Czichos H., Saito T., Smith L.E. (Eds.) Handbook of Metrology and Testing
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1198 Detailed Contents
16.7.5 System Reliability .............................................. 962
16.7.6 System Reliability Estimation in Practice .................... 964
16.A Appendix .................................................................. 967
References ........................................................................ 968
Part E Modeling and Simulation Methods
17 Molecular Dynamics
Masato Shimono ................................................................. 975
17.1 Basic Idea of Molecular Dynamics ....................................... 975
17.1.1 Time Evolution of the Equations of Motion .................. 975
17.1.2 Constraints on the Simulation Systems ...................... 978
17.1.3 Control of Temperature and Pressure ........................ 980
17.1.4 Interaction Potentials ......................................... 985
17.1.5 Physical Observables .......................................... 987
17.2 Diffusionless Transformation ............................................ 988
17.2.1 Martensitic Transformation ................................... 988
17.2.2 Transformations in Nanoclusters ............................. 991
17.2.3 Solid-State Amorphization .................................... 993
17.3 Rapid Solidification ...................................................... 995
17.3.1 Glass-Formation by Liquid Quenching ....................... 995
17.3.2 Annealing of Amorphous Alloys .............................. 999
17.3.3 Glass-Forming Ability of Alloy Systems ...................... 1004
17.4 Diffusion .................................................................. 1006
17.4.1 Diffusion in Crystalline Phases ................................ 1006
17.4.2 Diffusion in Liquid and Glassy Phases ....................... 1008
17.5 Summary .................................................................. 1010
References ........................................................................ 1010
18 Continuum Constitutive Modeling
Shoji Imatani ..................................................................... 1013
18.1 Phenomenological Viscoplasticity ....................................... 1013
18.1.1 General Models of Viscoplasticity ............................. 1013
18.1.2 Inelasticity Models ............................................. 1015
18.1.3 Model Performance ............................................ 1016
18.2 Material Anisotropy ...................................................... 1018
18.2.1 Description of Material Anisotropy ........................... 1018
18.2.2 Initial Anisotropy .............................................. 1019
18.2.3 Induced Anisotropy ............................................ 1021
18.3 Metallothermomechanical Coupling .................................... 1023
18.3.1 Phase Changes ................................................. 1023
18.3.2 Numerical Methodology ....................................... 1025
18.3.3 Applications to Heat Treatment and Metal Forming ........ 1025
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1199
18.4 Crystal Plasticity .......................................................... 1026
18.4.1 Single-Crystal Model .......................................... 1026
18.4.2 Grain Boundary Sliding ....................................... 1029
18.4.3 Inhomogeneous Deformation ................................ 1029
References ........................................................................ 1030
19 Finite Element and Finite Difference Methods
Akira Tezuka ...................................................................... 1033
19.1 Discretized Numerical Schemes for FEM and FDM ...................... 1035
19.2 Basic Derivations in FEM and FDM ...................................... 1037
19.2.1 Finite Difference Method (FDM) ............................... 1037
19.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM) ................................. 1038
19.3 The Equivalence of FEM and FDM Methods ............................. 1041
19.4 From Mechanics to Mathematics:
Equilibrium Equations and Partial Differential Equations ............ 1042
19.4.1 Heat Conduction Problem in the Two-Dimensional Case .. 1043
19.4.2 Elastic Solid Problem in the Three-Dimensional Case ...... 1043
19.5 From Mathematics to Mechanics:
Characteristic of Partial Differential Equations ........................ 1047
19.5.1 Elliptic Type .................................................... 1048
19.5.2 Parabolic Type ................................................. 1048
19.5.3 Hyperbolic Type ................................................ 1048
19.6 Time Integration for Unsteady Problems ............................... 1049
19.6.1 FDM ............................................................. 1049
19.6.2 FEM ............................................................. 1050
19.7 Multidimensional Case ................................................... 1051
19.7.1 Finite Difference Method ...................................... 1051
19.7.2 Finite Element Method ........................................ 1052
19.8 Treatment of the Nonlinear Case ........................................ 1055
19.9 Advanced Topics in FEM and FDM ....................................... 1055
19.9.1 Preprocessing .................................................. 1055
19.9.2 Postprocessing ................................................. 1056
19.9.3 Numerical Error ................................................ 1056
19.9.4 Relatives of FEM and FDM ..................................... 1057
19.9.5 Matrix Calculation and Parallel Computations .............. 1057
19.9.6 Multiscale Method ............................................. 1059
19.10 Free Codes ................................................................. 1059
References ........................................................................ 1059
20 The CALPHAD Method
Hiroshi Ohtani .................................................................... 1061
20.1 Outline of the CALPHAD Method ......................................... 1062
20.1.1 Description of Gibbs Energy ................................... 1062
20.1.2 Equilibrium Conditions ........................................ 1064
20.1.3 Evaluation of Thermodynamic Parameters .................. 1065
Detailed Cont.
1200 Detailed Contents
20.2 Incorporation of the First-principles Calculations
into the CALPHAD Approach .............................................. 1066
20.2.1 Outline of the First-principles Calculations ................. 1066
20.2.2 Gibbs Energies of Solution Phases
Derived by the First-principles Calculations ................. 1067
20.2.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Gibbs Energies
Based on the First-principles Calculations .................. 1071
20.2.4 Construction of Stable and Metastable Phase Diagrams .... 1071
20.2.5 Application to More Complex Cases .......................... 1073
20.3 Prediction of Thermodynamic Properties of Compound Phases
with First-principles Calculations ....................................... 1079
20.3.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Fe–Al–C System ............ 1079
20.3.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Co–Al–C
and Ni–Al–C Systems .......................................... 1083
References ........................................................................ 1090
21 Phase Field Approach
Toshiyuki Koyama ................................................................ 1091
21.1 Basic Concept of the Phase-Field Method .............................. 1092
21.2 Total Free Energy of Microstructure ..................................... 1093
21.2.1 Chemical Free Energy .......................................... 1093
21.2.2 Gradient Energy ............................................... 1095
21.2.3 Elastic Strain Energy ........................................... 1097
21.2.4 Free Energy for Ferromagnetic
and Ferroelectric Phase Transition ........................... 1101
21.3 Solidification .............................................................. 1102
21.3.1 Pure Metal ...................................................... 1102
21.3.2 Alloy ............................................................ 1104
21.4 Diffusion-Controlled Phase Transformation ............................ 1105
21.4.1 Cahn–Hilliard Diffusion Equation ............................ 1105
21.4.2 Spinodal Decomposition and Ostwald Ripening ............ 1107
21.5 Structural Phase Transformation ........................................ 1108
21.5.1 Martensitic Transformation ................................... 1108
21.5.2 Tweed-Like Structure and Twin Domain Formations ....... 1108
21.5.3 Twin Domain Growth Under External Stress
and Magnetic Field ............................................ 1109
21.6 Microstructure Evolution ................................................. 1110
21.6.1 Grain Growth and Recrystallization .......................... 1110
21.6.2 Ferroelectric Domain Formation
with a Dipole–Dipole Interaction ............................ 1111
21.6.3 Modeling Complex Nanogranular Structure Formation ..... 1112
21.6.4 Dislocation Dynamics .......................................... 1112
21.6.5 Crack Propagation ............................................. 1113
References ........................................................................ 1114
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1201
22 Monte Carlo Simulation
Xiao Hu, Yoshihiko Nonomura, Masanori Kohno .............................. 1117
22.1 Fundamentals of the Monte Carlo Method ............................. 1117
22.1.1 Boltzmann Weight ............................................. 1118
22.1.2 Monte Carlo Technique ........................................ 1118
22.1.3 Random Numbers ............................................. 1119
22.1.4 Finite-Size Effects ............................................. 1120
22.1.5 Nonequilibrium Relaxation Method ......................... 1121
22.2 Improved Algorithms ..................................................... 1121
22.2.1 Reweighting Algorithms ...................................... 1121
22.2.2 Cluster Algorithm and Extensions ............................ 1122
22.2.3 Hybrid Monte Carlo Method ................................... 1123
22.2.4 Simulated Annealing and Extensions ....................... 1124
22.2.5 Replica Monte Carlo ........................................... 1125
22.3 Quantum Monte Carlo Method .......................................... 1126
22.3.1 Suzuki–Trotter Formalism ..................................... 1126
22.3.2 World-Line Approach .......................................... 1126
22.3.3 Cluster Algorithm .............................................. 1127
22.3.4 Continuous-Time Algorithm .................................. 1128
22.3.5 Worm Algorithm ............................................... 1129
22.3.6 Auxiliary Field Approach ...................................... 1130
22.3.7 Projector Monte Carlo Method ................................ 1130
22.3.8 Negative-Sign Problem ....................................... 1132
22.3.9 Other Exact Methods .......................................... 1133
22.4 Bicritical Phenomena in O(5) Model .................................... 1133
22.4.1 Hamiltonian .................................................... 1134
22.4.2 Phase Diagram ................................................. 1134
22.4.3 Scaling Theory .................................................. 1135
22.5 Superconductivity Vortex State .......................................... 1137
22.5.1 Model Hamiltonian ............................................ 1138
22.5.2 First Order Melting ............................................. 1138
22.5.3 Continuous Melting: B||ab Plane ............................. 1141
22.6 Effects of Randomness in Vortex States ................................ 1143
22.6.1 Point-Like Defects ............................................. 1143
22.6.2 Columnar Defects .............................................. 1144
22.7 Quantum Critical Phenomena ........................................... 1146
22.7.1 Quantum Spin Chain .......................................... 1146
22.7.2 Mott Transition ................................................. 1147
22.7.3 Phase Separation .............................................. 1148
References ........................................................................ 1149
Acknowledgements ............................................................... 1159
About the Authors ................................................................. 1161
Detailed Contents.................................................................. 1185
Subject Index ....................................................................... 1203
Detailed Cont.
1203
Subject Index
γ –γ angular correlation 250
γ -ray 247–250
ω–2θ (θ–2θ) scan 233
xyz actuator 318
λ
c
(cut-off) filter 313
λ
s
(sampling) filter 313
0.2% proof stress 392
14
C-labeling 798
2-D parameter 314
2-D-ACAR (2-D-angular correlation
of annihilation radiation) 250
2-D-angular correlation of
annihilation radiation (2-D-ACAR)
250
3-D areal measurement 310
3-D parameter 315
3-D-TEM (three-dimensional TEM)
276
A
ab initio calculations 1061
abrasion 745, 813
abrasion testing 752
abrasive
– wear 752
abrasive wear 745
absorbance spectrum 148
absorbed energy 399
absorption 211, 594
– change 623
– coefficient 256, 595
– edge 597
AC conductivity
– calibration 496
AC method 496
Acarospora fuscata 819
accelerated lifetime testing (ALT)
959
accreditation 8
accuracy class of instrument 69
acoustic detection 786
acoustic gas
– thermometer 472
acrylic resin 824
actinobacteria 818
actinomycetes 817
activation
–analysis 160
–energy 643, 646
– thermal 401
active mode-locking 620
activity 1065
adaptive finite element method
1056
additive
–biocides 861
– flame retardants 861
– photoinitiators 861
– plasticisers 861
– stabilizers 861
adenosine triphosphate 830
adhesive strength 406
adiabatic calorimetry 461
adiabatic potential 244
ADR (automated defect recognition)
914
aerobic 798
AFNOR 799
ageing 848, 866
– accelerated 775
– artificial 775
– evaporative 775
AgInSbTe 642
AGM (alternating gradient field
magnetometer) 545, 553
AGM/AFGM (alternating (field)
gradient magnetometer) 582
algae 812, 814, 827
algal 827
alloy 15
alloy semiconductor system 1085
ALT (accelerated lifetime testing)
959
alternating (field) gradient
magnetometer (AGM/AFGM)
582
alternating gradient field
magnetometer (AGM) 545, 553
American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) 104, 751, 798
amino acids (peptide) 258
Amontons law 744
amorphous 276
– solid 642
– state 641
amplified ribosomal DNA restriction
analysis (ARDRA) 835
amplified spontaneous emission
(ASE) 600, 636
AMR (anisotropic
magneto-resistance) 583
AMRSF (average matrix relative
sensitivity factor) 292, 297
anaerobic 798
anaglyph image 275
analysis of variance (ANOVA) 41
analytical chemistry 145
analytical reagent 177
anchor monitoring 942
Andersen method 982
andesite 812
anelastic relaxation 242
anelastic strain 231
anelasticity 231
angle-resolved photoemission
spectroscopy (ARPES) 517
angle-resolved XPS 282
angular momentum 229
angular-momentum-resolved density
of state 1082
anharmonic potential 615
anisotropic axes 1018
anisotropic magneto-resistance
(AMR) 583
anisotropy 554, 555
anobiid 785
Anobium punctatum 787
anobium punctatum 785, 786
anomalous dispersion 213, 238
– method 232
ANOVA (analysis of variance) 41
antibacterial 809, 831
antiferromagnetism 543
antimicrobial 809
antiphase boundary 254
anti-Stokes scattering 603
ants 782
APCI (atmospheric pressure chemical
ionization) 172
APD (avalanche photodiode) 937
apertureless SNOM 225
APMP (Asian–Pacific Metrology
Program) 29
applications and limitations of
surface measurement 322
arc lamp 588
Archard wear equation 746
ARDRA (amplified ribosomal DNA
restriction analysis) 835
area specific emission rate 866, 868
areal 315
arithmetic average 314
Subject Index
1204 Subject Index
arithmetic mean height 315
ARPES (angle-resolved
photoemission spectroscopy) 517
Arrhenius
– equation 491, 1071
–law 1072
–plot 522, 647
ascomycete 776
ASE 601
ASE (amplified spontaneous
emission) 600, 636
Asian–Pacific Metrology Program
(APMP) 29
ASTM (American Society for Testing
and Materials) 104, 751, 798
ASTM C 1341-00 348
ASTM C 1419-99a 349
ASTM C 674-88 348
ASTM D 3379-75 347
ASTM D 638 347
ASTM D 882 347
ASTM E 111 347, 352
ASTM E 132 347
ASTM E 143 348
ASTM E 1875 351
ASTM E 1876 351
ASTM E 1876-01 350
astrakanite 822
athermal stress 402
atmospheric pressure chemical
ionization (APCI) 172
atomic
– absorption spectrometry (AAS)
156, 193
– emission detector (AED) 168
– emission spectrometry (AES) 146
– force microscopy (AFM) 224,
282, 292, 303, 309, 310, 318, 383,
606, 757, 796, 825
image 607
operation mode 319
scanner 319
– force tip 606
– layer 282, 298
– mixing 300, 301
– probe 226
– scattering factor 213, 232
– spectrometry 156
ATR (attenuated total reflection)
188
attenuated total reflection (ATR)
188
attenuation length 297
Auger electron 222, 231, 272
– spectroscopy (AES) 184, 231,
272, 281, 282, 285, 645, 695
differential mode 286
direct mode 286
autocorrelation function 618
autofocus 310, 316
automated defect recognition (ADR)
914
avalanche breakdown 519
avalanche photodiode (APD) 937
average matrix relative sensitivity
factor (AMRSF) 292, 297
B
BAAS (British Association for the
Advancement of Science) 25
Bacillus 817
back stress 1015
background noise 323
backscattered electron 222
backscattering
– electron 271
– factor 291
backward difference scheme 1037
bacteria 776, 814
Bailey–Hirsch 403
balanced design 41
BAM reference procedures 123
bandgap 597
barium titanate (BaTiO
3
) 492
bark beetle 787
basalt 812
basidiomycete 776
BaTiO
3
(barium titanate) 492
Bauschinger effect (BE) 393
Bavendam-test 777
BCCD (buried charge-coupled
device) 516
BCS gap 598
BE (Bauschinger effect) 393
bearing curve parameter 315
Beer’s law 595
beetle 781, 783, 785
– wood boring 785
bending 395
BER (bit error rate) 645, 646
Berg–Barrett method 221
Bi-CGSTAB (biconjugate gradient
stabilized method) 1058
biconjugate gradient stabilized
method (Bi-CGSTAB) 1058
binding energy
– reference 295
biological testing
– wood 774
biocidal activity 773
– algistatic 773
– bacteriostatic 773
– fungistatic 773
biocide 772, 811
– permethrine 868
biocorrosion 770, 771, 789, 818
biodegradation 770, 771, 792
biodeterioration 770, 789, 791, 810,
811, 813
biofilm 770, 791, 811
biofouling 770
biogenic impact 770
biological attack 848
biological patina 816
biomaterial 16, 625
biomolecule 218, 258, 605
biopitting 813
biostatic activity 773
biostatic repellency 773
BIPM (Bureau International des
Poids et Mesures) 9, 26
BIPM data bases 124
birefringence 236, 617
bismuth- and gallium-doped
yttrium-iron garnets 611
bispectral luminescence radiance
factor (BLRF) 151
bit error rate (BER) 645, 646
Bitter decoration technique 609
black coating 815
black patina 815
blackbody 480, 653
– radiation 653
blend 790
Bloch waves 220
BLRF (bispectral luminescence
radiance factor) 151
blue LED 589
blue stain 776
blu-ray disc 641
body contours 655
body-centered cubic 1027
Boltzmann
– approximation 512
– constant 474
– distribution 599
bomb calorimeter 468
bookkeeping method 979
Born approximation 213
Borrmann effect 220, 257
boson peak 1002
BOTDA (Brillouin optical-fiber
time-domain analysis) 943
bottom-up approach 41
boundary
– element method (BEM) 1057
– lubrication 746, 750
Subject Index
Subject Index 1205
boundary condition
– periodic 978
boundary-fitted finite difference
method 1056
boundary-value problem 1033
boxcar integrator 621
Bragg
– condition 212, 252, 257
– resonance wavelength 938
– wavelength 634
brain tomography 655
brass 813
bright field image 219, 252
Brillouin optical-fiber time-domain
analysis (BOTDA) 943
Brillouin scattering 603, 941
British Association for the
Advancement of Science (BAAS)
25
brittle fracture 390, 425
broadband frequency 318
broadband optical continuum 640
bronze 813
brown rot 776
Bubnov–Galerkin method 1039
bulging 393
bulk
– conduction 523
– method 189
– modulus 1069
Bureau International des Poids et
Mesures (BIPM) 9, 26
Burgers vector 252
buried charge-coupled device
(BCCD) 516
burner rig tests 729
burning rate 873
business domains (Europe) 132
C
C/N (carrier-to-noise ratio) 645,
646
cabinet based simulation 827
cabinet based test 804
Cahn–Hilliard diffusion equation
1105
calcium carbonate 812
calibration
– and measurement capability (CMC)
10, 47, 120
–diagram 70
–interval 49
– liquid chromatography 169
– of instruments 323
– of load cell 345, 346
– of measurement instruments 70
– of measuring and testing devices
48
– of optical instruments 324
– of SPM 324
– using reference procedures 122
Callendar–van Dusen equation 475
Caloplaca flavescens 822
calorific value 468
CALPHAD 1061
Camponotus 785
Candelariella vitellina 819
cantilever 224, 318
capability of test systems 114
capacitance 251, 492
– measurement 514
– spectroscopy 520
– transient 522
capillary
– electrophoresis (CE) 171, 268
– gel electrophoresis (CGE) 171
– isoelectric focusing (CIEF) 171
– isotachophoresis (CITP) 171
– zone electrophoresis (CZE) 171
carbon 259
– balance 801
– ceramic resistor 481
– fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)
946
– glass resistor 481
– resistor 481
– utilization profile 834
carbonitride
– complex 1085
carotene 820
carpenter ant 783,
785, 786
Carrara marble 812
carrier concentration 510
– intrinsic 520
– measurement 511, 513
–profile 514
– temperature dependence 512
carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N) 645,
646
CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman
spectroscopy) 654
CASCO (Committee on Conformity
Assessment) 8
cathode discharge lamp 156
cathodic reaction of corrosion 677
cathodoluminescence (CL) 222,
607
–image 608
– spectroscopy 605, 607
– spectrum 608
Cauchy 341
cavitation erosion 745
cavity perturbation method 536
CBED (convergent beam electron
diffraction) 235, 272
CC (correlation coefficient) 954
CCD (charge-coupled device) 150,
594, 599
CCT (center-cracked tension) 714
cct (critical crevice corrosion
temperature) 703
Cd
1−x
Mn
x
Te quantum well 611
CE (counter electrode) 672
cell constant 503
cellulose 776
cement 812
cementite 1079
CEN (European Standards
Organization) 132
CENELEC (European
Electrotechnical Standardization
Commission) 132
censored test 956
center line average (CLA) 314
center-cracked tension (CCT) 714
central difference scheme 1037
ceramics 15
– shear modulus 349
– Young’s modulus 347
CERT (constant-extension-rate test)
715
certified reference material (CRM)
6, 120, 149, 174
CFD (constant fraction discriminator)
621
CG (conjugate gradient method)
1058
CGPM (General Conference on
Weights and Measures) 26
chalcogenide
– alloy 641
–fiber 639
–film 641
–glass 642
challenge test 829
channeling effect 241, 271
characteristics 19
characterization 308
charge transfer devices 159
charge-coupled device (CCD) 150,
594, 599
– camera 622
charged particle activation analysis
(CPAA) 165
Charpy impact test 110, 398
chemical
– environment 260, 848
Subject Index
1206 Subject Index
– etching 252
– free energy 1093
– potential 1065
–shift 259
– standard 198
– substitution 232
chemolithotrophic bacteria 815
chemoorganotrophic microorganism
814
chemophysical analysis 267
chipping 818
chirality 268
chirped grating 634
chromatic dispersion 628
chromatogram 267, 866
CIPM (Comité Internationale des
Poids et Mésures) 26, 27, 45
CIPM Consultative Committee 30
circular
– dichroism (CD) 268
– polarization 247
– polarized light 268
– polarized photoluminescence 247
cis-aconitic acid 823
citric acid 818, 823
CL (cathodoluminescence) 222,
607
CLA (center line average) 314
cladding pumping 637
Cladosporium resinae 823
classification
– of corrosion 669
– of material 13
Clausius–Mosotti equation 472
cleavage fracture 425
clock 646
cluster 239
– expansion method (CEM) 1066
– interaction 1066
–ion 305
– variation method (CVM) 1066
clustering 1063
CMA (cylindrical mirror analyzer)
185
CMC (calibration and measurement
capability) 10, 47, 120
CMC data base 124
CMR (colossal magneto-resistance)
584
CNR (contrast-to-noise ratio) 905
Co–Al 1073
Co–Al–C 1083
coarse-grained (CG) HAZ 418
coating 826
coating material 826
coaxial line configuration 531
coaxial probe
– open ended 531
– short-terminated 531
coaxial test fixture 531
Code d’Indexation des Materiaux de
Reference (COMAR)
– reference material (RM) database
99
coefficient of friction 744
coefficients of thermal expansion
(CTE) 722
coercimeter 547, 558
coercivity 547, 558
coherent anti-Stokes Raman
spectroscopy (CARS) 654
collaborative trial in sampling (CTS)
42
colloid 274
color center 244
color plot 313
coloration 820
colossal magneto-resistance (CMR)
584
combined measurement uncertainty
72
combustion 873
– calorimetry 468
– product 874
Comité Internationale des Poids et
Mésures (CIPM) 26, 27, 45
– Consultative Committee 27, 28
– Mutual Recognition Arrangement
(MRA) 30
Committee on Conformity
Assessment (CASCO) 8
compact tension (CT) 714
compact test specimen 411
comparative method 457
comparison of static and dynamic
methods 352
complex
– carbonitride 1085
– dielectric constant 595
– optical indices 529
– permeability 563
– permittivity measurement 529
– refractive index 626
composite 16
– monitoring of 949
– strengthening 407
composition depth profiling 287
composition gradient energy 1096
compostability
–insoil 799
compound analysis 195
compression test 393
computed radiography (CR) 909
computed tomography 275, 779
concrete 877
concretioning 820
condition monitoring 932
conductivity
– electrical 485
– electrolyte solution 503
– electrolytic 498
– fishbone 503
– high-purity water 505
– ionic 491
– measurement 494
– metallic material 493
– metals 494
–molar 500
– polymer 490
– polymeric materials 490
– rectangular shaped sample 509
– scale 499
– semiconductor 508
– temperature correction 503
– thermal 454
– thin layer 509
– voltage–current measurement 495
conductivity cell
– differential 504
– four-electrode 505
– inductive 505
– the principle 507
– three-electrode 505
– two-electrode 504
conductor resistance 486
cone angle 312
confidence
– bound 955
–interval 955
–ring 7
configuration coordinate 244
configurational entropy 1066
confocal 218
– microscope 309
–microscopy 316
conformation 262, 268, 276
conformity assessment 7, 133
– body (CAB) 8, 133
Co–Ni–Al–C 1085
conjugate gradient method (CG)
1058
consolidant 816
constant fraction discriminator (CFD)
621
constant strain testing 708
Subject Index
Subject Index 1207
constant-extension-rate test (CERT)
715
constrained interpolated profile (CIP)
method 1057
contact
–geometry 749
– metal–semiconductor 523
– mode 319
– resistance 524
contacting 308
contamination of samples 45
continuous excitation 351
continuous wave (CW) 154
contour plot 313, 1083
contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) 905
control of damage 303
controlled potential coulometry
176, 177
conventional microscopy 605
conventional MOL 611
convergent beam electron diffraction
(CBED) 235, 272
– pattern 235
convolution analysis 622
COOMET (Euro–Asian Cooperation
of National Metrology Institutes)
29
Cooper pair 598
coordination number 239
copolymer 790
copper 493, 813
coptoterme 785
Coptotermes formosanus 787
core electron 231
– excitation 231
core excitation 239
– edge 232
corner effect 1021
correct sampling protocol 40
correction algorithm 516
correlated spectroscopy (COSY)
265
correlation coefficient (CC) 954
correlation functions 1066
corrosion 667, 812, 813
– anodic reaction of 677
– fatigue 710
– process 669
– product 875
– products 701
–rate 700
– testing 718
– thermodynamics of 674
– uniform 700
COSY (correlated spectroscopy)
265
Cotton effect 268
coulometry 176
counter electrode (CE) 672
coupling 1023
– spin–orbit 230, 245
– spin–spin 260
Courant number 1051
Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL)
condition 1051
CPAA (charged particle activation
analysis) 165
cpt (critical pitting temperature)
703
CR (computed radiography) 909
crack 1113
– determination 925
– initiation 400
– propagation 400
– propagation testing 713
– tip opening displacement (CTOD)
408, 410
Crank–Nicolson method 1049
crashworthiness 366
creep 319, 1014
crevice corrosion 702
critical crevice corrosion temperature
(cct) 703
critical magnetic induction 498
critical pitting temperature (cpt)
703
critical temperature 497
CRM (certified reference material)
6, 120, 149, 174
cross effect 1021
cross peak 265
cross-conductivity standard 495
cross-sectional HRTEM 256
crust 812, 819
crystal
– diffraction 212
– plasticity 1026
– rotation 254
– slip 1026
– state 641
crystallinity 793
crystallite size 273
crystallization 642
– speed 643, 644
– temperature 643
CT (compact tension) 714
CTE (coefficients of thermal
expansion) 722
CTS (collaborative trial in sampling)
42
Curie
– point 648
– temperature 493, 543, 553, 562,
579, 580
current conduction mechanism 524
current injection 600
cut-back method 627
cut-off 312
– effect 232
– filter 312
digital Gaussian 312
C–V method 514
CW (continuous wave) 154
CW laser 601, 618
cyanobacteria 814
cylinder method 456
cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA)
185
D
damage 935
– cross section 303
– detection 935, 947
dark current 519
dark glass 642
dark-field (DF) 271
–image 219
data determination
– reference 121
data fusion 934
DBTT (ductile-to-brittle transition
temperature) 399
DC (direct current) 147, 159
DC conductivity 496
DDA (digital detector array) 911,
913
de Broglie waves 212
dead time 289
Debye
– relaxation model 527
– rings 233
Debye length 515
– correction 516
– problem 516
Debye–Scherrer camera 233
decohesion theory 716
deep cavity 322
deep level 251
– transient spectroscopy (DLTS)
251, 508, 519
signal 522
spectrum 521
technique 521
deep level transient spectroscopy
(DLTS) 519
defect 239
– complex 239
Subject Index