Legal documents 109
What is a law?
The cover term for all forms of laws in the Russian Federation (the official name
of the country) is Нормативно-правовые акты. Under this rubric are two funda-
mental types of laws: (1) законы and (2) подзаконные акты. It is important to
note the different names for different types of laws, many of which have no
equivalent in American or British jurisprudence.
Note: There is no consensus in the legal communities about the best translation
for type 2 laws (подзаконные акты). We will suggest that a possible translation
that makes sense in English to legal experts is non-statutory governmental regu-
lations. Some sources give the term “by-law”, but this is fundamentally mislead-
ing and should be avoided. Edgardo Rotman, in his article entitled “The Inherent
Problems of Legal Translations: Theoretical Aspects” (1995–6 International and
Comparative Law Review, 189) notes specifically that there are not only transla-
tional problems between different languages and countries, but even within one
language, when the systems are civil law and common law: “a Scotch lawyer who
has to translate terms from a text of American corporate law might encounter
greater difficulty than a German Swiss translating a French text on Swiss law.”
A. ЗАКОНЫ (laws/legislative acts)
(1) основные (Конституция)
(2) обыкновенные: (а) текущие (for one year only)
(b) материальные (the Legal Codes)
(с) процессуальные (the Procedural Legal Codes)
B. ПОДЗАКОННЫЕ АКТЫ (non-statutory governmental regulations)
(1) общие (нормативные указы Президента (и письма, сообщения
Президента), постановления правительства, ведомственные акты)
(2) местные акты (in a local area only)
(3) внутриорганизационные акты (within a single socio-political
organization only)
The Russian legal codes are printed documents upon which court decisions are
based. There are currently 15 codes (Civil, Criminal, Administrative Wrongdoing,
Tax, Customs, Labor, Land, Family, Housing, Water, Air, Lumber, City Building,
Budget, Merchant Marine), three procedural codes (Civil, Arbitrazh and Criminal)
and one executive code (Criminal).
The language of law
Russian legal texts are a wonderful source of a series of prepositional construc-
tions that are a common structural component to such texts. These prepositional
constructions are divided into five fundamental types: