Bourke Ulick J. Easy lessons, or Self-instruction in Irish / Легкие уроки: самоучитель ирландского языка

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SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

The

possessive

plural,

however,

which takes

i) aiia

not

excepted;

as,

bjieitt)

t)A

i)-05<m)ac,

the

contention

of the

youths.

Masculine

nouns

take after the

article

the

nominative

and

objective singular

c, before the

initial

vowel; as,

ai)

c-AC<xi|t,

the

father;

c-0T;l<vc,the

young

servant

man;

aj;

c-ivfib-1115,

the sovereign king;

ax)

c-uaij, the

lamb.

TRIPHTHOÍÍGS.

All

the triphthongs

—

ao], eoj,

-\a%

tiji,

uaj,—are

pro-

nounced

long,

and differ very little*

their sounds from

those

the

long diphthongs,

ao,

eo,

iv\,

^u,

ha,

from which

they

are fornied.

The sound

of each

triphthong

differs

from

that

of the diphthong

from which

it is

derived in two

points

—

first, in

slight

prolongation

the diphthongal

sound;

secondly, in imparting

to the

consonant

imme-

diately

following, on

account of its

proximity

to the slen-

der

vowel

liquid or slender

sound,

which otherwise

would

not

receive.

]u, though

ranked amongst

the diphthongs

naturally

short,

is found

long in

most

words into the

spellincr

which

enters.

?to| is sounded

uee

Queen, as

^íaoi (fuee)

under;

CAoij^we^,

crying;

a way.

1a],

is sounded like the diphthong

(ee)

except

that

the final

influences

the succeeding

consonant,

so as to make it

have a slender or

liquid

sound.

)u],

ee>ju, as

ciup)

(pr.

hceyuin, in

one

syllable), calm.

As the

Triphthongs

are naturally

long,

placing

the accent over

them

unnecessary.

VOCABULARY.

\>AO]X,

wantonness, foolish mii'th

;

notes is a kind of mournful

from

bAoc,

soft, effeminate.

l)A|ttiéA6, a cap or hat—

any

cover-

ing for

the head ; derived from

ba^rt) top

;

and

eAb,

for

eA&Ac,

clothing

; the top, or

head-

dress.

Italian,

berretta;

French,

burette,

cap ; such as

clerics

wear.

OeAno^c,

a blessing

;

from be^t)-

rjuia,

bless (thou).

buioeAcAt,

thanks,

thankfulness

;

from

buióe,

buióCAc, thank-

ful.

Caoj,

and

cAojt),

weeping,

wailing;

which

its wild,

plaintive

melody. Latin, cano,

sing,

to blow, to proclaim

aloud.

Hebrew,

n 3

kaima, a reed,

'.T

pipe

; and r\vp,

kina,

lamentation.

Cj^o],

is in the

ancient language,

properly

written

(O'Brien).

Ca],

also

written

cao], a way,

road, manner

;

as,

c-\a

At)

caoi,

what way

? How ?

Greek,

x.nT,

kiei,

goes,

moves ;

Latin.

cieo, I

move.

CAojt),

gentle.

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

>i)or, how

? in

-what

way

adverb,

compounded

c;a,

what;

An,

the

;

vof,

way, man-

ner.

fiAoi,

consumption

;

phthisic

;

Gr,

y.viniT,

hiaei.

AO], a

dunce,

a low

fellow ; a

wicked man,

opposed

r^\oi,

sage,

a gentleman

;

&aoi,

fulj.,

wicked

;

&ii]t)e tiAO], a

wicked

man.

t^uAir,

reward.

tiuil, desire,

^vish.

T=óil,

a while

;

^ójl, for a while,

yet.

iuAiTt,

he found, got

;

perf

tense

X'A%,

get.

3o,

that ; a

conj.,

que, Fr.,

50,

for,

to,

towai-ds

;

a prep. Every

adjective

before which it is

placed becomes an adverb. It

is not

imlike, in this respect,

to con, Italian

;

as, con amove,

lovingly.

?r}AireAó

[muslia),

adv., well then;

from

Ti)A,

;

ir,

;

yc,

;

commonly

speUed

njAire

readily

distinguished

from

11)

Aire,

viáslié, beauty, grace,

loveliness,

from its adverbial

interjectional use.

Maot, nine ;

Latm,

novem.

2lt) rjAO],

nine in the

abstract; Gr.,

tmix,

ennea.

Node, to-night ;

Latin,

9wcte

Gr.

nvy.rt,

nukfi.

Ot)óxiAc, honourable

; from

onó)ft,

honour.

Poll,

hole

;

a pit

;

po\l-xnót}A, a

nos-

tril

;

poll

njoine,

bog-hole.

5uAiTic,

pleasant, facetious.

CAti)All,

a while ; as

if caii),

time

;

and

Aile, or

eile,

other;

yet

other time

;

or a while.

UA;f},

opportune

time,

respite, lei-

sure

;

tm"n,

change.

EXERCISE XXIIL

1. C|A AT)

r)ór

cív]|t,

cATtA

6|lif

Ti)o

cjtoibe;

atjah)

b]6eAT)i) cu

Ai)i)

yo,

A5uf*

Aift

ai)

X\ób<\|i

yV)}

ttjaic l^orn

^n]\

tA]V]c

(came) cu? 2,

Cii

rve

xv<s,]t,

be]n)p),

jtAjb

W'S]i

A5A&.

IJeiititT) buibeACAf

feo

|tAib me

CO njA]t

niAri)

(ever; up

to tins).

C^a

cao] b-pu]!

ri)Ac

riv

pói'cA

—

SeAmui*

? 4.

Ci\

f-e

mAic

rlA]t)ce

;

Acc

foeiti)^!)

zi\

bAoif

i;a

b-oi5e

(of

youth)

poll AW

^\)Z]\) (mind).

tdajc

Iioid

ri"

;

ói|i

í\&bAii

CAO(

ASiii*

CUA01,

bAoii*

;

Ajur

béAijADD

(makes)

|'i

(she,

i.e., it;

referring

bAOi|-)

bAoi

ijeAC

aiji

b^c, a

b|6eAr

|:aoi

t?-a

r^iii]!.

?tii

puAiji

i^ic

Ajji h]t

-peilrr)?

piiAi]t, ^)]o]l

C115

(gave)

TT^e

i\]z

60,

bin^

haji

fi|i)i;e

(did make,

perform)

|-e

|tAeb bu6

ú^^^>

l|orp.

Oc,

buó

có||t

fjust,

lit)

bujc

bUAii*

CAbAHic

(howyrth)

66,

n)<x\i

cóift,

viiAiiic

tiiAti).

^Paii-caO,

bu|l

asah)

bUAir

CAbAl|tC

50 poll.

10.

CjA Af)

CAO]

b-pii)l

CorT}i\r

—

bitACAil

iT)Aic é? 11. Civ

7^0 h-A\)-n)A]t

VeA|t]t

i;aoi D-iiAiiae

'da

beAfibbjiACAin.

12.

]|-rDAic

liott)

—

b-pujl

|-e

le pAbA n)A]i

y]^)

13.

Ca le

cadjaI

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

tVA]t.

14.

C]A

<M)

CAOj

b-t:ti|l

ACAT|i-rf)ó|t, <V5U|*

rnACv\i|i

ti)ofi

15.

C^ m'

ArATfi-rnófi

rpAftb;

acc

civ

n)AC<\i]t-n]ó|i,

yd\\

rl^itjce tí^atc.

16.

Cia

At)

"Ant

^uAi|i

ArAi|i-TT)ó|i

b^f?

17.

TuAi]i

]*e

bivf

(puA^t

bisj*,

got

death, i.e.,

died)

rt>i

t^Ae. 18.

beAUUACc

Dé

le t>a

atjatd;

bu6 peAji cAO^r),

rtJAir,

oijóftAC

&. 19.

C]a

At)

UAift

b&iÓBAf

Ai)u

ro <^liir?

20.

Y\] hé]6

uaiij

A5An7, c^

VIO|*

A5Art)

n)A]c,

bl]A3A]író

111&.

21.

I)ei8i|t

'f^')

bixjle

i)occ.

22.

'CAbv\ni

(thoicar) 6atp ttjo

bAitneAb.

23.

Ma b]6eA&

be^ir^lt

co rnó|t

|*ii)

o^tc; civ

A3Ab bo

fA^c

ArtjA

;

ó]]i z'A

ye iDoc

AT)i)

y-M)

pojl.

24.

Civ

ah 5II(at) Anojr

A15

bill

pAOi

;

A3uf

civ

fiof

A^Ab

cuiceAT^n

(falls)

tjóitj

'f<v

b-po5rbAit

(an

evening

in harvest)

n)A-\x

cujceAi;!) cloc

b-poll

rtjóine.

25.

Jfpíofibiiic

26.

t)eAT)tjAcc le<vc.

TWELFTH

LESSON.

CONJUGATION OF

A REGULAR

VERB IN THE

IMPERATIVE

AND INDICATIVE

MOODS.

ACTIVE VOICE.

21) ol,

praise (thou).

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

The

second person

singular, Imperative

mood,

the

third

person singular perfect

tense

in Hebrew,

the

root

of all verbs in

Irish

;

because

it is

the simplest

form

the

verb,

and because from it spring,

by certain

suffixes,

all

the

other

moods

and tenses.

Present

Tense.

SHol,

praise thou.

3. 2í}ol.Aó,

vioho she,

let him

praise.

PLURAL.

^ol-n)U]r, molmuish

let

3f)ol-Ti)U]&,

moimuidh

praise.

Sr)ol-Ai6, mol-lee,

praise

ye.

?í)c»l-&íi-,

moldeesh,

let

them

praise.

The

terminations

ujr

and

ii^b

are

both in

use;

uif,

the

Imperative,

first

person

plural,

to be

preferred

ii[b,

be-

cause

it perfectly

agrees

Avitli

h]x,

the ending of the

third

person

plural which

has

settled

form ; and because

it is

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN

IHTSTI.

quite analogical

with

the Latin ending of

the plural

verbs

—

mus;

and besides aids the leai'ner to

distinguish it

from the first

person

plural

present

tense, Indicative. The

form rt)u]&,

hovever,

for

the Imperative, is very

usual.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present

Tense.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

2i)ol-Aiiij,

molivih, I praise.

2l)ol-n)U]t3, molmuidh,

we praise.

2i)ol-AiT\,

violirh, thou pri^sest.

3. V!)o\-&]i>

re,

moke she, he

(or

it)

2. 20ol-cA{6, molthee,

ye praise.

praises

; 2r)ol-AiD

rí

{shee),

she

(or it) praises. 3.

2I}oI-A]&,

molaidh, they

praise.

The

Interrogative is formed by putting

At) (whether)

before

the verb; as, At)

mo\c]rv,

praise?

The

Relative

ibrm, by

adding

the

root, njol;

as,

AT) ce

tTjolAr,

he who praises:

—

pAr,

for the

Future

Indicative, after the

relative

the ending,

Ar,

used in

other instances whenever

emphasis is

employed.

(See

Tenth

Lesson, Observation

First, after the Future

Tense.)

Imperfect

Tense.

^ol-A]f)i?,

wolinh, I was

wont to

praise.

2})ol-civ, wolthaw,

thou

wast

wont

to praise.

^ol-Aó

te,

woloo she,

was

wont to

praise.

1. ^ol-njuir,

wolmuish,

we were

wont to bless.

^)ol-cAi6,

wolthee,

you

were wont

to bless.

3. ^ol-bír,

woldeesh, they

were

wont to bless.

We promised

(Seventh Lesson, page

34)

to treat in a

future

Lesson about

the sound of

final."

Obs.

—

As a

general rule,

final, in

words of

two or

more syllables,

pronounced, in Munster,

unac-

cented;

Connaught and Ulster,

(English),

or u

(long) Irish.

This

peculiar pronunciation the

learner

should

remember, as

final

occurs

almost in every sen-

tence

of Irish,

read or

spoken.

With regard to

words of

07ie

syllable,

and their

com-

pound

forms, the

Munster

pronunciation of

final-,

adopted

not

cnly in the

South, but in the

West and North

of Ireland.

Ex., <x6,

luck;

idj-aO,

bad-luck,

misfortune;

biAÓ,

food

(pronounced as if bjA,

been);

bUó,

fame, re-

nown

;

cI|a6,

ditch

(formerly spelled,

clui);

cjtAo,

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

anguish;

seutt-crtAÓ,

piercing

anguish;

buAn-c|tA8,

lasting

anguish;

peAÓ

(])y.

fah—a

short,)

length,

duration;

aih

T:eA6,

for the length,

during

;

|.-le.\6

(fleh),

a feast

;

5^6,

peril

;

3|t<\6,

love;

&iAi)-5riAb,

intense

love;

c]]x-^\iAb,

patriotism

;

|tA&,

speaking

(Gr.

peo,

I speak)

;

coth-ttAO,

speaking

together, a

chat

;

cuw-|ia6

(from

cujuj,

abond;

and

]iaó), a

covenant; ]\o]rr)-\iA6,

a preface,

a prologue:

rev\6,

shah (for

]]•

e),

yes

;

and

its compound,

rJ7A]|-eA6,

well

then.

Obs.

—

In verbs, participles, and" verbal

nouns,

the end

ing

U5AÓ, is pronounced

00,

i.e.,

uj,

were not

the

syllable

—

being like

ent

French verbs,

not

sounded.

This

pronunciation of ujaó

is common throughout Ireland

a termination like

tion"

in English, peculiar

to a vast

number

of words

;

as,

beAt)i)u5A6 {hannoo), a

blessing

—

fi'om

beAunuij,

bless thou

;

cftucujiAO

{kriihoo), creating,

creation,

proof—from

ciuiciqj,

create thou, prove thou

;

5HC\6u5a6

(graivoo),

loving—from

SftAÓuiJ,

love

thou

;

]*Iai;u5aó

(slawnoo),

salvation

—

from

|-lAt)u]5,

save thou.

In Munster and in the South

of Connaught—in

parts

the counties

of Gal

way and

Roscommon—the ending

aó

the third

person

singular

imperative, and

of the

imper-

fect tense,

indicative,

is sometimes vulgarly and

incorrectly

pronounced with

guttural

accent like

agh;

31ai)a6

\glonagh,

instead

of glonoo)

ye,

let him cleanse

;

jIadao

{ylanagh,

instead

ylonoo)

|*e,

he used to cleanse

;

b|6eA6

(beei/agh,

instead of

heyoo)

re,

let

him

be.

(See Seventh

Lesson—Imperfect Tense,

33.)

The

learner is

liberty

adopt, in

words of two

syllables,

the

Munster

Connaught pronunciation of

this ending,

aó,

eA&

;

viz.,

that of

imaccented, or of

(English).

But

should be careful not to entertain

the

not

uncommon erroneous impression,

under A\hich

those who

have only

slight acquaintance

v.úth

the

Irish

language

labour,

of imagining that the

written language

Munster differs from that

Connaught, because

the

Irish-

speaking

natives

the

two

provinces

differ

in their pro-

nunciation

of some svllables.

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN

IRISH.

VOCABULARY.

?loó (eey\

Hugh

;

^Ac-2loió,

Mac-

Hugli

from which Irish name

have sprung—

Coy,

M'Gee,

M'Kay,

M'Cuy

;

Hughson,

Ua21oió

(the descendant of

Hugh),

Hughes.

Slo)*,

age, folk,

class

;

Latin,

aetas

;

Ar^

c-Aor

Ó5,

the young

folk

;

Ar)

c-Aor eAcA, the old

folk

;

Aoy

ceo]l, musicians (literally,

the

folk

of music);

Aoy ua^aI,

nobility.

2lric, Arthur.

binoíí,

adj.,

plural of

bjrjr),

melo-

dious.

bjocXville,

liquor, whiskey, punch

;

is a generic name,

tlie

English

word liquor, for all the

generous liquids

;

derived from

bloc, existence, and

Ajl, to nour-

ish,

sustain.

bftAjc, malt (undistilled).

bfijAr),

Brian

;

t)ttiAir),

O'Brien.

CUs\\,

board, table,

chapter ;

cU|t-

eAtJAjt),

forehead.

Coatee,

oats.

t5Ajb]ó,

David.

OAoioe,

plural

buine,

a person;

Gr.

^emx,

deina,

person.

t?oi)ncA6

[Dlionclia), Dionysius,

Denis.

eAr)lAió,birds,

fowl; fi-om

oah,

a bird.

GlliV,

Alice.

Corj,

Owen,

Eugene

;

SDAc-Goin,

the

son

of Owen

;

hence,

in Eng-

lish,

Mac-Keon,

Keen, Coyne,

Owens,

and Owenson

—all

from

the

same

name in Irish.

Gonin,

young Owen, or John

;

20*\c

Corjírj, Jeimings.

Gutiójp,

Europe.

PfXAjrjc,

France.

Por)n,

delight,

desire, pleasure

;

tune,

the

air of a song.

locAile,

Italy

;

from

joc, a

region

;

and

AiUe,

Ajlne,

beauty.

Livt),

adj.,

full

;

n.,

fulness, a large

number

;

a gathering; the tide,

because

when it has

flowed,

the

shallows

and strand

appear

all

fiúl,

like the

sea

itself.

Span-

ish, lléno,

full,

lo|icC\r),

Lorcan,

Laurence;

MaoiÍ)

\.o\^c'A\),

St. Lawrence

(patron

of the

archdiocess

Dublin).

lAbnAf,

Laurence

(the

martyr).

?t)v\)í3r)e

(possessive

case of

njAibm),

morning

;

Latin,

mane

;

when

bt)

come together,

ft,

for

the

sake

of euphony,

sounded

;

ii)Ai&t)e is,

therefore,

pronounced

moynne

;

(?i

re-

quiring

a liquid

sound.

)

%i)A]\z, a

beef

; the

word

ireoji, flesh,

annexed to

the

names

—beef,

sheep, swme,

calf,

deei-,

gives

the Irish

term for

the

meat

which these

animals

supply

;

as,

njATtc-reoil

(beef-flesh),

beef;

cAOfi-ireo|l

(sheep-flesh),

mut-

ton

;

TT)uc-^eo]l

(swine-flesh),

pork

;

T:[Aó-|:eo;l,

venison.

WónA, Honora.

Ont^A, barley.

PeAftAtt,

Peter.

Pf^eAb,

dance

(thou).

Kii&eAnf),

E-ichard,

2Í}ac

RirseAttb,

Richardson,

Richards,

Dicson,

or Dixon.

Ro|f),

n.,

a share,

dividend;

v.,

divide,

carve,

SAób,

Sophia.

Sioile,

Julia.

Sjle, Celia.

SjoOAS,

Jane,

Johanna

; as

SeixsAfj,

Johannes,

John.

SiubAt), Judith.

5-)All, to rend,

to carve

(fowl).

Su5,

juice

;

Latin,

sujo,

suck

;

SUCCU.Í,

juice.

Sulc,

jollity

;

riilctijAti, jolly

;

rulc'UArii

'^^ith

jollity.

5u5a,

mirth

;

rulJAC,

merrily.

'So

bev\cA,

hail

(it is

your life).

Ua,

grandson,

descendant

;

Gr- vtoi,

m'os,

a son.

Cor)nAiU,

O'Connell,

the

de»

scendant

Connall.

116)11,

O'Neil,

the descendant

Niall.

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN

IRISH.

EXERCISE

XXrV.

'St bo beAi-A.

ScA^Aji;,

ciAi;nof

li-i-'»;l

cii?

CAim 30 roAic, ]-Uu

jiAib

Ai;

piAPitui;^OA|*

(enquires).

lÍAib

f'loAÓ

iT)ó;^

A5Aib

tióin,

A15

c]5

acaji

&eitr)]n:

—

bpuAit

A13

|ceAÓ

a5u»~

a15

ól

|-iilctT)A|t,

Ajur

bimAU

u|le

r^bAC

ejiiige

t;;Ai&i;e;

ptteAb

ai)

c-AOt*

Ó5

fonn

a3u|

fejubAft

csoIca

I.v|3:)ne.

mcuft Diqiie

AT5I)?

G. bi

bejc

Ó5A,

A5uf*

ode tí)t)a

Ó5A.

t)ii6

riilcibAH

Ai)

&ÍV1I

A5Aib

b-fniil

^-lof

a5vA55

aju

Aimi)

3AC

feuiue

r)A

flli?

^- Cc\,

oevbin,

piof

A3Ar!)

o]»cii

—

^íoó,

?t[tc, t)|i]Ai;,

DAjbio,

Oowcaó,

Goju,

SeA-

njuf,

Loi'icC\n,

PeAbA]i,

A3ut*

Tí(i'&eA]i&

ai)1), n)A|i

aod It?

]-CAic

(the

choice, the

best)

a')

bAille.

Cia

|-ia&

tja

tdha

o^a;

b-puil

A3Ar)

]:]or

ahi

Aii)it) 3AC

aot)

bjob? 10.

Civ

yiof

—

biii3i&-

CaicIji;,

G]l]y,

2V)<\i|te,

Mó|ia, Xló]-\; SAÓb,

Sine;\D,

A3up

Si3ile;

fir)

ai) rneufc»

ai)1).

Mio^i

iTjón

At}

U\u A

Aun.

12. Ci\

^jo]*

asatd

uívfi n)óii

;

acc

biió

bAOiDe

tiiuiDcijteACA

(relatives)

]-]i)i) ujle.

13.

Cia

fui3

AI3

ceAi)t) Ai;

cU\i|t?

14.

Sui3

rp'

aca]|i A13 ceAijo ai)

cUijt.

15.

?\.]t

bUr

be'i)

ni-biocAille

16. Do

blArAf

biocAjUe.

17.

^tit

ól

pjon

I'ubAC?

18.

D'ól

nje

pjon

I'ubAC.

19.

"?tix

]tAbAi]*

ajji

rrjei|-3e

20.

Jr l^íor^

UAC

fiAjb

rve A]]\

rT)eif3e.

21.

C]a

v\6

piot)

22. 'Sé

j-113

r)A

pjoD-cnAuu

(vine)

e, a

fAfAr

b-T[tAit)c,

|--au

jocivile

A3u|*

citjb An

Gii|tóip.

23.

b-^uil

pio|*

A3Ab

cja

Ai)

t)ió uif3e

beACA?

24.

io|-

;

un'^e

no biocAjUe a

C13

1*113 Ai) ofiijA,

T)o

coiitce

intATji

béAi)CA|i

(is

made)

b|tA]c

A3ii|*

^AbAÍ

(g'loal,

barm).

25.

'ii]\ ]\A]b at;

caoji-

peoil

A3u|'

AI)

TnAitc-f-eoil

WA]t,

|*e]itb?

26.

be]ri)in

"Aft-rDAjc

A3ii|'

Ar)fei|tb.

27. CjA

se^nn

(carved)

at;

vjaó-

peojl

(venison)

28.

oe^itft

SéAidAf

(Charles)

1X)acUo]6.

29.

Cia

i'ciaU

(carved) i;a

b-eAnlA^o

A3ni'

3eiv|i|t-ceA|tcA

(chickens)?

30.

i-cjaU

nje

fe]!).

31.

Cia

ad UAi|t bo

biHr

ruAf

<^') bCvjl? 32.

buiritjA^i

THAI*

Ai|t

At)

b-occ

A||i

rt)Aibii),

'i;uAiii

at;

3itiAn

b-Ajib

f-Ai;

rP^lt*-

The

English

student will

please

Observe

—

That

in Irish the Article

is prefixed

to cer-

tain

classes

Nouns

which in English

not

admit

its

pi:eseuce

58 SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

—Before sirnames, for

the sake of

distinction or

phasis ;

as,

Was Walsh here, RAib

At)"

bt^eArAtiAc

aho

Walsh

was not, but

O'Reilly

was,

^vMb

ao"

tJtieACAnAc, (pr.

two

syllables

BSrhannach),

acc

Ar)" RaoAUac

(pr, Rhy-alloch).

Before

titles or

qualities

;

as, God

Almighty, D|<\

au**

U^le-CuiT)ACCAC.

—

Before

the

names

of virtues and

ri'cés

;

as,

What

is faith,

Ca&

é Af)

o^?'

ah"

cfxei&eAti)

^V^lat

hope,

Cao

At)

ni*

<!^o"

tioccur

What

sin,

Caí)

O'í'

At)" peACAó

Patience is good,

ti)Ait

At)"

toiQi».

o.—Before abstract nouns

; as,

Hunger

is good sauce.

ii)Aic'VM)"c-Af)lAf)

At)"

c-octiuf.

When

beauty and brilliancy

fade from the

gems,

'NuAifi

eAluioeAf

reo&A)5

At)"

róiATi)

3ur

At)" but.

"And from love's shining

circle

the

gems drop

away."

—

Irish Melodies.

—Before

adjectives

taken

substantively ;

as,

There

not much between

{the)

good and

{ihe) bad

;

beA5

zis

e;&iit

At) c-olc

A5ur

At)

njAir.

—

Under this view

it precedes

numerals, not influ-

encing nouns

;

as,

It has struck

{the)

two,

"Oo

buAjl

ao"

&ó.

It has

struck

{tlie)

three,

t>o

buA|l

t©

At)"

cfii.

—

Before a noun

accompanied by the dernotistraiive

pronouns ; as,

This

man

(Irish

form, the man this^

At)"

i:eA|t

to.

That

woman

(the

woman that)

At)" beAt)

no-

—Names of countries; as,

(the)

Spain, "at)"

SpAin;

(the) France,

ad"

TliAinc;(the)

Scotland,

at)"

UlbAjt);

(the) Germany,

at)" "vXllAtbAir);

before the

name

Rome,"

o'o

tlo]^v',

from (the) Rome;

before

months,

as,

(the) April,

^bftAjT?

: nj^

da SAtbtjA,

the

month of (the)

isovember.

—

Before u]le, when

precedes a

noun,

meaning

every;

as, (the)

every

man,

"ap" u^le

ftujue;

(the)

every house,

Ai) u]le ceAc.

Note.

—

^The

few

analogies

of Iiish

with the

Semitic

languages,

pre-

Bented

to the

reader in the

foregoing

Vocabularies, are

not

intended as a

prot)f of cognate

origin between

them and Keltic, but

striking

instaacea

of primeval,

radical samen&ss.

SYNOPSIS

O^im,

am.

Synopsis of

^^]iv,

am,

—

continued.

é^

Observe in

tlie fore^oins; Synopsis, tliat

in every tense

—

Impera-

tive

present,

Imperfect indicative,

Conditional,—

in -which

the first

person

plural

ends

ir,

the third

person plural also of

the same tense

ends

}x\

and

again,

in every

tense,—Indicative

Present, Future; and

Optative,

—

which

the

first

person

plural ends in

i&,

the

third

pjerson plural

like-

wise

the

same

tense

ends

iu js.

The

learner will find

this observation

useful

endeavouring

remember

the

personal endings

the

different

tenses, as the

remark holds

true for every verb in

the

language, regular

and

irreguiai-,

well

for the

verb, to be,

so bejc.