Discourse, register, and translation 91
models of verbal interaction) (Palmer 1996: 172, 292). One could argue that dis-
course, as studied by sociolinguistics, cultural linguistics, and semiotics, is about
establishment, realization, and re-enactment of networks both within the linguistic
text and within the cultural/cognitive context of the speech act itself. There are
many names for the larger context in which discourse scenarios are realized, includ-
ing situation models (Palmer 1996), information state (Schiffrin 1987), or knowl-
edge schemas (Tannen and Wallat 1993) (see Palmer’s discussion 1996: 171–2).
Whenever we deal with discourse phenomena, we must directly deal with expecta-
tions of the interlocutors involved in the event. These expectations are simultane-
ously phonological, morphological, grammatical, lexical, syntactic, semantic, and
pragmatic. While the terms semantic and pragmatic overlap in many senses, we
will use the term semantic to refer to what is generally called linguistic meaning
(the meanings, literal and figurative, one finds as potentials for a given linguistic
form), while pragmatic will be more closely connected to the application of these
meanings in appropriate ways within the cultural context.
One of the interesting lessons to be learned from discourse has to do with typical
time frames in which discourse occurs. Donald (2001: 47–57) points out how
lengthy a single conversation may actually be – not minutes, but hours long – and
most participants in these discourse events are able to function normatively (includ-
ing keeping up with the content, who said what, self-monitoring, manipulating
significant amounts of knowledge on a variety of topics, the physical real time
frame and the social frame in which the conversation occurs) by constantly “updat-
ing working memory” (2001: 49). Donald argues that our significant capacity for
“cultural mindsharing” that we see in human language “emerges only at the group
level and is a cultural product, distributed across many minds” (2001: 11–12).
There are important concepts connected with the study of discourse in transla-
tion studies. We will briefly review some of these contributions by defining the
concepts of register, cohesion, and coherence as found in the words of Baker,
Halliday, and House.
Halliday’s model of discourse analysis requires that the communication act be
embedded in the sociocultural environment, which strongly influences the fol-
lowing categories in a specific order: (1) genre, (2) register, (3) discourse seman-
tics, and (4) lexicogrammar (Munday 2001: 90–1). What is particularly interesting
is the three types of register originally developed by Halliday (and revised with
expanded definitions by House):
field: topic, social action (including specific terms used in the text);
tenor: relationship between the participants (addresser and addressee);
mode: channel (oral/written) and degree of interaction of participants (House
1997: 105–9; Munday 2001: 90–3).
The generic definition of register in sociolinguistics is generally compatible with
this tripartite distinction; however, the term in sociolinguistics often evokes the notion
of type/level of language used (e.g. colloquial, literary, sub-standard, slang, etc.).