Deal W.E. Handbook To Life In Medieval And Early Modern Japan
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HANDBOOK TO LIFE
IN MEDIEVAL AND
EARLY MODERN JAPAN
HANDBOOK TO LIFE
IN MEDIEVAL AND
EARLY MODERN JAPAN
WILLIAM E. DEAL
Case Western Reserve University
Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan
Copyright © 2006 by William E. Deal
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Deal, William E.
Handbook to life in medieval and early modern Japan / William E. Deal.
p. cm. — (Handbook to life)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-5622-6 (alk. paper)
1. Japan—Civilization—To 1868. 2. Japan—History—1185-1868. I. Title. II. Series.
DS822.2.D33 2005
952’.02—dc22 2005003371
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Text design by Cathy Rincon
Cover design by Semadar Megged
Illustrations by Jeremy Eagle
Printed in the United States of America
VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
For Moriyama Tae
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
LIST OF MAPS x
LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS x
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi
INTRODUCTION xiii
1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1
Historical Survey 2
Biographies of Historical Figures 21
Reading 51
2 LAND, ENVIRONMENT, AND
POPULATION 53
Landscape and Environment 54
City, Town, and Countryside 60
Population Statistics 62
Gazetteer of Place-names 63
Reading 85
3 GOVERNMENT 87
Imperial and Military Rule 88
Structure of the Imperial Court 89
Structure of the Shogunates 92
Law, Crime, and Punishment 101
Reading 105
4 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY 107
Society 108
Women 115
Social Protest 117
Economy 119
Reading 129
5 WARRIORS AND WARFARE
BY LISA J. ROBERTSON 131
Warrior History 132
Warrior Ethics 138
Martial Arts and Weaponry 149
Armor, Helmets, and Shields 167
Fortifications 173
Warrior Ranks and Hierarchy 174
Battle Tactics 178
Wars and Battles 182
Reading 184
6 RELIGION 187
Introduction 188
Shinto Traditions 190
Japanese Buddhist Traditions 202
Christianity 217
Role of Women 218
Reading 219
7 PHILOSOPHY, EDUCATION,
AND SCIENCE 221
Philosophy 222
Education 227
Science 231
Reading 240
8 LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 241
Language 242
Literature 249
Reading 260
9 PERFORMING ARTS 263
Introduction 264
Musical Instruments 265
Music and Dance 267
Religious Performing Arts 270
Theater 272
Street Entertainers and
Storytellers 281
Reading 282
10 ART AND ARCHITECTURE
WITH LISA J. ROBERTSON 283
Introduction 284
Art 287
Tea and Related Arts 302
Architecture 307
Reading 324
11 TRAVEL AND COMMUNICATION 325
Introduction 326
Land Travel and Communication 327
Maritime Travel and Communication 333
Reading 338
12 EVERYDAY LIFE 339
The Family 340
The Home 342
Marriage and Divorce 345
Sexuality 346
Pregnancy and Childbirth 347
Food and Drink 348
Dress and Personal Appearance 350
Sports and Diversions 353
Calendar 355
Festivals and Yearly Rituals 355
Death and Dying 358
Reading 359
LIST OF MUSEUMS 361
BIBLIOGRAPHY 363
INDEX 383
L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS
ix
Warriors defend Uraga Bay from Admiral Perry 20
Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147–99) 37
Tomoe Gozen (late 12th century), famed
woman warrior 49
Leisure-time boating on the Sumida River 56
Thatch roof construction 59
Black pines at Ginkakuji 60
Dragonfly 61
Amusement area in the city of Edo 63
Edo shop 68
Edo street scene 69
Edo-period-style storefront 75
Edo-period local government building 99
A device used to apprehend criminals 102
A basket used to transport criminals 103
“Welcoming cat” (maneki neko) 113
Interior of an artisan’s woodworking shop 114
Edo-period rice riot 119
Scale used in the conduct of business 123
Measure used in the conduct of business 123
Edo shop front 124
Rice used for paying taxes 125
Edo-period coins 126
Warriors preparing for battle 150
Warrior with bow and arrows 153
Sword blades with heat-tempered patterns 160
Warrior with polearm 161
Warrior holding a spear 163
Ninja 165
Armor 168
Warrior wearing face mask 170
Buddhist warrior-monk 176
Kamakura-period foot soldier 177
Warrior in a fixed shield defensive position 179
Warrior procession 181
Warrior with head of his defeated enemy 182
Buddhist protective deity 192
Sake barrels given as shrine offerings 195
Ema 196
Hotei, one of the seven gods of good fortune 198
Inari shrine 199
Atagoyama Shrine 200
Zen Buddhist meditation hall 209
Amida Buddha 211
Bodhisattva Jizo 212
Bodhisattva Kannon 213
Buddhist temple altar 215
Edo-period astronomical observatory 238
Writing set, including brush and inkstone 247
Poet-priest Saigyo (1118–1190) 250
Edo-period musical instruments 265
Musician playing a biwa 266
Drum 267
Nakamuraza, a Kabuki theater 277
Scene from an Edo-period Kabuki play 278
Bell tower and temple bell 311
Ginkakuji, in Kyoto 312
Shinto shrine gate 314
Main tower of Himeji Castle 317
Wall of the main tower at Himeji Castle 318
Wall and gate at Himeji Castle 319
Ho Gate at Himeji Castle 320
Warriors firing from castle weapon portals 321
Edo domain lord residence 322
Edo-period woodcutter’s house 322
Edo-period farmhouse 323
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS