Bourke Ulick J. Easy lessons, or Self-instruction in Irish / Легкие уроки: самоучитель ирландского языка

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SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH. 11

you

who are

it?

left

understood, as is done so

often

Latin

sentences.

VOCABULARY.

There

is,

civ,

ir-

Beginning,

cuf.

Eartli,

ctié,

(i]tt,

cAlATÍ).

End,

seitie,

ct^^oc..

Foundation,

bun-

Grass,

ireufi.

(he),

re,

;

(she)

ri, f

In,

AT)T),

A]|i,

(on).

Store,

lor),

iTÓn.

Top.

b;vT\Ti.

True,

vit^n-

This, é 10 :

that,

tin-

There

is not,

1)1

b-vuil.

The word

there is omitted in

translat-

ing

into Irish.

Thing,

oi^j

(pr- «^ee)

;

5»vc

uile

i)ió

(pr.

í/acÁ ooiU nhee), all things.

White,

VIOOO)

(fair, opposed

red,

tíUvVó

;

as,

t^e^n

rior)!),

fair-

haired

man)

;

h'>M), white

;

5eAl,

bright.

Note.

—There

being

in Irish,

as in French,

only two

genders,

masculine

and

feminine (See

Sixteenth Lesson\ the pronoun it, when

referring to

nouns which

Irish are masculine, must be

translated

;

but

rí

when

to nouns which in

our language are feminine.

EXERCISE VIII.

Is the

story true? 2.

The story is not true.

the grass

green ?

4. The grass is green.

5. Is prosperity

on the

country? 6.

Prosperity

not on the

country.

Prosperity

is not

Listing.

Is fish

dear or cheap

Fish is

dear. 10. Is that a star or a

cloud? 11. It

neither

star nor a

cloud; it is

the

moon. 12.

that

a story or a

wish? 13. It is

story. 14. Is that

bridle

the cheek?

15.

Is the ear

erect?

16.

I am

in a

slumber. 17.

Are

you in a

slumber? 18.

The

finger

cold.

19. The

sun

is on

high. 20.

The

sun is in the

sky.

21. The sun is

cloud.

22. Without

store,

without

friend, 23.

lamb is white.

24. The

worm is

on the earth.

25.

The

clay

is cold.

26. There is no

rest

earth.

27.

There is rest

with God.

28. Is

there

a God? 29.

There

is a God.

30. God is

the be-

ginnmg

and

the

end, the foundation

and the top

all

things.

THIRD

LESSON.

«.1^

The diphthongs

long by

nature should never be soundeii

short ;

the

diphthongs

short

nature

are,

the

contrary,

sometimes sounded

long. This change fi.'om

short

to long

12 SELF-

INSTRUCTION

IRISH,

IS noted by placing the

(')

accent

over

that vowel of the

digraph

whose soimd is

lengthened.

SOUNDS OF

THE SEVEN SHORT

DIPHTHONGS.

ÍV],

equals the

sound of

awi

in the

English

word saiV'

ing;

civjl,

fame

;

^^il,

fate.

This sound is

nothing more than

the united sounds

ÍV {aiv),

and

(i)

aici.

It should he

carcÍLiJIj

noted

by the learner, as

is so

unlike

the

sound of

the

sa/Jie

diphthong in

English

French.

not accented,

the

French

taW.c^ cut;

c-Aill,

loss;

vatU,

sty.

The sound

a] short is hard to be

Icarr.ed

an Eng-

lish-speaking student. To pronounce it

correctly then,

add to

the sound of

that

]

quickly

enunciated,

yet

forming both into

one.

The

consonant

following

]

re-

ceives

withal

slender

sound, because it

is joined to one

the

slender vowels.

gELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

VOCABULAEY.

iv],

and

A].

^ll,

pleasure,

agreeableness.

A|ll,

cliif,

rock.

ivir,

place.

Aic,

pleasure, fancifulness.

bixjl,

blessing ; happy

issue ; success.

bA]\\,

members.

cí\^l, fame.

CAjll,

loss.

civjn, tax, reproacb.

CA)0, chaste,

undefiled.

éA,

and

ca.

beAij, a woman

;

(ah

beAtj, an van,

the woman).

bjteAC, speckled,

and

hence it

sig-

nifies a trout.

ceAS,

hundred,

first.

ceAb,

leave.

VSAp.,

a man

;

(Lat.

vir).

t:eAttti,

better.

geAtj, aifection.

é],

and

ej.

béjnj, a

beam,

a stroke,

a stain,

cejrc, a

question.

SejTt,

suet,

self,

swan,

léitt), a leap.

t;é|nj,

power,

sway.

Í0,

and

10.

cjo'nn,

esteem,

regard.

c^iior), withered.

cruof,

girdle.

Vfon,

wine.

Viooo,

fair.

tofi,

true

;

(Latin,

verum

)

fjor,

knowledge.

iu,

and

iu.

^llll,

to suck.

y:]ú,

worthy,

H'll,

knowledge

X]ú]i,

sister, a

kinswoman ;

—

Hebrew,

a female

relative

called sister.

tcn'itt,

a rudder

;

affected ap-

pearance of the

countenance

;

angry

look.

vords

;

as,

(u is

short only in

very few

trl)uc, wet

;

c|Uo,

thick

; f

juc, boil.

It ought,

therefore,

be ranked

amongst

the

long

diphthongs.

<5),

and

oj.

co^ti,

just.

co]\i, a crime,

foil,

while,

fóiít,

help.

ti)0]U,

delay,

jcojl,

schooL

ÚJ,

and

U).

C|wic,

a hump,

a harp.

CÍ415, five

(hence cil^e,

province,

because Ireland

was formerly

divided

into

five parts

or king-

doms).

!5ttU|TT), a back.

nju]ix,

the sea

;

Welsh,

mór

;

Latin.

mare;

German, meer.

PERSONAL

PRONOUNS

SINGULAR.

xi)e,

;

cu, thou

;

re,

he, (it)

; rfi

she, (it)

Ai5,

at ;

le,

with

; A|fi,

;

bo,

to.

SELF-INSTIiUCTION

IN IRISH,

COIIPOUIÍD PROXOUNS.

A5Att),

at me

—

compounded

of A15 (at), and

ii)é

(I or me)

;

A5A&,

thee,

(of

A)5

and

cu,

thou)

;

Ai5e,

to him,

(of A15

and e)

;

A]C],

at her, (of

A15

and

;

l|oit), with me ;

same as le, with,

and me, me or I

;

ICAr, with

thee

; leir,

with

him

;

lejte, with her

;

oftTi),

on me

;

otic,

on thee

;

A]]\,

him

;

Aitt|;i,

or,

A]|tc], on her

;

sati),

;

suic,

thee

;

óo,

him

;

6],

her.

POSSESSIVE

PRONOLTl-TS.

n)o,

;

bo,

thy

;

hio,

its ; A,

her, its.

EXERCISE IX.

b-f.*ail

n)e<v|*

mó|t

oftc?

2. civ

rrjeAf

rnójt

ojin?.

t^ujl

At)

fliuc?

z:\

AT)

liv

f-liuc.

b-pujl

ptijl Ai;r)

fu]l

óeii*

6. civ }:u]\ ai)I)

itio

fail

óejf.

ivjl leAC

A céAcc (pr. héacht, to come)

Ijorn? 8.

iv^l

Ijort)

6ul

(to go)

IcAC. 9.

b-piql

c]tAD c'\x\o^)2

10. civ

cjiad

c|tjot;. 11.

b-fui]!

pjoD

fjouD

A5U|*

y:\ox)

beAit5

AjAb ?

12. civ

pjoD

PIODD,

A5U|- ^joi) &eA|t3

asatd.

13.

b-pu]l

(wo)

piODD, AD

5é

bivD,

5e||*

jeAl,

eAC

|iuaó,

^cad,

feAji

cfteuD,

beAD

billf

14.

civ

p]o]i

b-ptijlib.

15. b-pu^l

jor

njótt

A5A&

16.

-[x

p]o|t

dac b-yujlifD 5AD

pior.

17.

b-fu]!

pio]*

AjAb

3U|i

fiú

feAjt

rDAjc,

c]od

a5u|-

civ^l

A3ur

iDeAr?

Obs.

—The sound

]

is, in Irish, infused

into all

these

diphthongal

sounds,

even though it cannot be

cor-

rectly noted

English

corresponding vowel

marks. All

can do

give

the

nearest

possible English

equivalent.

The

learner

should well note, then, the fact—

first,

that

each of

the two vowels is sounded,

yet blended

into one

;

and,

secondly,

that the consonant

after

liquid

slender.

This he will

observe on reading or

speaking

the

first sentence

in Irish.

Irishmen,

like the

ancients of Athens

and Rome, enunci-

ate,

pronouncing

diphthong,

the

two vowels of

which

is composed,

fully and distinctly than

English-

speaking

people

are wont to

do. The two

vowels of the

diphthong,

though

united,

should

be each

distinctly

heard.

Obs.

—The diphthongs

éA

(marked

long)

and

eu are

SELF-IIÍSTRUCTION IN

miSU. 15

sometimes,

manuscripts

and publications, wi'itten mdif-

ferently

one for the

other,

—

if.}

.Ua,k;

112}

<"<"•

SZf

"'""»

\tZ}

'™"'-

:^;:',;^^«.'-.-

:::»}-'"»="•

Only

one form

spelling shall, in words in

which this

digraph occm's,

followed in these

Lessons.

Instead

éA

shall

adopt,

for uniformity, the diphthong

;

peu|t,

grass;

seuji,

sharp, &c.

Excepting, however,

eAb

eA5, in

or un

(in

composition)

Example,

éAí5-c|iorr),

unlieavy,

that is, light ;

eAj-cojit,

in-justice ;

feé.\r),

;

eeAfi-pAb,

/ shall sag

;

words in which

éA

is regarded

as a

settled form ; or

in which this

form of spelling has a diíFei'ent

meaning from

another

the same sound. This

unsettled

spelling

not

unlike the yet

unsettled form

otc in

English

;

as, endeavour,

honour,

favour,

labour,

which

Web-

ster has,

for

the sake of

uniformity,"

endeavoured

correct.

Obs.

—There are a

few words

spelled with

the digrajih

short, and only a

few,

in which

the

second

vowel, and

not

the

first,

marked

with the

accent

;

as,

pei\ii|t

(pro-

nounced /ar), better

;

5eiv]x|i

(garr),

short

;

peiv^i;

(fárii),

the alder-tree;

merely to

distinguish

them

from

other words

spelled with

the

same

short diphthong

;

as,

peAfi

(likeyii?-

in farthing),

man

;

jeAfi

(as gar

garden),

cut

;

-peAjii;,

shield.

Obs.

—

Tipperary, Waterford,

and

Kilkenny,

the

diphthongs

ca,

to,

and

sometimes

ju,

on coming

before

are incorrectly pronounced

oio

;

as,

sleAi),

a valley,

pronounced

gloion

;

piono,

fair,

pronounced

fown.

Their

correct pronunciation is noted

the

paradigm,

12.

EXERCISE X.

'^\\

Ijom

[It

is a

pleasure

with

me]

, Le., I am pleased.

At?

l^^\

liotD?

3. civ

AT)

AiU

ajib.

4. b-pu^l

ai)

a^U

ivftft?

bAjl

DjA (God)

o]tc. 6. civ

civjl

oftc.

7. civ

ceA&

A3Art).

civ Ai)

^íor»

Kjoot), A5Uf

at)

3eir

bivt).

civ at)

VeA^i

cói|i.

10.

rónx

ojiTT).

11.

civ

xx)é

c|iíot).

12.

civ

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH

beAr)'A|3e. 13.

b-|:uil

beAt)

Aije

? 14.

civ

ce]rc

a^ah) o|tc

15. b-pujl ce]|*c

A5Ab

oitTT)?

16.

^jCi

rn&.

17. civ

c]tu]c

0(tn),

A5Uf

civ c]\n]z

asattj.

18.

^e'-\\\]i

\]om

c]m]z. A5At>

't)a

o}tc.

19. ci\

pior

A5AIT7. 20.

b-piql

pior

A5Ab?

21. cX\

cioijr)

oftm.

22.

b-]:uil

c]0))x) o]ic? 23.

b-pu^l

civilopc?

24.

ij]

b-pu]l.

25.

b-fu^l

cA]ll

oitc

? 26.

civ

ca]11 ojtn?.

Obs.

—There is a

peculiar Irisli idiom which

should

noticed

the learner, that

the

state, condition,

or suf-

fering under which a

person

laboui's

expressed

in English

by the verb

to he

and

the adjective—

expressed

in Irish

by the noun, after the

verb civ

(b-piqU,

is,

and

the preposi-

tional pronoun,

07i me,

on thee, &c.,

0)1117,

o]ic,

&c. :

as,

civ

CA|ic

0)tn7,

thirst is on me,

e.,

I am

thirst}^:

civ

veA]t5

o|iii7,

anger is on me—I

am angry;

c\iu]z

ojtc, there

hump on you

—

you are hunchbacked

;

civ

|-onA|*

oji-, pros-

perity

is on

you

—

you are prosperous.

Obs.

—The

auxiliary verb, "have,"

expressed in Irish

the third person

singular

plural

of the

verb

be, and

the prepositional

pronoun a^au^,

at me, or to me

;

A^Ab,

thee;

Ai5e,

at him;

aic],

her;

as,

civ

tpac

AjAn?,

I have

son

(literally,

son is

me),

civ

oft

A3A&

(gold is

you),

you

have gold

;

civ beAi)

Aije,

has a

wife

;

civ peAjt

Afce,

she has a

husband.

Those

two idioms

enter much into

the

spoken and

written Irish language, and therefore

deserve

the

par-

ticular attention of the learner. There

is not a

page writ-

ten

which

they are not

found,

iior can there be a

single

conversation without their use.

Obs. 3.

Ownership or exclusive

possession is expressed

the assertive verb

bo bejc,

(if,

;

bu6, was)

;

with

the

prepositions fee, to

;

le,

with

;

as,

i|*

njAc ÓArp

T^eAft

(he is

a son to

me, the

young

man),

i. e.,

the

young man

son of mine

;

l]ow

at? oji,

(it is with me

the

gold),

e.,

the

gold

is mine

;

leAc

aij

L]]t,

(it is with thee, the

country),

i.e.,

the comitry is

thine

—

as Abraham said to

Lot.

Choice,

pleasure,

taste,

distaste,

displeasure,

and the

like,

are expressed by

the prepositional pronoun,

l|oti7, with

;

leAc,

with

you

; le|f,

with him,

after

the

noun or

adjective

SELF-mSTRUCTION

IRISH. 17

with

the assertive verb

]}•

;

as,

ix]l l]orn,

is a pleasure

with

me,

i.e., I

wish

;

K<^C\]i|t

liorn,

better

with

me,

i.e.,

I prefer

;

i|*

rr^eAfA

leAc,

it is worse,

with you

—

you

think worse of

; ]y

ajc

leif,

pleasure with

him,

EXERCISE

XI.

cCv ceAjtc

A5Art) (I have a

right).

b-piiil

ce^]\z,

A5An)

? 3.

ceAjic

a3att) A^t

have a

right

on it).

b-]:uil

ce<vftc

A5AtD

A])i? 5. cic

ceA|tc A5A0

ahi.

6. civ

jeA|ic AjC)

Ai|t.

civ

ceij-c

AjAn?. 8.

civ

ce^fc

a]c\.

). civ

ce]|-c

Aije

o|tc. 10.

b-pujl

ceifc

A3A» o[trn?

11.

civ

:]o\)\)

o]\n).

12. b-pu^l c]ot;r)

opm

? 13. civ c]ot)i) A5<\n7.

14.

civ

C]o\)\)

ASATD

o]tc.

15.

b-f

u|l

cior»)

A5Ab o\\n) ?

16.

civ

5ev\t)t)

Ai3e

o]ic. 17. b-pu^l

5eAi)

a^c]

ojtc?

18. civ

5|tivir)

A3<Mi7

Ojtc.

19. b-pujl

'S]\i^Vf

a3<^&

o|trt)

20. civ

T)eA]ic

Ai3e

A111

(he

has

help

for it

—

i.e.,

can prevent it).

21. b-pujl TieAjxc

Ai3e

A]|t?

22.

b-^niil

r)eA|tc

Ai3e

A^ia

(he

has no

help for it). 23. i)ac b-^*u]l neAjic A3A&

ai|i

24. civ |-eA|tc A]3e

biiic.

25.

civ ]*eA|tc A3An)

&uic.

26.

]xu]\'),

b-pu]l

feAjtc

A3A&

bATt)?

27. civ yeAjtc

A5Att> &o

OjA.

28. civ

i-eAjtc

A13

D|a ojtrt).

29.

buirje

le 0]a

T^eA^t

05.

30.

mAc

&u]c

At)

veA|t 03.

31. ad

ttjac

bu|c

AT)

feA^t Ó3?

32.

peivjt|i \]on)

cUi

'tjA óji.

33.

peiv]t]i

c]aI

'da

oft.

NOTE.

It has

been recommended

to us

by many of our readers that

should

give in

Eoman letters the pronunciation of every Irish word that occurs

these Lessons, and that such an additional help would greatly facilitate

the studj^

the

langiiage for those who know

nothing at aU about it.

Om-

reasons for not

complying -oith this wish

are

First.

—

From

our own

experience of the manner in which correct pro-

nunciation of

any

language is acquired in Seminaries, Colleges,

Universi-

ties,

we know

that dictionaries, in which each word is pronounced,

give

httle

or no

additional help to the student

above

that which is

rendered

by other

dictionaries furnished with

no so

such aid. The student

prefers

rather

rest on

the general principles on which the peculiar

pronunci-

ation

of the

language is founded, than

recur repeatedly to his

pronounc-

ing

vocabulary for

the correct prouimciation of each recurring

word.

What student

learning French, having once learned the peculiar

sounds

the

terminations am,

em, im, an, en, in, ant, ent, int.

or that of

the vowel

or the

diphthong

eu,

would require to refer to a

pronouncing dictionary

order

to know

how

they are sounded in this and

that other word ?

»ne

would

act thus.

Should not then, in a

language

ours,

in which

aivariably

the same vowels, and the

same

combinations of them and of

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

consonants, are

sounded always alike,

the

general principles of its

dis-

tinctive

pronunciation suffice

Let the

student

bear always iu mind one

great

principle

—

that

all the

vowels and consonants

are sounded with a

broad,

full, clear

enimciation

; let him refer from time to time to the prin-

ciples laid down

in our First, Second,

and Third

Lessons.

Secondly.

—

Neither "The Self-

Instructor" nor

Ollendorff"

gives

any

such aid in teaching

foreign

languages.

Thirdly. —

It is

very difficult

to convey

in Roman letters the

precise

sounds of

Irish

words

;

for this reason,

it is

much better to

endeavour

pronounce, mtliout any such

aid, the words

given

the various Lessons,

referring

from

time

to time, if

necessary, to the examples before each

Exercise.

FOURTH LESSON.

Taking

the five

vowels from the

seventeen Irish

letters,

there

remain twelve

consonants.

Of the

consonants,

three

—

viz.,

—never

change

their primitive

radical

sound

;

the remaining

nine do

change

their radical

sound

into

one

of a kindred

nature,

which is formed

a like

opening

of the mouth.

This

change in the

nine

mutable consonants is

caused

either

by the natural

sound

of the word in

Avhich

any

mu-

table

enters, requiring

, by

their position in

a word

or sen-

tence

;

by their relation,

connection with

other

words

that

have an influence

on their sound. Thus

the

end

the word

cac

battle), must be

aspirated,

the

natu-

ral

sound of the word requires

it, in

order to distinguish

from

the word

cac

(a cat) ; b

boAT),

a woman,

a wife,

pronounced with all the

native force

that the

Roman

English

b has

in the English

word

ban, or the

Latin

baii-

num;

but if any of the

possessive pronouns

njo,

; bo,

thy;

his, and

some

of the

simple

prepositions

before

it,

b immediately

assumes

the

sharper

flatter sound

;

followed

the

vowels

]

;

lo, if

followed

any

the broad

vowels

a, o,

: Ex.,

beAt?,

woman

;

pronounced

vann

;

nyo bA|t&, my bard, is

pronounced

loardh.

Excluding then

ij,

|t,

from the twelve

consonants,

have

nj,

subject

this change

in their

primitive

sound.

SELF-INST-RUCTION IN

IRISH.

This

change,

arising from

an aspirate or

rough breathing

after

the

vowel

sornid, is at

present

correctly called

aspira-

tion,

incorrectly

mortification;

for the change does not

de-

stroy,

it only

modifies the sound

of the consonant. Besides,

rests on

the

same principle,

and is regulated precisely

the

same

rules as those to which

aspiration in Hebrew,

Greek,

Latin,

Spanish,

German,

or English

is subject.

The

consonants

b, xx), are called

labials

or lip-letters,

because

one

cannot sound

them without compressing

the

lips.

their primitive sounds

are cognate,

is it not natural

that

when

penetrated by the aspiration, the somids of these

same

kindred letters should, on philosophic principles, re-

main cognate, or of the same organ ? This

what

exactly

takes

place.

and

palatals, have their aspirate form perfectly

cognate,

both

partaking,

when aftected by the rough

breathing, of

tne

guttm'al

sound.

From

this

principle

similarity

sound

letters of the

same

organ, and of

their

retaining still

similarity

in their

aspirated

forms, a table of the aspirable

consonants,

and of

their

aspirate

sounds,

as represented by

Roman letters, can

formed.

(This

Table

should be

referred to till

the aspirate sounds

are

known by the learner.)

*,*

The notation for the aspirate sound is a dot

(•)

or ij.

Plain or

Primitive

Form.

Aspirated

Secondary Form,

Spelled.

Labials

Palatals \

Dentals

Sibilant S

Pronunciation or

Se-

condary Form, as

Arti-

culated.

t^,

Pb,

t)b,

9a3,orai)b,

1=,

Tb,

Cb,

^b,

Db,

Cb,

Sb,

V, or W.

,, ifKH,

orX.

GutturaUpTr'

DH, Y.

SELF-IXSTRUCTION

IRISH.

fuller

e.rplanation

the Aspirated Consonants.

(asp.)

orf.

...

(before

after

e or

]);

(before

after

a, o,

u).

...

(before

after

;

(before or

after

;

ri)

sliglitly

nasal,

cuiijA

(pronounced as

if cu]ij^<\),

sorrow,

...

silent

has the

sound of h

in some

words; as

freit),

self;

fé]v,

(dhom

héen) to

myself.

...

cli

och,

oc;

the Greek

-^^

(cliee).

invariably

sounded

the

Gree"k

(cliee)

when it goes

before

; but

before

or u,

it has

thicker sound,

heard

the

exclamation

oc !

(och,)

ocoi?

(ochon)

;

of the

German

ch.

There

is no

sound

English

like that of

(asp.)

;

for

when

it is

said that c

aspirated sounds hke gh

lough,

very

few

take

that sound,

for few in these

countries,

except

Irish-speaking

people

alone, pronounce

that digraph

with

guttural

tone. To

pronounce it correctly add to

the

sound of k

(or

Irish

little rough

breathing from

the

throat;

oc,

(ocJi!)

(asp.)

gh,

guttural,

in the

beginning of a

word,

if before the

vov/els

o, u:

before

it has the

less

guttural sound

of?/; as, n;o

geAr), my

affection.

But

in the

end

and

middle

words, it

has no

other

power than

that of

lengthening the

sound of

the

preceding

vowel, and

fixing the

spelling, just

in the

English

words

—high,

highness,

nigh, neighbour,

thought,

thoughtful,

thought-

fulness,

tends to

lengthen the

vowel

the

diphthongs

ei,

oic,

and

aid in forming a

correct

orthography.

Example:

1115,

king,

pronounced

as if

written

]i'],

{ree),

|i]5eACc,

a kingdom,

ms-Ari^Ail,

kingly;

foj,

happiness,

prosperity,

pronounced so,

fOo"'^")^lli

pleasant,

prosperous

;

T05-A1Í9IACC,

pleasantness.

& has a

thick,

guttural sound

very

like that of

In the

beginning

word,

8 before e

}

has

exactly

the

sound

1170

OiA

(mo

Yia), my

God.

the

middle

end