Environmental Encyclopedia

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

EPA. See Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA)

EPCRA. See Emergency Planning and

Community Right-to-Know Act

(EPCRA) (1986)

Ephemeral species, I:519–520

Epidemiology, I:520–522

CDC activities, I:228

communicable diseases, I:291

NIEHS research, II:947

Vietnam veteran studies, I:372

Equilibrium in nature. See Balance of

nature

Equity

cost-benefit analysis, I:328

First World vs. Third World,

II:1040

indigenous peoples, I:749–750

international trade in toxic waste,

I:770, II:1414

Kennedy, Robert, Jr.’s work, I:790

landfill siting, I:926

natural resources exploitation,

I:425

See also Ecojustice; Social justice

Erodible, I:522

Erosion, I:522–523, I:523

Best management practices, I:122

clear-cutting, I:263

dams (environmental effects),

I:348

kudzu introduced to control, I:798

reduction, I:310, II:959, II:1289–

1290

urban runoff, II:1443

See also specific types of erosion

ESA. See Endangered Species Act

(ESA) (1973)

Escalante River and basin, Grand

Staircase-Escalante National Mon-

ument, I:654–655

Escherichia coli, I:523–525

food-borne diseases, I:580

See also Coliform bacteria

Essential fish habitat, I:525–526

Estrogens, I:487–489

Estuaries, I:526–527, II:941–942,

II:1276

Ethanol, I:527, II:1184–1185

biomass fuel, I:147

See also Gasohol

Ethics, II:1450–1451

genetic engineering, I:269–270,

I:625, I:627

hunting and trapping, I:732

Quaamen, David, II:1149–1150

SAF code, II:1311

See also Environmental ethics

1607

Ethnobotany, I:527–529, II:1224,

II:1282–1283

Ethnocentric view of nature, I:503

EU. See European Union (EU)

Eukaryotes, II:1374

Eurasian milfoil, I:529–530, I:537

Europe, air pollution control for medi-

cal waste emissions, I:890

Europe, foot and mouth disease, I:582

European Union (EU), I:115, I:530

Eutectic, I:531

Eutrophication. See Cultural eutrophi-

cation

Evapotranspiration, I:531, I:739–740

Everglades, I:184, I:378–379, I:531–

533, I:533

Evolution, I:349–350, I:533–535,

I:692

adaptation, I:10

competitive exclusion, I:297

theories of Richard Leakey, I:831,

I:833

Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs)

of salmon, II:1241

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ),

I:100, I:319, I:536

Exfoliation (weathering), II:1498

Exhaust air, I:567

Exothermic reactions, coal gasification,

I:274–275

Exotic species, I:536–538, II:1337,

II:1518

decline spiral, I:354

ecological diseases, I:448–449

The Ecology of Invasions by Ani-

mals and Plants, I:444

Everglades, I:532

Great Lakes, II:1235–1236

international trade, I:317–318

See also Introduced species; Oppor-

tunistic organisms; specific spe-

cies by name

Experimental Lakes Area, I:538–539

Expert directory, INFOTERRA

(U.N. Environment Programme),

I:756

Exponential growth, I:539, II:1115,

II:1117

System Dynamics model

(World3), I:838–839

Exposure assessment, II:1215

Exposure indicators, environmental

monitoring, I:504

Extensive vs. intensive monitoring,

I:504–505

Externalities, I:419–420, I:479, I:540–

541, I:762–763

automobiles, I:882–883

Coase theorem, I:277

Extinction, I:131–134, I:307, I:541–

542, II:1518

Amazon Basin, I:43

Bellwether species, I:118–119

from deforestation, I:787–788

of the dodo and related flightless

doves, I:374

from habitat fragmentation, I:691

Hawaiian Islands, I:698

from overhunting, I:732, II:1043–

1044, II:1102–1103

of parrots, II:1054

of passenger pigeon, II:1057

rate of, I:450–451, I:452

See also Mass extinction

Extraction methods, hazardous waste

site remediation, II:1192

Extraction-Procedure (EP) toxicity

tests, I:700, II:1331–1332

Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radi-

ation, I:440

Exxon Valdez, I:542–544, I:543,

II:1006, II:1136

F

Fallout. See Radioactive fallout

Family planning, I:545–547, II:1116,

II:1119

Cairo Conference goals, I:200

Famine, I:547–548

Farm Bill of 1990 (Organic Foods Pro-

duction Act), II:1035

Farming methods, I:785–786, I:809–

810, II:1364

Farms and farmers, I:46, I:213, I:578–

579, II:1035–1036

Catskill/Delaware watershed pro-

tection, I:225

depletion of Ogallala Aquifer,

II:1020

social aspects, I:785–786, I:809–

810

Trans-Amazonian highway,

II:1419–1420

Fauna, I:549

FDA. See Food and Drug Administra-

tion (FDA)

Fecundity, I:141, I:549

Federal Energy Regulatory Commis-

sion (FERC), I:549–550

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Ro-

denticide Act (FIFRA) (1972),

I:550–552, II:1076–1077

Federal Land Policy and Management

Act (FLPMA) (1976), I:190,

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

I:552–554, I:657, I:908, II:1234,

II:1515

Federal Power Commission, I:554

Federal Power Commission (FPC),

I:549–550

Federalism, transboundary pollution,

II:1420–1421

Federation of Sewage Works Associa-

tions, II:1478

Feed-gas preparation in ozonation,

II:1045

Feedback loops (dynamic modeling),

I:838–839

Feedlot runoff, I:554–555

See also Agricultural pollution

Feedlots, I:555–556

FERC. See Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission (FERC)

Fermentation, biomass fuel formation,

I:146

Ferrets. See Black-footed ferret

Fertility. See Biological fertility

Fertilizer, I:20–21, I:556, I:556

cultural eutrophication, I:342,

II:973

guano, I:682

in runoff, II:976

Fibrosis, I:556

Fibrous filters, I:556–557

Field Act (earthquake building code

standards), I:405

Field capacity, I:556

Field capacity, flooding, I:563

Field citations, enforcement, I:485

Field Guides(Roger Tory Peterson),

II:1078–1079

Field surveys, ecotoxicology, I:434

FIFRA. See Federal Insecticide, Fungi-

cide and Rodenticide Act (FI-

FRA) (1972)

Filters, I:556–557

air pollution control, I:107–108,

II:1108

Filtration, I:557

desalinization, I:361–362

sludge, II:1298

water treatment, I:340, I:385,

II:1490

Finance, I:256

biosphere reserves, I:155–156

brownfields remediation, I:186

coastal zone programs, I:278

Cubata

˜

o, Brazil, remediation,

I:342

debt for nature swaps, I:352–353

Superfund, II:1191, II:1360

water diversion projects, II:1477

1608

Finding of no significant impact

(FONSI), II:940

Finning (sharks), II:1287–1288

Fire, II:1129–1132

effect on chaparral, I:230

-extinguishing agents, halons,

I:693

Indonesian forest fires, I:750–751

jack pine life cycle dependent on,

I:796

prairie, II:1125–1126

-resistant plastics, bromine in,

I:179

Wildfire, II:1515–1517

See also Forest fires

Fire ants, I:558

Fireweed, II:1031–1032

First World, I:548, I:558–559

Fish

Congo River, I:303

See also specific species by name

Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS),

I:118, I:451, I:452–453, I:559

Fish farming. See Blue revolution (fish

farming)

Fish kills, I:373, I:559–561, II:1081

acid deposition, I:7, II:1014–1015

algal bloom, I:38–39

from cyanide, I:66–67

See also Die-offs

Fish stocks, I:562, II:1040–1042,

II:1476

Fisher, Linda J. (EPA Deputy Admin-

istrator), I:508

Fisheries

Americans vs. Canadians, I:634

Bay of Fundy, I:116

Chesapeake Bay, I:237–238

discarding of non-target species,

I:195–196

Great Lakes, I:660

multi-species management, I:925,

II:1335–1336

supported by rain forests, II:1385

Fisheries and Oceans Canada, I:561–

562

Fisheries, commercial. See Commercial

fishing

Fishery Conservation and Manage-

ment Act (1976), I:536

Fishery management councils

(NOAA/NMFS), I:525–526

Fishing methods, II:1041–1042

for the aquarium trade, I:66–67

MMPA restrictions, I:871–872

See also Drift nets; Gill nets

Fission reactions, II:994–995, II:996,

II:1000

Fitness maximization principle (sociobi-

ology), II:1312

Flash flooding, I:563

Flatworms (trematodes), in frogs,

I:602

Flavorants, food additives, I:572

Fleischmann, Martin, I:282

Floatable debris, I:562, II:1007

marine pollution, I:873–874

sewer overflows, I:284

Flocs/flocculation, I:8–9, II:1489

Flood control

Aswan High Dam, I:92–94

Tulsa (OK), I:380, II:1443–1444

Flooding, I:348, I:563, I:563–564

Meramec River (MO), II:1402

in oil recovery, II:1271–1272

Floodplains, I:564, II:1487

Flora, I:564

ephemeral species in the desert,

I:519–520

Gala

´

pagos Islands, I:612

human intestinal tract, I:523–524

Flora and fauna

grasslands, I:656

Great Barrier Reef, I:658

Great Smoky Mountains, I:663

Hudson River basin, I:726–727

Florida, Cross-Florida Barge Canal,

I:337

Florida panther, I:564–565, I:565,

II:1520

Flotation, I:565

FLPMA. See Federal Land Policy and

Management Act (FLPMA)

(1976)

Flu pandemic, I:447,

I:565–567

Flue gas, I:567, I:746–747

Flue-gas scrubbing, I:567

Fluidized bed combustion, I:567–568,

I:568, II:1185

Fluoridation, I:384, I:568–569

Fluorine, in halons, I:693

Fly ash, I:568, I:570, I:747–748,

II:1326, II:1379

See also Ash

Flyways, I:570, I:904, I:914–915,

II:972

Food additives, I:219, I:570–573,

I:571t

Delaney Clause, I:359, I:359–360

See also specific additives by name

Food and Drug Administration

(FDA), I:573–574, I:702

Food-borne diseases, I:193, I:340–341,

I:580–581

Food chain/web, I:422, I:427, I:574–

576, I:575, II:1404–1405

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

agricultural pollution, I:24

bioaccumulation, I:128, I:369

biomagnification, I:137, I:144

community ecology, I:292

crocodiles, I:335

dioxins, I:371

effects of ozone layer depletion,

II:1047–1048

energy efficiency, I:462

gastropods as links, I:621

heavy metals in plants, I:710

keystone species, I:793–795

microbes, I:70

neritic zones, II:969

trophic levels, II:1427–1428

wetlands, II:1029

See also Predator-prey interactions

Food disparagement lawsuits, II:1346

Food irradiation, I:576–578

Food policy, I:578–579

Food Quality Protection Act (1996),

child health, I:184

Food safety, I:227–228

additives, I:570, I:572–573

chemical residues, II:1075–1077,

II:1404–1405

government policy, I:579–580

irradiation, I:576–577

meat contamination, I:858–860

nitrates and nitrates, II:973–974

Food supply, I:271

agricultural revolution, I:172–173

aquaculture, I:64–65, I:867

CGIAR, I:312–313

impact of livestock on, II:1456

and migration, I:904

and population growth, I:547,

II:1461

and salinization, II:1238

subject to bioterrorism, I:161

See also Carrying capacity

Food waste, I:579–580

Foot and mouth disease (FMD),

I:581–583

Foraminifera, indicator of ice age cy-

cles, I:905

Forbes, Stephen Alfred (entomologist

and naturalist), I:583–584

Forced air processing, composting,

I:298

Ford Foundation, founding of Re-

sources for the Future, II:1201

Forel, Francois-Alphonse, I:584–585

Forel-Ule Color Scale, I:585

Foreman, Dave, I:401, I:585–586

Forest and Rangeland Renewable Re-

sources Planning Act (RPA)

(1974), I:586–587

1609

Forest decline, I:7, I:449, I:587–589

Forest ecosystems, radiation exposure,

II:1532

Forest fires, II:1516–1517

Indonesia (1997–1998), I:750–751

See also Fire

Forest management, I:589–590

American Forests, I:46–47

Canada, I:205–206, I:255–256

improvement cutting, I:746

National Forest Management Act

(1976), II:944

national forests, II:943–944

old-growth forests, II:1026–1027

prescribed burning, II:1129–1132

selection cutting, II:1274

See also Sustainable forestry

Forest policy

history, I:922, II:1092–1093

multiple-use, I:923–924

Forest Service (USFS), I:586, I:590,

I:878–879, II:1512

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC),

“certified wood”, I:648

Formaldehyde, indoor air quality,

II:1291

Forman, Richard, 12 principles of

landscape ecology, I:817

Forrester, Jay, MIT population growth

model, I:271–272, I:838–839

Fossey, Dian, I:591–593, I:592

Fossil fuels, I:593–595

air pollution, I:29–30

automobile emissions, I:102–103

carbon cycle, I:211

environmental effects, I:457–458

See also specific types by name

Fossil water, I:595

Foundationstone species, I:795

Four Corners, I:595–596

Fox hunting, I:596–597

Foyn, Svend (whaling technology),

II:1505

Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) (1992),

I:211–212, I:217–218

Framework for Ecological Risk Assess-

ment (EPA guidelines), I:417

Frameworks for land-use planning,

I:814

France, energy policy, I:464

St. Francis of Assisi, I:91

Free radicals, food irradiation, I:577

Free riders, I:597–598, II:1415

and externalities, I:540

Freedom of Information Act, database

research, I:515

Freon, I:598

Frequency distribution, of species,

I:857–858

Fresh water ecology, I:598–600,

II:1501

Friedman, Milton, on externalities,

I:762–763

Friends of the Earth (FOE), I:180–

181, I:600

Frogs, I:600–603, I:928

acclimation experiments, I:3

die-off, I:369

temperature regulation, I:721

Frontier economy, I:603

Frost heaving, I:603

Froth flotation (coal washing), I:276,

I:277

Fruit fly, I:891–892

Fuel alternatives. See Alternative en-

ergy sources

Fuel cells, I:603–605

for vehicles, I:737

Fuel efficiency

fuel economy standards, I:325

gasoline tax, I:620

hybrid vehicles, I:736–737

See also Energy efficiency

Fuel from solid waste, II:1183–1185

See also Waste-to-energy

Fuel switching, I:605

Fugitive emissions, I:605, II:1471

Fuller, Buckminster (Spaceship Earth

),

II:1334, II:1335

Fumigation, I:577, I:605

Fund for Animals, I:51–52, I:605–606

Fund resources. See Nonrenewable re-

sources

Fundamentals of Ecology, II:1016

Funding. See Finance

Fungi, I:14–15, I:606, I:903

Fungicides, I:606–607, I:899

Fur trade, I:732–733, II:1044

Furans, I:245, I:607–608

See also Organochlorides

Fusion reactions, II:995–996, II:1000

Future generations, I:608–609

cost-benefit analysis, I:328

ecological economics, I:421

intent of NEPA, II:939

intergenerational justice, I:759–

760

Kennedy, Robert, Jr.’s work, I:790

Land Stewardship Project, I:811–

812

land trusts, I:812–813

wilderness, II:1510, II:1511

See also specific “Sustainable” topics

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

G

Gaia hypothesis, I:611, I:851–852,

II:1366

Gala

´

pagos Islands, I:611–613, I:612

Galdikas, Birute Marija Filomena,

I:613–614, I:614

Game animals, I:614, I:733

Game preserves, I:614–616

See also National wildlife refuges

Gamma rays, I:616, II:1161

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand,

I:616–617, I:617

influenced by Henry Salt, II:1242

nonviolent resistance, I:240–241

Ganges river dolphins, II:1219

Garbage, I:466, I:617–618, I:925–296

See also Household waste; Munici-

pal solid waste; Solid waste

Garbage Project, I:618

Garbology, I:618

Gas chromatography, I:248

Gasohol, I:147, I:527, I:619

See also Ethanol

Gasoline, I:619–620, I:897–898

Gasoline tax, I:325, I:620–621

See also Carbon tax; Energy taxes;

Green taxes

Gastrointestinal diseases, coliform bac-

teria, I:283

Gastropods, I:621

Gel permeation chromatography

(GPC), I:248

GEMS. See Global Environmental

Monitoring System (GEMS)

Gene bank, I:621–622

Gene pool, I:622–623, II:1520

bees, I:16

population biology, II:1115

risks of inbreeding, I:864

stability, I:535

General Circulation Models (GCM),

I:912

Genetic disorders, I:623, I:625, I:627

Genetic diversity. See Biodiversity

Genetic engineering, I:158, I:623–625,

I:624, I:624, I:628–630, II:1456

cloning, I:269–270

See also Biotechnology

Genetic resistance (or genetic toler-

ance), I:625–626

Genetic resources conservation,

CGIAR, I:312

Genetically engineered organisms,

I:626–628

Genetically modified organisms

(GMOs), I:628–630, I:773

1610

Bt toxin threat to monarch butter-

flies, I:915

Genetics, theory of evolution, I:534–

535

Geodegradable, I:631

Geographic distribution, epidemiology,

I:520–521

Geographic information systems

(GIS), I:631–632

Geological Survey (USGS), I:142–143,

I:632–633

Georges Bank, I:286, I:287, I:633–

634, II:1041–1042

Geosphere, I:635

Geothermal energy, I:635–636,

II:1194

alternative energy sources, I:41–42

power plants, I:698, II:1124

Germ banks, I:621–622

German measles (rubella), role in birth

defects, I:164

Ghana, World Bank program results,

II:1534

Giant Panda, I:636––637

Giant reedgrass, as bioindicators,

I:748–749

Giant sequoia, II:1183

Giardia, I:637, I:637–638

Gibberellins, I:20–21

Gibbons, I:638–639

Gibbs, Lois Marie, I:639–640, I:640

Gilbertson, W. E., definition of ’Envi-

ronmental engineering’, I:486

Gill nets, I:375–376, I:640

See also Fishing methods

GIS. See Geographic information sys-

tems (GIS)

Glaciation, I:640–641, I:922

Gleason, Henry A., I:264, I:423,

I:641–643, II:1381

Glen Avon (CA), Stringfellow Acid

Pits, II:1349–1350

Glen Canyon Dam, I:10, I:643–644

Global Change program (SIPI),

II:1259

Global Climate Coalition (industry

group), I:761

The Global Environment and Basic

Needs, I:542

Global Environmental Monitoring Sys-

tem (GEMS), I:644

Global Forum, I:645, II:981, II:1437

Global ReLeaf, I:47, I:645–646

Global Rivers Environmental Educa-

tion Network (GREEN), I:483

The Global 2000 Report, I:329,

II:1387–1388

Global warming. See Climate change;

Greenhouse effect

Globalization, II:1537–1538

Globe Fur Dyeing Corporation v.

United States , I:872

Glyphosate, I:714–715, I:820, II:1147

pesticide resistance, I:626, I:629

GMOs. See Genetically modified

organisms (GMOs)

GOBI (United Nations child survival

campaign principles), I:238–239

Goiter, I:646

Golf courses, I:646–648

Golomyanka fish (Lake Baikal), I:804–

805

Gonorrhea, antibiotic resistance, I:62

Good wood, I:648–649

Goodall, Jane, I:649–651, I:651

Gorbachev, Mikhail S., Green Cross

and Green Crescent, I:665

Gordon v. Jones (1985) (NEPA regula-

tions applicable to MMPA), I:872

Gore, Albert, Jr., I:651–653, I:652

Gorillas, I:591–593

Gorillas, I:653, I:653–654

Gorsuch, Anne Burford, I:301,

II:1231

Gould, Stephen Jay, on Edward O.

Wilson, II:1312

Government

information management, II:1187

intervention, common property,

I:540

intervention, in environmental pol-

icy, I:505

Governor’s Conference (1907), II:1227

Grameen banks, II:1369

Grand Canyon National Park, II:954

Grand Canyon Protection Act (1992),

adaptive management, I:10

Grand Staircase-Escalante National

Monument, I:654–655

Graphic display techniques, GIS,

I:632

Graphite moderator fire (UK), II:1527

Grasslands, I:655–656

See also Prairies

Grassroots campaigns, American

Oceans Campaign, I:49

Graywater, II:1404

Grazing, II:1042–1043

allotments, environmental monitor-

ing, I:50

carrying capacity, I:220

policy, FLPMA, I:552–553

on public lands, I:656–657,

II:1415–1416

Serengeti National Park, II:1278

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Grazing Service and the General Land

Office (GLO) (BLM predeces-

sor), I:190

Great Barrier Reef, I:101, I:658–660,

I:659

Great Lakes, I:660–661, II:949,

II:1235–1236, II:1293

double-crested cormorants, I:377–

378

sand dune ecology, II:1246

See also Lake Erie

Great Lakes Water Quality

Agreement (1978), I:661–662

Great Smoky Mountains, I:662–663,

II:954, II:955

Green advertising and marketing,

I:663–664, II:1340

Green belts/greenways, I:664–665

Green Cross, I:665–666

Green packaging, I:666

Green plans, I:666–667

Canada, I:469

Green politics, I:667–669, I:675,

II:931

Green products, I:663–664, I:669

Blue Angel certification (Ger-

many), I:169

certification, I:669–670

“certified wood”, I:648–649

Eco Mark certification (Japan),

I:411–412

See also Environmentally preferable

purchasing

Green revolution. See Agricultural revo-

lution

Green Seal, I:669–670, I:670

Green taxes, I:670–671

European Environmental Agency

(EEA) report, I:218

See also Carbon tax; Effluent tax;

Energy taxes; Gasoline tax

Greenhouse effect, I:671–674, I:673,

I:886

carbon offsets, I:214–216

hydrologic cycle, I:740

research by Svante Arrhenius, I:81

Greenhouse gases, I:674, I:707

emissions trading, I:211–214

international cooperation, I:217,

I:799–801, II:1436

IPCC, I:761–762

nitrous oxides, II:978

Greening of Academia program, I:226

Greenpeace, I:674–675, II:1339

Greens, I:150, I:675

See also Environmental activism

“Greenscam”, I:826

Greenways, I:664–665

1611

Grinevald, Jacques, I:675–676

Grizzly bears, I:676–678, I:677,

II:1522, II:1544

Grotius, Hugo, I:318, II:1386

Groundwater, I:678–679, II:1020,

II:1487, II:1490

Groundwater monitoring, I:679

Groundwater pollution, I:679–681,

I:705, I:926, II:1173, II:1276,

II:1483

agricultural runoff, I:24

aquifer depletion, I:71–72

bioremediation, I:150–152

contaminated soil leaching, I:315

Hanford Nuclear Reservation,

I:695

injection well risk, I:756

Karst topography, II:1294

leaking underground storage tanks

(LUST), I:833–834

sources, I:680

See also Water pollution

Growth curve, I:681

Growth hormones, cattle, I:21

Growth limiting factors, I:681–682

Growth monitoring, child survival,

I:239

Grumbine, R. Edward, definition of

’ecosystem management’, I:429

Guam, brown tree snake infestation,

183–184

Guanacaste dry forest (Costa Rica),

II:1205

Guano, I:682, II:1438

A Guide for the Perplexed, II:1257

Guinea worm eradication, I:683

Gulf of Mexico, hypoxia, I:350–351

Gulf War Syndrome, I:684–686

Gullied land, I:686

Gully erosion, I:522, I:686

Gusum (Sweden), iron ore smelter,

II:1301

Gypsy moth, I:686–687, I:687

H

Haagen-Smit, Arie Jan, I:689

Habitat, I:689–690

Defenders of Wildlife, I:357

Ducks Unlimited, I:391–392

Essential Fish Habitat (EFH),

I:525–526

game animals, I:614–616

mangrove swamps, I:866

vs. niche, I:422–423

tropical rain forests, II:1428–1429

wildlife management, II:1519–

1521

See also Critical habitat

Habitat conservation plans (HCPs),

I:287, I:690–691

Habitat fragmentation, I:691–692

Habitat loss or fragmentation, I:133,

I:864, II:1168, II:1170, II:1518

brown pelican populations, I:183

California condor, I:203

clear-cutting, I:263

Florida panther, I:564

Georges Bank, I:634

Gibbons, I:638

Hawaiian Islands, I:698

Ivory-billed woodpecker, I:781–

782

mining, II:1362

monarch butterfly, I:914–915

neotropical migrants, II:968,

II:1283

orangutans, II:1032–1033

pollinators, II:1104–1105

power lines, II:1423

prairie in 19th century, II:1126

river dolphins, II:1219

tigers, II:1401

wildlife refuges, II:1521–1522

See also Environmental degra-

dation

Habitat manipulation, I:71, I:293

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp Au-

gust, I:692, I:692

Haiti, pollution, II:1394

Half-life, I:692–693, II:1069

Hallucinogenic plants, I:528

Halogens. See specific halogens by name

Halons, I:693–694, I:918, II:1048–

1049

Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), accli-

mation experiments, I:3

Hanford Nuclear Reservation, I:694–

696, II:1156–1157, II:1160

Hard energy path, I:462–463

’hard look“ test, environmental law,

I:499

Hardin, Garrett, I:597, I:696–697,

II:1415–1416

Hargrove, Eugene C., I:225

Harshberger, John, I:528

Hatfield, Charles (rainmaker), II:1496

Hawaiian honeycreepers, I:133, I:697–

698

Hawaiian Islands, I:697–699

Hayes, Denis, I:399, I:699, I:699–700

Hazard assessment, II:1215

Hazard Communication Standard,

I:220

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Hazard Ranking System (HRS),

I:508, I:700, I:701, II:957

Hazard research, volcanos, I:920–921

Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs),

II:938–939

Hazardous Chemical Inventory, I:446

Hazardous materials, I:233, I:700–701

less developed countries, I:125,

II:1071

Material Safety Data Sheets, I:884

reporting of accidental releases,

I:445–446

right-to-know laws, II:1211

urban contamination, II:1439–

1440

water pollution, II:1481

See also Toxic substances

Hazardous Materials Transportation

Act (1975), I:701–702

Hazardous Substances Act (1960),

I:702–703

“Hazardous” vs. “Toxic”, I:703

Hazardous waste, I:373, I:703–704,

I:815, II:1199–1200

Basel Convention, I:111–112

consumer protection, I:639

deep-well injection, I:356

fly ash, I:570

health effects, II:948

illegal dumping, I:701–702

incineration, I:748, II:1339–1340

less developed countries, II:1393–

1394

Love Canal, I:849–851

marine pollution, I:319–320

nuclear facilities, II:1005–1006,

II:1157

small quantity generators (SQGs),

II:1298–1299

storage, I:387–388, II:1016–1017,

II:1344–1345, II:1349–1350

See also Radioactive waste; Storage

and transport of hazardous ma-

terials

Hazardous waste site remediation,

I:508, I:704–706

Hanford Nuclear Reservation,

I:694–686

Rocky Flats, II:1221

Rocky Mountain Arsenal, II:1222

Stringfellow Acid Pits, II:1350

Superfund, I:299–301

Hazardous waste siting, I:510, I:706

Haze, I:706–707, II:1460–1461

accidents during Indonesian forest

fires, I:751

Hazelwood, Joseph, I:544

1612

HCFCs. See Global Environmental

Monitoring System (GEMS); Hy-

drochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

HCPs. See Habitat conservation plans

(HCPs)

HDPE plastic (high density polyethyl-

ene), II:1328

Health

HHS, II:1447–1448

NIEHS research, II:946–948

risk assessment, II:1214–1216

Health effects, I:906

air pollution, I:30, I:752–753,

I:848, II:1067–1068

algal bloom, I:38–39, II:1081

arsenic, I:81–82, I:82–83

asbestos, I:84I

bioaerosols, I:128

chemical weapon exposure, I:684–

685

cigarette smoke, I:250

DDT, I:368–369

dioxins, I:19–20, I:371–372,

II:1402

dry cleaning chemicals, I:389,

II:1386–1387

Eastern European pollution, I:408

Ebola, I:409–410

endocrine disruptors, I:456–457,

I:487–488

fire ant stings, I:558

furans, I:608

incineration, II:1339–1340

Indonesian forest fires, I:751

kepone, I:791

lead poisoning, I:822, I:823, I:896

mercury poisoning, I:894, I:895–

896, I:899–900, I:906

methylisocyanate (MIC) released

in Bhopal, I:124–126

MTBE, I:898

nitrogen oxides, II:977–978

pesticides, I:684–685, I:757,

II:969, II:1151–1152

pollution, I:490–492

shellfish poisoning, I:161, II:976–

977

styrene exposure, II:1353

synthetic chemicals, I:233–234

toxic substances, I:249, I:849–850,

II:1064–1065, II:1404–1405

See also Birth defects; Chronic ef-

fects; specific conditions by name

Health effects of radiation. See Radia-

tion exposure; Radiation sickness

Hearing loss, II:979–980

Heat

cogeneration, I:281

energy flows, I:427

geothermal energy, I:635

second law of thermodynamics,

I:461, I:462

thermal pollution, II:1388–1390

Heat (stress) index, I:707–708

Heavy metals and heavy metal poison-

ing, I:708–710, I:873, I:895–896

Heavy metals precipitation, I:710–711

coprecipitation, I:322

municipal waste incineration,

I:747

Heilbroner, Robert L., I:711–712,

I:712

Hells Canyon, I:712–713

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS),

I:523–524

Hemorrhagic fevers, I:409––410

Henderson, Hazel, I:713

Heptachlor, I:241, II:1071

Herbertson, A. J., ’macroorgansm’ con-

cept, I:426

Herbicides, I:713–716

aquatic weed control, I:71

defoliation, I:358

environmental impacts, I:726

environmental risks of fish farm-

ing, I:169–170

environmental risks of GMOs,

I:630

See also Agent Orange; specific her-

bicides by name

Herbivores, as keystone species, I:794–

795

Heritage Conservation and Recreation

Service (HCRS), I:716

Herpes, role in birth defects, I:164

Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, I:716–717

Heterotrophs, I:717, I:902–903

Hexachlorobutadiene (HDBD),

II:1071

HFCs. See Hydrofluorocarbons

(HFCs)

High density polyethylene (HDPE

plastic), II:1328

High-grading (mining, forestry), I:717

High-level radioactive waste, I:717

,

II:1264–1266

High Plains regional aquifer (Ogallala

Aquifer), II:1019–1020

High-solids reactor, I:717–718

High test hypochlorite (HTH) (cal-

cium hypochlorite), I:243

High-volume sampler (HVS) (atmo-

spheric particulates), I:887–888

Hill, Julia Butterfly, nonviolent resis-

tance, I:432

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Hill v. Tennessee Valley Authority

(1978), I:499

Hinduism, II:984

Hiroshima (Japan), I:718, I:719

“The Historical Roots of Our Ecologi-

cal Crisis”, II:1507

History. See Environmental history

HIV. See AIDS

Hiwassee River, II:1305–1306

Holistic approach, I:719–720

ecosystems study, I:427

Friends of the Earth (FOE), I:600

Hutchinson, George Evelyn, I:734

landscape ecology, I:816

Odum, Eugene P., II:1016

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, on environ-

mental protection, II:1196

Home economics, II:1208

Home rule, land trusts, I:812

Homeostasis, I:720–722

See also Stability

Homestead Act (1862), I:722

Hominids. See Human remains

Honda, hybrid vehicles, I:736–737

Hong Kong red tide damage, II:1181

Hoof-and-Mouth disease, I:581–583

“Hopi-Navajo land dispute”, ruse for

enery development, I:595

Horizon, I:722

Hormones, I:219, I:487

Horseshoe crabs, I:722–724, I:723

Horton, Robert E., drainage patterns,

I:379

House sparrows, I:536–537

Household waste, I:724–725

See also Garbage; Municipal solid

waste; Solid waste

Household waste, composting, I:298

Housing prices, II:1299–1300

How Animals Made Us Human,

II:1288–1289

Howe, Henry, proponent of National

Institute for the Environment,

II:944

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,

I:725–726

Hubbell, Stephen, proponent of Na-

tional Institute for the Environ-

ment, II:944

Hudson River, I:253, I:726–727,

II:1345, II:1491, II:1492

Human ecology, I:727–728, II:965

bioregionalism, I:150

biosphere functioning, I:154

Bookchin, Murray, II:1308

and climate, I:267

community ecology, I:293

environmental aesthetics, I:471

1613

food chain/web, I:576

Hardin, Garrett, I:696–697

Lopez, Barry Holstun, I:847

Shepard, Paul Howe, II:1288–

1289

Thoreau, Henry David, II:1396

See also Anthropogenic

Human gene therapy. See Genetic dis-

orders

Human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV). See AIDS

Human-powered vehicles, I:729–732

Human remains, found by Leakeys,

I:827–833

Humane Society of the United States,

I:728–729

Humanism, I:729, II:1121–1122

Humboldt, Alexander von, II:1099,

II:1553

Humidity and temperature (heat in-

dex), I:707

Humus, I:732

Hunting and trapping, I:732–734,

II:1043–1044, II:1519

Amory, Cleveland, I:51–52

Ducks Unlimited, I:391

endangered species, I:193

extinction of the dodo, I:374

extinction of the passenger pigeon,

II:1057

Florida panther and prey, I:564

fox, I:596–597

game animals, I:614

NWF position, II:960

overhunting, I:133, II:1401

sea otter, II:1261–1262

seals and sea lions, II:1267

wolves, II:1530–1531

See also Poaching

Hurricanes, I:734

Hutchinson, George Evelyn, I:734–

736

on the biosphere, I:153

holistic and meristic approaches to

ecosystems, I:427

limnology, I:598

Hybrid vehicles, I:605, I:736–737

Hybridization, biotechnology, I:157–

158

Hydration (weathering), II:1498

Hydraulic dredging, I:380

Hydrocarbons, I:737–738, II:1304,

II:1461

See also Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),

I:738, I:738t, I:919, II:1049,

II:1140

Hydroelectric power, II:1194

developers vs. environmentalists,

I:712

environmental impacts, I:348,

I:458, II:1485

Glen Canyon Dam, I:643–644

Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, I:716

James Bay hydropower project,

I:786

low-head hydropower, I:853–854

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), II:1141

Hydrofracturing, geothermal energy,

I:636

Hydrogen, I:738–739

bomb, II:1000, II:1005–1006

bomb, Bikini Atoll testing, I:126–

127

bonds, I:231

fuel cells, I:603–605

synthetic fuels, II:1375

Hydrogeology, I:739

contaminated soil remediation,

I:152

Hydrologic cycle, I:739–741, I:741

river basins in, II:1217

Hydrology, I:741

Hydrology for Urban Land Planning,

II:1443

Hydrolysis, detoxification, I:367

Hydrolysis (weathering), II:1498

Hydroponics, I:741–743

Hydrothermal vents, I:743

Hygiene. See Sanitation

Hypoxia, I:350–351

sewer overflows, I:284

I

IAEA. See International Atomic En-

ergy Agency (IAEA)

Ice Age, I:745

Ice Age refugia, I:745

Ice ages, Milankovitch weather cycles,

I:904–905

Ignitability (hazardous materials),

I:700, I:703

IISD. See International Institute for

Sustainable Development

Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Illinois

(1892), II:1143

Illinois River (OK and AR), trans-

boundary pollution, I:343–344

Illinois Sustainable Agriculture Soci-

ety, I:46

Illinois v. Illinois Central Railroad Co.

(1892), II:1143

Illuviation (soil), II:1317

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Imbrie, John, Milankovitch weather cy-

cles, I:905

IMF. See International Monetary

Fund (IMF)

Immunization

UN child survival program, I:239

See also Vaccination

Immunotherapy, cancer treatment,

I:208

Impervious material (hydrology), I:746

Impingers (air pollution control),

II:1108

Imprinting of anadromous fish,

II:1011–1012

Improvement cutting, I:746

In situ vitrification (ISV), I:695,

II:1160, II:1192

In situ vs. ex situ treatment of hazard-

ous waste, I:705

In-vessel processing, composting,

I:298–299

Inbreeding, I:746, II:1520

Incidental take. See Bycatch

Incineration, I:746–748, I:747, II:1160

air pollution, I:30

furans, I:607

garbage, I:724–725, I:926

mass burn, I:879–880

resource recovery, II:1201

at sea, I:320

solid waste, I:617, II:1109,

II:1325–1327, II:1330, II:1471

Income tax checkoffs for nongame

wildlife, II:980

India

Project Tiger, II:1522

Sandar Sarovar Dam, II:1533

sewage, II:1394

Indiana Dunes (IN), II:949

Indicator organisms, I:748–749,

II:1032, II:1337

Escherichia coli vs. coliform bacte-

ria, I:524–525

frogs, I:602

index development, I:749

lichen, I:837

migrant bird declines and ecosys-

tem health, II:969

Northern spotted owl, II:992

plants, II:1097

See also Bioindicators

Indicator species. See Bellwether spe-

cies; Indicator organisms

Indicators. See Environmental moni-

toring

Indigenous peoples, I:749–750

adaptive management, I:10

Alaska, I:37

1614

Arctic oil drilling, I:78, II:1419

biosphere reserves, I:155–156

British Columbia, I:255–256

ethnobotany, I:527–529, II:1224

Four Corners energy development,

I:595–596

inspiration for bioregionalism,

I:150

James Bay hydropower project,

I:786

Native American resources man-

agement, I:47–48

non-timber forest products,

II:982–983, II:1172

water diversion projects, II:1477

Indonesia

forest management, I:844, II:943

orangutans, I:613

Indonesian forest fires, I:750–752

Indoor air quality, I:752–754, I:753,

II:1290–1291, II:1365

cigarette smoke, I:250

pollutants, I:31, I:34

Indus River dolphins (Pakistan),

II:1219

Industrial waste treatment, I:754–755,

II:1009–1010, II:1471

less developed countries, II:1394

source separation, II:1333

Industrialists vs. environmentalists,

II:1527–1529

Hudson River basin, I:727,

II:1345

Strategic Lawsuits Against Public

Participation (SLAPP),

II:1345–1346

wilderness areas, II:1513, II:1515

Industry and environmental legislation

coastal zone, I:280

toxics use reduction, II:1413

Inequality. See Equity

Infant cyanosis (blue-baby syndrome),

I:170–171

Infant mortality. See Child mortality

Inferential statistics, II:1341–1342

Infiltration, I:755

Influenza. See Flu pandemic

INFORM, I:755–756

Informal sector, II:1285

INFOTERRA (U.N. Environment

Programme), I:756

Infrared spectrometry, I:888

Injection wells, I:756

and earthquakes, II:1222

in oil recovery, II:1271–1273

See also Wells

Inoculate, I:756

An Inquiry into the Human Prospect,

I:711

Insecticides. See Pesticides

Insects. See specific species by name

Institutional framework, land-use plan-

ning, I:814

Institutional investors, II:1310

Integrated Environmental Plan for the

Mexican-U.S. Border Area, I:804

Integrated pest management (IPM),

I:27, I:607, I:715, I:756–758,

II:1454–1456

See also Biological control in pest

management; Pest man-

agement

Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems

(IVHS), I:883

Intensive vs. extensive monitoring,

I:504–505

Interaction principle (sociobiology),

II:1312

Intercropping, agroforestry, I:27–28

Interdependence, emphasis of Environ-

mentalism, I:516

Interfaith Center on Corporate Re-

sponsibility (ICCR), II:1309

Interfaith Council for the Protection

of Animals and Nature, I:729

Intergenerational justice, I:328, I:759–

760

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC), I:760–762,

I:799–801

1994 report, I:217

Intermediate Technology Develop-

ment Group, II:1256

Internalizing costs, I:762–763

Coase theorem, I:277

pollution control, I:540–541

International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA), I:763–764

International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development (IBRD). See

World Bank

International Bird Rescue Research

Center (IBRRC), II:1523

International Board for Plant Genetic

Resources (IBPGR), I:312

International Cleaner Production Co-

operative, I:764

International conferences and conven-

tions. See specific conferences and con-

ventions by name

International Convention for the Pre-

vention of Pollution from Ships

(MARPOL) (1978), I:874

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

International Convention for the Regu-

lation of Whaling (IWC) (1946),

I:764–765, II:1506

International cooperation, II:1262–

1263

drift nets, I:382–384

environmental protection, I:306,

II:1434–1437

health (WHO under Brundtland),

I:187–188

World Conservation Strategy

(WCS), II:1535

See also specific agreements by name

International environmental law,

II:1417–1418, II:1421

International Geosphere-Biosphere

Programme (IGBP) (U.N. Envi-

ronment Programme), I:765–766

International Institute for Sustainable

Development, I:766–767

International Joint Commission (IJC),

I:767

International marine law, II:1406

International Monetary Fund (IMF),

II:1533–1534

International North Pacific Fisheries

Commission, drift nets, I:383

International Nuclear Safety Center

(INSC), II:997

International Organization for Stan-

dardization (ISO), I:777–778

International Primate Protection

League, I:767–768

International Register of Potentially

Toxic Chemicals (U.N. Environ-

ment Programme), I:768

International security. See Security

International Society of Environmen-

tal Ethics, I:768––769

International trade

aquarium species, I:66–67

pesticides, II:1077

pets, II:1077–1078

World Trade Organization

(WTO), II:1536–1538

International trade in endangered spe-

cies, I:317–318, I:357, I:639,

I:729, II:1101–1103

birds, II:1054–1055

bush meat, I:193

primates, I:767–768, II:1032–1033

International trade in toxic waste,

I:111–112, I:769–770, II:1393–

1394, II:1409

International travel, spread of disease,

I:411

International Voluntary Standards,

I:771

1615

International water resources systems

law, II:1488

International Whaling Commission

(IWC), I:764–765, II:1262–1263

International Wildlife Coalition, I:771

Intrinsic value, I:771–772

Intrinsic values, I:426, I:489–490,

I:516, II:1225

ecofeminism, I:413

ecojustice, I:414

quantification of, II:983

vs. shadow pricing, II:1284

vs. utilitarianism, II:1294

See also Amenity value

Introduced species, I:536–538, I:772–

773, II:961–963

Australia, II:1151

Gala

´

pagos Islands, I:612

Great Lakes, I:660

Hawaiian Islands, I:698

parasites, II:1053

See also Exotic species

Invasive species. See Introduced species

Invasive Species Council, I:537

Inventory and sites (United States),

Marine Protected Areas (MPA),

I:875–876

Inversion, atmospheric, I:97

Investors. See Environmentally respon-

sible investing

Iodine 131, I:773, II:1527

Ion exchange, I:1–2, I:254, I:773

Ionic bonds, I:231

Ionizing radiation, I:105–106, I:773–

774, II:1164, II:1541

anemia, I:53–54

electromagnetic fields, I:440

food irradiation, I:576–577

maximum permissible concentra-

tion, I:885

Ions, I:81, I:773

IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change (IPCC)

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change). See Global Envi-

ronmental Monitoring System

(GEMS)

IPM. See Integrated pest management

(IPM)

Iraq, alkylmercury-treated grain poison-

ing, I:899–900

Iridiovirus, in frogs, I:602

Iridium (in sediments from time of di-

nosaur extinction), I:881

Irish Sea Fisheries Board, trawl nets,

I:384

Iron minerals, I:774, I:861, II:1328

“Iron triangles”, key actors in setting

environmental policy, I:506

Irradiation of food, I:573, I:576–577

Irrigation, I:774–775, I:775, II:1474

Aswan High Dam, I:92–94

Ogallala Aquifer, II:1019–1020

salinization, II:1238, II:1240

wasted water, II:1487

See also specific types of irrigation

Irruptions, I:794–795, II:1519

Islam, II:984, II:1190

Island biogeography, I:138, I:775–777,

I:857–858, II:1149–1150

Islands, II:1521

biota, anthropogenic extinction,

I:133

coastline protection, I:110

endemic species, I:455–456, I:776

exotic vs. native species, I:537

Great Barrier Reef, I:658

salt water intrusion, II:1244

See also specific islands by names

ISO 14000, I:771, I:777–779

Isolating mechanisms (species repro-

duction), II:1336

Isotopes, I:228–229, I:779, II:1161

ISV. See In situ vitrification

Itai-itai disease, I:779–780

Italy, cultural eutrophication, II:1462–

1463

IUCN—The World Conservation

Union, I:397–398, I:780–781

Ivory-billed woodpecker, I:781–782,

I:782

Ivory, poaching, I:443

IWC. See International Convention

for the Regulation of Whaling

(IWC) (1946)

Izaak Walton League, I:782–783

Izaak Walton League v. Butz (1973,

1975), II:944

J

Jackson, Wes, I:785–786

Jainism, II:985

James Bay hydropower project, I:786–

787, II:991

James River, kepone pollution, I:791–

792

Japan

Eco Mark, I:411–412

energy policy, I:464

logging, I:787–788

victims’ compensation law,

II:1459, II:1546

Jetties, II:1290

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

General Index

Jewish law, environmental ethics,

II:1190

Jig (coal extraction method), I:277

Joliot, Fre

`

de

`

ric, II:1161

Jones v. Gordon (1985) (NEPA regula-

tions applicable to MMPA), I:872

Judicial education, Environmental Law

Institute (ELI), I:499–500

Just v. Marinette County (1972), I:499

Justice. See Ecojustice

K

Kaczynski, Theodore (Unabomber),

ecoterrorism, I:432

Kamerlingh-Onnes, Heike, supercon-

ductivity, II:1360

Kapirowitz Plateau, I:789–790

Karst topography, II:1294–1295

Kelp, I:794, II:1492

Kemeney Commission (Three Mile

Island disaster), II:1399

Kennecott Copper, Four Corners en-

ergy development, I:595

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, II:1368

Kennedy, Robert Francis, Jr., I:790,

II:1491

Kepone, I:456, I:790–792

Kerogene (in oil shale), II:1023

Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge,

I:792–793

Ketones, I:793

Keystone species, I:443, I:793–795

Killfish (mosquito predator), II:1029

Kirtland’s warbler, I:795–796

Kissimmee River (FL), Army Corps

of Engineers, I:80

Klamath River, II:1509

Koch, Robert, I:60

Kow (solubility), I:144

Krakatoa, I:796–797, II:1355, II:1431

Krill, I:797, I:797, II:1438

Krupp, Frederic D., Environmental

Defense, I:474–475

Krutch, Joseph Wood, I:797–798

Kudzu, I:537, I:772, I:798–799

Kwashiorkor, I:799

Kyoto Protocol/Treaty, I:530, I:799–

801

Bush administration rejection,

I:671, I:762

L

La Nin

˜

a, I:386, I:803–804

La Paz Agreement, I:804

1616

La Rance River (France), tidal power,

II:1400

Labels, I:227–228, I:702

food additives, I:570

food irradiation, I:577

recycled content, II:1180

See also Certification; Warning

labels

Labor Side Agreement (NAFTA),

II:988–989

Lagoon, I:804

Lake Baikal, I:804–806, I:805

Lake Erie, I:418, I:806–807

See also Great Lakes

Lake Karachay (Russia), radioactive

waste, I:230–231

Lake Nyos (Cameroon), toxic gas re-

lease, I:560

Lake Superior, Reserve Mining Corpo-

ration discharges, II:1195–1196,

II:1293

Lake Tahoe, I:807

Lake Washington, I:808, II:1443

Lakes, acid deposition, I:7–8

Lakes, research. See Limnology

Lamarckian evolution, I:265

Lampreys, II:1236

Land degradation. See Environmental

degradation

Land ethic, I:808–809, I:810, I:835

See also Environmental ethics

Land Institute, I:785, I:809–810

Land management

Bureau of Land Management,

I:190

sustainable agriculture, I:46,

II:1366–1367

Land reform, I:810

Land stewardship, I:810, I:810–811,

II:1364

See also Stewardship

Land Stewardship Project, I:811–812

Land trusts, I:812–813, II:966

Land use, I:220, I:278–280, I:814,

I:814–815

Land use control, I:224–225, I:818–

819, II:1527–1529

Land use planning, I:814, I:818,

II:1445

Adirondack Park, I:11

permaculture, II:1066

public lands, II:1122

watersheds, II:1494

wild rivers, II:1510

Land use systems, agroforestry, I:27–

28

Landfills, I:815, I:815–816, II:1201,

II:1317, II:1327, II:1471

Garbage Project findings, I:618

municipal waste, I:617, I:724,

I:748, I:925–296, II:1329

siting, I:926, II:993

tipping fees, II:1403

See also Solid waste landfilling

Landscape ecology, I:816–818, I:885–

886

Landscaping. See Arid landscaping; Na-

tive landscaping

Landslides, I:818, II:1398

Lanphere Dunes Unit (Humboldt Bay

National Wildlife Refuge, CA),

II:1205

Latency, I:819

Latin America and the Caribbean, in-

ternational cooperation, II:1056

Lavelle, Rita, EPA resignation, I:301

Law of Octaves (chemical bonds),

I:231

Law of the Sea, I:318–319, I:909,

II:1386

Lawn treatment, I:819–821

Lawns, II:962

Laws of thermodynamics. See Thermo-

dynamics, Laws of

Lawsuits, environmental groups,

I:498–499

LD

50

, I:714–715, I:821–822

Leaching, I:822

animal wastes, I:24

of arsenic, I:82–83

of heavy metals into groundwater,

I:709

mine spoil waste, I:907

of nitrogen into groundwater,

I:679

Lead, I:822–823, I:896, II:1301

in aviation fuel, II:1014

as criteria pollutant, II:936

in gasoline, I:619, II:1056, II:1387

Lead-acid batteries, recycling, I:115

Lead management, I:823–825

Lead poisoning

anemia, I:54

bald eagle populations, I:109

drinking-water supply, I:384–385

Lead shot, I:825, II:1107

Leafy spurge, I:825–826

League of Conservation Voters

(LCV), I:826

Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett, I:826–

829, I:828, I:830–831, I:832–833

primate research support, I:591,

I:613, I:649

Leakey, Mary Douglas Nicol, I:827,

I:828, I:829–831

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