Deal W.E. Handbook To Life In Medieval And Early Modern Japan

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murder of 22

and structure of shogunate

tea and 304

title accumulation by 89

uniﬁcation of Japan and 11

Odate 77–78

Odawara 78

odori dance 268

offering hall (heiden) 315

offerings of sake 195

ofuda (protective amulets) 196

Ogata Kenzan 40

Ogata Korin 40, 294

ogi (folding fans) 167, 351

Ogyu Sorai 40–41, 225, 226

ohaguro (teeth blackening) 350

oil lamps 345

Oi River 56

okage mairi (thanksgiving pil-

grimage) 194–195

Okayama 78

Okayama domain 82

Okazaki 78

Oki Islands 65

Okumura Masanobu 296–297

Okuni 41, 276

Okuni Kabuki 41

Okuninushi no Mikoto (deity)

197, 201

Oku no hosomichi (Narrow road

to the deep north) (Basho)

24, 255–256

omamori (protective amulets) 197

ometsuke (inspectors general)

97, 98

Omi, Eight Views of 54

Omi Hachiman 78

omikuji divination 197

Omna daigaku (Kaibara)

116–117

on and giri (favor and debt) 139,

146–147

One Hundred Views of Mt. Fuji

(Katsushika Hokusai) 34

ongoku bugyo (commissioners

of distant provinces) 97,

oni harai (sweeping away the

demons) 357

Onin War 8–9

foot soldiers and 177

Hino Tomiko and 23

Hosokawa Katsumoto and

30–31

Kyoto and 75

legal system and 103

Yamaguchi and 81

Oni-sube ceremony 199

Onna daigaku 231

onnagata (female roles in

Kabuki) 276, 277, 278

Ono Ozu 41

Ono Ranzan 41

on pronunciation 246, 246

on reading (on-yami) 246, 246

Ontleedkundige Tafelen (Illus-

trated anatomy) 237

Oribe ware (Oribe-yaki) 300

Osaka 63, 78

Osaka jodai (keepers of Oksaka

Castle) 97, 99

Oshu Fujiwara 71, 94

Oshu Kaido 331

Oshu sobugyo (Oshu general

commissioner) 93, 94

Oshu tandai 95

Otagaki Rengetsu 41

Ota Nampo 258, 259

otogata (male roles in Kabuki)

278

Otomo Sorin 80

Otsu 78

outcastes (eta and hinin) 111,

114–115

Owari domain 82

Owari family 77

oxcart travel 328

oyori (great armor) 170, 171

oyumi (weapon) 167

packhorsemen (bashaku) 327–328

pagoda (to) 309–310

painting 288–295

in early modern period

293–295

formats of 289–290

in medieval period

290–293

palanquins 327, 328

palisades 173

paper currency 126

paper production 76, 80

“pathos of things” (mono no

aware) 227

patriarchy 116

patrilocal traditions (yomeirikon)

345

peasant revolts (ikki) 117–119

peasants. See farmers and peasants

“people of the village” (burakim)

114. See also outcastes (eta

and hinin)

performing arts 263–282

introduction 264

musical instruments 265,

265–267

percussion 267

string 266–267

wind 265–266

music and dance 267–270

characteristics, tradi-

tional 268

traditions of 269–270

religious 270–272

Buddhist 271–272

Christian 272

Shinto 271

street entertainers and sto-

rytellers 281–282

theater 272–281

Bunraku 279–281

Kabuki 276–279,

277, 278

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404

Kyogen 275–276

Noh 272–275

Perry, Matthew C. 14, 41, 129,

338

pets 355

philosophy. See Neo-Confucian

thought and philosophy

phoenix sho (instrument) 266

pilgrimages 194–195, 210, 252,

326

pines 59, 60

pirates (wako) 334

plant life 59

plants, medicinal 235

plays. See theater

pleasure quarters 287

poetry

early modern 255–256

medieval 249–251

in Noh theater 274

polearm and longsword (nagi-

nata jutsu) 151, 161,

161–162

policing by metsuke (inspectors)

100

polygamy 148

population statistics 62–63

porcelain 66

portrait sculptures 288

port towns 61

Portuguese 11, 64, 164. See also

European contacts; trade,

foreign

post stations (shukueki) 61–62,

329–331, 332

poverty, god of 197

prayer 182, 190, 194

prefectures 83, 84m

pregnancy and childbirth 347,

347–348

priesthood, Shinto 198–199

priests of emptiness (komuso)

271

princes, imperial (ranks of) 91

princes, ranks of 91

principle (ri) 223, 234

prison camps 104

private schools (shijuku)

230–231

processions 181, 326, 327

pronunciation, on and kun 246,

246

property, household 342

prostitution 117, 276, 350–351

protest, social 117–119

provinces (kuni) 83, 84m

provincial protest leagues (kuni

ikki) 117–118

provincial warriors (kokujin)

117–118

Ptolemaic astronomy 237

Public Documents Ofﬁce

(Kumonjo) 92, 93

punishment. See crime and

punishment

puppet theater (Bunraku)

279–281

Pure Land school of Buddhism

(Jodo-Shu) 207. See also

Amida Buddha

Honen and 30

painting and 290

salvation in 203, 204

women and 218

Pure Land sugoroku (game) 353

puriﬁcation rituals 194, 357

purity (sei) 305

quilts and coverlets 344

quivers 154

raigozu (welcoming pictures)

290

rainfall 58

rakan 213

Rakuchu rakugai zu (Scenes

inside and outside of Kyoto)

292

rakugo storytelling 281–282

Raku ware (Raku-yaki) 300

ramma (transom) 322

rampo (Dutch medicine) 237

rangaku (Dutch learning) 44,

231

“Red Devils” 167–168

reforms, ﬁnancial 104

refuge temples (kakekomidra)

346

regalia, imperial 157, 191

regency. See Hojo regency;

shikken (shogunal regent)

regions (do) 83, 84m

registry system at Buddhist tem-

ples 13–14

Reiheishi Kaido 331

Relic Hall (shariden) at Engakuji

309

religion 187–219. See also Bud-

dhism; Christianity (kirisu-

tokyo); Shinto religion

afterlife 359

art and, in medieval period

290–291

common characteristics

189–190

monk-warriors 176,

176–177

national seclusion policy

and 13–14, 104

performing arts in 270–272

protest leagues and 118

traditions (overview)

188–189

women, role of 218–219

renga poetry 250–251

Rennyo 41, 204, 207

rensho (cosigner) 92, 93

renza (group responsibility prin-

ciples) 102–103

respect (kei) 305

I NDEX

405

ri (principle) 223, 234

rice production

by domain 62, 81–83

god of 197

taxes on 124, 125

in village economy 120

rice riots (uchikowashi) 119,

119

Rimpa school of painting 40,

293–294

Rinzai Zen school of Buddhism

208

Eisai and 25

Engakuji temple 209

Ginkakuji temple 310–311

Gozan temple system 204

Hakuin reforms of 28

Ikkyu Sojun and 31

Ri Sampei 299

Ritsu school of Buddhism 25,

206

ritual dance hall (maidono) 315

ritual objects

in Buddhism 210

in Shinto religion

195–197

rituals and festivals 355–358

battle rituals 182

Buddhist 210

festivals (overview)

356–357

importance of 189

Shinto 193–195

suicide. See suicide, ritual

(seppuku or hara-kiri)

yearly rituals 357–358

riverboats 333, 336, 337, 337,

338

rivers 54–57

road system, early modern

61–62, 328–332, 330m

“rock, paper, scissors” 354–355

roju (senior councillors) 97, 98

rokudo-e (pictures of six realms)

290

Rokuhara tandai (Rokuhara

deputies) 5, 94

Rokuonji. See Kinkakuji (Temple

of the Golden Pavilion)

ronin (masterless samurai)

137–138, 146, 178

rural folk dwellings 323

rural habitation 62

Rushana Buddha 213

Russia, trade with 129

Russo-Japanese Treaty of Amity

129

rusui (keepers of Edo Castle)

97, 98

Ryoanji (temple) 44, 216

Ryobu (Dual Aspect) Shinto

192

ryogaesho (money changers) 126

Ryokan 41, 205

Ryonen Genso 41

Ryonin 208

Ryutei Tanehiko 259, 260

sacred connection with humans

189

Sadaie (Fujiwara no Teika)

249–250

saddlery 155–156

Sado Island (Sadogoshima) 58,

65, 65

Saga 78

Saga domain 82

Sagami River 56

sahimono (banner) 180, 181

Saicho (Dengyo Daishi) 206,

214

Saigo Takamori 41–42

Saigyo 250

Saiiki monogatari (Tales of the

West) (Honda Toshiaki) 30

Saijo-ryu mathematical school

Saikaido (Western Sea Region)

83, 84m

Sakai 79

Sakaida Kakeimon 42, 299

Sakai Hoitsu 42

Sakai merchants 127–128

Saka Jubutsu 252

Sakakibara Kenkichi 161

sakamogi (brush barricades) 173,

179–180

Sakamoto Ryoma 42

Sakata Tojuro I 278

sake 195, 348

sake shops 350

sakoku (national seclusion

policy) 13–14, 41, 104, 232

Sakuma Shozan 42

salvation 203, 204, 207

sama (weapons portals) 318

samurai, as term 132, 137. See

also warriors (samurai or

bushi) and warfare

samurai class 110. See also war-

riors (samurai or bushi) and

warfare

Samurai-dokoro (Board of

Retainers) 92, 93, 95

sandals 352

sangi calculation system 239

San’indo (Northern Mountain

Region) 83, 84m

sankin kotai (alternate atten-

dance system)

bakuhan system of govern-

ment and 13

court limited by 104

market economy and

122

transportation systems and

326–327

warriors and 135–136

women and 117

Sanno (Mountain King) Shinto

192–193, 200

Santo Kyoden 258, 259

H ANDBOOK TO L IFE IN M EDIEVAL AND E ARLY M ODERN J APAN

406

San’yodo (Southern Mountain

Region) 83, 84m

Saron school of Buddhism 205

sarugaku (monkey music)

269–270, 272

Sasaki Shogen 43

sash (obi) 347

satogo (fostered) children 341

sato kagura (village kagura) 271

Satsuma biwa 266

Satsuma domain 14–15, 41–42,

Sayaji 331

scales for business 123

Schambergen, Caspar 236

School of Ancient Medicine

(Koiho) 234–235

School of Latter-Day Medicine

(Goseiho) 234

schools. See education

schools of Buddhism 205–209

Fuju Fuse 208

Nara schools 205–206

Nichiren Sect of Buddhism

76, 118, 204, 208

Obaku Zen 205, 209

Pure Land 203, 204, 207,

218, 290. See also Amida

Buddha

Rinzai Zen 204, 208, 209,

310–311

Shingon 192, 206

Shugendo 190, 209

Soto Zen 208

Tendai 206–207

Time 207–208

True Pure Land 73, 78,

204, 207

Yuzu Nembutsu Sect

208

schools of philosophy 224–227

science 231–240

archaeology 35

astronomy 23, 43, 45,

237–238

geography 32, 36, 45,

238–239

mathematics 22, 45, 51,

239–240

medicine 232–237

overview 231–232

screen of spears (yaribusuma)

163

screen paintings 290, 292

screen partitions (shoji)

321–322, 344

scrolls

hand 289–290

hanging 290, 305

sculpture 287–288

seas 54

sei (purity) 305

seii taishogun (barbarian-

subduing great general) 4.

See also emperorship and

imperial family

Tenrikyo (Religion of Heavenly

Principle) 38, 188, 219

Tenri O no Mikoto (Lord of

Heavenly Principle) 38

Tenryu River 57

Tensho Shubun 33–34, 46

tenshu (main tower) 316–317,

317, 318

tenzan-jutsu system of algebra

teppo. See ﬁrearms

terakoya (temple schools) 228,

230

tessen (iron fans) 167

tessenjutsu (war fan use) 167

Tetsugen 46

Tetsugen edition of Buddhist

canon 46

thanksgiving pilgrimage (okage

mairi) 194–195

H ANDBOOK TO L IFE IN M EDIEVAL AND E ARLY M ODERN J APAN

410

thatch roofs 59

theater 272–281. See also music

and dance; performing arts

Bunraku 279–281

gesaku literature and 257

Kabuki 276–279, 277, 278

Kyogen 275–276

Noh 272–275

Okuni Kabuki 41

Theravada Buddhism 202–203

Thirty-six Views of Mt. Fuji

(Katsushika Hokusai) 34, 297

this-worldliness 189

Thunberg, Carl Peter 32, 46,

236

Time school of Buddhism (Ji-

Shu) 207–208

to (pagoda) 309–310

Toba-Fushimi, Battle of 70

Todaiji (temple) 33, 216–217,

308–309

Todatsu kiko (Voyages in

Manchuria) (Mamiya) 36

Todo Takatora 72

Toguda hall at Ginkakuji

310–311, 319

Tokaido (Eastern Sea Region)

83, 84m

Tokaido (road) 329–331

Tokaido gojusantsugi (Ando

Hiroshige) 22, 297, 329

Tokeiji (temple) 217

Tokoname ware (Tokoname-

yaki) 301

tokonoma (decorative alcove)

320

Tokugawa bakufu (shogunate)

bakuhan system and 13

Edo and 67–68

establishment of 12

Kii family and 81

legal system and 103

list of shoguns 101

Meiji Restoration and col-

lapse of bakufu 14–15

national seclusion policy

13–14, 104

Owari family and 77

patronage of arts 286

peace under 113

structure of 96–100

Tokugawa Hidetada 46

Tokugawa Iemitsu 46–47, 98

Tokugawa Ienari 47

Tokugawa Ieyasu 47

Adams (William) and 22

bakuhan system and 13

birthplace of 78

Christianity and 217

military structure under

174

on swords 157

title accumulation by 89

as Tosho Daigongen 313

uniﬁcation of Japan and

11, 12

Tokugawa Kazuko 47

Tokugawa Mitsukuni 47

Tokugawa Yorifusa 76

Tokugawa Yorinobu 82

Tokugawa Yoshimune 48, 82,

232

Tokugawa Yoshinao 82

Tokugawa Yoshinobu 14, 48

tokumi doiya (10 Wholesaler

Group) 123

Tokushima 80

Tokyo. See Edo

tombstones 359

Tominaga Nakamoto 48

Tomoe Gozen 48, 49

Tone River 57

Ton’isho (Jottings on medicine)

(Kajiwara) 233

topography. See landscape and

environment

torii (shrine gate) 313–314, 314

Torii Kiyonaga 48, 297

Torii school 297

Tosa domain 83

Tosa Mitsunobu 48, 293

Tosando (Eastern Mountain

Region) 83, 84m

Tosa school of painters 293

tosei gosuku (modern armor)

171

toshiiwai (birthday celebration)

358

Toshinari (Fujiwara no Shunzei)

249–250

Tosho Daigongen (Eastern

Light Great Incarnation)

313. See also Tokugawa Ieyasu

Toshogu (shrine) 201

Toshusai Sharaku 48, 297

Tottori 80

Towazugatari (Lady Nijo) 39,

252

towers of castles (tenshu)

316–317, 317, 318

townhouses (machiya) 323–324,

324

towns. See cities and towns

townspersons (chonin) 112, 114

Toyohashi 81

Toyotomi Hideyori 48–49

Christianity and 217

hierarchical class system

originated by 13

Osaka Castle and 78

and structure of shogunate

uniﬁcation of Japan and 12

Wakayama Castle and 81

Toyotomi Hideyoshi 49

class system and 112

economic standards and

121

Himeji Castle and 316

invasion of Korea 128, 298

Momoyama Castle and 11

Sen no Rikyu and 43

title accumulation by 89

uniﬁcation of Japan and

11–12

I NDEX

411

Toyouke no Okami (deity) 193,

200

trade, domestic. See markets and

commerce

trade, foreign 127–129. See

also maritime travel and

communication

Abe Masahiro and 21–22

with China 127–128

Dejima Island and 64

with Europe 128

Hirado Island and 64

with Korea 128

national seclusion policy

and 13–14, 41

opening of ports 14

port towns and 66, 67, 70,

77, 79

with Russia 129

with Southeast Asia

128–129

with United States 129

trade guilds (za) 121, 123

training of warriors 178–179

tranquillity or natural elegance

(jaku) 305

transgression (tsumi) 191, 194

transom (ramma) 322

travel and communication

325–338. See also markets and

commerce

introduction 326–327

on land 327–332

modes of 327–332

road system 61–62,

328–332

maritime 333–338

travel diaries 251–252

treaties

Ansei (1858) 74

Kanagawa (1854) 41, 70,

79, 129

with Russia 129

Treaty of Friendship and Com-

merce 129

True Pure Land school of Bud-

dhism (Jodo Shinshu) 207

in Kanazawa 73

in Osaka 78

Rennyo and 41, 204

Shinran and 44

social protest and 118

truncheon (jitte) skills 166–167

tsuchi ikki (land protest leagues)

117

tsuika (supplemental edicts) 102

tsuitate (screens) 290

tsukeshoin (built-in desk) 321

Tsukihi (deity) 219

Tsukuba shu (Nijo) 251

Tsukushi Michi no Ki (Journey

along the Tsukushi Road)

252

tsumi (transgression) 191, 194

Tsurezuregusa (Yoshida Kenko)

51, 252

Tsurugaoka Hachiman Shrine

202, 313

Tsuruya Nanboku IV 279

Tsushima 65

Tsuwano 80

tsuzumi drums 267

Tugudo (building) 310

24 Wholesaler Group

(nijushikumi doiya) 123

typhoons 58

uchikomi 102

uchikowashi (urban rice riots)

119, 119

uchiwa (ﬂat fans) 167, 351

Ueda Akinari 259

Ueno (city) 80

Ueno (section of Edo) 69

Uesugi Kenshin 49

Uesugi Noritada 74

Uesugi Norizane 227

Uesugi Shigefusa 288

Uji 80

Uji-Yamada. See Ise/Uji-Yamada

ukiyo (ﬂoating world) 256, 287,

295

ukiyo-e (woodblock prints)

295–298

Harunobu and 28

Hishakawa Moronobu and

popular literature and 254

Ukiyo monogatari (Tales of the

ﬂoating world) (Asai) 256

ukiyozoshi (books of the ﬂoating

world) 256–257

uniﬁcation of Japan 11–12

United States, trade with 14,

129

United States–Japan Treaty of

Amity and Commerce (Harris

Treaty) 31, 129

Unkei 33, 49–50, 287–288

Unzen, Mt. 58, 79

Urabon-e (Bon Festival) 210,

357

Uraga 80

Uragami Gyokudo 50

urban folk dwellings 323–324

urbanization 60. See also cities

and towns

urban population 63

urban rice riots (uchikowashi)

119, 119

Usa 80

Usa Hachiman Shrine 202

Ushu tandai (Ushu deputy) 95,

Usuki 80

Utagawa Kuniyoshi 50,

297–298

Utagawa Toyokuni 297

utsubo (quivers) 154

Utsunomiya 80–81

Utsunoyama no Ki (Account of

Utsunoyama) 252

H ANDBOOK TO L IFE IN M EDIEVAL AND E ARLY M ODERN J APAN

412

Valignano, Alessandro 50

values, warrior

early modern 144

medieval 142–143

warrior ideals expressed in

death 148–149

warrior ideals expressed in

life 145–148

variant Chinese writing (hentai

kambun) 248

vassals (gokenin)

Board of Retainers and 92

domainal codes and 103

in European vs. Japanese

feudalism 2

jito and 94

lord-retainer relationships

109, 134, 136

Mongol invasions and 6

in shogunate 4

shugo overthrown by 9

in warrior-class hierarchy

110

yoriki and doshin 177–178

vegetarian cooking 348

vermilion seal ships (shuinsen)

129, 337

victory celebrations 182

village heads 113, 120

village kagura (sato kagura) 271

villages 62, 120

vital force (ki) 223, 234, 235

vocabulary 246. See also

language

volcanoes 57–58

wa (harmony) 231–232, 305

wabi aesthetic 304

wadiate (in armor) 170

wakadoshiyori (junior councillors)

97, 100

wakan konkobun (Japanese-

Chinese mixed style writing)

248

waka poetry 249–250

Wakayama 81

wakizashi (dagger) 158

wako (pirates) 334

wall paintings 290

wan (bays) 54

Wang Yangming 225

war fans (gunsen) 167

“warring lords” (sengoku daimyo)

135

Warring States (Sengoku)

period 11. See also Muro-

machi period and Ashikaga

shogunate

castles in 60

chronology of events 17

daimyo overthrown in

140

economic hardship in 9

samurai in 134–135

trade in 120

warrior bands (bushidan)

133–134, 137

warrior-class law (bukebo) 101

warrior-farmers 111

warrior-monks (sohei) 176,

176–177

warrior plays 274, 275

warriors (samurai or bushi) and

warfare 132–185. See also

martial arts (bugei or budo)

and weaponry

armor, helmets, and shields

167–172, 168, 170

ashigaru 151, 177, 177,

179

battle formations

181–182

battle ritutals 182

battle tactics 178–182

archery/cavalry strat-

egy 180

shield deployment

and formations

179–180

signals and identiﬁca-

tion 180–181

training of warriors

178–179

bukebo 101

Buke Shohatto laws and

104

Bushido. See Bushido (Way

of the Warrior)

clothing 351, 351

conduct of 144–145

early medieval warriors

133–134

early modern warriors

135–136

economy, impact on 119

education and 228

ethics 138–149

fortiﬁcations 173–174

Gempei War 67, 133,

154–155, 253

god of war 197

Hayashi Shihei and mili-

tary science 28

history 132–138

importance of 2

Kawanakajima, Battles of

46, 49

Kemmu Restoration and

late medieval warriors

134–135

literary arts among 140

lord-retainer relationships

and 109, 134, 136,

139–140

Mikatahara, Battle of 71

Neo-Confucian values and

122

Onin War. See Onin War

patronage of art and archi-

tecture 284

I NDEX

413