Environmental Encyclopedia

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station,

I:234–236

radioactive pollution, II:1156–

1157

thermal pollution, II:1388–1390,

II:1392

TVA, II:1385

See also Electric utilities

Pozzolan-portland cement process, haz-

ardous materials, II:1331

Prairie dogs, II:1126–1127, II:1127

food supply for black-footed fer-

ret, I:167–168

Prairies, I:785, II:1125, II:1125–1126

See also Grasslands

Pre-market notification, TSCA,

II:1409–1411

“Precautionary principle”, I:419–420

vs. “Risk management”, II:1413

Precipitation, heavy metals, I:709,

I:710–711

Precision, II:1127

Precycling, II:1127–1128, II:1329

Predation, community ecology, I:292

Predator control, II:1128–1129

Predator-prey interactions, II:1129

coevolution, I:280–281

Kapirowitz Plateau, I:789–790

multi-species management, I:925

See also Food chain/web

Predators

biomagnification, I:137

gypsy moth, I:687

as keystone species, I:794

monarch butterfly, I:915

Prescribed burning, II:1129–1132,

II:1132

“Preservation/use paradox”, II:953

Preservatives (food additives), I:571t

Preservatives (food additives), I:572

President’s Council on Sustainable De-

velopment (PCSD), I:22, II:1132

Prevention of significant deterioration

(PSD), air quality, I:121, I:257

Price-Anderson Act (1957), II:1132–

1133

Primary pollutants, II:1133–1134

Primary productivity (Gross and net),

II:1134

Primary standards, II:1134–1136

Primates, I:409–410, I:767–768

See also specific primates by name

Primitive areas, II:1512, II:1513

Prince William Sound, I:542–544,

II:1136–1137, II:1137

Principles and Criteria (P&C), “certi-

fied wood”, I:648

1627

Prions (infectious protein-like parti-

cles), agent in BSE, I:859

Priority pollutants, II:1137

Private land for national parks, II:954,

II:959

Private vs. public land, II:1416

Privatization movement, II:1137–1138

Probability, II:1138, II:1216, II:1344,

II:1433

risk assessment, II:1213–1214,

II:1214–1216

Process water, industrial water treat-

ment, II:1491

Procurement. See Environmentally

preferable purchasing

Producers, ecological, I:210, I:574–

576, II:1427–1428

Project Eco-School (PES), II:1138–

1139

Project WILD, environmental educa-

tion, I:483

Prokaryotes, I:902, II:1374

Proliferation of nuclear weapons,

II:1001

Propane/butane propellants, II:1140–

1141

Propellants, II:1139–1141

Property rights, II:1212–1213,

II:1377–1378

environmental law, I:499, II:1527–

1529

Grand Staircase-Escalante Na-

tional Monument, I:655

and habitat preservation, I:690

public trust doctrine, II:1143

wild rivers, II:1510

See also Takings

Protected areas. See Marine protected

areas; National parks; Parks and re-

serves

Protest movements, II:1266

British Columbia, I:255–256

Earth First!, I:401–402

Earth Liberation Front (ELF),

I:403

Greenpeace, I:674–675

India, I:240–241

Sea Shepherd Conservation Soci-

ety, II:1262–1263

seen as ecoterrorism, I:431–432

against WTO, II:1536–1537

See also Nonviolent resistance

Protists, I:902–903

Protocol on Environmental Protection

(Antarctica), I:59

Prudhoe Bay (AK), II:1419

Psittacosis, II:1054

Public Broadcasting System (PBS),

I:502

Public goods

free riders, I:597

mass transit, I:882–883

Public Health Service (PHS), II:1141,

II:1447–1448

See also Centers for Disease Con-

trol and Prevention (CDC)

Public interest, II:1378

Public interest groups, II:1141–1142,

II:1449

See also Nongovernmental organiza-

tions (NGOs)

Public Land Law Review Commission

Act (PLLRC) (1964), I:552

Public lands, I:655, II:1142, II:1226–

1227, II:1382

conditional access, I:908

FLPMA, I:552

Homestead Act (1862), I:722

Mineral Leasing Act (1920),

I:907–908

Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act

(1960), I:923–924

off-road vehicles, II:1018–1019

vs. private land, II:1416

privatization proposals (1982–

1984), II:1137–1138

recreation, II:1177

special use permits, II:1336

U.S. Department of the Interior,

II:1448

Wilderness Society, II:1514

Wise use movement, II:1527–

1529

Public Lands Council (PLC), I:657,

II:1142–1143

Public opinion, prescribed burning,

II:1130, II:1131–1132

Public participation. See Participation

Public/private partnerships, land trusts,

I:812–813

Public Service Company of New

Hampshire (PSC), II:1266

Public trust, I:499, II:1143

Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act

(PURPA) (1979), II:1326

Publicly owned treatment works

(POTWs), I:260, I:261, II:956

Puget Sound/Georgia Basin Interna-

tional Task Force, II:1143–1145

Pulp and paper mills, II:1145–1146

Purification. See Disinfection

Purple loosestrife, I:536, I:537, I:691,

I:772, II:1146–1147, II:1147

Purse seining, marine mammal mortal-

ity, I:195

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Pyridostigmine bromide (anti-nerve

gas drug), I:684

Pyrite, acid mine drainage, I:5

Pyrolysis, II:1184

Q

Quaamen, David, II:1149–1150

Quality of life, II:1365–1366

environmental design, II:1440

Environmental Quality Index,

II:960

Henderson, Hazel, I:713

Nearing, Scott, II:967

odors, II:1015

statistical measurement, I:836

Quarantines, fruit fly control, I:891

Quebec politics, James Bay hy-

dropower project, I:786

R

Rabbits in Australia, II:1151–1152,

II:1152

Race to Save the Planet (Annenberg

CPB project), I:494

Rachel Carson Council, II:1152–1153

Racism. See Environmental racism

Radiation ecology, II:1016

Radiation exposure, I:105–106,

II:1000, II:1153–1154, II:1527

albedo, I:38

anemia, I:53–54

Below Regulatory Concern, I:72

cancer, I:219

Chelyabinsk, Russia, I:230–231

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station,

I:235

epidemiology, I:521

forest ecosystems, II:1532

genetic mutations, I:621–622

Hiroshima, Japan, I:718

Nagasaki, Japan, II:934

role in birth defects, I:164

safety standards, II:999

tobacco, I:250

X rays, II:1541

Radiation sickness, II:1000, II:1153,

II:1154–1155, II:1154t

Bikini Atoll testing, I:127

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station,

I:235

Hiroshima, Japan, I:718

Radical environmentalism. See Environ-

mental activism; specific activists by

name

1628

Radioactive decay, I:616, I:692–693,

I:779, II:1155

Radioactive fallout, I:127, I:773,

II:1155–1156, II:1156

Radioactive pollution, II:1156–1157

Rio Puerco River (NM), I:595

Rocky Flats, II:1220–1221

San Juan River (NM), I:596

Savannah River Site, II:1252

Three Mile Island, II:1398–1400

Radioactive waste, II:994–995, II:997,

II:999, II:1156–1157, II:1157–

1158, II:1162

Below Regulatory Concern, I:119

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station,

I:235

food irradiation, I:577

Hanford Nuclear Reservation,

I:694–686

high-level radioactive waste, I:717,

II:1264–1266

low-level radioactive waste, I:854

Marshall Islands, I:127

Oak Ridge, II:1005, II:1160

Russia, I:230–231

See also Hazardous waste

Radioactive waste management,

II:1158–1161

Carlsbad (NM), II:1468–1469

disposal site locations in U.S.,

II:1159

seabed disposal option, II:1264–

1266

See also Storage and transport of

hazardous materials

Radioactivity, II:1161–1162

drinking-water supply, I:385

Radiocarbon dating, II:1162–1163

Radioisotopes, II:1163–1164, II:1164t

Radiological Emergency Response

Team, II:1164

Radiolytic products, food safety, I:577

Radionuclides, I:837, II:1164–1166,

II:1265

Radiotracers, II:1166

Radium, II:1165

Radium emanation, II:1165

Radon, I:106, II:1153–1154, II:1161,

II:1165, II:1166–1167, II:1167

drinking-water supply, I:385

Radon Gas and Indoor Air Quality

Act (1986), I:34

Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, II:1167–

1168

Rain forest Action Network (RAN),

I:788, II:1171–1172

Rain forests, II:1168–1171, II:1170

See also Temperate rain forests;

Tropical rain forest

Rain shadow, II:1171, II:1171

Rainbow Warrior (Greenpeace ship),

I:674

Rainmaking, II:1496–1497

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of

International Importance (1971),

I:320–321

Ranchers vs. environmentalists, I:657,

II:1043, II:1142

Rancho Seco facility plant (CA),

II:1157

Randomized (stochastic) values. See

Stochastic variables

Rangelands, II:1172

Rapeseed (in canola oil), health ef-

fects, I:630

Raprenox (nitrogen scrubbing),

II:1172–1173

RARE I and II (Roadless Area Re-

view and Evaluation), II:1513,

II:1515

Rare species, II:1077–1078, II:1173,

II:1520

Raster formats, GIS, I:631

Rathje, William, Garbage Project,

I:618

Raunkiaer’s Law on frequency distribu-

tion, I:641–642

Rawls, John (his “veil of ignorance”),

I:760

Raymond process (bioremediation),

I:151, I:152

RCRA. See Resource Conservation

and Recovery Act (RCRA) (1976)

Re-registration of pesticides, I:551–

552

Reactivity (hazardous materials), I:700,

I:703

Reactors (nuclear), II:996–997, II:998

“Reasonable use” rule (water rights),

II:1212–1213

Recharge zone, II:1173

Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corpo-

ration (RBRC), I:115

Reclamation, I:531–532, II:1173–1175

coal mining sites, II:1363

oil sands processing, II:1382

urban land, II:1299–1300

water reclamation, II:1485–1486

See also Rehabilitation; Remedia-

tion; Restoration

Reclamation Act (1902), II:1227

Record of decision (ROD), I:704–705,

II:1176

Recreation, II:1176–1177

Recyclables, I:313–314, II:1177–1178

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Recycling, II:957–958, II:1178–1180,

II:1179, II:1201, II:1470

computers, I:301–302

decomposition in nature, I:354–

355

design for disassembly, I:365

garbage and household waste,

I:580, I:617, I:725, I:926

reuse, II:1206

rubber, II:1230

sludge, II:1298

solid waste, II:1328–1329

source separation, II:1332–1333

used oil, II:1324–1325, II:1328,

II:1449–1450

water for arid landscaping, I:80

“Red Data Books”, IUCN—The

World Conservation Union, I:780

Red spruce, forest decline, I:588–589

Red tides, I:38–39, II:976, II:1180–

1182

fish kills, I:560

See also Marine pollution

Reduction, detoxification, I:367

Reductionism vs. holism, I:718–719

Redwoods, II:1182, II:1182–1183

Redwoods National Park,

II:1253–1254

Reforestation. See Trees

Reformulated gasoline (RFG), I:898

Refugees. See Environmental refugees

Refugia (ice age), I:745–746

Refuse-derived fuels, II:1183–1185

See also Waste-to-energy

Regan, Tom (Thomas Howard), I:56–

57, II:1185–1186

Regenerative Design for Sustainable De-

velopment, II:1366

Regional Kelp Restoration Project

(CA), II:1492

Regional planning, Adirondack Park,

I:11

Regulatory policy, I:484, I:763

Regulatory review, II:1186–1187,

II:1199

Rehabilitation, II:1187–1188,

II:1522–1523

See also Reclamation; Remedia-

tion; Restoration

Reilly, William Kane, II:1188,

II:1188–1189

Reisner, Marc, II:1477

Relict species, II:1189

Religion and the environment, I:226,

II:984–986, II:1058–1059,

II:1189–1191

Green Cross and Green Crescent,

I:665

1629

Mediterranean Sea cleanup plans,

I:892–893

Remedial action plans (RAPs), ecosys-

tem management, I:767

Remedial Design/Remedial Action

(RD/RA), I:705

Remedial Investigation/Feasibility

Study (RI/FS), I:704–705

Remediation, II:1191–1192

acid mine drainage, I:5–6

bioindicators, I:140

brownfields, I:185–187

chemical spills, I:232

contaminated soil, I:315–316

costs of Eastern European pollu-

tion, I:409

Ducktown, Tennessee, I:392

environmental engineering, I:486

enzymes, I:519

Great Lakes, I:661–662

materials balance approach, I:884–

885

wells, II:1499–1500

See also Bioremediation; Phytor-

emediation; Reclamation; Re-

habilitation; Restoration

Remote sensing, I:889

See also Environmental monitor-

ing; Satellite data

Renew America, II:1193

Renewable energy, II:1193–1195,

II:1223

See also Alternative energy sources

Renewable Natural Resources Founda-

tion (RNRF), II:1195

Renourishment. See Beach renourish-

ment; Restoration

Repetto, Robert (environmental ac-

counting), I:420

Reserve Mining Corporation,

II:1195–1196, II:1293

“Reserved rights doctrine” (water

rights), II:1212

Reservoirs, II:1196–1197

Residence time, II:1197, II:1205–

1206, II:1282

Residential Lead-based Paint Hazard

Reduction Act (1992), I:824

Residues (pesticide). See Pesticide res-

idues

Resilience, I:390, I:415, I:428–429,

II:1197, II:1338–1339

Resistance, antibiotic. See Antibiotic re-

sistance

Resistance, genetic. See Genetic resis-

tance

Resistance (inertia), I:415, I:428,

I:539, I:681, II:1197–1198

Resistance, nonviolent. See Nonviolent

resistance

Resistance, pesticide. See Pesticide re-

sistance

Resource Conservation and Recovery

Act (RCRA) (1976), I:700–701,

I:703, I:724, II:1198–1200

Resource recovery, II:1200–1201,

II:1329

Resources. See specific types of resources

Resources for the Future (RFF),

II:1201–1202

Resources management

Costa Rica, I:513

golf courses, I:646–648

Law of the Sea, I:536

National Park Service, II:953–955

See also Environmental man-

agement

Respiration, I:210–211, II:1134,

II:1202

Respiratory diseases, II:1202–1204,

II:1290–1291, II:1545–1546

Response indicators, environmental

monitoring, I:504

Restoration

aquifers, I:72–74

beaches, I:117

Chesapeake Bay, I:238

fisheries, I:559, II:1335–1336

See also Reclamation; Rehabilita-

tion; Remediation

Restoration ecology, I:354, II:1204–

1206, II:1520

Restriction endonucleases, genetic engi-

neering, I:629

Retention time, I:53, II:1197,

II:1205–1206

Reuse, II:1206

See also Waste management

Revenue, gasoline tax as source of,

I:620

Reverse osmosis, I:361–362, I:385

RFF. See Resources for the Future

(RFF)

RFG (Reformulated gasoline ), I:898

Rhine River, chemical spills, II:1421

Rhinoceroses, II:1206–1207, II:1207

poaching, II:1044

Rhizobium. See Bacteria

Ribonucleic acid (RNA), II:1207–

1208

Ribosomes, II:1207–1208

Rice, cadmium pollution, I:779–780

Richards, Ellen Henrietta Swallow,

II:1208

Richardson v. Committee for Humane

Legislation (1976), I:872

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Richter Scale, I:405

Right-to-Act legislation, II:1209–

1211

Right-to-Know, I:125, I:445–446,

I:500, I:884, II:1211, II:1413

Rill erosion, I:522

Ringelmann scale (air pollution mea-

surement), I:888, II:1305

Riparian land, II:1042–1043, II:1211–

1212

Riparian rights, II:1211–1212, II:1488

Ripening of produce, I:20–21

Risk analysis, I:326–327, I:884–885,

II:1213–1214

Risk assessment, I:327, I:495–496,

II:1213–1214, II:1214–1216

comparative risk, I:294

electromagnetic fields exposure,

I:440–441

endocrine disruptors, I:488

environmental economics, I:479–

480

hazardous waste sites, I:704

impact of underground nuclear

testing, II:970

pesticide residues, II:1075–1077

Risk assessors, I:418, II:1216–1217

Risk exposure, I:491–492, I:630

Risk management, II:1215

“Risk management” vs. “Precautionary

principle”, II:1413

River basins, II:1217

See also specific rivers/basins by

name

River blindness, II:1217–1218, II:1218

River dolphins, II:1218–1220

Rivers, wild, II:1508–1509, II:1509–

1510

RMI. See Rocky Mountain Institute

(RMI)

RNA. See Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

RNRF. See Renewable Natural Re-

sources Foundation (RNRF)

Road salt, II:1242–1243

Road to Survival, II:1461

Roadless Area Review and Evaluation

(RARE I and II), II:1513, II:1515

Roadless Initiative, I:843–844

Roads, and habitat fragmentation,

I:691

Roast beds (smelting), II:1301–1302,

II:1357–1358

Robert Rodale Environmental Achieve-

ment Award, II:1193

Rocks National Lakeshore (MI),

II:949, II:950

Rockwell International Corporation,

II:1221

1630

Rocky Flats nuclear plant, II:1220–

1222

Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA),

II:1222–1223

Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI),

II:1223, II:1365, II:1366

ROD (Record of Decision), I:704–

705, II:1176

Rodale Institute, II:1224

Rodenticides. See Pesticides

Rodeo (pesticide brand). See

Glyphosate

Roentgen, Wilhelm, X rays, I:219

Rolston, Holmes, II:1224–1225,

II:1225

Ronsard, Pierre, II:1226

Roosevelt, Theodore, I:493, I:922,

II:1226–1228, II:1228

Rosy periwinkle (anti-cancer drugs),

I:132

Roszak, Theodore, II:1228–1229

Rotary drilling (wells), II:1499

Rotary screening, refuse-driven fuels,

II:1184

Roundup (pesticide brand). See

Glyphosate

Rowland, Frank Sherwood, I:913,

II:1229–1230

Royalties, oil leases, I:908

Roys, Thomas Welcome (whaling tech-

nology), II:1505

Rubber, II:1230–1231

Rubber plantations, intercropping,

I:27–28

Rubber tappers, I:893

Ruckleshaus, William Doyle, II:1231–

1232

Runoff, II:1084–1085, II:1232

dead zones, I:351–352

evapotranspiration, I:531

Lake Erie, I:806

lawns, I:819–820

mine spoil waste, I:907

See also specific types of runoff;

Storm runoff; Urban runoff

Rural communities, business assist-

ance, I:227

Rural-urban relations, I:225, II:1224

Russia, Mayak nuclear complex,

I:230–231

Rwanda, gorillas, I:591, I:593, I:653

S

Saccharine, risk assessment, I:492

Sacramento River, pesticide spill,

I:232

SAFE. See Secure America’s Future

Energy (SAFE) Act (2001)

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

(1974), I:82, I:384–385, II:1233–

1234

Safety. See specific types of safety

Safety measures

communicable diseases, I:581–582

food preparation, I:524

Giardia, I:638

hazardous materials, I:884

indoor air quality, II:1291

nuclear power, II:997, II:1433–

1434, II:1527

Safety of chemicals

burden of proof, I:190

fluoridation, I:568–569

Sagebrush, II:1043

Sagebrush Rebellion, I:554, II:1234

Sagoff, Mark, The Economy of the

Earth, I:608–609

Sahel, I:363, I:386, II:1234–1235

Saint John (New Brunswick, Canada),

I:116

Sale, Kirkpatrick, II:1236–1237

Saline soil, II:1237

Salinity, II:1237–1238

Australia, I:99–100

brackish water, I:177

water pollution, II:1481

Salinization, I:774, II:1238–1240

Salinization of soils, II:1240

Salmon, II:1011, II:1240–1242

Salmonella bacterium

antibiotic resistance, I:62, I:63

food-borne diseases, I:580

Salt, Henry S., II:1242

Salt (road), II:1242–1243

Salt-tolerant plants, II:1239

Salt water intrusion, II:1238, II:1242–

1244

Salt wedging (weathering), II:1498

Saltation, I:522

Salter’s Duck (wave power machine),

II:1496

Sampling (statistics), II:1341

San Diego Bay, II:1492–1493

San Diego County (CA), swimming

advisories, II:1371

San Francisco (CA), water resources,

I:716

Sanctity of life, emphasis of Environ-

mentalism, I:516

Sand and gravel, undersea mining,

I:909

A Sand County Almanac, Leopold,

Aldo, I:834–835

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Sand dune ecology, II:1244–1246,

II:1245

See also Dunes and dune erosion

Sandar Sarovar Dam (India), II:1533

Sandhill crane, I:308

Sandpipers, semi-palmated, I:116

Sanitary landfills. See Landfills

Sanitary sewer overflows, II:1246–

1247

Sanitation, I:683, II:1208, II:1247–

1249

Santa Ana winds, I:849

Santa Barbara oil spill (1969),

II:1249–1250

Santa Monica Bay Restoration Project

(CA), I:49

Santa Monica (CA), MTBE contami-

nation, I:898

Saprophyte (decomposer), II:1251

SARA. See Superfund Amendments

and Reauthorization Act (SARA)

(1986)

Satellite-Aided Search and Rescue

(COSPAS-SARSAT), II:952

Satellite data, I:910

See also Remote sensing

Saturation, zone of, II:1552

Savannah River site (GA), II:1252–

1253

Savannas, II:1251–1252

Save Our Streams (SOS), I:783

Save-the-Redwoods League, II:1253–

1254

Save the Whales, II:1253

Sawgrass, I:533

Scallop fishing, Georges Bank, I:286

Scarcity, II:1254–1255

environmental economics, I:481

environmental refugees, I:510–512

water resources, II:1486–1488

Scavengers, II:1255

Schistosomiasis, II:1255, II:1256

Schneider, Stephen, on Bjørn Lomb-

org, I:845–846

Schultes, Richard Evans, I:528

Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich,

II:1255–1257

Schweitzer, Albert, II:1257

Science

media coverage, II:1258–1259

and nature, I:106–107, II:1121–

1122, II:1311

See also Environmental science

Scientific Certification Systems, Inc.

(SCS), green products, I:665–666

Scientists’ Committee on Problems of

the Environment (SCOPE),

II:1257–1258

1631

Scientists’ Institute for Public Informa-

tion (SIPI), II:1258–1259

Scission, detoxification, I:367

SCOPE (Scientists’ Committee on

Problems of the Environment),

II:1257–1258

Scotch broom, II:1259

Scotchgard, II:1064

Scrapie, BSE in sheep, I:859

Screening (socially responsible in-

vesting), II:1309

Scrubbers, I:567, II:1108, II:1172–

1173, II:1259–1260, II:1326,

II:1500

SCUBA (self-contained underwater

breathing apparatus), I:330

SDWA. See Safe Drinking Water Act

(SDWA) (1974)

Sea level change, I:672–673, II:1260–

1261

Sea otters, I:794, II:1261, II:1261–

1262

Sea Shepherd Conservation Society,

I:1, II:1025, II:1262–1263

Sea Shepherd (ship), I:606

Sea turtles, I:209, II:1263, II:1263–

1264, II:1264

bycatch, I:194–195, I:196, I:640,

II:1432

competition with manatees, I:865

Earth Island Institute (EII), I:402

Sea urchins, I:794

Sea water, desalinization, I:361–362

Seabed disposal, II:1264–1266

Seabed mining, I:319

Seabirds

guano, II:1438

mortality, I:195, I:562, I:640

Seabrook Nuclear Reactor, II:1266–

1267, II:1267

Seals and sea lions, II:1267–1269,

II:1268

Sears, Paul Bigelow, II:1269

Seattle, Noah (Chief), II:1269–1270

Seattle (WA), WTO protests,

II:1536–1537

Seawalls, II:1290

Secchi disk, II:1270–1271, II:1271

Second World, II:1271

Secondary recovery techniques,

II:1271–1273

See also Oil drilling

Secondary standards, II:1273

Section 18 (FIFRA), I:551–552

Secure America’s Future Energy

(SAFE) Act (2001), II:1419

Security, I:397–398, II:1223

and energy dependence, I:466,

I:467, I:620

founding of National Research

Council, II:958–959

nuclear power facilities, II:997–

998

and strategic materials, II:951

Sedimentation, II:1273

agriculture, I:24

coastal zones, II:1290

dams, I:348

Lake Baikal, I:804

Lake Erie, I:806

water treatment, II:1108, II:1489–

1490

Sediments, II:1273

buried soil, I:191

dredging, I:380

Dust Bowl, I:395–396

erosion process, I:522–523

glacial flour, I:641

heavy metals, I:709

in paleoecology, II:1051

undersea mining, I:909

Seed banks, II:1273–1274

Seed preservation, I:621–622

Seepage, II:1274

Seismology, I:406

Selection cutting, II:1274

Selective chemical leaching, dredged

sediment, I:381

Selenium, I:137, I:792–793

Self purification (natural process), as-

similative capacity, I:90

Sense of place, I:121, I:150, I:470,

II:1274–1275, II:1307, II:1343

Sensitivity analysis (computer model-

ing), I:912

Sensitivity levels of measurement,

I:889

Septic tanks, I:2, II:1275–1278

SER (stressor-exposure-response)

model, environmental monitoring,

I:504

Serengeti National Park, II:1278,

II:1279

Serpentine, II:973, II:1106

Settling chambers, II:1108

Seveso (Italy), II:1279–1280

Sewage discharge, I:284, I:343, I:561,

I:679, I:872–873

Boston (MA), I:173–175

Chesapeake Bay, I:237

Lake Washington (WA), I:808,

II:1443

Sewage treatment, I:12, I:260–261,

II:956, II:1280–1282, II:1281

Palau, II:1249

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

sludge, II:1297–1298

See also Wastewater treatment

Sewers. See Combined sewer over-

flows; Sanitary sewer overflows;

Urban runoff

Sex organs of wildlife, endocrine dis-

ruptors, I:487–488, II:1426

Seychelle brush warbler, I:163

Shade-grown coffee and cacao,

II:1282–1283

Shadow pricing, II:1283–1284

Shaking tables (coal extraction

method), I:277

Shale, II:1022

Shanty towns, II:1284–1286, II:1285

Shareholder advocacy (socially responsi-

ble investing), II:1309, II:1310

Sharing Success (community resource

kit), II:1193

Sharks, II:1286–1288, II:1287

Sheet erosion, I:522

Shellfish poisoning, I:161, II:976–977,

II:1181

Shepard, Paul Howe, II:1288–1289

Shifting cultivation, II:1289, II:1295–

1296

Shipyards, II:1492–1493

Shoreline armoring, II:1289–1290

Shrimp farming, environmental im-

pacts, I:868–869

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), I:752,

II:1290–1291

Sickle cell anemia, I:927

Sidenstecker, Maris I and II, II:1253

Sierra Club, I:180–181, II:1291–1292,

II:1500, II:1511, II:1513

Sierra Club v. Morton (1972), I:499

Silent Spring, I:221–222, I:493, I:503,

I:820

The Silent World, Cousteau, Jacques-

Yves, I:330

Silicosis, I:556, II:1203

Silt, II:1292

Aswan High Dam, I:92–94

Siltation, I:522, II:1273, II:1293

Silver Back Humpback Whale Sanctu-

ary, II:1006

Silver Bay, II:1293

Silver iodide (rainmaking), II:1497

Simon, Julian L., I:845, II:1254

Singer, Peter Alfred David, I:56,

II:1293–1294, II:1338

Sinkholes, II:1294–1295

Site index, II:1295

Size reduction, refuse-driven fuels,

II:1184

Skidding, II:1295

1632

Skin cancer, ozone layer depletion,

I:913, II:1047, II:1048

Slash, II:1295

Slash and burn agriculture, I:861,

II:1289, II:1295–1296, II:1296

Sleeping Bear Dunes (MI), II:949

Slime layer (biofilms), I:134–135

Sludge, II:1296–1297

aerobic sludge digestion, I:12,

I:13–14

anaerobic digestion, I:53

uses, II:1036

Sludge treatment and disposal,

II:1007–1008, II:1009–1010,

II:1296–1297, II:1297–1298,

II:1297–1298

high-solids reactor, I:717–718

Slums, II:1284–1285

Slurry, II:1298

contaminated soil remediation,

I:151

Small is Beautiful, II:1256

Small Quantity Generator, II:1298

Smallpox, I:159, I:160, I:447

Smart Growth, II:1299–1300, II:1445

SMCRA. See Surface Mining Control

and Reclamation Act (SMCRA)

(1977)

Smelters, II:1300–1302

Smith, Robert Angus, II:1302

Smog, I:95, I:689, I:848, II:1303,

II:1303–1305

See also Photochemical smog

Smoke, II:1305

atmospheric air pollutants, I:95

forest fires, I:750–751, II:1131–

1132

nuclear winter effect, II:1002–

1003, II:1068–1069

tropical burning in Brazil and

CO

2

, I:338

See also Cigarette smoke

Smoking Hills (Canada), II:1106

Snail darter, I:335, I:453–454,

II:1305–1306, II:1306, II:1384

Snake River, I:712, II:1241

Snakes, Brown tree, I:183–184

Sniff chromatography, II:1015

Snow geese, Hudson Bay ecosystem,

I:795

Snow leopard, II:1306–1307

Snyder, Gary Sherman, II:1275,

II:1307, II:1307–1308

Social costs. See Externalities

Social ecology, I:172, II:1308

Social justice, II:1343, II:1369,

II:1529

and famine, I:547–548

NAFTA, II:988–990

women and small businesses,

II:983

World Bank, II:1533–1534

See also Ecojustice; Equity

Social welfare (Pareto optimality),

II:1053–1054

Socially responsible investing,

II:1308–1310, II:1453–1454

The Society for Animal Protective

Legislation (SAPL), I:57–58

Society for Conservation Biology,

II:1310–1311

Society of American Foresters (SAF),

II:1311–1312

Sociobiology, II:1312–1313, II:1524

Sodium carbonate solution (used in

wet scrubbers), II:1500

Sodium fluoroacetate (compound

1080), II:1128

Sodium hypochlorite, I:243

Sodium (liquid), I:840–841, II:997

Soft energy path, I:463, I:464

Soil, II:1061, II:1313–1314, II:1318

biosequence, I:153

bulk density, I:190

buried, I:191

calcareous, I:201

depletion, II:1283

edaphology, I:435

effect of fire, II:1516

environmental chemistry, I:473,

I:773

grasslands, I:656

horizons, I:722

liquefaction, earthquakes, II:971

measurement of gains and losses,

I:855

peat, II:1060–1061

permeability, II:1240, II:1277

salinization, II:1240

Soil and Water Conservation Society

(SWCS), II:1314–1315

Soil compaction, II:1315

Soil conservation, II:1314–1315,

II:1315–1316

air pollution control, I:23

farming practices, I:396, II:1034–

1035, II:1350

Soil Conservation Service (SCS),

I:119–120, II:1316–1317

Soil consistency, II:1317

Soil contamination. See Contaminated

soil

Soil eluviation, II:1317

Soil erosion, I:746, II:1295

control in reclamation, II:1174–

1175, II:1351–1352

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

desertification, I:363–365, II:1235

See also Erosion; Wind erosion

Soil Erosion Service, II:1315

Soil illuviation, II:1317

Soil liners, II:1317

Soil loss tolerance, II:1317

Soil organic matter, II:1317

Soil pollution. See Contaminated soil

Soil profile, II:1317–1318, II:1318,

II:1318

Soil surveys, II:1318–1319

Soil texture, II:1319, II:1319

Solar constant cycle, II:1319–1320

Solar detoxification, II:1320–1321

Solar energy, I:41, II:1057–1058,

II:1194, II:1321–1323, II:1322

and climate, I:266

eutectic heating systems, I:531

greenhouse septic systems, II:1277

hydrologic cycle, I:739

ocean thermal energy conversion,

II:1012–1013

photovoltaic cells, II:1088–1089

Rays of Hope by Denis Hayes,

I:699

Solar Energy Research, Development

and Demonstration Act (1974),

II:1323

Solar Energy Research Institute

(SERI), I:717–718, II:1323

Solar Living Center (Hopland, CA),

II:1366

Solar Maximum (Solar Max) Mission

spacecraft, II:1320

Solid ionic cells, I:604

Solid waste, II:1323–1325

agricultural pollution, I:23–24

anaerobic digestion, I:53

diapers, I:373

magnetic separation, I:861

plastics, I:562, II:1098–1099,

II:1114

removal from effluents, I:345

synthetic chemicals, I:233

See also Garbage; Household

waste; Municipal solid waste

Solid Waste Disposal Act (1965),

II:1198

Solid waste incineration, II:1325–1327

Solid waste landfilling, II:1327–1328

See also Landfills

Solid waste recycling and recovery,

II:1328–1329

Solid waste volume reduction,

II:1329–1330

Solidification of hazardous materials,

II:1330–1332

Solubility of toxins, I:491

1633

Sonar experiments and whale strand-

ings, II:1503

Song of the Dodo, II:1149

Sonic boom, II:1332

Sorption, I:1–2, II:1332

biofilms, I:134–135

hazardous materials, II:1331

radionuclides, II:1265

Source reduction. See Solid waste;

Waste reduction

Source separation, II:1332–1333

South, II:1333–1334

South Carolina, Beachfront Manage-

ment Act (SC, 1988), II:1290

South Pacific Regional Environment

Programme (SPREP), II:1248

Sovereignty and environmental law,

II:989, II:1536–1538

Spaceship Earth, II:1334–1335

Spanish flu outbreak (1918–1919),

I:565–566

Sparging, groundwater, I:705

Spatial relationships

GIS, I:631–632

landscape ecology, I:817

Spawning aggregations, II:1335–1336

Special use permits, II:1336

Species, II:1336–1337

decline, frogs, I:601–602

distribution, I:138, II:972

dominance, I:376

loss. See Extinction

See also Endangered species; spe-

cific types of species (i.e. “Endan-

gered species”)

“Species-packing problem”, I:857

Speciesism, I:56, II:1061–1062,

II:1338

Spectrometry. See Infrared spec-

trometry

Speculation

and famine in Bangladesh, I:548

Homestead Act (1862), I:722

Speed vs. participation in decision

making, I:454

Spent fuel, radioactive waste, I:387–

388

Spills. See Chemical spills; Oil spills

Splash erosion, I:522

Spoil, II:1338

Sport Utility Vehicles (SUV), fuel effi-

ciency, I:325–326

Spotted owl. See Northern spotted owl

Sprawl. See Urban sprawl

Spruce budworm, I:794–795

Spruce, Richard, I:528

Squatter settlements, II:1284–1285

Squawfish, Colorado River, I:283

St. Francis of Assisi, I:91

St. Lawrence Seaway, II:1235–1236

Stability, II:1338–1339

ecosystems, I:423, I:427, I:430

See also Homeostasis

Stability-time hypothesis (marine ecol-

ogy), I:869

Stabilization

sand dunes, I:393–394

solidification and stabilization

methods (S/S), II:1330–1331

Stabilizers and emulsifiers (food addi-

tives), I:572–573

Stack emissions, II:1339–1340

Stakeholder analysis, II:1340

Standards

cleanup of contaminated soil,

I:316–317

enforcement, I:484

See also specific types of standards or

criteria

Standards for noise reduction, II:979

Staph, antibiotic resistance, I:448

Stapp, William, I:482

Starfish as mussel predator, I:794

State Implementation Plans (SIPs),

I:257, II:937

State of the States, II:1193

State of the World, I:182, II:1539

State planning, coastal zone manage-

ment, I:279–280

State programs

greenhouse gases, I:801

hazardous waste site remediation,

I:705

medical waste, I:889–890

recycling motor oil, II:1450

toxics use reduction laws, II:1411–

1413

water quality, II:1234

wilderness areas, II:1511, II:1515

Statement of Energy Effects (2001),

II:1187

States’ rights

Cross-Florida Barge Canal, I:337

oil drilling, I:279–280

public lands, II:1234

Static aerated compost piles, I:927

Statistics, I:3, I:912, II:1340–1342

Status symbols, II:1120

Steady-state economy, I:480, II:1342–

1343

Steam engine and smoke, II:1305

Steam injection, in oil recovery,

II:1273–1274, II:1382

Steam turbines, electricity generation,

II:1123

Stegner, Wallace, II:1343–1344

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

on Aldo Leopold, I:835

on John Wesley Powell, II:1122

Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), I:892

Sterilization (family planning), I:546,

I:862–863

Stewardship, I:490, I:608–609, I:645,

II:1058–1059, II:1311

religion and the environment,

II:1189–1190

See also Land stewardship

Stochastic changes, II:1344

Stochastic variables, I:911, I:912

Stockholm Conference on the Human

Environment (1972), I:397

Stoddard solvent, dry cleaning, I:388

Storage and transport of hazardous ma-

terials, I:387–388, II:1016–1017,

II:1067, II:1199–1200, II:1344–

1345

radioactive waste, II:1158,

II:1165–66

See also Hazardous waste, storage;

Radioactive waste manage-

ment; Transportation, hazard-

ous materials

Storm King Mountain (NY), II:1345

Storm runoff, II:1345

See also Runoff; Urban runoff

Storm sewers, II:1345, II:1443

Strandings (marine mammals), I:332,

I:375, II:1502–1503

Strategic Lawsuits to Intimidate Pub-

lic Participation, II:1345–1346

Strategic minerals, II:950–951,

II:1346–1348, II:1347

Stratification, II:1348

Thermal stratification (water),

II:1390–1391

Stratosphere, II:1348–1349

Stratospheric ozone. See Ozone layer

depletion

Stream channelization, II:1349,

II:1444

Stream order, I:379, II:1217

Stress. See Environmental stress

Stressors, environmental monitoring,

I:504

Stringfellow Acid Pits, II:1349–1350

Strip-farming, II:1350–1352

Strip mining, I:5, II:1174–1175,

II:1338, II:1350

See also Surface mining

Strontium 90, II:1155, II:1352

Student Environmental Action Coali-

tion (SEAC), II:1352–1353

Styrene, II:1353

Submarines, human-powered vehicles,

I:731

1634

Submerged aquatic vegetation,

II:1353–1354

Chesapeake Bay, I:237–238

Everglades, I:532

Subsidence, II:1354

petroleum removal in Los Angeles

Basin, I:849

sinkholes, II:1294–1295

water removal, I:900, II:1238

Subsoil, I:386, II:1354

Suburbs. See Urban sprawl

The Subversive Science, II:1288

Succession, I:268, I:423, I:839,

II:1354–1357, II:1356

biofouling, I:134–135, I:136

community vs. continuum con-

cept, II:1052

ecological functions of fire,

II:1515–1516

ohia tree, I:587–588

old-growth forests, II:1026–1027

sand dune ecology, II:1245–1246

species dominance, I:376

views of Frederic E. Clements,

I:265

views of Raymond L. Lindeman,

I:840

Sudbury, Ontario (Canada), II:1301,

II:1357–1358

Sugar maple, I:588, I:795

Sulfate particles, II:1358–1359

Sulfur cycle, II:1359, II:1359–1360

Sulfur dioxide, II:937, II:1300–1302,

II:1358–1359, II:1360

acid deposition, I:6, II:1106,

II:1107, II:1357–1358

Cubata

˜

o, Brazil, I:341

Ducktown, Tennessee, I:392

environmental impact of Volcanos,

I:919

lichen as indicator, I:837

oil sands processing, II:1382

removal from combustion stack

gas, I:387

scrubbing, I:567

Yokkaichi asthma (Japan),

II:1545–1546

Sulfuric acid

acid deposition, I:4, II:1303–1304

acid mine drainage, I:5

biohydrometallurgy, I:139

Experimental Lakes Area, I:538

Summary Jury Trial, environmental dis-

pute resolution, I:479

Sunspots, II:1320

Superconductivity, II:1360

Superfund. See Comprehensive Envi-

ronmental Response, Compensa-

tion, and Liability Act (CER-

CLA) (1980)

Superfund Amendments and Reautho-

rization Act (SARA) (1986),

I:500, II:1360–1361, II:1449

Superfund Basic Research Program,

II:948

Surface creep, I:522

Surface mining, II:1361–1363, II:1363

See also Strip mining

Surface Mining Control and Reclama-

tion Act (SMCRA) (1977),

II:1017–1018, II:1174, II:1188,

II:1363

Surface Water Improvement and Man-

agement Act (Florida, 1987),

I:533

Surfactants, in oil recovery, II:1272

Surveys and maps, Geological Survey

(USGS), I:632–633

Survival mechanisms, radiation expo-

sure, I:106

“Survival of the fittest”, I:350, I:535,

II:1530

Survivorship, II:1363–1364

Suspended solids, I:321, I:709,

II:1280, II:1364, II:1431

Suspension of particles. See Aerosol

Sustainable agriculture, I:22, II:1224,

II:1364, II:1366–1367

American Farmland Trust (AFT),

I:46

Berry, Wendell, I:120–121

Center for Rural Affairs, I:227

IPM, I:757–758

Land Stewardship Project, I:811–

812

organic farming, II:1034–1036

permaculture, II:1065–1067

Sustainable architecture, II:1365–1366

Sustainable biosphere, I:418, II:1366–

1368

Sustainable Cuisine Project, I:404

Sustainable development, II:964,

II:1168, II:1223, II:1368–1370

Australia, I:99–101

carrying capacity, I:220–221,

II:1342–1343

ecojustice, I:414

ecological economics, I:421

economic growth and the environ-

ment, I:425, II:1535–1536

fisheries, I:561–562

Global Forum, I:645

IISD, I:766–677

international cooperation, II:1434–

1437

Latin America, II:1055–1056

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Our Common Future, II:1039–

1040

Small is Beautiful, II:1256

Talloires Declaration, II:1379–

1380

World Conservation Strategy

(WCS), II:1535

Sustainable forestry, II:1370–1371

Amazon Basin, II:1420

Canadian Forest Service, I:205–

206

“certified wood”, I:648–649

National Forest Management Act

(1976), II:944

“New Forestry”, I:47, I:589–590

See also Forest management

Sustainable Livelihoods in Sustainable

Communities program, I:226

Suzuki, David, I:252

Sweeteners, food additives, I:571t,

I:572

Swidden agriculture, II:1289, II:1295–

1296

Swimming Advisories, II:1371–1372

Swordfish, II:1372–1373

Symbiosis, I:286, I:423, II:1373–1374,

II:1374

bacteria, I:902

See also Coevolution; Mutualism

Sympatric species, II:1336

Synergism, II:1374–1375

Synthetic chemicals, I:233–234, I:285–

286, I:491–492

Synthetic fuels, II:1375–1376

Synthetic gas (syngas), from biomass

combustion, I:146

Synthetic petroleum, II:1381–1382

Systemic, II:1376

T

T values (soil productivity), II:1317

Tabu, no-take zones (traditional fisher-

ies management), I:874

Taconite mine tailings, II:1195–1196,

II:1293

Tagua Palm Nut project, II:1369

Tahoe Regional Planning Agency

(TRPA), I:807

Taiga, II:1170, II:1377, II:1378

Tailings, II:1195–1196, II:1293,

II:1377

Tailings pond, II:1377

Take-back programs, battery recycling,

I:114–115

Takings, II:1212, II:1377–1378

See also Property rights

1635

Tall stacks, II:1301–1302, II:1358,

II:1378–1379

municipal waste incineration,

I:747

Talloires Declaration, II:1379–1380

Tansley, Arthur, II:1380–1381

definition of ’ecosystem’, I:426

on Frederic E. Clements, I:264

Taoism, II:985

Tapchan (wave power machine),

II:1496

Tar sands, II:1375, II:1381–1382

Target species, II:1382–1383

Tax credits for energy conservation,

I:460

Taxonomic relicts (endemic species),

I:455

Taxonomy, biosphere, I:153

Taylor Grazing Act (1934), I:552,

I:657, II:1383

Taylor, Paul (biocentrism), I:489–490

Technetium-99, II:1161

Technological developments, I:838–

839

agriculture, I:25–26

air pollution control, I:32

as solution for future generations,

I:760, I:839, I:846, II:1117,

II:1118, II:1254

Technology standards, I:484

TEDs. See Turtle excluder devices

(TEDs)

Tellico Dam (TN), II:1305–1306,

II:1383–1384

critical habitat for Snail darter,

I:335

endangered snail darter, I:453–454

Temperate rain forests, II:1384–1385

British Columbia, I:254–256

See also Rain forests

Temperature

effects on ecosystems, II:1388–

1390, II:1391

and humidity (heat index), I:707

regulation, I:720–721, I:851–852,

II:1012–1013

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA),

II:1217, II:1385

Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill

(1978), I:499

Teratogens, I:163–164, I:905–906,

II:1385–1386

Terracing, II:1385

Territorial seas, II:1385

Territoriality, II:1385

Terrorism, I:727, II:1001–1002

See also Bioterrorism

Tertiary butyhydroquinone (TBHQ),

food additives, I:571t

Test ban treaties. See Arms control

Testing

contamination of dredged sedi-

ments, I:381

nuclear weapons, I:126–127,

II:970, II:1000

standards, soil compaction, I:294

toxicity in animals, I:821–822

“Testing the Waters” (NRDC report),

II:1371

Tetrachloroethylene, I:388, II:1386–

1387

Tetraethyl lead, II:1387

Thalidomide, I:163

Thames River (U.K.), II:1205,

II:1248, II:1481

Theobacillus ferrooxidans, copper leach-

ing, I:139

Theoretical maximum residue concen-

tration (TMRC), II:1075–1076

Thermal inversions, Los Angeles Ba-

sin, I:848

Thermal plumes, II:1388, II:1389

See also Plumes

Thermal pollution, II:1388–1390,

II:1390, II:1392

Thermal stratification (water), II:1390

,

II:1390–1391

Thermal suspensory method (male con-

traception), I:863

Thermocline, II:1390, II:1391

Thermodynamics, Laws of, I:460–461,

I:462, II:1391–1393

Thermoplastics, II:1393

Thermosetting polymers, II:1393

The Thin Green Line (cable access

show), II:1500

Third World, II:1393

cash crops, I:223

corporate operations, I:125

vs. First World, I:548

See also Less developed countries

Third World pollution, II:1393–1395

Thomas, Lee M., II:1395

Thoreau, Henry David, I:470, I:471,

I:501–502, II:1395–1397, II:1397

Threatened species

desert tortoise, I:362–363

Endangered Species Act, I:453

Three Gorges Dam (China), II:1196–

1197, II:1397–1398

Three Mile Island Nuclear Reactor,

II:997, II:1157, II:1398–1400,

II:1399

Threshold dose, II:1400, II:1552

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Threshold Limit Values (TLVs),

II:1215

Thyroid gland, I:646

Tidal power, II:1400–1401

Tides, Bay of Fundy, I:115–117

Tigers, II:1401–1402

Tillage, conservation, I:312

Tilth, II:1402

Timber industry vs. environmentalists,

forest management, I:586, I:590,

I:843, II:992–993, II:1026–1027

Timber Management Reform Policy

Program (Bozeman, MT), I:50

Timber yield prediction, II:1295

Timberline, II:1402

Times Beach (MO), II:1402

Tinnitus, II:979

Tipping fees, II:1403

Tires, recycling, II:1230, II:1325,

II:1328

TLVs. See Threshold Limit Values

(TLVs)

TMRC (theoretical maximum residue

concentration), II:1075–1076

To Ensure Survival3/4Common Inter-

ests of the Industrial and Developing

Countries, II:1333

Tobacco, I:219, I:249–251, I:574,

II:1403

Toilets, II:1403–1404

Tokamak magnetic containment de-

vice, I:282, II:995

Tolerance levels, II:1075–1076,

II:1404–1405

Tolerance of environmental stress,

I:625

See also Environmental stress

Toluene, II:1405

Tools, found by Leakeys, I:827, I:828

Topography, II:1405

airsheds, I:35

atmospheric inversion, I:97

and climate, I:267

maps published by Geological Sur-

vey, I:632–633

Topophilia , I:470

Topsoil, I:46, I:785, I:809–810,

II:1405

air pollution, I:23

desertification, I:363–365

Dust Bowl, I:395–396

mine spoil waste, I:907

overburden removal, II:1040,

II:1362

topsoil replacement in reclama-

tion, II:1175

Tornadoes and cyclones, II:1406

Torrey Canyon, II:1406

1636

Torts, environmental law, I:498,

II:1458–1459

Total suspended solids (TSS), II:1280,

II:1364, II:1431

Tourism, I:697, II:1176

See also Ecotourism

Toxaphene, II:1071, II:1406–1407

Toxic Chemicals Release Inventories

(TRI), I:446

Toxic substances, I:219–220, II:1407–

1409

ATSDR, I:16–17

automobile emissions, I:102–103

batteries, I:114–115

bioassay, I:128

biogeochemistry, I:137

CDC activities, I:228

computers, I:301–302

contaminated soil, I:314–317

degradation, I:365–367

environmental chemistry, I:473–

474

Great Lakes, I:661

hospital incinerator emissions,

I:890

International Register of Poten-

tially Toxic Chemicals, I:768

international trade, I:111–112,

I:769–770

Material Safety Data Sheets, I:884

NIEHS, II:947–948

phytoremediation, II:1090–1092

Rachel Carson Council research,

II:1151–1152

risk assessment, II:1214–1216

role in birth defects, I:164

used in oil spill cleanup, II:1250

See also Chemicals; Ecotoxicology;

Hazardous materials; specific

substances by name; Toxins

Toxic Substances Control Act

(TSCA - 1976), I:701, II:1409–

1411

“Toxic” vs. “Hazardous”, I:703

Toxicity, I:703, I:714–715

dose response, I:377

reduction in sludge, II:1297–1298

synergistic interactions, II:1374–

1375

tests, II:1331–1332

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Proce-

dure (TCLP), I:700, II:1332

Toxicity testing

detoxification, I:366

ecotoxicology, I:433

laboratory animals, I:821–822

pesticide residues, II:1075–1077

TSCA, II:1409–1411

Toxicology

See also Ecotoxicology

Toxics Release Inventory (EPA),

II:1411

Toxics use reduction legislation, I:608,

II:1209–1211, II:1411–1414

Toxins, II:1414

aquatic chemistry, I:68–69

Aquatic toxicology, I:70

Greenpeace campaign, I:675

health effects, I:491–492

released by algal bloom, I:38–39,

II:1180–1181

threshold dose, II:1400

See also Biotoxins; Chemicals;

Toxic substances

Toyota Prius, I:737

Trace elements/micronutrients, I:473–

474, I:710, II:1004, II:1414,

II:1440

Trade. See specific types of trade

Trade and the environment, I:496–

497, II:989–990, II:1536–1538

Trade in pollution permits, I:475,

I:763, II:1109–1110, II:1414–

1415

TRAFFIC (Trade Records Analysis of

Flora and Fauna in Commerce),

II:1538–1539

“The Tragedy of the Commons”,

I:425, I:540, I:696, II:1415–1416,

II:1417

Antarctica, I:59

free riders, I:597

See also Common property

Trail Smelter arbitration, II:1417–

1418

Train, Russell Eroll, II:1418

Training, for land trust staff, I:813

Trans-Alaska pipeline, II:1418–1419,

II:1419

Trans-Amazonia highway, II:1419–

1420

Transboundary pollution, II:1393–

1394, II:1420–1422

acid rain, II:1014, II:1110

Basel Convention, I:111–112

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station,

I:235

Convention on Long-range Trans-

boundary Air Pollution

(1979), I:318

Eastern Europe, I:408

Georgia vs. Tennessee, I:392

hazardous materials, I:769–770,

II:1070–1072, II:1358–1359,

II:1526–1527

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