Bourke Ulick J. Easy lessons, or Self-instruction in Irish / Легкие уроки: самоучитель ирландского языка

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SELF-INSTRUCTION IN IRISH.

(of

the house)

^v\nv<MUi;

(that

should tarry)

acu.

33.

b-pml

cu A15

jriKeAcc? 34. C^vjiT?.

35.

beAtjtMcc

O©

le<\c.

36.

"do

jtAjb tV'S]t

A5A&;

]-U\o

]x^\]h

cu ^e]r)

ckt^u]-

n)ii|uci|t.

FOURTEENTH

LESSON.

The relative pronouns

are

—

who, s'-hich, what

;

r)oc,

who, which

;

rjAC,

who-not,

which-not. These are all in-

declinable

;

and cause,

when

nominative case, the initial

aspirable

consonant

the verb to be

affected by aspira-

tion.

The

particle

&o,

sign of

the

past

tense, has the

force of

a relative

pronoun ; as,

bAoitie

c|teur)A so

fuA]|i rnóit-cívil

Ani:)r

c-|-eAt)-Airn|*iii,

brave men who obtained renown

in the

olden time. In this

sentence there is

apparently

relative

nominative

case to

puAita,

and

accordintrly,

bo,

which

immediately precedes it,

is regarded,

this and

such

cases,

as a

relative.

But sentences of

this

form are

really

elliptical,

and can

be filled up, as

in the present in-

stance,

thus:

bAoine

cfieuiM

tjoc" tio

piiAi|i

njóii-cAil

i^vVT

Ai)

c-i-eAn-Apnnii-

The

interrogative pronouns are

—

c^a,

who;

ca,

what,

where;

CAb, what

—

hatin,

quid;

as, CAbé? what (is) it?

ciieub,

what,

Avhat thing;

compounded

of cAb,

Avhat

;

and

ftAeb,

thing.

Obs.

—

Such English

sentences as

—

who am

who

he?

what is

it? what

is the matter?

what

was the

matter?

it he?

it not

he?

it is not

he;

—this

the

man"

—are

translated into

Irish by omitting the

verb,

is,

are,

am,

was

—

c^a

rrjife?

cia

fe?

c-xti

ye?

cAb

fé

At)

ni6?

Ai)

fe?

(is

it)

he?

t)ac

fe?

fe,

(it

is) not he?

IfeAjt.

(See

Note,

21,

and

40).

VOCiUJULARY.

2lóAti)

(Aw-00).

Adam.

Alone, only,

AibAjr)

;

(solitary)

Aof).*

;

from

Aofj,

one, and

veAn. a

man.

Althougli,

ce,

5;6,

and

cjo

;

(as it

were,

the

verb

cjó,

seeing

thatj.

Angel,

Ait^seAl.

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

Anger,

'peAtis.

Always

ri^rij

5°

xi^V-

I^atin, sem-

2)er

;

víon.

perpetually

;

h^'^t, ever, till thedayof

(biiAc)

judgment

;

buAt), lastingly;

b-ew5>

till

(eu5)

death

;

ever,

v.]An),

ever, referring to

time

past ;

5-coii)T)ui3e, (from

coTT)r)ui5,

abide

thou),

always,

abidingly

; ever

;

&co, till

the lust (&eo)

breath, ever

;

fteoia,

till

the

(oeoja)

end,

al-

ways, ever.

Author,

u5&Att.

Beginning,

cuf,

cutac

(and

covac)

;

cujreAC, a leader

or duke

;

cu-

rui5,

begin

;

corUoAÓ

(the

act

of) commencing.

Covetousness,

tAitjc

Create,

C|tucuio,

from

C|tuc, shape,

form.

Dispraise, bio-iijol, from

bji,

want of; {dis, Latin),

and

ti;ol,

praise

;

c'^^v,

dispraise

;

ftjo-Ti)ol,

is to give

negative

praise;

c^in,

to give actual

dispraise.

t^A

tí;oI

A5ur

t)A

c'A]r}

pem,"

not

praise,

and

not

dispraise youi'self.

Envy, ci)uc.

Eve, CbA.

Gluttony,

cttAor ;

cttAorivt),

c^Aovio,

and

CfiAOTAnAc,

a glutton; c^uv-

ot-ól,

drinking

to excess ;

CftA-

oi*-i"Ui5Aó,

(from

citAof,

and

rlU5AÓ, to swallow) to eat

greedily;

c^o]yeAc, a

spear

which,

as it were,

eats

the

flesh.

"^Ío'Sen

Latin,

/«.,

to blush,'

U-e.,hf)s,

light,

ignite

l^onM^,

roiiriu-

^to light,

5Ai>

;

seAl^Ab.

lungdom;

itj^eAcc

; from

1115,

king,

and eAcc, a state,

conii-

tion, an

achievement.

Might, cuii)Acc

; mighty,

cuiijAc-

cAc

;

Almighty, uile-curriAd-

CAC.

Moriilist,

o;&e

; beA5-o]&e

Parents,

AÍ:A|tt, tt)ACA]ft

; first

pa-

rents,

ceAp-rinnnon,

from

ceAp

(Latin,

caput)

head,

chief;

and

rinorioft,

elder,

progeui-

tor (from

xjvje,

elder, aud

^reAtt,

man).

Pride,

UAbAit

;

(as if from

ua, issue,

and

b;\|a|t, superiority,

excel-

lence)

CIA

At) r)]6

UAbAfi,

what

pride

See,

yeuc

see,

trejcinj.

Self, yé]i)

;

myself,

n)e-]:é]n

;

cu-

V^]r),

thyself.

Seven,

reAcn

;

French,

sept.

Sin,

pcACAD

;

Latin,

pecco.

Sloth,

leiTo-

Source,

ptMon)'iv6bA|t ; bur),

cobAft.

Tongue,

ceArjsA ;

Saxon, cui)5

;

Danish, tunge;

Belg. tonrje

;

Dutch,

tonghe

Latin, lingua;

French, langiie;

Spanish,

len-

gua

;

Italian,

lingua. The

analogy

is very

striking.

Vanity, t>]o\r)M]t),

and ti|oti)AO]r)eAr

(from i>],

wanting,

and ii)Aoit),

substance)

bAojTe ;

bAO]r,

wan-

ton iolly.

Walk,

Ájr&iit,

ri''-bAl

(pr. shoo-a

because

follows

bear in

mind

Obs.

1, p. 2.)

William,

UiUiAti;, (the first syllable

is pronounced

short), 2Í)ac-

tl|UeAn),

Fitzwilliam

; Wil-

liams,

Williamson,

MacWil-

liam

—

the

Irish

name assumed

by the

Bourkes

Connaught

the death

of their chief,

William

Bourg,

thii'd Earl

Ulster.

EXEBCISE

XXVL

This

very

fine day

(í-ív

Ai)-b|teA5

yo).

2. It

is indeed

a very fine

day. 3.

Have

we not

had

(^)Ac

]t<\ib

A3A|i)i)) very

beautiful weather

now

for

a long

time

(past)

We have

had,

indeed,

very

good

weather,

you ob-

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH. Cl

serve (rnA]t

bent

cu),

this

good while

past.

Has

not

God been

veiy good

to us?

6. Yes, God has

been very

good to

us.

Who is

good

but

God alone? 8. Who

God?

—

you,

who know

so much

(ai5

a b-jruil

at;)

oiitCAb

eoluif),

know this question

(ceij-b)

well.

He is the

author

and first

source of all that are

in (on, A^t) heaven

and

earth; He is

the beginning and end of iill that

are, or that will be

;

is He

who

ci'eated the

sun,

the

moon,

and all

these

stars that illumine the firmament

;

He always

and abides

for ever

Let every tongue sound his

praises

(praise him).

10. Who is he who praises the

Lord always?

11. It is the just man, who knoAvs who

God is

—how

great,

how mighty

; and who himself is

—

how poor

and

vile.

12. What is this world?

(cAf>

at? t)|6 ai)

t*A05v\l

fo?)

13. It

is only

a vapour that lasts (is) for

little,

and then

no more. 14. What

is heaven? 15.

It is the

kingdom

in which God reigns in glory

;

and in which all the

blessed

praise for

ever His blessed name. 16.

Are you

holy?

17.

No;

am not holy.

I do not

praise myself

(rne-vép))

although I like to

good,

18. You

know

the

saying, or

the advice

(coii)Ai|tle),

of the old man—do

not

praise,

and

yet

do not dispraise yourself; for much praise is

bad. 19.

What is pride? 20. Pride is sister to

vanity

—

pride is

one

the seven deadly

sins.

21. Do

you

know the

seven

deadly

sins?

22. I

(know

them)

—

they are

pride,

covetousness, lust

(&itiiiv),

anger,

gluttony, e^ivy,

and sloth.

23. Pride,

I see,

the

head

and

root of

all

—it

was

the

sin of

the angels, and

the cause

the

sin

our first

parents, Adam and Eve.

24. I

see

you

are a

moralist

25. Who

is this

coming

(a|5

ceAcc)

26. It is my

dear

and faithful friend,

William. 27.

that

comes

(At)

e A

AT)u)?

28. It is

he;

here

he is.

Y^'ou

are

welcome,

dear friend

(ceub n)]\e

^Ajlce poniAc,

ACAjtAb

TDO

clejb) ; how

are

you to-day?

29.

am well,

thank

you

(biijóeAc bu]c;

bei|tinj

buióeACAf

bu^c) 30.

Let

have

a walk.

In the

two preceding

Lessons

have

shown

how

verb

active

in Irish

is conjugated. In

addition

those

tenses already

given,

which, from the

employment

twofold conjugation

—the

synthetic and

analytic-rpresent

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN

IRISH.-

to every Irisli

speaker for

selection more than

an ordinary

variety

terms

by which every

modification of time can

expressed

;

there

are yet

others, formed by

the aid of

the

substantive

verb,

be]r,

and

the present

participle.

Present

Tense

... ...

civ

njé

A15

tijoIad, I

(a')

prais-

ing, &c.

Imperfect

...

... b]

ttjé

A13

njoUó,

I was

(a')

prais-

ing,

&c.

Future

...

béjó

ti)c

A]5

itjoUó,

I will be (a')

praising, &c.

Second Future

... ...

Bejé itjé

]A]\

(after) tijoIa8,

shall

have

praised, I shall

after

praising, &c.

These

compound

tenses

are quite

analogous to

the com-

pound

tense

French

;

J'ai

parlé

—

or the

continuated

form in

Enu'lish

verbs: I

was

lovino;.

OPTATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAP..

PLUr.AL.

3o Ti)ol-n)U|&,

molmuidh,

may we

praise.

tT)ol-cA]ó,

molthee,

may you

praise.

3- 5o Ti)ol-A]t>,

molidh,

may

they

praise.

5o njol-Ah,

moladh,

may I

praise.

2,. 3o

rt)ol-Aitt,

molir/i,

mayest

thou

praise.

njol-A]ó

ré,

molee

she, may

praise.

INFINITIVE

MOOD.

(Verbal noun

—

3f)olA6,

praise.)

t)o

iTjolAó,

praise.

le njoUó,

in order to

praise.

2l;iv

rt;oUó (on the

point

of praising)

about to

praise.

PARTICIPLES.

^15

tDoUó,

(at)

praising;

^]]i ttioIaó,

praising;

lAjt

(after) rt)oU6,

having

praised. (See

Tenth

Lesson,

Infini-

tive Mood, page

47.)

The

Subjunctive

Mood

is the

same in

form

as the

Indi-

cative, taking,

however,

for

present time,

(that)

;

for

past time

511

(that) ;

before its

tenses.

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

FIFTEENTH

LESSON.

The

demonstrative

pronouns are

—

fo,tliis, these

;

(French,

ce;

Hebrew,

zo, zu)

;

fin,

that those;

u&,

fu»,

that yonder,

those

yonder,

that there,

those

there, or of

whom

or wliich

there may

be question. It

is true,

these pronouns

yo,

fin,

come after the

noun, which they help

point out; yet

their demonstrative

character is fully attained by

aid

the article

(ad,

nA,

the)

which

must always go

before

the noun, whenever the

demonstrative

is to

follow;

as,

this

man,' is in Irish expressed

thus,

the man

this,'

feA]i

fo;

these men,' the men

these, i^a

f^t

yo.

The

emphatic particles,

f i,

fe,

(Latin,

ce;

French,

ci),

which are

manifestly

traceable from

fo,

this;

j-ah

(and

feAu),

which appears to be derived from

f|r),

that;

are em-

ployed after the

pronouns

personal and possessive.

1st.

After

the

personal

pronouns; as,

me, I;

ir)e-fi,

and

now

commonly spelled

rnij-e,

I; cu, thou;

cu-fA,

thou;

x\i

she;

f]-fe,

she

;

fe,

he;

fe-fAt),

he;

fib,

you;

fib-fe,

you;

riAb,

they;

fiAb-fAt),

they. The

emphatic suffix for the

first person plural is

—

ne (Latin,

nos;

Heb.

nu,

we)

;

as,

f]n,

we;

firj-ue,

we (as it were,

we, we).

2nd. After the

possessive pronouns

mo,

my ;

bo, thy

;

his,

her, their;

A|t,

our;

bitft,

your; as,

n^o

caiia,

friend;

rt^o

cA]iA-fa,

my friend

;

cA]tA-rA,

thy friend

;

A CAiiA-fA,

her friend;

CA|tA-fau,

his friend;

5-CAftA-

At;,

their

friend

; biifi

3-cA|iA-fA,

your

friend

;

a|i 5-CA|tA-

ije, om- friend.

These particles

are placed

last, no

matter what

number of nouns and

adjectives follow

the possessive

pronouns

;

as,

dear,

loving, amiable

friend,

ttjo c.sy\..\

ó|l,

5riíxóii)An

oeAriAri)Ail-rA. If a possessive pronoun

not

precede

the noun

and adjective, the particles

ta, tah,

ne,

will not be

employed

;

as,

this

dear,

loving,

amiable

friend,

ca^a

tnl,

5TiA&TDAft

^eAOAibAil

ro-

this last instance

it is

that

e'mployed

; in

the

iformer

ta.

Another Example

This

beloved

man,

V^^V-

Stii^''

fijATi

to."

That

beloved man,

v^Ari

onAoiijAit

tjh."

beloved

man,

itj'

^eA^

5n?.oii)Ati

TA."

In the two first lines, the

pronouns

to,

x]r),

are

demonstrative

;

the

third,

is merely

an emphatic

particle.

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

These

particles_

emphasis

are

employed after

the

per-

sons of

the

verb, in

the

same

manner

after

the pronouns

I praise,

n)oU]n).

praise,

n)oliDU]b.

Thou

praisest,

riioUitt.

You

jjraise,

ti)oIca)ó.

praises,

ti;olAió

re.

Tliey

praise,

n)oUp.

EMPHATIC

F0E3I.

2i)oUinj-re.

?i)oln)ui&-ne.

2i)olAi|t-re.

20olrAió-re,

2f)oUió

re-TAO.

2I)oU\i&-rAr).

Obs.

—

Contrast

opposition

requires

the emj^Jojment

/ae

emphatic

particles,

as is

illustrated

the

accompanying

Exercise.

VOCABULARY.

2l5A]é

(pr.

eye-a),

the

front,

the

face

;

Greek,

ei^o?,

the

appear-

ance

;

A5A16,

having

ajti,

on,

placed

before

it, has

the mean-

ing of

ahead,

straight,

over

;

as,

t)Vv^lo

A5A]é, he

went on

straight,

he prospered;

Ain

AqAió

t)A

n-uiroce,

the

face

(over)

the waters.

the

Hebrew, lial 2*enei,

on the

fiice.

-Wi^t)

(in) A5A16,

means

against

;

!D'in)Ci5

A\)t)

A5A1Ó,

went

against, he

op-

posed.

2l5ttA|n),

entreat,

beseech ; from

At),

very

; and

SAitiinj,

I cry

out.

Sln&TMAf,

Andi-ew;

2í)AC-2lt^&ttlAr,

MacAndrew,

Anderson,

An-

drews.

SloopeAcc,

{en-yacM),

adv.,

along

with, together

; from

aoij,

one,

and ^reAcc,

turn.

rrcAc,

adv..

in,

within

;

from

for

Ar)ri, in;

and

ceAc,

house.

CeAcSAii, either,

as if

cac,

other,

any one

;

and

ei^iti,

between.

Ce|le,

an equal,

a companion

—

man

woman

;

spouse,

a wife,

a husband.

Cejle,

with the

possessive

pronoun

a, his, her,

its,

mean

each

other

;

viu^c

Acu

Ain

A ce|le,

they

hate each

other, le

(with)

ceile,

toge-

ther;

as,

bei6rt)]S

le cejle

bATlle,

will

be home

toge-

t/ier,

is applied

only

to com-

panionship

between

two ; a

cui&eAcc, when the number

either

two or more than two.

ce]le,

(from other) asunder

;

ci\

xjAii

Ó ce)le,

they are sepa-

rated

;

zl\

6 ce;le, it

asunder

;

z\\p a

ceile,

through

each'

other

; in disorder ; in

confusion.

CoftCAia, Cork

;

so called because

its early

foundations

were laid

St.

Finbar,

near

coji-

CAC,"

or marsh.

C];uir)e, the

world ;

orbis

ierrae,

the globe

;

from

cfiuir),

gathered

a ball, round

;

cfiu]r))5, ga-

ther

(thou)

;

ctuiiDUgAD,

a ga-

thering,

meeting,

;

hoarding

up,

gains

;

ctuiif)io^ey|n)

ga-

therer,

collector

;

qiuirje-

eoluii-,

a knowledge of

cosmo-

graphy

;

criu;r)e-r5iaiobAó,

cos-

mography.

Cui&eAcc, company,

society

;

from

cixp,

portion

;

and frsAcc, an

act,

turn, change. %i

o-cu)-

&eAcc,

together

;

beioitHM"

«^^

5-cu)^ieAcc,

shall

be toge-

ther.

Cupijjt),

mindful

;

cujiune,

memory,

remembrance.

OeAHo,

red.

t?oii;Ar),

the

world, in its

moral

and

physical

acceptation.

t)|teAc,

the

visage ;

from

beAttc,

see,

look

;

Gr.

^s^>iu,

see.

6(511),

certain,

definite, necessary

;

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH. 85

bn]i)e

ei5in,

certain

person

;

ei5ir)

A óe*\t)A6,

it is

neces-

sary

to do

it.

Faija,

a declivity, a slope

;

le ^rAtjA,

headlong.

Vm^e,

truth

;

from

^íofx,

true.

VocA]\, a

woi'd (spoken)

;

Latin,

vocale

;

h]\]AÍ-\\x, a word writ-

ten, spoken, or conceived in

the mind ; in grammar, the

t^erb.

3Attt\óA

(pr.

gorry),

garden

;

Welsh, gardd;

from

which

Dr. Johnson

derives

the

Eng-

lish word, garden.

lor)

nor,

(idv.,

in order that

;

com-

pounded of

Aot),

;

which

composition

often assumes the

form

jot)

; and 'r)óy. manner,

order.

LeACA,

a cheek

;

Heb. -nb,

lecJii.

jawbone;

l\,amath-/ec/«', "the

lifting

up of the jawbone,"

where

Samson

slew

the

thou-

sand

Philistines.

leACATjAc, having

good

cheek

ITAb-leACAnAc,

long-cheeked.

luAónAó, report, fame,

notoriety

;

from luAD,

speak openly

and

frequently,

to impute;

\\s\o,

discourse.

2J|;\lA,

{mawla),

bag,

mail.

?t)AlA,

(jnolla),

eyebrow ;

the

slope

hill

;

plural, itjaIaió.

SÍ)a5Aó,

mocking,

jeering, humbug-

ging-

PASfUMC,

Patrick

;

^acVa^^wc,

Fitzpatrick

;

MacFadden,

and

MacPadden.

Scojl, school ;

Greek,

c/uKy)

;

Latin,

scliola.

SeoftrA,

George.

SjbéAl, Isabella,

Ca^Ia,

happened

;

ó ca|iIa, since

it has

happened

whereas.

Con;Ar,

Thomas

;

?f)AcXon)Air,

Thompson

; Thomas, and

Mac-

Thomas.

C^iiufi,

three

men, a trio ; from

cfx],

three

;

and

i:eA|t,

man.

tltijAl,

humble ;

Latin,

humilis.

EXERCISE

XXVII.

2t)e-n.

C\<

CUfA

1. C]A

Z'A

Ann

fll)

SeATtJUf

bltlA^l).

5. CA|t|t

A|TeAC A SeAn)U]f,

ye feo

beACA;

f-iiij

fiof

A5U|* béAi) feo

cotTJiiAÓ.

riMlc

l]ort)

fe]c]n)

cu A

|-lAir)re.

|íaí5A ah

cu-|*a A5n|*

JTje-|*|

Iioiii)

Ai)

^iio,

5-cui&eAcc;

4^-^uy

bejrbjr)

leAc

bfióib

(gladness)

oitn^

auoi|* 30

b-t.*wilt)]í5-r)e <xv^]'0

le céjle

CU-|*A A|5

A b-pUjl

\VÓ\l-Cé]^V

A5IH*

C<X]\

A]\l

t-'eAÓ

1)A

cjtuine;

A5uf

n^e-y],

a z'^

ai)T7

f^j

auu

iaccaji

i)a

cifie

5AU

Vl^y

5^1?

UiAóftAÓ.

Oc,

AsitATii)

o|ic,

r)A

cofu]5

Iuac

y]\),

bo Ti)o ri)olAÓ

;

vo,

có]]i

bArn a

|tix8,

rpASAÓ

púiir>.

be]n)it)

i)|'l

(for

b-fuil)

r^e-j-]

rnAjAO

|:iic;

acc

CÁ

T^e

]x'<s6

r)A

pjjtjue; r^

y]oy

asaid

b-fujl

An-ivn)Al

A-^iiy

lAbA|toccAb (I shall not

speak)

^ocAil eile

Ann

Tijol-A

(in

your

praise). SljAjt bubA^ltc me

(as I

have

said),

^AbA

biTnA|t-ne

cejle A15

biil

(going)

Ann

fcojle 'nuAi]i birnA|i-ne

ceAc

ACA|tn)oi]i

;

beanUAcc

Dé

t)-A

AnAtn.

Ma|i

fjubA^l

cu-fA

leoji be

bonjAin

fin?

í5iubAlA|-;

cív

asah)

rt)o|tan

]iAb

Ai|t

5AC

n|^

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

cuaIai*

heard),

a5uí*

jac

v]^

coouAjicAf

(I saw),

rn-beióeAÓ

]:aiII

(opportunity)

asait) xbaI

cacao (to

spend)

leAC.

%icz

he]6

]:^]i\

A5Att)

ait>

ei5iu

eile.

^Cr»

cuirbiu

leAc,

TjiiA^ii A b|

n)e-y\

A5Uj*

cu-)*a

U\e|5ii)

AI5

I'IuBaI

AtTjAC

bAile

Co|icAi5, A5itf

btibnAif

iD-biió

ttjaic

leAC

CT)An);

A'f

'i:)iiAl|t

b| |*|i)r)-r)e

Ai)

u]|*5e,

cAitjic

(came)

zovv

ii7ó|i,

CU5

(brought)

aiji

illeAÓ le|r

;

a3U|-

'=''lfT)lolf

(you went)

pivuA

le]]-

c-|-iiuc

i;o

31111 cuhiIidj

Ai|t

CA||niAi3;

Ai)r;

^|o

i*i}AibA|*-fe

61A13

a3ih*

cuj

|*ceAC

'v)

cftA]5

^"-r^

leAC-beo n^Ajt

b|6ir-

10.

)]'

y]on

3u|t

cuiri)]!;

lion9~|-A

n^Aic

At)

liv

ub,

A3iii' beió

cn]nv)e

A5An7

A]it 30

beo

;

^i*

A^t

ah AóbAfi

y]v,

z<\

AjAtti-fA a

corT)i;ui6e,

3eA!)

A3Uf

ciout)

wó]i

ofic-f

HiqÓeAC

a ad njeub

]il')ue

cu bArr^.

11. Mac

]tAib

buACAlu

03A

ejle

lp)u-i;e

Ai) Uv y]x)

12.

c]\)ze.

(certainly)

;

acc

i;io|i

it)]au

ceAcbAjt bjob bul ai)I)

a3At6

i)a b-coi;T) ^rAocii^Ajt

(angry

billows).

13.

buó

ri)A]c

|tii)i;bA]i-|*An é.

cajiIa

(wliereasj

^uji

corcui3

at3

caidc

o]i|icu,

cja

fjAb

t)a

y]]\

Ó3A A b]

AHi;

Aoi)-peAcc

l]m

ai)i)

fji;?

14.

vtiub]iiAr

StAcpAbfiAic Seo|tfA

2t)Ac

U|Ui

Airrj,

A5Uf

Conjívi'

21)ac-

Dornr)AiU, rjiiuji

A13 A

jiAib

^rio}-

fiMtt)

b-Ar)-ri)Aic.

15.

lj-f:uil|b

ujle

beo

yó]\?

16. M]

b-pujlib

;

puAni

beiiic

(couplej

bjob bi\|*;

acc

civ

Coti^Af

213acDoií)UaII

beo

yd]-

;

A3uf

ct\,

ArnAjo 'i}n

-peAii idaic,

acc

oibe

<\|ib-

TT)uince

(highly-learnedj,

A3uf

t'aoi

AixbceirDCAc.

17.

]}*

njAjc

IjoiD

I'ln

;

ai; b-pujl ye

a b-pAb ó

cuaiI]6

fheardj

UA1Ó?

18.

Oc,

civ;

niojt

cuaIaj*

ua]6

CU13

bliA30A-

19.

CiA

At)

cofAtt)lAcc

(like

;

appearance)

bu^ne a

ai;i),

ioi)i)Af

b-pe|citi7

cu]ri)ii)

1^011)

? 20.

l!)]

i'é

'i)i) a

freA]i

X\|tb

cinjcioU

ciioi5ce

;

beAit3

Ai)t)

a3Ai6

;

loi)iiAc

Ai)t)

fii]l, ]•3lAt^)<^c,

|rAb-leiceAT)AC,

iíjaUaió c^vuir),

a3U|'

jjtuA.^

Aifi

bAic

At)

ói|t,

bjteAC

veiti)

(mild), clAccti)A|i

(handsome). 21.

Civ

piof

A3AtD

tnAjc Ar)o]y

Ai|t;

Ai)n)Aic

At)

cHifi)t)e civ

A3Ab-|*A.

22.

Mac

jtAib

bcipbf|U]i

Ai3e

b'A

]\'

Aimt)

S^béAl

—

ai)

fi-f^t)

b-Ait)tT)

23.

S^beAl

Tt)A|t

Ait)ti)

A1IICI.

24.

b-pujl

cuijifeAc

(tired)

beif

Airbijie

(journe}^)

25.

Mi'lju).

26.

C]3 lit)t)-t)e

(we can

;

literally,

comes

with us)

rt)A]t

]*it),

^-labAl Cft|b

At)

3A1111Í5A

;

civ

At7

c|iivc-i)oi)A

(evcning)

b|ieA5

nrj.

27.

tf)Aic lion)-|'e &,

TDA'r

Tt?*^ic leAC-i'A.

28.

G|i)ce

njAjc

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

l)orn-7*A é.

Ci<v

le|r

At)

5A1I11ÓA

'^9.

L;ott7-f<v.

30.

T^eicirt)

jujt

njófx

Ai)

rAO]t-cAlifMT?

(agriculturist) cii.

31.

bióim

leir

T^o

Trj]T)]C,

acc

Aitj

Art).

32.

'Cajiu

rceAC

A5H]'

^enc ^]]x

ija

bUvc<x]5.

33.

RvXCpAb

A'f

fv\|!co.

SIXTEENTH

LESSON.

Since

commenced our Easy

Lessons in

Lish.

have

omitted

note the gender

each

particular

noun,

because

intended

devote

special

Lesson

to this

subject,

and

render it a matter

no difficulty

for any

learner

know,

at a

glance^ the particular

gender of

every

noun

the Irish language-

In English Grammar sex and

gender

are

so allied

that

one betokens

the

other. Whatever

is of

the

male

sex

is mas-

culine in

gender

;

whatever is of

the

female

sex is

feminine

in gender

;

and whatever

is of

neither

sex

is in

gender,

neuter—that is, of no

gender. This

the

simplergrand,

EngHsh rule relative

the

gender.

Lindley

Murray

has said,

and

the philosophic error has

been

taught

in all

our schools,

that gender is

the

distinction

of sex."

English-speaking

students,

not linding

gender as

readily distinguishable

in foreign

languages

in their

native tongue, laud the

beautiful

simplicity

English,

and

cannot at all understand

why

the languages

other

nations should,

on the simple

subject

of gender,

differ

widely from that of

the Anglo-Saxons.

Gender, however, is

even in English,

quite

a diíTerent

thing

from

the distinction

sex," the

latter

regarda

thijigs

;

the former, not things,

but their names.

For

exam-

ple,

we say a man, as

living

being,

the

male

sex

—

and not male gender

;

and a

looman^

as a

living

being,

is of

the

female

sex

—not female

gender; while

the word

man,"

as a

mere part of speech,

h said

to be,

not male,

but, mas-

udine

;

and

the word

woman,"

not

female,

hut

feminine.

In English

grammar

sex and

gender

are confounded

yet

they differ

widely. Sex is

a natural

distinction

;

gender

grammatical

one.

Sex

ap-

pertains only to living

things

;

gender

to the names

of all

things.

Sex

limited in

its

extent

;

gender

extends

to all

classes of nouns. Sex is, however,

a sure

sign by which

the

gender

of certain

nouns becomes

known."—

Colleff*

Irish

Grammar,

52.

SELF-INtíTllUCflON

IN IRISH.

Tliis becomes very

l)1ain

we take examples from other

languages

;

cliild, as

human being,

admits

of sex

;

yet

the Greek word

for child

^fi(po?,

neuter

gender

; in like manner

'^ú'^ítv

;

and

German,

dc(^i

kind,

the child

;

das

j'serd,

the horse,

each

of the

neuter

gender.

Again,

sex regards only

things

that

have

life

;

gender

extends to

names of all kinds,

well

those

that

do not

convey

the idea of

life,

to those

that do.

In the

next Lesson we shall

see that

nouns

have

gender, though

the

things

of which they are

names

have not

sex.

Irish

there

are only

two

genders

—

the

masculine

and

feminine.

Our

language is, in this

respect, quite like that of

our

neighbours

the French,

which has only

two

genders, pre-

serving, it seems, in this singular

feature, a

trait

of its early

Keltic

parentage.

Nouns are divided into

two

great classes

—

those

that

convey

the

idea of life

;

and those

that do not.

Rule.—

those that convey

the

idea

of life,

the

gender

the

noun accords with

the sex

of the object ;

the

object

male,

the noun is

masculine; if female, the

noun

feminine.

MASCULINE NOUNS.

Proper Names.

?lcuil,

Achilles,

li'ljurcii),

Augustine.

VUircefi,

and

iillirrnin,

Alexander.

^}Ac!v'U|rrett,

MacAlister.

^lot)5ur

{eny-as),

Angus, iEneas.

S1)ac

^nsuirj

Mac

Guiness.

CA0|rt)5eit)

(from

cAojit),

gentle

;

and

5e]r7, an offspring,) Kevin;

WAon)

CAOtb-oeio,

Saint

Kevin

;

Latin,

Coemgenius.

From

the

prefix,

cAoiri), gentle, is derived

the

family name of the

O'Keetes

;

as, 5eATi)Uf

O'CaoitÍ),

James O'Keefe.

Co|tn)Aic,

Cormack

;

'^acCo\W)Ac,

MacCormack,

Names

j^cculiar to

men.

1. ?lcAin,

father.

buACAll,

boy

;

as, biiACAll z]%e,

a servant

boy.

?). t)o>DAC, a

grown boy, a cloAvn.

5ei;iiT^-bot)Ac, a

lad

;

boy not fully

grown.

FEMININE NOUNS.

Proper

Names.

2l]n)il,

Amelia.

^llt)5eAlo5, Angelica; from At)5eAl,

an angel,

and

05,

young.

2lt)t)A,

Anne.

t)A^bA,

Barbara.

Ca;c,

'Kate.

CAjclin,

Little

Kate.

CACftiijA,

Catherine.

lAVAinnoHA,

Lasarina

;

from

lATAjn.

a flame, redness,

blushing

;

and

vi'^'J^i

of wine,

lun,

Lucy.

2I)Aible,

Mabel.

SejlioAi),

{Shel-yawn) Jidia,

SuvAt)r)A.

Susanna.

Ui,A, Winefrid.

Names peculiar to loomen.

2f}ACAiTi,

mother.

CA]le, a

woman ; a stout

country

woman.

CaiIíi), a

girl ; caiIcac,

old

woman

; a

íiag.

5eAiiii-cAil]n,

little girl.

5iOtit\r-^>ii

grown up

girl.