Czichos H., Saito T., Smith L.E. (Eds.) Handbook of Metrology and Testing
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1208 Subject Index
definition 793
definitive method 119
deflection method 778
deformation map 401
degradation 789, 813
– enzymatic 796
– mechanisms 950
– photo 792
–test 958
– thermal 792
degree of order 1076
delta layer 301
demagnetizing field 579
denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis (DGGE) 837
dense random packing (DRP) model
1001
density functional theory (DFT)
1066
density of states (DOS) 1077
depletion
– approximation 514
– capacitance 521
deposit corrosion 704
depth
–offield 320
–profile 241, 250
– profiling 147, 159
– resolution 292, 299
derivatization
– with dinitrophenylhydrazine
(DNPH) 864
design 308
desquamation 818
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans 815
detection 264
detector
– thermal 591
deterioration 811, 813
Deutsche Industrie Norm (DIN)
794
DF (dark-field) 271
DFG (difference-frequency
generation) 616
DFT (density functional theory)
1066
DGGE (denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis) 837
diamagnetic current 259
diamond tip 312
dielectric
– constant 491
– constant gas thermometer 472
– displacement 492
– effect 526
– function 625
–loss 492, 526
– loss tangent 527
– material 491, 526
– metrology 529
– permittivity 527, 529, 535
– permittivity spectrum 528
– polarization 526
– property 526
– relaxation 242, 526, 527
– resonance 529
dielectric constant
– complex 595
difference-frequency generation
(DFG) 616
differential 623
– amplifier (DA) 673
– cell 504
– scanning calorimetry 461
– thermal analysis 643
diffraction 211, 212
– blazed grating 593
– limit 605, 607
– mode 219
diffractometer 233
diffuse scattering 273
diffuse-interface model 1092
diffusion 426, 1006
– coefficient 242
– control of electrode process 684
– controlled phase transformation
1105
– equation 1105
diffusion rate
– thermal 642, 643
diffusivity
– thermal 454
digital
– storage oscilloscope 621
digital detector array (DDA) 911,
913
digital Gaussian
– cut-off filter 312
dilatometry 469
dimensional control 923
dimetric 313
dimple 425
DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm)
794
diorite 812
dipole moment 492
dipole-coupled 264
dipole–dipole interaction 230, 261,
266, 1101
direct current (DC) 147, 159
direct heating method 457
direct method 232, 259
Dirichlet boundary condition 1037
disappearance cross section 305
discrete Fourier transform 318
discretized numerical scheme 1035
discrimination
– fungal species 835
– fungal strains 835
disintegration 795
dislocation 239, 249, 252, 355,
1112
– edge 356
– motion 258
–screw 356
– theory 716
dispersion
– compensation 635
– parameter 629
– shifted fiber 629
displacement–strain relationship
1044
display 490
dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
799
distributed sensor 934, 945
distributed strain measurement 940
distributed strain profile 944
DLTS (deep level transient
spectroscopy) 519
DOC (dissolved organic carbon)
799
documentary standard 309
domain-wall displacement detection
(DWDD) 649
dominant texture direction 322
donor 489
dopant
–atom 300
– concentration 302
– distribution 282
doped semiconductor 625
doping profiling 514
Doppler effect 251
DOS (density of states) 1077
double quantum process 262
double-cantilever displacement gage
411
double-clad fiber 638
Dresden agreement 133
drift mobility 513
drop calorimetry 461
Drude model 597
drug detection 626
drywood termite 785
ductile fracture 390, 425
ductile-to-brittle transition
temperature (DBTT) 399
Subject Index
Subject Index 1209
duplicate method
– for uncertainty estimation 41
durability of wood 774
DVD-RAM 641, 644
DVD-RW 641
DWDD (domain-wall displacement
detection) 649
dynamic
– effect 235
– heterogeneity 528
– loading 398
– mechanical analysis 469
– methods of determining elastic
constants 349
– motion 259
– range 318
– shear modulus 351
–SIMS 283, 299
– strain aging 402
– theory 212, 219, 256
– Youngs’s modulus 350
E
EAL (European Cooperation for
Accreditation of Laboratories)
377
easy magnetization direction (EMD)
578
EBIC (electron-beam-induced
current) 222
eco-efficiency 847
EDFA (Er-doped fiber amplifier)
635, 636
EDFA configuration 636
EDMR (electrically detected
magnetic resonance) 247
effective area of fiber 632
effective cluster interaction energies
1066
effective density of states 512
effective interaction energy 1068
effective mass 512, 517
effective thickness 414
effectiveness 780
efficiency 305
efflorescence 818
EFPI (extrinsic FPI sensor) 937
Egypt 23
EHL (elastohydrodynamic
lubrication) 750
eigenstrain 1097
Einstein coefficient 599
Einstein relation 491
elastic
– aftereffect 231
– backscattering spectrometry (EBS)
297
– compliance method 414
– constant 340, 341
– limit 355, 391
– modules 273
– modulus 353
– modulus, measurement uncertainty
72
– scattering 602
– solid problem 1043
–strainenergy 1097
elastic constants
– resonance techniques 350
– ultrasonic pulse technique 349
elasticity 6, 340
elastic–plastic fracture mechanics
(EPFM) 408
elastohydrodynamic lubrication
(EHL) 750
electric conductivity 597
electric field gradient 251
electric potential-difference technique
422
electric susceptibility 595
electrical
– energy dissipation 526
– modeling 475
– property 485, 778
– sheet 559
–storage 485
electrical conductivity 485
– eddy current method 494
– measurement method 494
– metallic materials 485
– voltage–current method 494
electrically detected magnetic
resonance (EDMR) 247
electrochemical
– impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
695
– kinetics 676
– noise analysis (ENA) 695
– testing 671
electrode kinetics 671
electrodeposition 174
electrolytic conductivity 485, 498
– measurement 501
electron 211
– attenuation length 286
– beam induced current (EBIC) 508
– capture detector (ECD) 168
– charge density plot 1082
– cloud 246
– detector 289
– diffraction (ED) 645
– energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS)
179, 230
– nuclear double resonance
(ENDOR) 246
– paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
230
– paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
spectroscopy 197
– probe microanalysis (EPMA) 285
– probe microanalyzer (EPMA)
272
– probe microscopy 282
– probe x-ray microanalyzer (EPMA)
180
– spin resonance (ESR) 230
electron channeling 220
– pattern (ECP) 270
electron lattice coupling 244
electron paramagnetic resonance
(EPR) 245
electron-beam-induced current
(EBIC) 222
electronic
– density 232
– dipolar transitions 244
– materials 485
– polarization 492
– Raman scattering 604
– spins 229
electron-probe microanalyzer
(EPMA) 644
electrooptic sampling 626
element 239, 275, 1034
–analysis 226
ellipsometry 298, 595, 626, 644
elliptically polarized light 268
elongation
– uniform 392
embedded atom method (EAM)
– potential 985
embedded sensor 933
embedded-atom method 985
embedment techniques 946
EMD (easy magnetization direction)
578
emission 159
– factor (EF) 866
–rate(ER) 866
emission test chamber
– air exchange rate 862
– area specific air flow rate 862
– relative humidity 862
– temperature 862
endlessly single-mode PCF 640
endolithic fungi 819
endolithic lichen 814
Subject Index
1210 Subject Index
endoscope 785
endothermic peak 643
energy
– conservation 603
– dispersion 159
– dispersive spectrometer (EDS)
181
– dispersive x-ray (EDX) 272
– level diagram 285
–loss 526
– product 547
– quantum 211
– release rate 410
enhancement technique 313
environment 789
environmental
– compartment 775
– contaminant 295
– factors 848
– scanning electron microscope
(ESEM) 185
–test 646, 649
– tobacco smoke (ETS) 860
enzyme 790, 792
EPFM (elastic–plastic fracture
mechanics) 408
epilithic fungi 814
epilithic lichen 814
EPMA (electron-probe
microanalyzer) 644
EPR (electron paramagnetic
resonance) 245
EPS (equivalent penetrameter
sensitivity) 906
EPS (extracellular polymeric
compounds) 819
EPS (extracellular polymeric
substances) 823
Epstein frame 547, 559, 560
EPTIS (European proficiency testing
information system) 89
equation of elastic equilibrium 342
equilibrium
– thermal 474
equilibrium volume 1069
equivalent penetrameter sensitivity
(EPS) 906
erasability 645
Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)
635, 636
erosion 790, 813
– by solid particles 745
– testing 753
error source 322
ESIS (European Structural Integrity
Society) 366
estimate of the maximum
concentration 43
estimate of the mean concentration
43
estimated life 647
etch pit 252, 356
ETSI 132
EU directives 131
Eu-based MOL 610
eucentric tilting 321
EURAMET (European Association
of National Metrology Institutes)
29
Euro–Asian Cooperation of National
Metrology Institutes (COOMET)
29
EUROLAB (European Federation of
National Associations of
Measurement, Testing, and
Analytical Laboratories) 105
European Association of National
Metrology Institutes (EURAMET)
29
European Cooperation for
Accreditation of Laboratories
(EAL) 377
European Electrotechnical
Standardization Commission
(CENELEC) 132
European Federation of National
Associations of Measurement,
Testing, and Analytical
Laboratories (EUROLAB) 105
European proficiency testing
information system (EPTIS) 89
European standardization 131
European Standards Organization
(CEN) 132
European Structural Integrity Society
(ESIS) 366
EuS MOL 612
evaluation length 313
evanescent wave 218, 225, 606
evolution 264
Ewald
– method 979
– sphere 212, 233
EXAFS (extended x-ray absorption
fine structure) 238
exchange bias 584
exchange correlation functional
1067
exchange interaction 230, 260, 542
excitation 159
excited state 244
exciton 596
exfoliation 816
exotermic peak 643
experiment 623
exposure furnace 724
exposure testing at high temperatures
724
extended defect 239, 252
extended x-ray absorption fine
structure (EXAFS) 238
extensometer 346
exterior facade 826
external magnetic field 260, 1109
external quantum-effect detector
– photomultiplier tube 590
– phototube 590
external shape 214
external standard approach 170
external stress 1109
extinction coefficient 595, 644
extinction distance 219, 235
extracellular polymeric compounds
(EPS) 819
extracellular polymeric substance
817
extracellular polymeric substances
(EPS) 823
extrinsic FPI sensor (EFPI) 937
extrinsic stacking fault 255
F
Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI)
937, 938
Fabry–Pérot resonator 601
facade paint 827
face-centered cubic (fcc) 1027
failure density function 951
failure mode and effects analysis
(FMEA) 965
failure rate 950
Faraday
–cup 290
– effect 609
– imaging technique 609
– method 562
–microscopy 609, 613
– rotation 609, 611, 612
fast neutron activation analysis
(FNAA) 160, 167
fast neutrons 212
fatigue 399
– crack propagation 419
– life 400
– precrack 411
– strength 400
fatigue-limit diagram 400
Subject Index
Subject Index 1211
fatty acid analysis 833
FBG fabrication 633
fcc (face-centered cubic) 1027
FDM (finite difference method)
1033
FEA (finite element analysis) 366,
387, 1020
feature extraction 934
Fe–Cr 1107
FEM (finite element method) 1033
Fe–Mo 1107
FePt 1112
Fermi energy 487, 1077
Fermi level (FL) 288, 294, 512
ferrimagnetic 647
ferrimagnetism 543
ferroelectric
– domain 1111
– material 492
– phase transition 1101
ferroelectricity 492
ferromagnetic
– phase 251
– phase transition 1101
– state 1081
ferromagnetism 1079
FET (field-effect transistor) 513
FFP (fitness for purpose) 41
FIB (focused ion beam) 180, 765
fiber
– amplifier 635
– Bragg grating (FBG) 632, 634,
938
– dispersion 627
– fabrication 627
– laser 637
–loss 627
– optic sensor system 937
– refraction
x-ray 928
– reinforced plastics (FRP) 878
fiber-reinforced material 406
fiber-saturation point 776
Fick’s first law 1106
FID (flame ionization detector) 168
FID (free induction decay) 154, 263
field
– and laboratory emission cell
(FLEC) 864
– emission gun 223
– evaporation 275
– exposure 804
– fluctuation 262
– ion microscope (FIM) 225, 275
–test 779, 780
field-effect transistor (FET) 513
filter 312
finite difference method (FDM)
1033
finite element analysis (FEA) 366,
387, 1020
finite element method (FEM) 1033
finite volume method (FVM) 1057
Finnis–Sinclair potential 986
fire
– resistive steel 366
– testing 878
buildings 879
electrical engineering 881
transportation 880
first boundary condition 1037
first-order Laue zone (FOLZ) 235
first-principles calculations 1066
FISH (fluorescence in situ
hybridization) 837
fishbone 503
fitness for purpose (FFP) 41
fixed points of ITS-90 473
Fizeau interference microscope 317
FL (Fermi level) 288, 294, 512
flame ionization detector (FID) 168
flame photometric detector (FPD)
168
flame retardant 875
flame-brushing 633
FLAPW (full potential linearized
augmented plane wave) 1067
flashover 876
Flavobacterium 817
flaw size extraction 923
flight hole 782
flow
– calorimeter 468
–curve 393
– through cell 507
– visualization 653
fluctuation 242
fluorescence 149–151
– line narrowing 600
– resonant energy transfer (FRET)
269
fluorescence in situ hybridization
(FISH) 837
fluorochromes 218
fluorosilicone 824
fluxmeter 547, 555
FMEA (failure mode and effects
analysis) 965
FNAA (fast neutron activation
analysis) 160, 167
focused ion beam (FIB) 180, 765
folic acid 307
FOLZ (first-order Laue zones) 235
force standards 757
force transducer 755
form fit 312, 313
formaldehyde 863
formation enthalpy 1070
forward difference scheme 1037
forward projection 300
forward-focusing effect 298
Fourier transform (FT) 152, 239,
262, 263
–inverse 214, 228, 232
– spectroscopy 227
Fourier transformation 214, 232,
618, 626
Fourier-transform filtering 613
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR)
440
Fourier-transform limited 618
four-point probe 508
four-sublattice model 1073
four-wave mixing (FWM) 618, 624,
631
FPD (flame photometric detector)
168
FPI (Fabry–Pérot interferometer)
937, 938
fractal dimension 315
fractography 424
fracture
– mechanics 408
– toughness 410
fragmentation 307
Frank partial dislocation 255
Frank–Read source 1113
frass 783–785
free carrier concentration 515
free energy 1093
free induction decay (FID) 154, 263
free volume theory 1001
frequency
–analysis 321
–chirp 617
–conversion 615, 616
– domain analysis 318
– factor 646
fresh water environment 781
fretting 744
friction 743
– internal 231
– measurement 747, 754
FT (Fourier transform) 152, 239,
262, 263
Subject Index
1212 Subject Index
FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared)
440
full potential linearized augmented
plane wave (FLAPW) 1067
fumigation 825
function 308
functional analysis 313
functional behavior 322
– of a surface 308
fungal decay
– nondestructive testing 778
fungi 814, 826
FVM (finite volume method) 1057
FWM (four-wave mixing) 618, 624,
631
G
gain
– coefficient 600
– flattening 636
– saturation 636
GaInAs photodiode 519
Galileo 340
Gallionella 816
galvanostat 673
gamma radiation 778
gas chromatography (GC) 168, 267,
435
– infrared (GC-IR) 153
– with subsequent mass spectrometry
(GC/MS) 864
gas laser 601
gas thermometer 472, 474
GaSe 625
gaseous secondary electron detector
(GSED) 186
Gaussian 624
Gauss–Seidel method 1058
GC (gas chromatography) 168, 267,
435
GD-MS (glow discharge mass
spectrometry) 191
GD-OES (glow discharge optical
emission spectrometry) 192
GD-OES (glow discharge optical
emission spectroscopy) 158
GDP (gross domestic product) 846
GE (gel electrophoresis) 268
Ge(Sb
75
Te
25
)−Sb 642
gear method 976
gel electrophoresis (GE) 268
General Conference on Weights and
Measures (CGPM) 26
generalized gradient approximation
(GGA) 1067
generalized minimal residual method
(GMRES) 1058
generation 308
generation–recombination noise
243
geometrical product specification
309
geometry of the stylus 322
geotechnical structure 943, 944
geotextile 804, 943, 944
germanate fiber 638
GeTe −Sb
2
Te
3
644
g-factor 229
GFRP (glass-fiber-reinforced
polymer) 946
GGA (generalized gradient
approximation) 1067
giant magnetoimpedance effect
(GMI) 566
giant magneto-resistance (GMR)
545, 584
Gibbs energy-composition diagram
1064
Gibbs free energy 1062
Giorgi 26
GIXRR (grazing-incidence x-ray
reflectance) 298
glass 812
– transition 997
– transition temperature 641, 643
glass-fiber-reinforced polymer
(GFRP) 946
glass-forming ability 1004
glauberite 822
global trade 130
glow discharge 146, 147, 158, 159
glow discharge mass spectrometry
(GD-MS) 191
glow discharge optical emission
spectrometry (GD-OES) 192
glow discharge optical emission
spectroscopy (GD-OES) 158
glowing ignition 872
glucose monitoring 656
GMI (giant magnetoimpedance
effect) 566
GMR (giant magneto-resistance)
545, 584
GMRES (generalized minimal
residual method) 1058
gnawing sound 786
gold 813
goniometer 233
Gorsky relaxation 242
Gouy method 563
governing equations 1043
gradient energy 1095
grain
– boundary 239, 252, 258, 286,
1029
–growth 1110
– refinement
403
–size 270
grain boundary
– small-angle 256
grand potential 1070
granite 811
gravimetric titrimetry 176
gravimetry 173
grayscale mapping 313
grazing-incidence x-ray reflectance
(GIXRR) 298
green wood beetle 787
grid 1034
groove 252
gross domestic product (GDP) 846
ground state 244
–analysis 1078
– degeneracy 512
group delay dispersion 618
group velocity dispersion (GVD)
618, 628
group velocity of Lamb waves 949
group-IV material
– semiconducting property 489
GSED (gaseous secondary electron
detector) 186
G-SIMS 306
G-SIMS-FPM 307
guarded hot plate method 456
guide to the expression of uncertainty
in measurement (GUM) 5, 199,
377
– method 5
guided wavelength 529
Guinier plot 273
Guinier–Preston (GP) zone 273
GUM (guide to the expression of
uncertainty in measurement) 5,
199, 377
GVD (group velocity dispersion)
618, 628
gypsum 815
H
HAADF-STEM (high-angle annular
dark-field STEM) 241
Hall
– constant 510
– effect probe 609
– factor 513
Subject Index
Subject Index 1213
– mobility 513
Hall–Petch relation 404
halo diffraction ring 237
halogen cycle 589
hard magnetic materials 541
hard material
– magnetically 544
hard pulse 263
hardness testing 109
Havriliak–Negami relaxation
function 528
HAZ (heat-affected zone) 418
hazard class 775
hcp (hexagonal close packed) 1027
heat 848
– affected zone (HAZ) 418
– conduction problem 1043
– flow meter apparatus 457
– flux sensor 457
– release rate 873
heating rate 643
heavy atom method 232
heavy atoms substitution method
259
heavy-metal fluoride glass fiber
(HMFG) 638
helicity 268
helium 192
Helmholtz coil 554, 562
hemicellulose 776
hemispherical analyzer (HSA) 185
heterogenous mixed electrode 681
hexagonal close packed (hcp) 1027
Heydweiller bridge 497
hidden detail 322
high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) 735
high rate plastic testing 366
high-angle annular dark-field STEM
(HAADF-STEM) 241
high-angle scattering 274
high-density polyethylene (PE-HD)
853
higher-order Laue zones (HOLZ)
235
higher-order structure 258
high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC)
– with subsequent ultraviolett (UV)
or diode array detection (DAD)
864
high-resolution NMR 259, 262
high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy (HRTEM) 220, 254
high-speed deformation 388
high-temperature
– corrosion 718
– superconductor (HTS) 497
hillock 252
HL (hydrodynamic lubrication) 750
HMFG (heavy-metal fluoride glass
fiber) 638
hollow glass waveguide 639
hollow-core PCF 640
hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber
640
holographic technique 633
HOLZ (higher-order Laue zones)
235
homogeneous
– broadening 605
– width 600
Hooke 340
Hopkinson split-bar method 398
horizontal lap-joint method 779
horntail 783
hot strip method 459
HPLC (high performance liquid
chromatography) 735
HRR stress field 410
HRTEM (high-resolution
transmission electron microscopy)
220, 254
HSA (hemispherical analyzer) 185
Huang scattering 240
human aspects in a laboratory 134
HV (Vickers hardness) 394
hybridization 836
hydrocarbon 816
hydrodynamic lubrication (HL) 750
hydrogen 242, 243
– attack 404
– embrittlement 404
– evolution 679
– induced stress corrosion testing
714
– loading 633
hydrolysis 792
hygienic coating 830
hygienic surface 831
Hylotrupes bajulus 787
hylotrupes bajulus 785
hyperfine structure 246
hysteresis 319, 492, 547, 557
–AC 559
– DC, ring method 555
– DC, yoke method 557
– for hard magnetic materials 547
I
IACS (International Annealed
Copper Standard) 493
IAQ (indoor air quality) 860
IBRG (International Biodeterioration
Research Group) 805
IBRG algal test 827
IC (ion chromatography) 735
ICP (inductively coupled plasma)
145, 644
ICP OES (ICP optical emission
spectrometry) 157, 192
ICP optical emission spectrometry
(ICP OES) 157, 192
ICP-AES (inductively coupled
plasma atomic emission
spectrometry) 157
ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry) 157, 190
ICPS (inductively coupled plasma
spectrometry) 735
ideal entropy 1064
IEC (International Electrochemical
Commission) 27
IERF (intensity–energy response
function) 290, 296
ignition 869
– autoignition 870
– piloted ignition 870
– time to ignition 870
ILAC (International Laboratory
Accreditation Cooperation) 8, 27,
29, 45
ILC (interlaboratory comparison)
87
illumination mode 606, 607
image-quality indicators (IQI) 904
imaging
– mode 219
– plates (IP) 909
IMFP (inelastic mean free path)
291
impact ionization 518, 519
impact wear 745
impedance 530
– analyzer 530
– bridge 547, 563
– complex 529
– measurement 530
implantation profile 514, 516, 517
impulse excitation 350
impurity 178, 239
INAA (instrumental NAA) 161
Subject Index
1214 Subject Index
in-can preservation 829
incrustation 820
indentation technique 352
in-depth profiling 515
index-guiding PCF 640
indoor air quality (IAQ) 860
inductance 563
induction current 263
inductively coupled plasma (ICP)
145, 644
inductively coupled plasma atomic
emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)
157
inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS) 157, 190
inductively coupled plasma
spectrometry (ICPS) 735
inelastic mean free path (IMFP)
291
inelastic scattering 228, 602
inert gas ion sputtering 287
infrared (IR) 779, 785
– active 603
–fiber 638, 639
– spectroscopy 152, 197, 228
infrared absorption spectroscopy
(IRAS) 226, 243
inhibitor
– action 733
– testing 732
– testing technique 736
inhomogeneous broadening 605
inhomogeneous spectral broadening
605
initial-value problem 1033
inorganic 189
inorganic mass spectrometry 190
insect 781, 785
inspection
–visual 782
instrument bias 113
instrumental NAA (INAA) 161
instrumented indentation test 352,
353
insulator 486, 596
integral
– breadth 273
– method 321
integrated circuit inspection 626
integrating sensor 934, 940
intensity scale 290, 295
– calibration 290, 295
intensity–energy response function
(IERF) 290, 296
interaction energy 1062
intercrystalline corrosion 705
interdiffusion coefficient 1106
interface
– broadening 301
– strength 405
interference 159
– function 214, 273
– measurement method 630
–microscopy 215, 309, 317
– optical microscopes 236
interferogram 228
interferometric method 317
interferometry 227, 316, 317
intergranular corrosion 704
intergranular fracture 425
interlaboratory comparison (ILC)
87
interlaboratory validation approach
75
intermetallic phase 1073
intermittent contact mode 319
internal
– friction 231
– magnetic field 251
– quality 112
– standard approach 170
– state variables 1014
internal quantum-effect detector
– photoconductive detector 591
– photovoltaic detector 591
International Annealed Copper
Standard (IACS) 493
International Biodeterioration
Research Group (IBRG) 805
International Electrochemical
Commission (IEC) 27
International Federation of Clinical
Chemists 27
International Laboratory
Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC)
8, 27, 29, 45
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) 149
International Organization of Legal
Metrology (OIML) 11
international standards 130
International System of Units (SI)
11
International Temperature Scale of
1990 473
interplanar spacings 233
interrogation unit 939
interstitial atom 239, 241
interstitial site 1080
interstitial solution 1064
intralaboratory validation approach
75
intrinsic
– carrier concentration 520
– stacking fault 255
inverse
– Fourier transform 214, 228, 232
inverse power law (IPL) 960
inversion 313
– domain boundary 254
– symmetry 603, 614, 623
invisibility criterion 253, 255
ion
– cyclotron resonance (ICR) 147
– exchange 174
– milling 218
– mobility 500
– sputtering 282
–trap 147
ion chromatography (IC) 735
ionic
– conductivity 491
ionic crystal
– electrical conduction 491
ionization
– cross section 291, 296
–energy 513
–rate 518
ionized donor 512
ionized impurity scattering 513
ionizing radiation 848
IPL (inverse power law) 960
IQI (image-quality indicators) 904
IR (infrared) 779, 785
IRAS (infrared absorption
spectroscopy) 226, 243
Irganox 1010 305
iron 813
– oxidizer 816
irradiation 792
ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) 149
ISO 12085 314, 315
ISO 1302 314
ISO 13565 314
ISO 13565-1 315
ISO 13565-2 315
ISO 13565-3 315
ISO 14577-1:2002 Ed. 1 354
ISO 14577-2:2002 Ed. 1 354
ISO 14577-3:2002 Ed. 1 354
ISO 14577-4 Ed. 1 354
ISO 14577-5 Ed. 1 354
ISO 4287 314
ISO 4288 314
ISO standard 283–285, 793
ISO standards for surface texture
309
Subject Index
Subject Index 1215
ISO TC 201 285
isobaric interference 147
isocitric acid 823
isometric 313
isotope 259, 283
– dilution 170, 190
isotropic hardening 394
isotype layer 510
ITS-90 473, 475, 476, 479, 480
J
J integral 410
Jacobi method 1058
Jahn–Teller distortion 245
Japanese Standardization
Organization (JIS) 798
JCGM (Joint Committee for Guides
in Metrology) 5
J-coupling 260, 264
JCTLM (Joint Committee for
Traceability in Laboratory
Medicine) 34
JIS (Japanese Standardization
Organization) 798
jitter 645, 646
Joint Committee for Guides in
Metrology (JCGM) 5
Joint Committee for Traceability in
Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM)
34
Jones cell 503
J–R curve 414
K
KC (key comparison) 31, 120
KC data base 124
Kelvin contact configuration 525
Kelvin probe 691
Kennedy correction 517
Kerr
– effect 609
Kerr effect 609, 648
Kerr lens mode-locking 617, 620
key comparison (KC) 31, 120
key comparison database (KCDB)
31
Kikuchi lines 235, 270
Kikuchi patterns 220
killing effect
– algicidal 773
– bactericidal 773
– fungicidal 773
– protisticidal 773
– sporicidal 773
– virucidal 773
kilogram 27, 28, 35
kilogram of the archives 11
kinematic hardening 394
kinematical theory 212, 219, 256
Kissinger plot 643
Kissinger’s equation 643
KKS model (Kim–Kim–Suzuki
model) 1104
Kleinman’s relation 614
Kohlrausch cell 504
Kohlrausch’s law 500
Kohn–Sham equation 1067
Kramers–Kronig relation 596, 598,
617
Kramers–Kronig transformation
626
kurtosis 315
L
laboratory accreditation 126
laboratory validation approach 76
Ladyzhenskaya–Babuska–Brezzi
(LBB or BB) condition 1057
Lam
´
e constant 343
Lamb wave 948, 949
– generation 947
– mode 947, 949
– response 947, 948
Landau expansion 1093
Lang camera 221
large crystals 214
large scale yielding condition 409
large-range AFM 320
Larmor 259
– angular frequency 230
– frequency 245, 247, 248, 263
laser 601
– beam detector 316
– cavity 601
– diode (LD) 937
– Doppler velocimeter (LDV) 652
– flash method 459
– modulation 645
– scanning confocal microscopy
(LSCM) 217, 269, 275
– single-mode 618
laser diode (LD) 601
laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV)
652, 655
laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)
654
Lasius 785
latent heat 1023
lateral resolution 309, 316, 606, 607
latex 274
lattice
– defect 239
–misfit 254
– parameter 233
Laue zone
– second-order (SOLZ) 235
LBZ (local brittle zones) 418
LC (liquid chromatography) 169
LC/MS (liquid chromatography/mass
spectrometry) 172
LC/MS/MS (liquid
chromatography/tandem mass
spectrometry) 172
LD (laser diode) 601
LDOS (local density of states) 224
LDV (laser Doppler velocimeter)
652, 655
leaching 775
lead zirconate titanate (PZT) 945
leading edge decay length 300
Lecanora grumosa 823
Lecanora polytropa 819, 823
Lecanora rupicola 823
Lecanora sulfurea 823
LEFM (linear-elastic fracture
mechanics) 408
legal traceability
– of samples/measurements 45
Lennard-Jones potential 985
level population 262
lichen 814
LIF (laser-induced fluorescence)
654
life sciences 307
lifetime 598, 951
light 211
–element 276
– emitting diode (LED) 150, 937
– propagation 936, 937
lignin 776
– degrading 777
limestone 812
limits of detection 193
line shape parameters 250
linear system theory (LST) 695
linear variable differential
transformer (LVDT) 346, 754
linear-elastic fracture mechanics
(LEFM) 408
linearly polarized light 268
line-broadening 273
liquid chromatography (LC) 169,
267
liquid chromatography/mass
spectrometry (LC/MS) 172
Subject Index
1216 Subject Index
liquid chromatography/tandem mass
spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) 172
liquid crystals 237
liquid impact erosion 745
liquid metal ion gun 305
liquid-in-glass thermometer 477
L-joint method 779
load 312
– cell 754
load-line displacement 413
local brittle zones (LBZ) 418
local density of states (LDOS) 224
local element 683
– current distribution 688
local spin density approximation
(LSDA) 1067
local vibrational modes (LVM) 243
localized corrosion 701
long-range order 232
Lorentz force 510
Lorentz oscillator model 596
Lorentzian 624
loss
– angle 563
–hysteresis 547
–total 547, 561
low-coherence interferometry 940,
941
low-Cr zone 405
low-temperature superconductor
(LTS) 497
LSDA (local spin density
approximation) 1067
LS-DYNA 1051
LST (linear system theory) 695
LTS (low-temperature
superconductor) 497
lubricant reservoir 322
lubrication
– boundary 746, 750
– elastohydrodynamic (EHL) 746,
750
– hydrodynamic 746, 750
luggage inspection 626
luminescence 604, 623
– cathodoluminescence 598
– chemiluminescence 598
– electroluminescence 598
– line narrowing 600
– photoluminescence 598
lumped element circuit frequency
limit 531
LVDT (linear variable differential
transformer) 346, 754
LVM (local vibrational modes) 243
lyctid beetle 785
Lyctus brunneus 787
M
Mach–Zehnder interferometer 653,
654
macromolecule 235, 258
macroorganism 814
macropitting 822
MAD (median absolute deviation)
66
magic angle 296
Magna Carta 23
magnetic
– aftereffect 242, 545
– amplifying magnetooptical system
(MAMMOS) 649
– anisotropy 543, 579
– balance 562
– circular dichroic absorption
(MCDA) 247
– circular dichroism (MCD) 268
– circular polarized emission
(MCPE) 230, 247
– contribution 1064
– dipole moment 553, 555, 563
–field
internal 251
– flux imaging 610
– flux pattern 612
–moment 229, 230, 563, 1081
– patterns of superconducting films
609
– polarization 555
– property 541
– random access memory (MRAM)
541
– resonance imaging (MRI) 276
– scale 547, 562
– sector 147
– solid-state memory (MRAM) 541
– super-resolution technologies 649
– thermometer 481
–thinfilm 580
–thinfilms 544
– transition 1072
– ultrathin film 580
– x-ray circular dichroism (MXCD)
546
magnetically
– hard material 544
– soft material 544
magnetism
541
– diamagnetism 542
– ferromagnetism 542
– paramagnetism 542
magnetogyric ratio 229, 259
magnetooptic effect 582
magnetooptic Faraday effect 583
magnetooptic Kerr effect (MOKE)
546, 583
magnetooptical 647
–disk(MO) 641
– effect 609, 648
– imaging 610
– layer (MOL) 609
– measurement 609
magneto-resistance 541, 583
magnetoresistive 609
magnetostriction 242, 564
majority carrier 513
– emission 521
manganese oxidizer 816
marble 812
Marie Curie 27
marine environment 781
Mariotte 340
mark length 645
mark-edge 646
martensite 1025
martensitic transformation 988,
1108
mass accuracy 304
mass change
– evaluation 728
– measurement 721
mass loss 780
mass spectrometry (MS) 146, 147,
168, 735
mass spectroscopy 196
material
– anisotropy 1018
– atomic bonding 13
– conductivity scale 487
–cycle 19
– damage 933
– degradation 933, 935
– dielectric 526
– failure 935
–grain 14
– lattice defect 14
– performance 19
– phase 14
– principal characteristics 486
– reference (RM) 6, 34, 48, 109,
110, 493
– response 316
– scale 16
– smart 933
Subject Index
Subject Index 1217
– spatial atomic structure 14
– structural 877
– superconducting 488
– type 15
– wood-based 863
material property
– dielectric 526
– electrical 485
– magnetic 541
– mechanical 339
– optical 587
– thermal 453
materialized reference 5
materials characterization
– fundamental 13
materials metrology 20
matrix effects 147, 159
matrix elements 291
maximum detectable slope 316
maximum entropy method (MEM)
233
maximum-likelihood estimation
(MLE) 953
Maxwell’s equation 527
MCA (multichannel analyzer) 621
MCP (microchannel plate) 622
MD (minidisc) 641
MDM (minimum detectable mass)
180
mean line 313
measurement 3, 308, 624
– and filtering 312
– conductivity 493
– instrument accuracy 69
– method
resonant 535
– of elastic constants 344
– specific resistance 511
– standard 5, 12
– uncertainty 69
measurement service
– reference 121
measurement standard 126
– reference 126
measuring instruments directive
(MID) 11
measuring system 3
MECC (micellar electrokinetic
capillary chromatography) 171
mechanical
– characteristic 7
– equilibrium equation 1098
– property 339
– spectroscopy 231
– strength
273
–stress 848
mechatronic system 964
median absolute deviation (MAD)
66
median rank determination 954
median rank regression (MRR) 953
medium to sample 44
medium-energy ion scattering
(MEIS) 297
medium-range order 235
MEIS (medium-energy ion
scattering) 297
melanin 820
melting temperature 642, 643
MEM 234
MEM (maximum entropy method)
233
MEMS (microelectromechanical
systems) 352, 747
mesa diode 523
mesh 1034
mesomacropitting 822
metal 486, 597
– bivalent 487
– forming 1025
– matrix composites (MMC) 930
– resistance 494
metal–insulator–semiconductor FET
(MISFET) 513
metal–insulator–semiconductor
(MIS) 514
metallic carbide 1079
metallic material 15, 486
Metallogenium symbioticum 816
metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS)
516
metal–semiconductor contact 523
metastable equilibria 1062, 1071
metastable phase separation 1073
meter convention 9
meter of the archives 11
meter, kilogram, second, ampere
(MKSA) 11
method
– primary 119
– reference 118
method versus procedure 118
methodology of measurement 3
metric system 11
metrological traceability 198
metrological unit 11
metrology 9
–AFM 320
– category 9
– industrial 10
–legal 10
– of materials 20
– scientific 9
MFD (mode field diameter) 632
MIC (microbially induced corrosion)
771
micellar electrokinetic capillary
chromatography (MECC) 171
Michelson 26
– interferometer 651
microanalysis 271
microbial community
– characterization 838
microbial mat 814
microbially induced corrosion (MIC)
771
microchannel plate (MCP) 622
microclimate 781
microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS) 352, 747
microgeometry 308
microluminescence excitation
spectroscopy 605
microorganism 774, 789, 791, 792,
811
microphotoluminescence
spectroscopy 605
micropitting 822
microprobe tip 606
microscopy 215
microspectroscopy 605
microstructure evolution 1091,
1110
microthermal analysis 282
microvoid 249
– coalescence type of fracture 425
microwave
–network 532
analyzer 532
– signal flow graph 532
MID (measuring instruments
directive) 11
middle tension specimen M(T) 420
Mie scattering 602
Miedema’s model 1062
Miller’s rule 616
minidisc (MD) 641
minimize financial loss 43
minimum detectable mass (MDM)
180
minimum mass fraction (MMF)
180
minority carrier
– lifetime 519
–trap 522
Subject Index