Deal W.E. Handbook To Life In Medieval And Early Modern Japan

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KIKUCHI

City in present-day Kumamoto Prefecture situated

on the Kikuchi River (Kikuchigawa). During the

Kamakura period, Kikuchi was controlled by the

Kikuchi warrior family. During the Edo period,

Kikuchi was a station on the road between Hita and

Kumamoto.

KISARAZU

City in present-day Chiba Prefecture situated on

Edo Bay. During the Edo period, Kisarazu was an

important domestic port.

KISHIWADA

City in present-day Osaka Prefecture situated on

Osaka Bay. During the Edo period, Kishiwada was a

castle town controlled by the Okabe family.

KOBE/HYOGO

City in present-day Hyogo Prefecture situated on

Osaka Bay and Seto Inland Sea. Kobe was an impor-

tant port during the medieval and early modern

periods, and was among the first Japanese ports

opened to foreign trade under the provisions of the

Ansei treaties signed in 1858. Kobe also was

involved in the tally trade with Ming-dynasty China

during the later part of the Muromachi period (for

details on the tally trade, see chapter 11: Economy).

KOCHI

City in present-day Kochi Prefecture situated on

Urado Bay. Under the rule of Chosokabe Motochika

during the 16th century, Kochi, then called Tosa,

became a castle town of the Edo period, controlled

by the Yamanouchi family, lords of the Tosa domain.

Kochi was also the birthplace of Sakamoto Ryoma,

noted for his activities in support of an imperial

restoration at the end of the Edo period.

KOFU

City in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture. Kofu

was home to the Ichijo family in the Kamakura

period and was ruled for three generations by the

Takeda warrior family in the 16th century. During

the Edo period, Kofu was a shogunal domain and

post station.

KOGA

City in present-day Ibaraki Prefecture situated at the

intersection of the Omoi River (Omoigawa) and the

Watarase River (Watarasegawa). In the mid-15th

century, Ashikaga warriors took refuge at Koga after

Ashikaga Shigeuji assassinated Uesugi Noritada, his

political rival. During the Edo period, Koga was a

castle town under the control of a succession of

lords, as well as a river port and post station along

the Nikko road (Nikko Kaido).

KOMATSU

City in present-day Ishikawa Prefecture situated on

the Kakehashi River (Kakehashigawa) and the Sea of

Japan. Komatsu was a castle town and its castle was

constructed by the leader of a religious revolt. In

1639, Maeda Toshitsune took control of the castle

and under his leadership Komatsu developed into a

thriving community. The city was famous for the pro-

duction of Kutani ceramics (Kutani-yaki) and silk.

KOTOHIRA

City in present-day Kagawa Prefecture. Kotohira

was a temple and shrine town during the Edo

period, focused on Kompirasan (also known as

Kotohiragu), an important temple and shrine com-

plex that was especially popular with sailors praying

for protection and safe journeys.

KUMAMOTO

City in present-day Kumamoto Prefecture. Kuma-

moto was an Edo-period castle town. Kumamoto

Castle was built in the early 17th century by Kato

Kiyomasa, but in the latter half of the century the

Hosokawa family assumed control.

KURASHIKI

City in present-day Okayama Prefecture situated on

the Takahashi River (Takahashigawa). Kurashiki was

an important trading town for such commodities as

rice, oil, and cotton during the Edo period. Kura-

H ANDBOOK TO L IFE IN M EDIEVAL AND E ARLY M ODERN J APAN

shiki’s storehouses (kura) were used to store har-

vested rice from regional farmlands. The city was

controlled directly by the Edo government.

KYOTO/HEIANKYO

City in present-day Kyoto Prefecture situated on the

Kamo River (Kamogawa) and the Katsura River

(Katsuragawa). Kyoto, originally called Heiankyo,

was Japan’s capital and location of the imperial court

from 794 to 1868. The term Kyoto came into general

use by the 12th century. The city was designed in a

grid pattern on a north-south axis following the

model of Chang-an, the capital of Tang-dynasty

China. The city measured 3.2 miles from north to

south and 2.8 miles east to west. In the Heian

period, the emperor, his family, and the imperial

court were located in the northern section of the

city. Aristocrats and bureaucrats were integral to the

workings of the Japanese government at this time.

Residences of inﬂuential aristocrats were situated in

the center of the city, while markets were located in

both the northern and southern sections of the city.

By the 11th century, however, the organization of

the city based on the Chinese model gave way to less

gridlike settlement patterns, reﬂecting the real use

of the urban landscape as opposed to the idealized

one implied by a balanced grid.

Kyoto was the center of the Japanese universe

throughout the Heian period, both as its political

and cultural hub. The modern expression “classical

Japanese culture” refers mainly to the Kyoto cultural

sphere of the Heian period. But Kyoto’s fortunes

changed with the end of aristocratic rule at the end

of the Heian period and the beginning of the mili-

tary rule that marked the medieval and early modern

periods. Although Kyoto remained home to the

imperial court during the Kamakura period, real

governing power shifted to the city of Kamakura,

headquarters of the Kamakura shogunate.

At the end of the Kamakura period, Kyoto once

again became the political center of Japan when the

Ashikaga shoguns took up residence in the Muro-

machi section of the city and established the military

government that is commonly referred to as the

Muromachi period. The Ashikaga presided over

both warriors and aristocrats and were great patrons

of the arts and religion. Many Buddhist temples,

such as Nanzenji and Ginkakuji, were built during

the time of Ashikaga rule. This period of building

was followed by a time of great destruction. By the

middle of the 15th century, the authority of the

Ashikaga shoguns was being eclipsed by powerful

warrior lords. The Onin War (1467–77), precipitated

by a dispute over shogunal succession, pitted power-

ful lords against each other. One of the signiﬁcant

effects of the war was that much of Kyoto was

destroyed in the ﬁghting. This war ushered in a time

referred to as the Warring States period (1467–1568)

during which warrior families fought against each

other in a struggle for control of the country.

Kyoto never fully recovered from the devastation

wrought by the Onin War, and during the Edo

period, Kyoto’s political and cultural centrality was

once again eclipsed. This time, the Tokugawa sho-

gunate, which had unified Japan in the early 17th

L AND, ENVIRONMENT, AND P OPULATION

2.8 Warajiya restaurant, Kyoto, is an extant example of

a storefront in Edo-period style.

(Photo William E. Deal)

century, established its military rule from the city of

Edo. Although Kyoto was still important as a cultural

center, new cultural expressions—focused especially

on the merchant rather than the aristocratic class—

were taking form in castle towns such as Edo and

Osaka. Kyoto was fully overshadowed when, in 1868,

the capital was moved to Edo, newly named Tokyo,

and the emperor took up residence there.

MAEBASHI

City in present-day Gumma Prefecture situated on

the Tone River (Tonegawa). Maebashi, a castle town

from the Muromachi period, was called Umayabashi

in the medieval period. During the Edo period the

city was controlled by the Matsudaira family and was

a center for the production and distribution of silk.

MARUGAME

City in present-day Kagawa Prefecture situated on the

Inland Sea. During the Edo period, Marugame was a

castle town from 1597 when Marugame Castle was

built. The city was controlled by a succession of lords

and was also important as a point of departure for pil-

grims going to the Kompira Shrine located nearby.

MATSUE

City in present-day Shimane Prefecture situated on

Lake Shinji. Matsue was a castle town during the

Edo period. Matsue Castle was constructed in 1611

and came under the control of the Matsudaira family

in 1638.

MATSUMOTO

City in present-day Nagano Prefecture. During the

Muromachi period, Matsumoto was controlled by

the Ogasawara family. Matsumoto Castle was con-

structed in 1595. Thereafter, Matsumoto developed

into a castle town. Typically, castles were situated on

a mountain or hill, but Matsumoto Castle was built

on a plain.

MATSUSAKA/MATSUZAKA

City in present-day Mie Prefecture overlooking Ise

Bay. Matsusaka (sometimes called Matsuzaka) was

both a castle and post-station town during the Edo

period. Commercially, it was known for the produc-

tion of cotton.

MATSUYAMA

City in present-day Ehime Prefecture. A castle town

during the Edo period, its castle was constructed in

the early 17th century. The city was controlled by

the Matsudaira family.

MIKI

City in present-day Hyogo Prefecture. Miki was a

castle town from the 15th century when Bessho

Naganori built his castle there. The castle was later

captured and burned by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1580.

During the Edo period, Miki was known for the man-

ufacture of hardware and the production of sake.

MINO

City in present-day Gifu Prefecture situated on the

Nagara River (Nagaragawa). Mino was an Edo-

period castle town after the Nanamori family built a

castle there in 1606. Mino was an important site for

the production of paper (washi) throughout the

medieval and early modern periods.

MINOBU

City in present-day Ehime Yamanashi situated on

the Fuji River (Fujikawa). Minobu was a temple

town associated with the Kuonji, the head temple of

the Nichiren school of Buddhism, located on nearby

Mount Minobu (Minobu-san). Nichiren’s grave is at

Kuonji.

MITO

City in present-day Ibaraki Prefecture situated on

the Naka River (Nakagawa). As early as the

Kamakura period, Mito was home to a fortress. At

that time the area was controlled by the Daijo fam-

ily. After the Edo-period uniﬁcation of Japan, Mito

came to be controlled by Tokugawa Yorifusa, one of

Ieyasu’s many sons. Yorifusa built a castle there

which became the center of the Mito domain (han)

during the Edo period. Yorifusa’s Tokugawa family

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line was one of three from which a shogun could be

chosen. Mito was also a center of learning known as

Mitogaku, notable for its support of imperial

restoration at the end of the Edo period.

MORIOKA

City in present-day Iwate Prefecture situated on the

Kita River (Kitakami River). In the Edo period,

Morioka was a castle town controlled by the Nambu

family. It was known for the production of ironware.

NAGAHAMA

City in present-day Shiga Prefecture situated on

Lake Biwa. Toyotomi constructed Nagahama Castle

in 1573. Nagahama developed as a temple town

around the Daitsuji, affiliated with the True Pure

Land Buddhist school. Nagahama was also impor-

tant as a port.

NAGANO

City in present-day Nagano Prefecture. Nagano

flourished as a temple town associated with the

Zenkoji throughout the medieval and early modern

periods. In the Edo period, Nagano also became

important as both a post-station town and a market

town.

NAGAOKA

City in present-day Niigata Prefecture situated on

the Shinano River (Shinanogawa). Nagaoka was an

Edo-period castle town and port controlled by the

Makino family.

NAGASAKI

City in present-day Nagasaki Prefecture. Nagasaki

was an important port city, especially during the Edo

period. Because of its proximity to the Asian conti-

nent, it has a long history of contacts with China and

Korea. In 1571, Nagasaki became a center of trade

with Portugal and other European countries. In

1636, in an attempt to restrict contacts with the

West, the government built Dejima island in

Nagasaki Bay as a way to contain the foreign pres-

ence in Japan. Japanese understanding of Western

science and other areas of learning was typically

gleaned ﬁrst at Nagasaki.

NAGOYA

City in present-day Aichi Prefecture situated on Ise

Bay. During the Muromachi period Nagoya was

associated with the Atsuta Shrine. In the Edo period,

Nagoya developed into a thriving castle town after

Tokugawa Ieyasu built Nagoya Castle in the early

17th century as the residence for one of his sons.

This branch of the Tokugawa family was known as

the Owari family and was one of three Tokugawa

lineages from which a shogun could be chosen.

NAOETSU

Formerly a city in present-day Niigata Prefecture

situated on the Sea of Japan. It is now part of the city

of Joetsu. Naoetsu was a port in the Kamakura

period and a post station from the 14th century.

NARA

City in present-day Nara Prefecture. Nara was the

site of the capital during the Nara period (710–784).

Although it lost some importance after the capital

moved to Kyoto in the late eighth century, Nara’s

many shrines and temples maintained influence

throughout the medieval and early modern periods.

NIIGATA

City in present-day Niigata Prefecture situated on

Sea of Japan. Niigata was an important port town

during the Edo period and was one of the ports

opened to foreign trade under the provisions of the

Ansei treaties signed in 1858.

NIKKO

City in present-day Tochigi Prefecture. Nikko is

important primarily as the site of the Toshogu, built

in 1634, a shrine complex that includes the mau-

soleum of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

ODATE

City in present-day Akita Prefecture situated on the

Yoneshiro River (Yoneshirogawa). Odate was a castle

L AND, ENVIRONMENT, AND P OPULATION

and market town controlled by the Satake family

during the Edo period. Odate is reportedly the site

where the Akita dog breed originated.

ODAWARA

City in present-day Kanagawa Prefecture situated

on Sagami Bay. The city became a castle town

controlled by the Hojo family during the Muro-

machi period. The castle constructed by the

Hojo was destroyed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in

1590. Odawara became a flourishing post station

along the Tokaido road in the Edo period. The area

was controlled by the Okubo family in the Edo

period.

OKAYAMA

City in present-day Okayama Prefecture situated on

the Seto Inland Sea. Okayama Castle was built in the

16th century. In the Edo period, the area was under

the control of the Ikeda family. A famous garden,

Korakuen, was designed and built in the late 17th

century.

OKAZAKI

City in present-day Aichi Prefecture situated on the

Yahagi River (Yahagigawa). Okazaki Castle was con-

structed in 1455. The castle is famous as the site of

Tokugawa Ieyasu’s birth. In the Edo period, Oka-

zaki was a thriving post station along the Tokaido

road.

OMI HACHIMAN

City in present-day Shiga Prefecture situated on

Lake Biwa. Omi Hachiman Castle was constructed

by Toyotomi Hidetsugu, Hideyoshi’s adopted son,

in 1585 but abandoned a few years later. Neverthe-

less, Omi Hachiman developed into a thriving mer-

chant town in the Edo period.

OSAKA

City in present-day Osaka Prefecture situated on the

Yodo River (Yodogawa) and Osaka Bay. Prior to the

medieval period, Osaka was a port that engaged in

trade with the Asian mainland. In the Muromachi

period, a militant True Pure Land Buddhist school

established the Ishiyama Honganji at Osaka. The

religious and secular activities that grew up around

this temple complex were the genesis of the city of

Osaka as an important urban center. Oda Nobunaga

destroyed the temple in 1580 because he feared the

inﬂuence of this group in his plans to unify Japan

under his control. In 1583, Toyotomi Hideyoshi,

Nobunaga’s successor, built Osaka Castle on the

grounds of the former temple. Hideyoshi used

Osaka Castle as his headquarters in his quest to

defeat his enemies and take control of Japan. Osaka

Castle lost some of its signiﬁcance as a power base

after Hideyoshi’s death in 1598, and it was largely

destroyed in Tokugawa Ieyasu’s campaigns in 1614

and 1615 to solidify his control of the country and to

eradicate any possibility of Hideyoshi’s heirs rising

up against him.

Although Osaka was no longer a center of power

(the Tokugawa shogunate had established its base at

Edo), Edo-period Osaka developed into a major city,

especially important as a market and trading area. It

was one of the places where the rice tax paid to Edo

was gathered for distribution. Besides being a major

commercial area, Osaka also developed into a cul-

tural center in the late 17th and early 18th centuries,

producing new literary and theatrical forms that

especially appealed to the interests and tastes of the

new urban class so integral to the city’s prosperity.

Osaka was also a place to learn Dutch studies (Ran-

gaku) and Western medicine at a time when Japan

was still ofﬁcially closed to most Western inﬂuence

and interaction.

OTSU

City in present-day Shiga Prefecture situated on

Lake Biwa. Otsu was a port and castle town during

the Edo period. It was also a post station along

the Tokaido road. Otsu was home to several impor-

tant religious institutions, including the Miidera

temple.

SAGA

City in present-day Saga Prefecture situated on the

Sea of Japan and Ariake Bay. An Edo-period castle

town, Saga was controlled by the Nabeshima family.

H ANDBOOK TO L IFE IN M EDIEVAL AND E ARLY M ODERN J APAN

SAKAI

City in present-day Osaka Prefecture situated on

Osaka Bay. Sakai was a ﬂourishing seaport and trad-

ing center from the Muromachi period through the

beginning of the Edo period. Sakai merchants, who

also controlled the area’s politics, conducted an

active trading relationship with the Asian mainland

and later with Europe. After the Tokugawa shogu-

nate enacted the 1639 national seclusion policy

severely limiting contact with the outside world,

Sakai’s fortunes waned quickly.

SEKIGAHARA

City in present-day Gifu Prefecture. Prior to the

medieval period, Sekigahara was an important bar-

rier station. The city is best known, however, as the

site in 1600 of the Battle of Sekigahara in which

Tokugawa Ieyasu ﬁnally vanquished his enemies and

established both control over Japan and the sup-

remacy of his family line. In the Edo period, Sekiga-

hara was a post station.

SENDAI

City in present-day Miyagi Prefecture situated on

the Nanakita River (Nanakitagawa) and the Hirose

River (Hirosegawa). Aoba Castle (also called Sendai

Castle) was built in 1601 by Date Masamune. The

area was controlled in the Edo period by the Date

family.

SETO

City in present-day Aichi Prefecture. Seto was

important during the medieval and early modern

periods as the site for the production of Seto ceram-

ics (seto-yaki). The term setomono, taken from the

city’s name, is a generic name for ceramics.

SHIMABARA

City in present-day Nagasaki Prefecture in Kyushu

situated on the Shimabara Peninsula. Shimabara was

a castle town controlled by the Matsudaira family

during the Edo period. It is also close to Mount

Unzen, an active volcano whose 1792 eruption

reportedly killed 15,000 people. Shimabara was the

location of the Shimabara Rebellion (1637), an up-

rising of Japanese Christians.

SHIMODA

City in present-day Shizuoka Prefecture situated on

the Izu Peninsula. Shimoda was a port during the Edo

period, involved in the trade of goods between nearby

Edo and Osaka. Shimoda is most famously associated

with the arrival of Commodore Perry in Japan, ﬁrst in

1853, and with the subsequent opening of Japan to

the outside world after more than 200 years of isola-

tion. The 1854 Kanagawa Treaty signed between

Japan and the United States opened Shimoda’s port

to foreign trade. Shimoda was the residence of the

ﬁrst American diplomat in Japan, Townsend Harris,

who set up a consular ofﬁce there in 1856.

SHIMONOSEKI

City in present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture. Chofu

(see above), a section of the modern city of Shi-

monoseki, was the capital of Nagato Province in the

medieval and early modern periods. Besides it prox-

imity to Dannoura (see above), Shimonoseki was the

site of domain resistance to the opening of Japan to

Western ships at the close of the Edo period. In

1863, the head of the Choshu domain fired on

Dutch, French, and American ships as they passed

through the ocean channel at Shimonoseki. In retal-

iation, Shimonoseki underwent a naval bombard-

ment by Western ships.

SHIZUOKA

See SUMPU.

SUMPU

Former name of a city in present-day Shizuoka Pre-

fecture situated on Suruga Bay in the Paciﬁc Ocean.

Sumpu became the present-day city of Shizuoka in

1869. During the Muromachi period, Sumpu was

controlled by the Imagawa family. It was a castle

town from the Azuchi-Momoyama period and

throughout the Edo period. Tokugawa Ieyasu built

Sumpu Castle in the 1580s, retiring there in 1605

and dying in 1616. Sumpu was also a post station

along the Tokaido road.

L AND, ENVIRONMENT, AND P OPULATION

TAKADA

Former name of a city in present-day Niigata Prefec-

ture situated on the Sea of Japan. It is now part of the

city of Joetsu. Takada was a castle town from the early

1600s, ﬁrst under the control of the Uesugi family

and later under the rule of the Matsudaira family.

TAKAMATSU

City in present-day Kagawa Prefecture situated on

the Seto Inland Sea. A castle town, Takamatsu was

ﬁrst inhabited by the Ikoma family who built Taka-

matsu Castle there in 1588. Some 50 years later, the

Matsudaira family took control of the castle and the

city, maintaining their authority in the area through

the end of the Edo period.

TAKAYAMA

City in present-day Gifu Prefecture situated in the

mountains of the Hida region. From the late 16th

century, Takayama was a castle town of the

Kanamori family. It was highly regarded for its wood

and timber, and for the quality of its carpenters and

carpentry work. The Hida region came under direct

rule by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1692.

TOKUSHIMA

City in present-day Tokushima Prefecture situated

on the Yoshino River (Yoshinogawa). Tokushima was

a castle town during the Edo period, controlled by

the Hachisuka family, as well as a center of the

indigo trade.

TOTTORI

City in present-day Tottori Prefecture. Tottori was a

castle town during the Edo period, controlled by the

Ikeda family.

TSUWANO

City in present-day Shimane Prefecture. Tsuwano

was a castle town during the Edo period, under the

control of the Kamei family. Tsuwano was noted for

the production of paper (washi). Tsuwano was home

to a school known as the Yorokan, established in

1786.

UENO

City in present-day Mie Prefecture. Ueno was a

castle town in the Edo period, controlled by the

Todo family. Ueno was a site for the production of

Iga ceramics (Iga-yaki). Ueno is also famous as the

birthplace of the poet Basho. The school of mar-

tial arts known as Iga Ninjutsu was started in

Ueno.

UJI

City in present-day Kyoto Prefecture situated on the

Uji River (Ujigawa). Although Uji had close associa-

tions with the Kyoto aristocracy during the Heian

period, it was also the site of the Obaku Zen sect

Mampukuji, built in the 17th century. Uji was

important as a center for tea production.

URAGA

District in the present-day city of Yokosuka in

Kanagawa Prefecture. In the Edo period, Uraga

was a port situated on Edo Bay. It was of strategic

importance to the shogunate located at Edo be-

cause it was from Uraga that a commissioner’s

office was established to inspect ships passing

through Edo Bay. Uraga is also associated with

Commodore Perry who landed at nearby Kuri-

hama in 1853.

USA

City in present-day Oita Prefecture. During the

medieval and early modern periods, Usa was associ-

ated with the Usa Hachiman Shrine.

USUKI

City in present-day Oita Prefecture situated on

Usuki Bay. Usuki was a castle town during the

Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods. Its castle was

constructed by Otomo Sorin, a Christian lord. In

the Edo period, the castle and city were under the

control of the Inaba family.

UTSUNOMIYA

City in present-day Tochigi Prefecture situated at

the base of Mount Nikko. In the Kamakura and

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Muromachi periods, the city and area was controlled

by the Utsunomiya family of military governors. In

the Edo period, Utsunomiya was a castle town con-

trolled by the Toda family. It was also a post station

along the Nikko Kaido road.

WAKAYAMA

City in present-day Wakayama Prefecture situated

on the Kino River (Kinokawa). Toyotomi Hide-

yoshi built a castle at Wakayama in 1585 for his son

Hidetada. The area was later controlled by the Kii

family, a branch of the Tokugawa and one of three

family lines from which a shogun could be chosen in

the Edo period. The last seven Tokugawa shoguns—

ruling between 1716 and 1867—were selected from

this family line.

YAMAGATA

City in present-day Yamagata Prefecture situated on

the Mogami River (Mogamigawa). In the Edo period,

Yamagata was a castle town controlled by a succession

of lords. Yamagata was also important as a post station

standing at the intersection of several roads.

YAMAGUCHI

City in present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture. Yama-

guchi was a castle and port town under the control

of the Ouchi family for two centuries beginning

about 1350. During the Onin War (1467–77), as

Kyoto was being destroyed by the battles being

waged there, Yamaguchi became a refuge for

lords and aristocrats from Kyoto. Yamaguchi devel-

oped cultural traditions that replicated what had

existed in Kyoto. In 1555, the Ouchi family was

replaced by the Mori family, but the Mori aban-

doned Yamaguchi for the nearby city of Hagi, and

Yamaguchi quickly declined in importance as a

result.

YOKOHAMA

City in present-day Kanagawa Prefecture. Although

Yokohama is today Japan’s second-largest city, it

was a small ﬁshing village until the end of the Edo

period when it was developed as a port for foreign

trade.

YONEZAWA

City in present-day Yamagata Prefecture. Yonezawa

was a castle town from the Muromachi period

through the end of the Edo period, controlled by the

Uesugi family. It was famous for the manufacture of

silk fabrics.

YOSHIDA/TOYOHASHI

A city now called Toyohashi in present-day Aichi

Prefecture. The former Yoshida was a castle town

situated on Atsumi Bay. In 1505 a castle was con-

structed that would later be called Yoshida Castle. In

the late 16th century, the Ikeda family controlled the

castle and city. In the Edo period, a succession of

lords controlled Yoshida. The city was also a post

station along the Tokaido road.

Domains

AIZU DOMAIN

Located in southern Mutsu Province, this domain

changed hands a number of times before being

granted to Hoshina Masayuki in 1643. Closely tied

to the Tokugawa shogunate through his father, To-

kugawa Hidetada, Masayuki was given the rank of

shimpan (related domains). His family was later

awarded the name Matsudaira, the original family

name of the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate,

Tokugawa Ieyasu. In the late Edo period, the Aizu

domain fought against imperial restoration. Esti-

mated annual rice production: 230,000 koku.

CHOSHU DOMAIN

Also known as the Hagi domain, Choshu was

located in Suo and Nagato provinces. It was con-

trolled by the Mori family. Choshu domain pro-

duced several important leaders of the Meiji

Restoration. Estimated annual rice production:

369,000 koku.

HIKONE DOMAIN

Located in Omi Province, the Hikone domain was

situated along the eastern side of Lake Biwa. It was

L AND, ENVIRONMENT, AND P OPULATION

granted to the Ii family in 1601 as reward for their

service to Tokugawa Ieyasu. Later, Hikone daimyo,

such as Ii Naosuke, served in the Tokugawa govern-

ment. Estimated annual rice production: 350,000

koku.

HIZEN DOMAIN

Also referred to as Saga domain, this domain was

located in Hizen province and was governed by

the Nabeshima family from 1607. Hizen domain

dominated both the coal and porcelain markets

during the late Edo period and pioneered the

introduction of Western military technology into

Japan. Estimated annual rice production: 357,000

koku.

KAGA DOMAIN

Kaga domain, also referred to as the Kanazawa

domain after the castle town that served as its head-

quarters, included large areas of Kaga, Noto, and

Etchu provinces. It was administered by the power-

ful Maeda family. Estimated annual rice production:

1,025,000 koku.

KII DOMAIN

The Kii domain was located in Kii province and a

section of Ise province. It was given to Tokugawa

Yorinobu, one of Tokugawa Ieyasu’s sons in 1619.

The Kii domain, along with the Mito and Owari

domains, belonged to one of three highly respected

Gosanke families, branches of the Tokugawa family

line. Tokugawa Yoshimune, the ﬁfth daimyo of Kii,

served as the eighth shogun. Estimated annual rice

production: 555,000 koku.

MITO DOMAIN

The Mito domain was given to Tokugawa Yorifusa,

one of Tokugawa Ieyasu’s sons, in 1610. It was

located in areas of Hitachi and Shimotsuke

provinces. Like the Kii and Owari, the Mito daimyo

belonged to the powerful Gosanke trio of Tokugawa

branches descended from Tokugawa Ieyasu. Esti-

mated annual rice production: 350,000 koku.

OKAYAMA DOMAIN

Okayama domain, located in Bizen province and a

section of Bitchu province and headquartered at

Okayama Castle, was granted to Ikeda Tadatsugu in

1602. The family of Ikeda Mitsumasa, a grandson of

Tadatsugu’s father, gained control of the domain in

1632. Estimated annual rice production: 315,200

koku.

OWARI DOMAIN

Located in Owari province and areas of Mino and

Shinano provinces, the Owari domain was also

called the Nagoya domain because of its headquar-

ters at Nagoya Castle. The domain was awarded to

Tokugawa Yoshinao, one of Tokugawa Ieyasu’s sons.

The Owari daimyo became the most powerful of the

Gosanke—highly ranked daimyo directly descended

from Tokugawa Ieyasu. Estimated annual rice pro-

duction: 619,500 koku.

SATSUMA DOMAIN

Also referred to as Kagoshima domain, this ﬁefdom

was located in Satsuma and Osumi provinces, as well

as areas of Hyuga province. The Shimazu family

ruled as lords of this domain for the entirety of the

Tokugawa shogunate, proﬁting from a strategic geo-

graphical location that allowed them to amass signif-

icant wealth through foreign trade. Satsuma fought

on the side of imperial restoration in the late Edo

period. Estimated annual rice production: 729,000

koku.

SENDAI DOMAIN

Centered in Mutsu province, this domain was estab-

lished by Date Masamune, an ambitious warrior

whose nickname, Dokuganryu (One-eyed dragon)

arose from his lack of eyesight in one eye. A former

vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Masamune was

awarded the immense Sendai domain in 1603 for his

support of Tokugawa Ieyasu. In the late Edo period,

the Sendai domain fought against imperial restora-

tion. Estimated annual rice production: 620,000

koku.

H ANDBOOK TO L IFE IN M EDIEVAL AND E ARLY M ODERN J APAN

TOSA DOMAIN

Also named Kochi domain after the castle town of

Kochi, which served as its administrative center. Tosa

domain occupied all of Tosa province. Dominated by

the Yamanouchi family since 1603, this domain

played an important role in the Meiji Restoration,

supporting the cause of imperial restoration. Esti-

mated annual rice production: 240,000 koku.

MEDIEVAL AND EARLY

MODERN REGIONS, PROVINCES,

AND EQUIVALENT

MODERN PREFECTURES

Region (do) Province Location in

(kuni) Modern

Prefecture

Tosando Mutsu Aomori,

(Eastern Fukushima,

Mountain Region) Iwate,

Miyagi, Akita

Dewa Akita, Yamagata

Shimotsuke Tochigi

Kozuke Gumma

Shinano Nagano

Hida Gifu

Mino Gifu

Omi Shiga

Hokurikudo Wakasa Fukui

(Northern Land Echizen Fukui

Region) Kaga Ishikawa

Noto Ishikawa

Etchu Toyama

Echigo Niigata

Sado Island Niigata

Tokaido Hitachi Ibaraki

(Eastern Sea Shimosa Ibaraki

Region) Kazusa Chiba

Awa Chiba

Musashi Saitama, Tokyo,

Kanagawa

Sagami Kanagawa

Izu Shizuoka

Kai Yamanashi

Suruga Shizuoka

Totomi Shizuoka

Mikawa Aichi

Owari Aichi

Iga Mie

Ise Mie

Shima Mie

Kinai (Capital Yamashiro Kyoto

Provinces) Settsu Hyogo

Kawachi Osaka

Yamato Nara

Izumi Osaka

San’indo Tamba Kyoto, Hyogo

(Northern Tango Kyoto

Mountain Region) Tajima Hyogo

Inaba Tottori

Hoki Tottori

Izumo Shimane

Iwami Shimane

Oki Island Shimane

San’yodo Harima Hyogo

(Southern Mimasaka Okayama

Mountain Region) Bizen Okayama

Bitchu Okayama

Bingo Hiroshima

Aki Hiroshima

Suo Yamaguchi

Nagato Yamaguchi

Nankaido Kii Wakayama

(Southern Sea Awaji Island Hyogo

Region) Sanuki Kagawa

Awa Tokushima

Tosa Kochi

Iyo Ehime

Saikaido (Western Tsushima Nagasaki

Sea Region) Island

Iki Island Saga

Chikuzen Fukuoka

Chikugo Fukuoka

Buzen Fukuoka

Bungo Oita

Hizen Saga, Nagasaki

Higo Kumamoto

Hyuga Miyazaki

Osumi Kagoshima

Satsuma Kagoshima

L AND, ENVIRONMENT, AND P OPULATION