Bourke Ulick J. Easy lessons, or Self-instruction in Irish / Легкие уроки: самоучитель ирландского языка

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SELF-IlSrSTEUCTION IN lEISH,

commence our

Easy

Lessons in the Irish

Language.

have, as

Avill be

manifest to

those intimately

acquainted

with it, made

our special

endeavour to be

simple

and

concise as

possible, consistent

-with a proper

elucidation of

the subject-matter.

FIRST

LESSON.

THE IRISH

LETTERS

—

THEIR

SOUNDS

THE

VOWELS.

There are seventeen letters in the Irish Alphabet. Of

these

seventeen five are vowels, the remaining

twelve

are

consonants.

THE IRISH ALPHABET.

Cap.

Small. pronunciation.

French

English

c c

hard, or h;

never

all

pronounced

soft.

b dh

e g (as é

in there).

F /

35^

hard, as

get;

never

sounded soft, like

gin.

)

}

French,

English.

I ^ generally as the first

William.

rt)

"^4 ,'

Coo

z t Italian,

or th Eng.

M Italian,

English,

hull;

never

sounded

(you).

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

omit

denominating

the letters

their Irish names,

Ailm,

Beith,

&c.,

called

just

the letters

Greek

are

called

Alpha,

Beta,

or in

Hebrew,

Aleph,

Beth,

&c., to

dis-

tinguish

them

one

from

the other, and from those of any

other

language

—

partly

because they are, at

present,

seldom

never

called

their

names, and

partly because

some

persons

mistake

the

name

for

the sound of

the letter.

With

regard

to the

pronunciation of the letters

Irish,

and

the

language

generally,

the

fullest, the most open

enunciation

required.

The vowels must be

sounded

Italian

French;

the consonants

in German

Spanish.

This

open,

full sounding of the

vowels and

con

sonants

enables

foreigners

to learn to speak

Irish

more cor

recti}

and

more readily

than English-speaking

people

can

ever

acquire.

all

the

languages spoken

throughout the

globe,

the

pronunciation

English is the

most

opposed to

that

Irish

;

and

this

is very

likely one

the

reasons

wh}

English-speaking

Irishmen

feel such

distaste for the

broad

pronunciation

then- mother-tongue

Obs.

—

The

letter

is always

sounded like

when-

ever

goes

before

or comes

after

the

vowels

y]x)-

T)e,

us, pronounced

shinné, and

not

sinne.

There is one ex-

ception

this

rule,

the word

]]•,

;

the third person sin-

gular

present,

mdicative of the assertive form of the

verb

be,

which

pronounced

is,

and

not

ish.

Again,

before

after

u, is sounded

simply

soon

;

|*uil,

the

eye

—

pronounced soo-ill,

and not

shoo-ill. To

the

second part of the Obs.

the demonstrative

pronoun

^-o, this,

in Connaught

an exception, being pro-

nounced

slio

111

that province ;

but in Munster

so,

agreeably

to tlie

general

rule here laid

down.

Obs.

—

The form or

shape

of each of the Irish letters

is substantially

the same as

that of

the Roman character

the same sound

and name

—

small ()i) r and small

{y)

ex-

cepted

;

—but their

lorm is

easily

distinguished,

being very

like the

written

in the

Roman

character, and

not unlike

the

printed

r, but

with

longer

stem.

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

SOUNDS'

OF THE

VOWELS,

long,

as a

in the

word

loall.

Example,

S\y.h,

high,

pro-

nounced

awrdi

answering

to the

hroad sound of

English

short,

... a

in bat

;

... ATjAtij,

soul.

There is

third sound

very common in

the West

and South of

Ireland

—

^just the

same as the short

sound of

bread

in English, as

in what, quadrant.

Example,

3A|t,

near

;

cajxc,

thirst

; TnAjtr,

beef.

é,

long,

in where

c^e,

cUiy

56,

goose.

e, short,

e in

whe7i

;

bAjle, a toiun.

long,

ee, or i in

pique

;

njíij,

fine.

short,

iapick

;

njIP,

meal.

long,

in told

;

ól, drinking,

short, in other

;

cofip,

body,

C», long, u

ride;

ú\\,

fresh.

u, short, u in

full

;

ucr,

breast.

Obs.

—

The

^rat'e accent

('),

which is the same in

form

the

acxde of the Greeks,

shows that the vowel

over

which

it is placed is

to be

sounded long

The

absence of the accent (')

does not

always

indicate

that

the vowel is

to be

sounded

short

;

because when the

language

was commonly spoken by the people, they

re-

quh'ed

no such

phonographic

aid. For this reason

some

waiters

have

at times not made use

of it.

Obs.

—The

vowels

are divided into broad and

slender.

The

broad are

a, o,

;

the

slender

are

The reason

of this

division and its

utility shall

shown

a subsequent

Lesson.

VOCABULARY

A5ur,

and.

ATtj,

time.

an,

slaughter.

h'AM),

white.

bixf, death.

bit)T), harmonious.

bor, fist, the

palm.

b|v<\c,

cloak,

garment.

bf\ói7,

sorrow.

CAb,

mouth

;

the closed

lips.

c\:xyi, a board,

a table

;

a chapter,

the forehead.

CA|i, a friend

; Latin,

charits.

cox,

foot

;

Liai-pes

;

Gr.

wof?,

pons.

bivt),

a poem,

bofii),

the fist clenched;

blow

given

with

the fist.

SotiTTj,

blue.

SOftr,

hunger

;

a field

;

orchard.

]Tf),

butter.

liv,

day.

n)AC. a son.

rt)lxx,

thigh, flank.

ti)l,

n)]or,

a month

;

Lat. mensia,

njjl, honey; Lat.

mel;

Gr.

fteXt.

meli.

rt)ilir,

sweet.

die, bad.

óti,

gold.

pur,

lip.

ttót,

rose

;

Latin, rosa.

\\.<ir), secret, dear,

beloved.

rAl,

filth.

rixl,

heel.

rlAc,

rod,

yard,

measure.)

cnoTt),

heavy.

ú)t,

fresh.

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

EXERCISE

?Cro

A3U|*

oft.

2. ivjt A5U|*

biv|*.

bof

a^ui'

cof.

bivt?

A5U]*

30ttn?.

b]tAc

a5U|*

]*Iac

6. rt^AC

a3U|*

-(lixi).

nj^j'

^3"1*

t^l.

TD]l

Asuf

ó}t.

íit^

A5U]* olc.

10.

bo|-

/x-^uy

fciofin.

11.

puf

A3UV

cAb.

12.

fe^t)

binn.

13.

3o|tc

A3ur

b]ióu-

14.

]rt) A3U1-

rrjil.

15.

lit

A3nf

rv']-

16.

tdí olc

;

5011c bivi);

ójt

sjton?;

tDiu xv'V),

rn-]\]y.

17.

bjtAc

30ftrt7;

-(117

iip,

A3ixf

&aij

bint?-

18.

clivii

h'AV),

bjtór)

cfiorp,

A3iir h'Ay olc. 19.

auati?

^r^dy

cojip

20.

fUc

A3ur

ó|t;

C|i6 rt^p;,

a3U|-

r^ii)

ú|t.

Obs.—The

position of tlie adjective is

always after

the

noun

with which

agrees

VOCABULAEY.

A]U,

clift.

ixl,

brood.

aU,

swaiu

At),

the

(the

definite

article).

'A\\t),

high.

AC, swelling.

b'AS, a boat.

biv^tt»

top.

bo,

cow

; Lat. hos

;

Gt.^oví, hous.

bog,

soft.

bol5, belly,

pouch,

paunch,

bellows.

cATtj,

hooked, bent.

c'Ax,

case.

ftAll, blind.

bill,

fond ;

and

siljr,

fond,

loving.

sub, black

(pr.

duv).

XMA,

long

5At)i;. scarce.

5Att,

near.

5Ar,

stalk.

5U1), clean.

SUr,

green.

Vav, full.

loT)5,

ship.

10115,

track.

TpAl,

late.

TOAnj, mother,

njón, great, large.

n)or> manner

;

Latin, mos.

tl)UC,

pig.

T)ór,

fashion.

Ó5,

young,

ofic,

prince,

orif, order ;

Latin,

ordo.

pjf,

pease, pr.

pish

; see Obs.

poTtc,

harbour;

tune.

Ttjo,

pr.

}-ee, king; Italian,

rej Span-

ish, rey.

tiers,

eye.

coi)ij, wave.

EXERCISE

ivl

Ó5.

aIa bar).

3, ac

iv|it).

bol3

ti7ó]i.

5. bó

Mib.

cív|*cAti7. 7.

bA|i|t

5lAf.

bivb^iAbA

oitc

bAll.

10.

tr)Am

&1II.

11.

3Af

3AT)n.

12.

Iot)3

njóft.

13.

lo]i3

5Un

14. ]to|-5

50|tn7.

15. |t]5

ó^.

16.

oixb

5A|t. 17;

coi;t;

n)ó|t.

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN

IIITSH.

18.

jAf

boj.

19.

pojic

b|ur).

20.

coi)n

4x|t&,

^511^

ii;o|t.

21.

rnuc

bub

A5UJ*

5Uf.

22,

^wy^

bo5,

A5ur

bols

móft.

23. aIa idaI,

Asuf

ivl

5Ai)n.

24.

5a|*

b;\t;,

A^uf

b^|t|t bo5.

25.

pir

Uvi;,

Asm*

5<^^

catt). 26.

]to|*

iiit,

ASUf

oft

cftoit?.

VOCABULARY.

hsxll,

a member.

bUr,

taste.

boftft,

table.

b|toc, badger.

buij, the foundation, bottom.

cAc, cat.

cill,

cliurcli, graveyard.

cUtj, children.

clé, left-handed.

do, nail,

type,

defeat; Fr.

clou.

clú,

fame.

'^op.v,

goblet.

c^oiT),

crooked.

cCil,

back.

cCi,

hound.

&oi)ij,

brown.

nur,

wood.

fnói),

nose

civ,

am,

is, are.

cii)i),

sick, sore, unwell.

cift,

country.

co|i,

towei'.

cort),

silence.

cúf,

beginning.

EXERCISE

III.

1. civ

Ai) bAll

cjijij.

2. Ai)

CAc A5U|* At)

bnoc.

civ

A1>

bof

cl6

cii)o.

4. civ

Ai)

cjii

bivt;.

5. civ at;

do bub.

civ

Al) COT)t)

50Jtn7.

civ AT)

CAC Ooyt?.

8. civ

AI)

1T)AC

Ó5.

civ AI) 1<V pAbA. 10. civ AT)

COjt

iVJtb.

11.

CÍV

At)

^tf)

lljl

12. civ AT) bojib

ivfib.

13.

civ at?

cofin

cftorT).

EXERCISE

IV.

Honey

and butter.

2. Top

and bottom. 3.

Hand

and thigh.

Blue and

white.

Gold and

country.

6. The day is

long.

7. The

land is

brown.

The king

is young.

The prince is

tall. 10.

The

friend and

the

beloved.

11.

The

day and

the month.

12. The son and

the children.

13. The clay

fresh. 14.

The stalk

green.

15. The goblet

is high.

16.

The

eye is blue.

17.

The

wave is

large.

18. The

son

and

the motlier.

19.

Bad

and

fresh.

20.

The

meal

fine.

21. The

stronghold

high.

22. The foot

is long.

23. The begin-

ning

near.

24.

The table

large

and

high, and the

children

are

young

and

fond.

25.

A brown

hound,

white

cat.

26.

The

butter is fr'esh

;

a secret is

sweet.

27. The fashion

new.

28. Gold

scarce.

29.

Death

late.

30. A friend

and gold

are near.

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN IRISH.

SECO^sTD

LESSON.

THE

UNION

OF TWO

OR MORE

VOWELS, AND

THEIR

SOUNDS.

Two vowels

coming

together

form

diplitliong. Three

coming together form

tripthong.

In Irish

there are

thirteen

diphthongs

;

five

triphthongs.

The chief

use

treating of

them

at any

length

at so early

stage in

our

instructions,

is to know

their

sounds clearly.

Of the thirteen

diphthongs

six

are

always

long,

natu

rally so

;

seven

are naturally

short, but

become long when

marked with

the accent.

The long

diphthongs do not

require, as they

are always

long,

any

notation

the

accent.

The seven naturally short do

require the

presence

of the

accent to show

that their sound

is,

the

case so noted,

pronounced

long.

The long

are:

—

Ae, ao, eo, eu,

^a,

ua :

]n (see

Third

Lesson,

13)

has

not yet been

ranked

amongst

the

long

diphthongs.

Sounds

the six long

Dipht\ong;.

Ae, like ae in

Muscc, ex.

t)Ae,

yesterday.

AO, ... ee

queer :—n\

Munster,

like tlie

first

che

word tliere.

DAott,

dear

;

r^Oft,

cheap.

eo, ... eo

Keon,

ceol, music. It is

short in

the

five following

words

eo'cA-]y\, a

Tcey

;

beoc, a

drink

;

GocA]i), a man's

name

;

teo,*

tíiÍ3

;

reoc,

ajyart.

eu, long, like ni in

wail,

beul,

mouth

;

rseul,

stoj-y.

]A,

like ee

teem,

P]'>-V,

'pain.

UA,

ooe in

wooer,

TWAij,

rest.

This

sound

is easy,

if it

kept in

mind that

always

sounded

in the Continental

languages,

oo,

and

not

you"

So, and

reo,

this, are the same

pronoun

;

is, by some,

inserted

before o,

order that

might, according to the

general

rule

(see

Obs.

2),

receive the

sound of s/t—

sound

which,

remembered,

always has

when placed before or after

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN IRISH.

VOCABULARY.

Aey\,, air.

5Ae,

of an arrow

;

possessive case of

5A, an arrow,

ray, a javelin.

lAe, of

day

;

poss.

of l^,

a day.

t)Ae, yesterday

;

r^\e,

the

moon.

A]5, at,

to ; le, with

ó,

from.

A5Atr;,

to me

;

A5A&,

thee

;

Ai5e,

him.

ji)t), ia

;

A^},

the

;

at),

whether

(Latin, anne).

ru,

thou,

second person sing.

[sliiv),

you, second person plu-

ral, is

never, in Irish, em-

ployed

for

the second

person

singular.

40.

Aol,

lime.

Aoij,

one,

any

;

Fr. un

;

Gr. t», {eri);

Lat.

unum.

Aor,

age.

blAors,

shell.

briAoi), drop.

CAol,

slender.

cAOTt,

berry, a burning

coaL

tJAOft,

dear.

pAot),

weak, pining,

feeble.

tt)Aol,

bald.

njAOft,

a steward.

tiAob,

rend (to) v.

rAo^t,

cheap, free

;

workman-

cAon),

fit,

rage.

rAoi*,

dough.

itjAtt, as, hke.

1)1,

not.

b-i:u]l(pr. will), is?

eo.

beo,

alive.

ceo,

fog, vapour.

ceol,

music.

beol,

suck.

!3eo|t, a tear,

a drop.

leoft,

enough.

veol,

a sail.

cneofi,

guide.

oftm,

me,

o^c,

on thee.

AiTi,

on him.

EXERCISE

b-piiil

c-Ae|i

i\]i&? 2.

civ At)

c-Aefi

ivjib.

b-]:u]l

At)

Ia •-•ÍX&A

4. ca

AT)

^^&A.

b-pUll

AT)

TDAC

CTT)T)

r)Ae

? 6.

civ

at)

ttjac

cit)t)

ó i)Ae.

b-puil ah

jiAe biVT)

? 8. civ

|tAe bivT).

9. b-^u^l biv]t|t AT)

jAe

5Ait5?

10.

civ ba]t|t

3Ae

5A|t5.

11.

civ A]tivi) (bread)

fAOfi.

12.

b-]:u]l

aoI í5ao|t?

13.

civ

Aol

bAori.

14.

b-pu]l

AOI)

blAOfS

A5Ab?

15. ci^

bUoi^S

A3ArT),

16.

b-f-u]!

aot) bjiAot)

A5A0?

17.

civ

briAoi)

A5An). 18.

b-^iujl

cAon)

o|tc

? 19.

ci\ caoh)

otiJi).

20.

y:n]\

at)

tdac

|:aot)

21.

civ at)

n)AC

aoi). 22.

h-yiwyX

ai)

beo?

23.

civ

AT)

bo beo. 24.

b-pujl At)

rt)Aoit

c^t)!)?

25.

civ

AT)

TnAO]t

cit)T).

26.

civ

AT)

cAOf bAOft.

27.

civ ceol

Aije.

28.

\)-x\.x]\

AOT)

beoit

A5Ab? 29. civ

ceo AT)t). 30.

b-piiil

eocA)|t

A3Ab?

31.

civ

beoc A^Art)

at)i)

^eo.

EXERCISE VI.

the

cow

white

The cow is white.

3. Is

the

son

tall?

4. The

son

tall.

5. Is the day long? 6. The

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

day is

not long.

Have you a berry

8. I

liave

not a

berry.

9. Is the steward alive

? 10.

The steward

not

alive.

11. The steward was alive yesterday. 12.

was

not alive

yesterday. 13.

was sick

yesterday.

14.

Are

you sick?

15. No

; I

am not. 16. Time is like a vapour.

17.

music melodious?

18.

Yes

;

music is melodious.

19. He

tore

string of tlie

harp

(c]tuic).

20.

Music is

cheap.

21.

tore the sail

with

the top of the

arrow.

Obs.

—There

are at present very few

words spelled

with the

diphthong

Ae,

in fact only one or two more

besides

those given here

;

as, pAeéeAÓ,

smiling : in modern

Irish,

is used

for

Ae,

commonly

found

in the ancient written

language.

Obs.

—The diphthong

is not

found in the English

language save

the

w'ord gaol,

a prison

;

which

it is

pronounced

é in there

—agreeing exactly with

the

sound

given

this diphthong in

Irish

the

natives of INlunster

Tliis analogy,

and the fact that words now spelled with

were, by

ancient Irish

writers, spelled with

—which, as

we have

shown, has the sound of the first

the word

there

—

leads

believe that the sound

this diphthong,

pronounced in

Munster, is the correct one. Add to this,

that if

pronounced

ce,

it is not easy

to distinguish

between it

and the

sound of the

triphthong

ao], which is

formed from

it, nor from

that of the diphthong

^a.

Obs.

—

Following the

authority

of Dr. O'Donovan,

is placed by us

among those

diphthongs which

are long

nature.

For,

there are

only five words in

the

language

in which

the

sound

of eo is found to be short,

it is useless

mark it

long. Hence, though hitherto this

dij)hthong

has been,

many Irish

writers, marked

with the accent

('),

yet

our

Lessons w^e

shall

avoid using this notation.

plainly not only

useless, but

calculated

even

lead

astray.

Objection.—

In what does the

sound

the diphthong

differ

from that of the simple

vowel

—

Answer

—

the

diphthong

adds to the

sound of the simple

twofold way

: first the sound of e

in the diphthong

is so

blended

with that

make, as far

possible,

only

one whole

sound—

thus differing in their unison

from the

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

simple

soimd

o. Again,

the consonant

preceding

becomes liquid,

that the

same consonant

which,

before

II, would

be pronounced

hard,

is pronounced liquid-

like when

going

before

];

as, for example,

the word

bo, a coic,

is pronounced

lilve the French

beau,

while beo,

alive,

is pronounced

as if

bc-j/o

;

so in ceol,

music,

the

pronounced as

is hearvi in

the Irish proper name Keogh

(or

Kehoe,

as it

is written ia some districts), and Keon

;

while

not followed by e

is not p-onounced with that

slender

liquid

strain, but just like

in the

English word

cow. So I

before

]

is soundeJ

million,

the French word

Urn

;

and

before-

is sounded

sh,

while

before

a, o,

or u it is

sozind

soul.

This slender or

liqui

sound

the co-isonants before

and

]

should

be much attended

to;

is the key for get-

ting

proper

pronunciation

the Irish language.

^ound the following

words

according

to the pronuncia-

tion

noted in

the commencement of this Lesson

VOCABULARY.

beul,

mouth.

cneut),

what.

reu|t,

giass.

50115,

branch.

5eu)i, sharp.

njeufi,

tÍDger,

toe ; finger when

speaking

the

hand;

toe

when

speaking

of the

foot.

leul, cloud.

Tieulr, star.

reuT), happiness.

róeul,

story.

rpeutt,

sky,

firmament.

ctteut), herd.

5A1),

without.

IÓ1J,

store.

t)ó,

or.

]A.

ciaU, sense,

t)|A,

God.

biAr,

blade

com,

^riAl, generous.

51AU,

jaw.

S^IAt),

sun.

lArs,

fish.

TijiAi),

desire.

pjAi),

pain.

piArc,

w-.rm.

r5ic.i),

knife.

ri^ri,

westward.

rliAr,

thi^h, the loin.

T|X|Ao,

bridle.

]f,

(it) is

;

(pronounced

is,

and

not

ish.

the only exception

the

rule that

after

e or i).

u<v.

buAT),

lasting.

cUiAf,

ear.

ctiuAf,

hardness.

ciu\i), harbour.

bUAl, work, duty

;

pecidiar

one

from

some

inherent

cause.

puA|i, cold.

5rtUA5,

hair.

fcuAb,

broom.

ruAr),

slumber.

ruAf,

up, erect.

UAi), lamb.

IjotT), with me ;

leAc, with

thee

;

leir,

with

him

;

le|ce,

with her

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN IRISH.

Examples formed

from the

foregoing

words

—

EXEECISE

VII.

tjí

^eufi

5eu5.

b-pu]!

^eur) ojtc ? 3. civ

feur)

o|in).

b-puil

citeub

A5<\b ? 5.

c<v

cjteub

A^<srn.

At) |teulc

\i)

ueul

? 7.

Tteulc

<m}

ueul.

at)

itettlc

^peujt

0Í

|teulc At)

rpeujt.

c|teui) ai}

yseal?

11. civ

I'peun

ynAy.

12.

c$v

ciaU

Ajje.

13.

b-^rujl

ciaU

Aije

14.

A51H'

cCv

tDi<v))

Ai5e.

15.

civ

]^r^

^IS©-

l^-

^^^

fl^l^n

Aifx.

17.

b-fu^l

At)

oftc?

18. civ

p^At)

ofim.

19.

civ

5IaU

A5Art).

21.

cí\31aUaih.

21. t)']

b-pitil

p^l^l*

Ain.

22. civ

r^lAi)

3eu|t.

23.

]]•

tt7iAt) lioiT)

rr'l*'^

24.

b-puil

3ftUv\3

o|ic ?

25. ca

3ituA5

oiirt).

26.

civ

5ituA5

^]\i.

27.

b-pujl ai)

cuati

VllAf

i;Ó

l-jAjt

? 28.

CA A1)

CUAi;

P1A]1.

29.

b-puil

fUAt)

A1|t ?

30.

civ

fUAt)

Aifi.

31.

miaI

bi^r-

32.

&uaI

bcvr.

33,

civ

fcuAb

A5An).

34. civ

clixAf

Ajji» 35.

civ uAt)

Ai5e.

36.

civ At)

liv puA]i. 37. ci\

At) ]n)

u]x.

Obs.

—

b-puil,

is,

pronounced tcill, is

the

third

person

singular

present

indicative of the

verb

puilin?,

I am;

a form

the

verb

to be,"

which

is always

employed

instead of

ciijm, i can,

after

any of the

particles

questioning

(as

^n,

u'Jiether;

i)AC, lohether

not,

&c.);

of toisJiwg^

(50,

that);

0Í

denying

(t)i,

?iot,

nckc,

^cho

not);

and

oi supposing (itjA,

if),

after the

relative

pronoun

icho; t;AC,

loho not; as

b-f-'ml

ye,

he is

not

;

b-puil

pe,

that he

is;

At)

b-puil

ye,

IS he

;

t)AC

b-pujl

fé,

is he

not

;

At) c6

b-pu]l,

i/ie person

who is

;

At) ce

i)Ac

b-puil,

tlie

person ivho is

not.

Obs.

—The

difference

between

•\y,

is,

and

civ,

is,

is that

tne one

{}x)

denotes

simply

existence

;

civ

denotes existence

in relation

to time,

state,

condition, place.

Ocs.

—IP

omitted

in short

assertive

sentences; as,

FPÁrtii

rt7ivOA beo

'i)A leoi)

n)A|ib, a

living

dog

(is)

letter

than

a dead

lion;

peiv]i]i

clii

'ua

coi)ac,

better

fa^e

than

joealth.

Obs.

—

{is) is

never

employed

after particles

of ask-

ing, wishing,

denying,

supposing,

the like

;

as,

ai)

jteulc

At)

5PiAt),

ichether

(is) tlie sun a

star? i)ac

peulc

spjAu?

not

the

sun a

star?

|teulc At)

SPjAn,

the sun

(is) not

star; At)

CH A

civ At)D?

anne tu qui es

illicf whether

(ia it)