycling, I:313–
314, II:1206
Beyond Pesticides, I:123–124
Beyond the Limits, I:271–272, I:838–
839
Bhopal, India, I:124–126, I:126
Bible, environmental ethics, II:1189–
1190
Bicycles, I:730, I:730–731
Bikini Atoll, I:126–128
Bilharziasis, II:1255
Binders (solidification of hazardous
materials), II:1331
Bioaccumulation, I:128, II:1407–1408
dioxins, I:371
of heavy metals, I:709, I:710
Lake Erie, I:806
organochlorides, I:242
perfluorooctane sulfanate, II:1064–
1065
plants, I:137
See also Biomagnification
Bioaerosols, I:128
Bioassay, I:128–129
detoxification, I:366
Bioassays, dredged sediment, I:381
Bioassessment, I:129–130
Biocentrism, Taylor, Paul, I:489–490
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
I:130, I:231–232, I:888–889,
II:1280
activated sludge process, I:9
category of conventional pollut-
ants, I:321
fish kills, I:561
Bioconcentration, I:137, I:144
Biodegradable, I:131
Biodegradation, I:51, I:53, I:135
See also Bioremediation
Biodiversity, I:43, I:131–134, I:155–
156, I:306–307, I:843
Australia, I:100
decline spiral, I:354
Hanford Reach National Monu-
ment, I:695
islands, I:138, I:697–698, I:861
oceans, I:869–870
relationship with ecosystem stabil-
ity, II:1339
wetlands, II:1501
Biodiversity conservation, II:1519
ice age refugia, I:745–746
international cooperation, II:1436–
1437, II:1478
Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
General Index
island ecosystems, I:776
role of indigenous peoples, I:750
Wilson, Edward Osborne, Jr.,
I:148
Biofilms, I:134–135
Biofiltration, I:135
Biofouling, I:134–135, I:136
Biogas from anaerobic decomposition,
II:1037
BioGems Defender program
(NRDC), II:964
“Biogenic Law”, I:692
Biogeochemistry, I:136–138, I:734,
II:1458
Biogeography, I:138, I:775–776,
I:857–858, II:1524
Biohydrometallurgy, I:139
Bioindicators, I:139–140
See also Bellwether species
Biological community, I:140–141
Biological Conservation, II:1111–1112
Biological control in pest manage-
ment, I:27, I:715–716, I:757–758,
I:821, II:1029–1031
bats, I:113
leafy spurge, I:826
Rachel Carson on, I:222
schistosomiasis snails, II:1255
See also Integrated pest manage-
ment (IPM)
Biological fertility, I:141
Biological fixation, II:974–976
Biological methylation, I:141
Biological oxygen demand (BOD),
Lake Washington (WA), I:808
Biological research, I:142–143
Biological Resources Division (BRD),
Geological Survey (USGS), I:142–
143
Biological response modifiers (BRMs),
cancer treatment, I:208
Biological warfare. See Bioterrorism
Bioluminescence, I:143–144
Biomagnification, I:137, I:144–145,
I:145, I:422, I:895, I:905
See also Bioaccumulation
Biomass, I:42, I:145–146, II:1280–
1282
Clayoquot Sound (British Colum-
bia), I:254–256
cogeneration, I:281
conversion to methane, I:717–718,
I:897
ecological productivity, I:417
energy recovery, I:465
harvesting, Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP), I:310–311
synthetic fuels, II:1375
1595
Biomass fuel, I:146–147
Biomedical research, frogs, I:600–602
Biomes, I:148, I:149, I:153, I:423
Biomethylation, of heavy metals, I:709
Biophilia, I:148
Bioregional Project, I:148–150
Bioregionalism, I:150, II:1236
Bioremediation, I:150–152, I:152,
I:682, II:1406
See also Biodegradation; Phytor-
emediation; Remediation
Biosequence, I:153
Biosphere, I:153–154, I:675–678,
II:1366–1368
Biosphere reserves, I:154–157, I:156,
I:863–864
Clayoquot Sound (British Colum-
bia), I:255–256
debt for nature swaps (Bolivia),
I:155, I:333
Great Smoky Mountains, I:662
schematic plan, I:156
Biostatistics, NIEHS research, II:947
Biosynthesis, ecological productivity,
I:417
Biotechnology, I:157–159
See also Genetic engineering and
related terms
Bioterrorism, I:60–61, I:159–161,
II:1096–1097
See also Terrorism
Biotic community, I:138, I:161
Biotoxins, I:161–162, II:1080–1082
See also Toxins
Bioventing, I:162
bioremediation, I:151
Bird counts and surveys, I:251–252,
II:938, II:968
BirdLife International, I:162–163
Birds, II:1078–1079, II:1423, II:1526
effects of DDT, I:109, I:183,
II:968, II:1063–1064
effects of pesticides, II:1074
fish-eating birds poisoned by chlo-
rinated hydrocarbons, I:474
international trade, II:1054–1055
National Audubon Society,
II:937–938
neotropical migrants, II:968–969,
II:1282–1283
See also Migratory species; Water-
fowl; specific birds by name
Birds of America (Audubon, John
James), I:98
Birds of America (Porter, Eliot Fur-
ness), II:1120
Birth control, I:545–547
Birth defects, I:163–165
See also Health effects
Bison, I:165–166, II:166
Bitumen, II:1381–1382
Black Beauty Ranch (home for abused
wildlife), , I:606
Black-footed ferret, I:167, I:167–168
Black lung disease, I:166–167, II:1203
Black sea bass (California), I:287
Black, Shirley Temple, II:1435
Blackmore, Bill (NOAA), on weather
modification, II:1497
Blackout/brownout, I:168–169
Blackwater (toilet wastes), II:1404
Blastomere separation, I:268, I:269
BLM. See Bureau of Land Manage-
ment (BLM)
Blood flukes, II:1255, II:1256
Blow-out, I:169
Blue Angel, I:169
Blue-baby syndrome, I:170–171
Blue-green bacteria, I:901
in nitrogen fixation, II:974–976,
II:977
Blue Plan (Mediterranean Action
Plan), I:893
Blue revolution (fish farming), I:169–
170, I:742, I:868–869
See also Mariculture; Ocean
farming
Blueprint for a Green School, II:1138
BMPS. See Best management prac-
tices (BMPS)
BOD. See Biochemical oxygen de-
mand (BOD)
Boiler feed waters, II:1491
Bonds, chemical, I:231
Bookchin, Murray, I:171–172, I:172,
II:1308
Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co. (1970),
nuisance case, I:499
Booming (placer mining), II:1094
Booms, oil spill control, II:1406
Bordeaux mixture (fungicide), I:606
Borlaug, Norman E., I:172–173, I:173
Borneo, Orangutans, I:613
Boston Harbor clean up, I:173–175
Botanical garden, I:175–176
Bottle bills. See Container deposit leg-
islation
Botulism, as bioterrorism agent, I:160
Boulding, Kenneth Ewart, I:176–177,
I:177, II:1334
Boundary Waters Canoe Area
(BWCA), I:177
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
(BSE). See Mad cow disease
Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
General Index
Boyle, Robert, The Hudson River: a
Natural and Unnatural History,
I:253
Brackish, I:177
Brackish water, desalinization, I:361–
362
Brandt Report, II:1333
Brazil, Tucuruí Dam, II:1533–1534
BRDs. See Bycatch reduction devices
(BRDs)
Breakwaters, II:1290
Breast-feeding, UN child survival pro-
gram, I:239
Breeder reactors, I:840–841, II:997
British Thermal Unit (Btu), I:188
Broken stick model, I:857
Brominated vegetable oil, food addi-
tives, I:571t
Bromine, I:178–179, I:693
Bromochloromethane, I:919
Bronchitis, I:179–180, II:1202–1203
Brower, David Ross, I:180–181, I:181
Brown, Lancelot “Capability”, II:1187
Brown, Lester R., I:181–183, I:182,
II:1365
Brown pelican, I:183
Brown tree snake, I:183–184
Browner, Carol, I:184–185, I:185,
I:497
Brownfields, I:185–187
Brownian motion, I:557, I:558
Browning-Ferris Industries (BFI),
II:1231
Brownouts, I:168
Brucellosis, chance of transmission
from bison to cattle, I:166
Brundtland, Gro Harlem, I:187–188,
I:188
Btu, I:188
Btu, values of coal types, I:273–274
Buddhism, II:985
Budget deficit, energy taxes, I:466
Budyko, Mikhail I., I:188–190
Buffalo. See Bison
Buffer (environmental chemistry),
I:190
Buffer zones, biosphere reserves, I:155,
I:864
Buildings
environmental design, I:404,
I:459–460, I:477, II:1067,
II:1365–1366
hazardous waste remediation,
I:706
passive solar design, II:1058
role in indoor air quality, I:752–
754
1596
Bulk chemical analysis, dredged sedi-
ment, I:381
Bulk density, I:190
Burden of proof, I:190, I:441, I:550,
I:551, II:1076
Bureau of Land Management (BLM),
I:190–191, I:552–554, I:655,
II:1043
Bureau of Oceans and International
Environmental and Scientific Af-
fairs (OES), I:191
Bureau of Reclamation, I:191,
II:1476–1477, II:1485
Burger King boycott, II:1172
Buried soil, I:191
Burkina Faso, immunization cam-
paign, I:239
Burroughs, John, I:192, I:192–193,
I:887
Bush, George W., ethics of cloning,
I:625
Bush meat/market, I:193–194
Business and the environment, I:334,
I:474–475, I:645, I:800, II:1450–
1451
cleaner production, I:764
Eastern Europe, I:409
EPA under Browner’s administra-
tion, I:184, I:497
INFORM, I:755
reconditioning solid waste prod-
ucts, II:1330
Valdez Principles, I:518–519,
II:1309, II:1453–1454
Wise use movement, II:1527–
1529
See also Corporations
Business assistance, rural communities,
I:227
Business Coalition for Sustainable
Cities (BCSC), I:404
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)/butyl-
ated hydroxytoluene (BHT), food
additives, I:571t, I:572
Butz v. Izaak Walton League (1973,
1975), II:944
Buy Recycled Business Alliance,
II:958
Bycatch, I:194–195, I:382–384, I:633–
634, I:871–872, II:1041, II:1288
Bycatch reduction devices (BRDs),
I:195–197, II:1432
C
Cable-tool percussion method (drilling
wells), II:1499
Cacao, shade-grown, II:1282–1283
Cadillac Desert, II:1477
Cadmium, I:199, I:779–780, I:896,
II:1375
CAFE. See Corporate Average Fuel
Economy standards (CAFE)
Cairo Conference, I:199–201
Calcareous soil, I:201
Calcium carbonate, calcareous soil,
I:201
Calder, Nigel (Spaceship Earth),
II:1334
Caldicott, Helen Mary, I:201–202,
I:202
Caldwell, Lynton Keith, I:202–203
Calibration (computer modeling),
I:912
California Coastkeeper Alliance
(CCKA), II:1492
California condor, I:203–204, I:204
California Desert Protection Act
(1994), I:553, II:1511
California earthquakes, I:405–406
California gray whale, migration, I:904
Callicott, John Baird, I:204–205
Calypso (research vessel), I:330, I:332
Campylobacter virus, food-borne dis-
eases, I:580
Canada
Canada’s Green Plan for a Healthy
Environment, I:469
right-to-act law, II:1210
Canadian Forest Service (CFS),
I:205–206
Canadian Parks Service (CPS), I:206
Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS),
I:206–207
Cancer, I:207–208, II:967
animal testing, I:54
electromagnetic fields exposure,
I:440–441
latency, I:819
radiation exposure, I:718, II:1005,
II:1166
treatment, I:54
See also Leukemia
Canine distemper, ferrets and prairie
dogs infected by, I:167–168
Canola oil, health effects, I:630
“Cap and trade”. See Trade in pollu-
tion permits
Cape Cod formula, NPS private land
purchase, II:959
Capillary Suction Time (CST),
II:1298
Captive propagation and reintroduc-
tion, I:208–210, II:1115, II:1520
black-footed ferret, I:167–168
Page numbers created automatically - disregard ones not formed from page numbers