Environmental Encyclopedia

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Environmental Encyclopedia 3

CONTENTS

Wildlife rehabilitation

Wilson, Edward Osborne

Wind energy

Windscale (Sellafield) plutonium reactor

Winter range

Wise use movement

Wolman, Abel

Wolves

Woodwell, George M.

World Bank

World Conservation Strategy

World Resources Institute

World Trade Organization

World Wildlife Fund

Worldwatch Institute

Wurster, Charles

X ray

Xenobiotic

Xylene

Yard waste

Yellowstone National Park

xix

Yokkaichi asthma

Yosemite National Park

Yucca Mountain

Zebra mussel

Zebras

Zero discharge

Zero population growth

Zero risk

Zone of saturation

Zoo

Zooplankton

ISTORICAL

HRONOLOGY

.........................1555

NVIRONMENTAL

EGISLATION IN THE

NITED

TATES

........................................1561

RGANIZATIONS

...........................................1567

ENERAL

NDEX

...........................................1591

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ADVISORY BOARD

A number of recognized experts in the library and environmental communities provided invaluable assistance in the formulation of this

encyclopedia. Our panel of advisors helped us shape this publication into its final form, and we would like to express our sincere appreciation

to them:

Dean Abrahamson: Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Pub-

lic Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Min-

nesota

Maria Jankowska: Library, University of Idaho, Moscow,

Idaho

Terry Link: Library, Michigan State University, East Lan-

sing, Michigan

xxi

Holmes Rolston: Department of Philosophy, Colorado

State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

Frederick W. Stoss: Science and Engineering Library, State

University of New York—Buffalo, Buffalo, New York

Hubert J. Thompson: Conrad Sulzer Regional Library,

Chicago, Illinois

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CONTRIBUTORS

Margaret Alic, Ph.D.: Freelance Writer, Eastsound, Wash-

ington

William G. Ambrose Jr., Ph.D.: Department of Biology,

East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina

James L. Anderson, Ph.D.: Soil Science Department, Uni-

versity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota

Monica Anderson: Freelance Writer, Hoffman Estates, Il-

linois

Bill Asenjo M.S., CRC: Science Writer, Iowa City, Iowa

Terence Ball, Ph.D.: Department of Political Science, Uni-

versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Brian R. Barthel, Ph.D.: Department of Health, Leisure

and Sports, The University of West Florida, Pensacola,

Florida

Stuart Batterman, Ph.D.: School of Public Health, Univer-

sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Eugene C. Beckham, Ph.D.: Department of Mathematics

and Science, Northwood Institute, Midland, Michigan

Milovan S. Beljin, Ph.D.: Department of Civil Engi-

neering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

Heather Bienvenue: Freelance Writer, Fremont, California

Lawrence J. Biskowski, Ph.D.: Department of Political

Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia

E. K. Black: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,

Canada

Paul R. Bloom, Ph.D.: Soil Science Department, Univer-

sity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota

Gregory D. Boardman, Ph.D.: Department of Civil Engi-

neering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer-

sity, Blacksburg, Virginia

Marci L. Bortman, Ph.D.: The Nature Conservancy, Hun-

tington, New York

Pat Bounds: Freelance Writer,

Peter Brimblecombe, Ph.D.: School of Environmental Sci-

ences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United

Kingdom

xxiii

Kenneth N. Brooks, Ph.D.: College of Natural Resources,

University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota

Peggy Browning: Freelance Writer,

Marie Bundy: Freelance Writer, Port Republic, Maryland

Ted T. Cable, Ph.D.: Department of Horticulture, Forestry

and Recreation Resources, Kansas State University, Man-

hattan, Kansas

John Cairns Jr., Ph.D.: University Center for Environmen-

tal and Hazardous Materials Studies, Virginia Polytech-

nic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia

Liane Clorfene Casten: Freelance Journalist, Evanston, Il-

linois

Ann S. Causey: Prescott College, Prescott, Arizona

Ann N. Clarke: Eckenfelder Inc., Nashville, Tennessee

David Clarke: Freelance Journalist, Bethesda, Maryland

Sally Cole-Misch: Freelance Writer, Bloomfield Hills,

Michigan

Edward J. Cooney: Patterson Associates, Inc., Chicago,

Illinois

Terence H. Cooper, Ph.D.: Soil Science Department, Uni-

versity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota

Gloria Cooksey, C.N.E.: Freelance Writer, Sacramento,

California

Mark Crawford: Freelance Writer, Toronto, Ontario,

Canada

Neil Cumberlidge, Ph.D.: Department of Biology, North-

ern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan

John Cunningham: Freelance Writer, St. Paul, Minnesota

Mary Ann Cunningham, Ph.D.: Department of Geology

and Geography, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New

York

William P. Cunningham, Ph.D.: Department of Genetics

and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Min-

nesota

Richard K. Dagger, Ph.D.: Department of Political Sci-

ence, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

CONTRIBUTORS

Tish Davidson, A.M.: Freelance Writer, Fremont, Cali-

fornia

Stephanie Dionne: Freelance Journalist, Ann Arbor,

Michigan

Frank M. D’Itri, Ph.D.: Institute of Water Research,

Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan

Teresa C. Donkin: Freelance Writer, Minneapolis, Min-

nesota

David A. Duffus, Ph.D.: Department of Geography, Uni-

versity of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Douglas Dupler, M.A.: Freelance Writer, Boulder, Col-

orado

Cathy M. Falk: Freelance Writer, Portland, Oregon

L. Fleming Fallon Jr., M.D., Dr.P.H.: Associate Profes-

sor, Public Health, Bowling Green State University ,

Bowling Green, Ohio

George M. Fell: Freelance Writer, Inver Grove Heights,

Minnesota

Gordon R. Finch, Ph.D.: Department of Civil Engi-

neering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,

Canada

Paula Anne Ford-Martin, M.A.: Wordcrafts, Warwick,

Rhode Island

Janie Franz: Freelance Writer, Grand Forks, North Dakota

Bill Freedman, Ph.D.: School for Resource and Environ-

mental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Sco-

tia, Canada

Rebecca J. Frey, Ph.D.: Writer, Editor, and Editorial Con-

sultant, New Haven, Connecticut

Cynthia Fridgen, Ph.D.: Department of Resource Devel-

opment, Michigan State University, East Lansing,

Michigan

Andrea Gacki: Freelance Writer, Bay City, Michigan

Brian Geraghty: Ford Motor Company, Dearborn,

Michigan

Robert B. Giorgis, Jr.: Air Resources Board, Sacramento,

California

Debra Glidden: Freelance American Indian Investigative

Journalist, Syracuse, New York

Eville Gorham, Ph.D.: Department of Ecology, Evolution

and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Min-

nesota

Darrin Gunkel: Freelance Writer, Seattle, Washington

Malcolm T. Hepworth, Ph.D.: Department of Civil and

Mineral Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minne-

apolis, Minnesota

Katherine Hauswirth: Freelance Writer, Roanoke, Virginia

Richard A. Jeryan: Ford Motor Company, Dearborn,

Michigan

xxiv

Barbara J. Kanninen, Ph.D.: Hubert H. Humphrey Insti-

tute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneap-

olis, Minnesota

Christopher McGrory Klyza, Ph.D.: Department of Polit-

ical Science, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont

John Korstad, Ph.D.: Department of Natural Science, Oral

Roberts University, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Monique LaBerge, Ph.D.: Research Associate, Depart-

ment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of

Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Royce Lambert, Ph.D.: Soil Science Department, Califor-

nia Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Cali-

fornia

William E. Larson, Ph.D.: Soil Science Department, Uni-

versity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota

Ellen E. Link: Freelance Writer, Laingsburg, Michigan

Sarah Lloyd: Freelance Writer, Cambria, Wisconsin

James P. Lodge Jr.: Consultant in Atmospheric Chemistry,

Boulder, Colorado

William S. Lynn, Ph.D.: Department of Geography, Uni-

versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Alair MacLean: Environmental Editor, OMB Watch,

Washington, DC

Alfred A. Marcus, Ph.D.: Carlson School of Management,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Gregory McCann: Freelance Writer, Freeland, Michigan

Cathryn McCue: Freelance Journalist, Roanoke, Virginia

Mary McNulty: Freelance Writer, Illinois

Jennifer L. McGrath: Freelance Writer, South Bend, In-

diana

Robert G. McKinnell, Ph.D.: Department of Genetics and

Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Min-

nesota

Nathan H. Meleen, Ph.D.: Engineering and Physics De-

partment, Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, Oklahoma

Liz Meszaros: Freelance Writer, Lakewood, Ohio

Muthena Naseri: Moorpark College, Moorpark, California

B. R. Niederlehner, Ph.D.: University Center for Environ-

mental and Hazardous Materials Studies, Virginia Poly-

technic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Vir-

ginia

David E. Newton: Instructional Horizons, Inc., San Fran-

cisco, California

Robert D. Norris: Eckenfelder Inc., Nashville, Tennessee

Teresa G. Norris, R.N.: Medical Writer, Ute Park, New

Mexico

Karen Oberhauser, Ph.D.: University of Minnesota, St.

Paul, Minnesota

Stephanie Ocko: Freelance Journalist, Brookline, Massa-

chusetts

Environmental Encyclopedia 3

CONTRIBUTORS

Kristin Palm: Freelance Writer, Royal Oak, Michigan

James W. Patterson: Patterson Associates, Inc., Chicago,

Illinois

Paul Phifer, Ph.D.: Freelance Writer, Portland, Oregon

Jeffrey L. Pintenich: Eckenfelder Inc., Nashville, Tennessee

Douglas C. Pratt, Ph.D.: University of Minnesota: Depart-

ment of Plant Biology, Scandia, Minnesota

Jeremy Pratt: Institute for Human Ecology, Santa Rosa,

California

Klaus Puettman: University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Min-

nesota

Stephen J. Randtke: Department of Civil Engineering,

University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas

Lewis G. Regenstein: Author and Environmental Writer,

Atlanta, Georgia

Linda Rehkopf: Freelance Writer, Marietta, Georgia

Paul E. Renaud, Ph.D.: Department of Biology, East Car-

olina University, Greenville, North Carolina

Marike Rijsberman: Freelance Writer, Chicago, Illinois

L. Carol Ritchie: Environmental Journalist, Arlington, Vir-

ginia

Linda M. Ross: Freelance Writer, Ferndale, Michigan

Joan Schonbeck: Medical Writer, Nursing, Massachusetts

Department of Mental Health, Marlborough, Massachu-

setts

Mark W. Seeley: Department of Soil Science, University

of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota

Kim Sharp, M.Ln.: Freelance Writer, Richmond, Texas

James H. Shaw, Ph.D.: Department of Zoology, Oklahoma

State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma

Laurel Sheppard: Freelance Writer, Columbus, Ohio

Judith Sims, M.S.: Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah

State University, Logan, Utah

Genevieve Slomski, Ph.D.: Freelance Writer, New Britain,

Connecticut

Douglas Smith: Freelance Writer, Dorchester, Massachu-

setts

xxv

Lawrence H. Smith, Ph.D.: Department of Agronomy

and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,

Minnesota

Jane E. Spear: Freelance Writer, Canton, Ohio

Carol Steinfeld: Freelance Writer, Concord, Massachusetts

Paulette L. Stenzel, Ph.D.: Eli Broad College of Business,

Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan

Les Stone: Freelance Writer, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Max Strieb: Freelance Writer, Huntington, New York

Amy Strumolo: Freelance Writer, Beverly Hills, Michigan

Edward Sucoff, Ph.D.: Department of Forestry Resources,

University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota

Deborah L. Swackhammer, Ph.D.: School of Public

Health, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota

Liz Swain: Freelance Writer, San Diego, California

Ronald D. Taskey, Ph.D.: Soil Science Department, Cali-

fornia Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo,

California

Mary Jane Tenerelli, M.S.: Freelance Writer, East North-

port, New York

Usha Vedagiri: IT Corporation, Edison, New Jersey

Donald A. Villeneuve, Ph.D.: Ventura College, Ventura,

California

Nikola Vrtis: Freelance Writer, Kentwood, Michigan

Eugene R. Wahl: Freelance Writer, Coon Rapids, Min-

nesota

Terry Watkins: Indianapolis, Indiana

Ken R. Wells: Freelance Writer, Laguna Hills, California

Roderick T. White Jr.: Freelance Writer, Atlanta, Georgia

T. Anderson White, Ph.D.: University of Minnesota, St.

Paul, Minnesota

Kevin Wolf: Freelance Writer, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Angela Woodward: Freelance Writer, Madison, Wisconsin

Gerald L. Young, Ph.D.: Program in Environmental Sci-

ence and Regional Planning, Washington State Univer-

sity, Pullman, Washington

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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

The third edition of Environmental Encyclopedia has

been designed with ready reference in mind.

Straight alphabetical arrangement of topics allows users

to locate information quickly.

Bold-faced terms within entries direct the reader to re-

lated articles.

Contact information is given for each organization pro-

filed in the book.

Cross-references at the end of entries alert readers to re-

lated entries not specifically mentioned in the body of

the text.

xxvii

The Resources sections direct readers to additional

sources of information on a topic.

Three appendices provide the reader with a chronology

of environmental events, a summary of environmental

legislation, and a succinct alphabetical list of environmen-

tal organizations.

A comprehensive general index guides readers to all top-

ics mentioned in the text.

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