Czichos H., Saito T., Smith L.E. (Eds.) Handbook of Metrology and Testing

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Springer Handbook

of Metrology and Testing

Springer Handbook provides

a concise compilation of approved

key information on methods of

research, general principles, and

functional relationships in physics

and engineering. The world’s lead-

ing experts in the ﬁelds of physics

and engineering will be assigned by

one or several renowned editors to

write the chapters comprising each

volume. The content is selected by

these experts from Springer sources

(books, journals, online content)

and other systematic and approved

recent publications of physical and

technical information.

The volumes will be designed to

be useful as readable desk reference

book to give a fast and comprehen-

sive overview and easy retrieval of

essential reliable key information,

including tables, graphs, and bibli-

ographies. References to extensive

sources are provided.

123

Handbook

Springer

of Metrology and Testing

Horst Czichos, Tetsuya Saito, Leslie Smith (Eds.)

2nd edition

1017 Figures and 177 Tables

Editors

Horst Czichos

University of Applied Sciences Berlin

Germany

Tetsuya Saito

National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)

Tsukuba, Ibaraki

Japan

Leslie Smith

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Gaithersburg, MD

USA

ISBN: 978-3-642-16640-2 e-ISBN: 978-3-642-16641-9

DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9

Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011930319

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61/3180/YL 543210

Preface to the 2nd Edition

The ability to measure and to compare measurements

between laboratories is one of the cornerstones of the

scientiﬁc method. Globalization of research, develop-

ment and manufacture has produced greatly increased

attention to international standards of measurement. It

is no longer sufﬁcient to achieve internal consistency

in measurements within a local laboratory or manufac-

turing facility; measurements must now be able to be

reproduced accurately anywhere in the world.

These demands are especially intense in materials

science and technology, where many characterization

methods are needed during the various stages of ma-

terials and product cycles. In order for new materials

to be used and incorporated into practical technology,

their most important characteristics must be known

well enough to justify large research and development

costs. The useful properties of materials are gener-

ally responses to external ﬁelds or loads under speciﬁc

conditions. The stimulus ﬁeld and environmental condi-

tions must be completely speciﬁed in order to develop

a reproducible response, and to obtain reliable charac-

teristics and data. Standard test and calibration methods

describe these conditions and the Springer Handbook

of Materials Measurement Methods was developed to

assist scientists and engineers in both industry and

academe in this task.

In this second edition of the handbook, we have

responded to reader’s requests for a more complete

treatment of the internationally recognized formal

metrology system. The book title has been changed to

reﬂect this emphasis and the handbook organized in

ﬁve parts: (A) Fundamentals of Metrology and Testing,

(B) Chemical and Microstructural Analysis, (C) Ma-

terials Properties Measurement, (D) Materials Perfor-

Horst Czichos

Tetsuya Saito

Leslie Smith

mance Testing, (E)Modeling and Sim-

ulation Methods. The initial chap-

ters are new and present, inter alia:

•

Methodologies of measurement

and testing, conformity assess-

ment and accreditation

•

Metrology principles and orga-

nization

•

Quality in measurement and

testing, including measurement

uncertainty and accuracy.

All the remaining chapters have

been brought up to date by the same

distinguished international experts

that produced the ﬁrst edition.

The editors wish again to ac-

knowledge the critical support and

constant encouragement of the Pub-

lisher. In particular, Dr. Hubertus

von Riedesel encouraged us greatly

with the original concept and Dr.

Werner Skolaut has done the techni-

cal editing to the highest standards

of professional excellence. Finally,

throughout the entire development

of the handbook we were greatly

aided by the able administrative

support of Ms Daniela Tied.

May 2011

Horst Czichos Berlin

Tetsuya Saito Tsukuba

Leslie Smith Washington

VII

Preface to the 1st Edition

The ability to compare measurements between labora-

tories is one of the cornerstones of the scientiﬁc method.

All scientists and engineers are trained to make accu-

rate measurements and a comprehensive volume that

providesdetailed advice and leading references on meas-

urements to scientiﬁc and engineering professionals and

students is always a worthwhile addition to the literature.

The principal motivation for this Springer Handbook

of Materials Measurement Methods, however, stems

from the increasing demands of technology for measure-

ment results that can be used reliably anywhere in the

world. These demands are especially intense in materials

science and technology, where many characterization

methods are needed, from scientiﬁc composition–struc-

ture–property relations to technological performance–

quality–reliability assessment data, during the various

stages of materials and product cycles.

In order for new materials to be used and incor-

porated into practical technology, their most important

characteristics must be known well enough to justify

large research and development costs. Furthermore, the

research may be performed in one country while the

engineering design is done in another and the proto-

type manufacture in yet another region of the world.

This great emphasis on international comparison means

that increasing attention must be paid to internation-

ally recognized standards and calibration methods that

go beyond careful, internally consistent, methods. This

handbook was developed to assist scientists and engi-

neers in both industry and academe in this task.

The useful properties of materials are generally re-

sponses to external ﬁelds under speciﬁc conditions.

The stimulus ﬁeld and environmental conditions must

be completely speciﬁed in order to develop a repro-

ducible response. Standard test methods describe these

conditions and the Chapters and an Appendix in this

book contain references to the relevant international

standards.

We sought out experts from all over the world

that have been involved with concerns such as these.

We were extremely fortunate to ﬁnd a distinguished

set of authors who met the challenge: to write brief

chapters that nonetheless contain speciﬁc useful rec-

ommendations and resources for further information.

This is the hallmark of a successful handbook. While

the diverse nature of the topics covered has led to dif-

ferent styles of presentation, there is a commonality

of purpose evident in the chapters that come from the

authors’ understanding of the issues facing researchers

today.

This handbook would not have been possible with-

out the visionary support of Dr. Hubertus von Riedesel,

who embraced the concept and encouraged us to pur-

sue it. We must also acknowledge the constant support

of Dr. Werner Skolaut, whose technical editing has met

every expectation of professional excellence. Finally,

throughout the entire development of the handbook we

were greatly aided by the able administrative support of

Ms. Daniela Bleienberger.

March 2006

Horst Czichos Berlin

Tetsuya Saito Tsukuba

Leslie Smith Washington

List of Authors

Shuji Aihara

Nippon Steel Corporation

Steel Research Laboratories

20-1, Shintomi Futtsu

293-8511 Chiba, Japan

e-mail: s-aihara@re.nsc.co.jp

Tsutomu Araki

Osaka University

Graduate School of Engineering Science

Machikaneyama, Toyonaka

560-8531 Osaka, Japan

e-mail: araki@me.es.osaka-u.ac.jp

Masaaki Ashida

Osaka University

Graduate School of Engineering Science

1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka

560-8531 Osaka, Japan

e-mail: ashida@mp.es.osaka-u.ac.jp

Peter D. Askew

IMSL, Industrial Microbiological Services Limited

Pale Lane

Hartley Wintney, Hants RG27 8DH, UK

e-mail: peter.askew@imsl-uk.com

Heinz-Gunter Bach

Heinrich-Hertz-Institut

Components/Integration Technology,

Heinrich-Hertz-Institute

Einsteinufer 37

10587 Berlin, Germany

e-mail: Heinz-Gunter.Bach@hhi.fraunhofer.de

Gun-Woong Bahng

Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science

Division of Chemical and Materials Metrology

Doryong-dong 1, POBox 102, Yuseoung

Daejeon, 305-600, South Korea

e-mail: gwbahng@kriss.re.kr

Claude Bathias

Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers,

Laboratoire ITMA

Institute of Technology and Advanced Materials

2rueConté

75003 Paris, France

e-mail: bathias@cnam.fr

Günther Bayreuther

University of Regensburg

Physics Department

Universitätsstr. 31

93040 Regensburg, Germany

e-mail:

guenther.bayreuther@physik.uni-regensburg.de

Bernd Bertsche

University of Stuttgart

Institute of Machine Components

Pfaffenwaldring 9

70569 Stuttgart, Germany

e-mail: bernd.bertsche@ima.uni-stuttgart.de

Brian Brookman

LGC Standards Proﬁciency Testing

Europa Business Park, Barcroft Street

Bury, Lancashire, BL9 5BT, UK

e-mail: brian.brookman@lgcstandards.com

Wolfgang Buck

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

Abbestrasse 2–12

10587 Berlin, Germany

e-mail: wolfgang.buck@ptb.de

Richard R. Cavanagh

National Institute of Standards

and Technology (NIST)

Surface and Microanalysis Science Division,

Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory (CSTL)

100 Bureau Drive, MS 8371

Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA

e-mail: richard.cavanagh@nist.gov