Environmental Encyclopedia
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Environmental
Encyclopedia
Third Edition
Volume 1
A-M
Marci Bortman, Peter Brimblecombe,
Mary Ann Cunningham, William P. Cunningham,
and William Freedman, Editors
Environmental
Encyclopedia
Third Edition
Volume 2
N-Z
Historical Chronology
U.S. Environmental Legislation
Organizations
General Index
Marci Bortman, Peter Brimblecombe,
Mary Ann Cunningham, William P. Cunningham,
and William Freedman, Editors
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
Marci Bortman, Peter Brimblecombe, William Freedman, Mary Ann Cunningham, William P. Cunningham
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ISBN 0-7876-5486-8 (set), ISBN 0-7876-5487-6 (Vol. 1),
ISBN 0-7876-5488-4 (Vol. 2), ISSN 1072-5083
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CONTENTS
A
DVISORY
B
OARD
............................................ xxi
C
ONTRIBUTORS
..............................................xxiii
H
OW TO
U
SE
T
HIS
B
OOK
............................ xxvii
I
NTRODUCTION
.............................................. xxix
V
OLUME
1 (A-M): .............................................1
A
Abbey, Edward
Absorption
Acclimation
Accounting for nature
Accuracy
Acetone
Acid and base
Acid deposition
Acid mine drainage
Acid rain
Acidification
Activated sludge
Acute effects
Adams, Ansel
Adaptation
Adaptive management
Adirondack Mountains
Adsorption
Aeration
Aerobic
Aerobic sludge digestion
Aerobic/anaerobic systems
Aerosol
Aflatoxin
African Wildlife Foundation
Africanized bees
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Agent Orange
Agglomeration
Agricultural chemicals
Agricultural environmental management
iii
Agricultural pollution
Agricultural Research Service
Agricultural revolution
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
Agroecology
Agroforestry
AIDS
Air and Waste Management Association
Air pollution
Air pollution control
Air pollution index
Air quality
Air quality control region
Air quality criteria
Airshed
Alar
Alaska Highway
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980)
Albedo
Algal bloom
Algicide
Allelopathy
Allergen
Alligator, American
Alpha particle
Alternative energy sources
Aluminum
Amazon basin
Ambient air
Amenity value
American box turtle
American Cetacean Society
American Committee for International Conservation
American Farmland Trust
American Forests
American Indian Environmental Office
American Oceans Campaign
American Wildlands
Ames test
Amoco Cadiz
Amory, Cleveland
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
CONTENTS
Anaerobic
Anaerobic digestion
Anemia
Animal cancer tests
Animal Legal Defense Fund
Animal rights
Animal waste
Animal Welfare Institute
Antarctic Treaty (1961)
Antarctica
Antarctica Project
Anthrax
Anthropogenic
Antibiotic resistance
Aquaculture
Aquarium trade
Aquatic chemistry
Aquatic microbiology
Aquatic toxicology
Aquatic weed control
Aquifer
Aquifer depletion
Aquifer restoration
Arable land
Aral Sea
Arco, Idaho
Arctic Council
Arctic haze
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Arid
Arid landscaping
Army Corps of Engineers
Arrhenius, Svante
Arsenic
Arsenic-treated lumber
Artesian well
Asbestos
Asbestos removal
Asbestosis
Ashio, Japan
Asian longhorn beetle
Asian (Pacific) shore crab
Asiatic black bear
Assimilative capacity
Francis of Assisi, St.
Asthma
Aswan High Dam
Atmosphere
Atmospheric (air) pollutants
Atmospheric deposition
Atmospheric inversion
Atomic Energy Commission
Atrazine
Attainment area
Audubon, John James
iv
Australia
Autecology
Automobile
Automobile emissions
Autotroph
Avalanche
B
Bacillus thuringiensis
Background radiation
Bacon, Sir Francis
Baghouse
Balance of nature
Bald eagle
Barrier island
Basel Convention
Bass, Rick
Bats
Battery recycling
Bay of Fundy
Beach renourishment
Beattie, Mollie
Bellwether species
Below Regulatory Concern
Bennett, Hugh Hammond
Benzene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Berry, Wendell
Best available control technology
Best management practices
Best Practical Technology
Beta particle
Beyond Pesticides
Bhopal, India
Bikini atoll
Bioaccumulation
Bioaerosols
Bioassay
Bioassessment
Biochemical oxygen demand
Biodegradable
Biodiversity
Biofilms
Biofiltration
Biofouling
Biogeochemistry
Biogeography
Biohydrometallurgy
Bioindicator
Biological community
Biological fertility
Biological methylation
Biological Resources Division
Bioluminescence
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
CONTENTS
Biomagnification
Biomass
Biomass fuel
Biome
Biophilia
Bioregional Project
Bioregionalism
Bioremediation
Biosequence
Biosphere
Biosphere reserve
Biotechnology
Bioterrorism
Biotic community
Biotoxins
Bioventing
BirdLife International
Birth defects
Bison
Black lung disease
Black-footed ferret
Blackout/brownout
Blow-out
Blue Angel
Blue revolution (fish farming)
Blue-baby syndrome
Bookchin, Murray
Borlaug, Norman E.
Boston Harbor clean up
Botanical garden
Boulding, Kenneth
Boundary Waters Canoe Area
Brackish
Bromine
Bronchitis
Brower, David Ross
Brown, Lester R.
Brown pelican
Brown tree snake
Browner, Carol
Brownfields
Brundtland, Gro Harlem
Btu
Budyko, Mikhail I.
Buffer
Bulk density
Burden of proof
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Sci-
entific Affairs (OES)
Bureau of Reclamation
Buried soil
Burroughs, John
Bush meat/market
Bycatch
v
Bycatch reduction devices
C
Cadmium
Cairo conference
Calcareous soil
Caldicott, Helen
Caldwell, Lynton Keith
California condor
Callicott, John Baird
Canadian Forest Service
Canadian Parks Service
Canadian Wildlife Service
Cancer
Captive propagation and reintroduction
Carbon
Carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide
Carbon emissions trading
Carbon monoxide
Carbon offsets (CO
2
-emission offsets)
Carbon tax
Carcinogen
Carrying capacity
Carson, Rachel
Cash crop
Catalytic converter
Catskill watershed protection plan
Center for Environmental Philosophy
Center for Respect of Life and Environment
Center for Rural Affairs
Center for Science in the Public Interest
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cesium 137
Chain reaction
Chaparral
Chelate
Chelyabinsk, Russia
Chemical bond
Chemical oxygen demand
Chemical spills
Chemicals
Chemosynthesis
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station
Chesapeake Bay
Child survival revolution
Chimpanzees
Chipko Andolan movement
Chlordane
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Chlorination
Chlorine
Chlorine monoxide
Chlorofluorocarbons
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
CONTENTS
Cholera
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Chromatography
Chronic effects
Cigarette smoke
Citizen science
Citizens for a Better Environment
Clay minerals
Clay-hard pan
Clayoquot Sound
Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990)
Clean coal technology
Clean Water Act (1972, 1977, 1987)
Clear-cutting
Clements, Frederic E.
Climate
Climax (ecological)
Clod
Cloning
Cloud chemistry
Club of Rome
C:N ratio
Coal
Coal bed methane
Coal gasification
Coal washing
Coase theorem
Coastal Society, The
Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)
Co-composting
Coevolution
Cogeneration
Cold fusion
Coliform bacteria
Colorado River
Combined Sewer Overflows
Combustion
Cometabolism
Commensalism
Commercial fishing
Commission for Environmental Cooperation
Commoner, Barry
Communicable diseases
Community ecology
Compaction
Comparative risk
Competition
Competitive exclusion
Composting
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act
Computer disposal
Condensation nuclei
Congo River and basin
Coniferous forest
vi
Conservation
Conservation biology
Conservation easements
Conservation International
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
Conservation tillage
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
Container deposit legislation
Contaminated soil
Contour plowing
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora (1975)
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
(1979)
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of
Wild Animals (1979)
Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982)
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dump-
ing of Waste and Other Matter (1972)
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971)
Conventional pollutant
Copper
Coprecipitation
Coral bleaching
Coral reef
Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards
Corrosion and material degradation
Cost-benefit analysis
Costle, Douglas M.
Council on Environmental Quality
Cousteau, Jacques-Yves
Cousteau Society, The
Coyote
Criteria pollutant
Critical habitat
Crocodiles
Cronon, William
Cross-Florida Barge Canal
Cruzen, Paul
Cryptosporidium
Cubatao, Brazil
Cultural eutrophication
Cuyahoga River
Cyclone collector
D
Dam removal
Dams (environmental effects)
Darling, Jay Norwood “Ding”
Darwin, Charles Robert
Dead zones
Debt for nature swap
Deciduous forest
Decline spiral
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
CONTENTS
Decomposers
Decomposition
Deep ecology
Deep-well injection
Defenders of Wildlife
Defoliation
Deforestation
Delaney Clause
Demographic transition
Denitrification
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
Desalinization
Desert
Desert tortoise
Desertification
Design for disassembly
Detergents
Detoxification
Detritivores
Detritus
Dew point
Diazinon
Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane
Dieback
Die-off
Dillard, Annie
Dioxin
Discharge
Disposable diapers
Dissolved oxygen
Dissolved solids
Dodo
Dolphins
Dominance
Dose response
Double-crested cormorants
Douglas, Marjory Stoneman
Drainage
Dredging
Drift nets
Drinking-water supply
Drip irrigation
Drought
Dry alkali injection
Dry cask storage
Dry cleaning
Dry deposition
Dryland farming
Dubos, Rene
´
Ducks Unlimited
Ducktown, Tennessee
Dunes and dune erosion
Dust Bowl
vii
E
Earth Charter
Earth Day
Earth First!
Earth Island Institute
Earth Liberation Front
Earth Pledge Foundation
Earthquake
Earthwatch
Eastern European pollution
Ebola
Eco Mark
Ecocide
Ecofeminism
Ecojustice
Ecological consumers
Ecological economics
Ecological integrity
Ecological productivity
Ecological risk assessment
Ecological Society of America
Ecology
EcoNet
Economic growth and the environment
Ecosophy
Ecosystem
Ecosystem health
Ecosystem management
Ecoterrorism
Ecotone
Ecotourism
Ecotoxicology
Ecotype
Edaphic
Edaphology
Eelgrass
Effluent
Effluent tax
E
H
Ehrlich, Paul
El Nin
˜
o
Electric utilities
Electromagnetic field
Electron acceptor and donor
Electrostatic precipitation
Elemental analysis
Elephants
Elton, Charles
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(1986)
Emergent diseases (human)
Emergent ecological diseases
Emission
Emission standards
Environmental Encyclopedia 3
CONTENTS
Emphysema
Endangered species
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Endemic species
Endocrine disruptors
Energy and the environment
Energy conservation
Energy efficiency
Energy flow
Energy path, hard vs. soft
Energy policy
Energy recovery
Energy Reorganization Act (1973)
Energy Research and Development Administration
Energy taxes
Enteric bacteria
Environment
Environment Canada
Environmental accounting
Environmental aesthetics
Environmental auditing
Environmental chemistry
Environmental Defense
Environmental degradation
Environmental design
Environmental dispute resolution
Environmental economics
Environmental education
Environmental enforcement
Environmental engineering
Environmental estrogens
Environmental ethics
Environmental health
Environmental history
Environmental impact assessment
Environmental Impact Statement
Environmental law
Environmental Law Institute
Environmental liability
Environmental literacy and ecocriticism
Environmental monitoring
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
Environmental policy
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental racism
Environmental refugees
Environmental resources
Environmental science
Environmental stress
Environmental Stress Index
Environmental Working Group
Environmentalism
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
Environmentally responsible investing
Enzyme
viii
Ephemeral species
Epidemiology
Erodible
Erosion
Escherichia coli
Essential fish habitat
Estuary
Ethanol
Ethnobotany
Eurasian milfoil
European Union
Eutectic
Evapotranspiration
Everglades
Evolution
Exclusive Economic Zone
Exotic species
Experimental Lakes Area
Exponential growth
Externality
Extinction
Exxon Valdez
F
Family planning
Famine
Fauna
Fecundity
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (1972)
Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976)
Federal Power Commission
Feedlot runoff
Feedlots
Fertilizer
Fibrosis
Field capacity
Filters
Filtration
Fire ants
First World
Fish and Wildlife Service
Fish kills
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Floatable debris
Flooding
Floodplain
Flora
Florida panther
Flotation
Flu pandemic
Flue gas
Flue-gas scrubbing
Fluidized bed combustion