Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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8 2

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɩɨ ɝɥɹɞɫɺɧɧɹɜɟɥɶɦɿɲɵɪɨ ɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠ ɚɧɵȼɨɫɶɹɲɱɷɚɞɧɚɩɪ ɵ

ɱɵɧɚɱɚɦ ɭɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿ ɡɦ Ʌɿɬɜɚ²Ɋɭ ɫɶ ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɜɚɰɶɹɤɚɛɫɚɥɸ ɬ

ɧɵɜɵɡ ɧɚɱ ɚɥɶɧɵ ɞɥ ɹ ɭɫɹɟɥ ɿɧ ɿɿ ɩɚɜɨɞ ɡɿɧ ɩɚɧɭɸ ɱɚɟɥ ɿɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɟɜɹɪ

ɯɭɲɤɿ 

ɇɚɿ ɧɬɷɪ ɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɸ ɷɬɧ ɚɝ ɪɚɮɿ ɱɧɵɯ ɿ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧ ɵɯɩ ɚɧɹɰɰɹʆɚ

ɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚɧ ɚɬɨ ɟ ɲɬɨ ɬɷɪɦ ɿɧ © Ʌɿɬɜɚª  ɚɡɧɚɱɚʆɹɤ ɥɿɬɨ ʆɫɤɿɹ ɬɚɤ ɿɪɭ ɫ

ɤɿ ɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨ ɪɵɿ Ʌɿɬ ɜɵʆ ɜɭ ɡɟɣɲɵɦ ɫɷ ɧɫɟ ɛ ɟɡ ɚɛ ɲɚɪɚʆɹɤɿɹɧ ɚɡ ɵɜɚ

ɥɿɫɹɊɭɫɫɸɡɜɹɪɬɚɟʆɜɚɝɭȽəɛɥɚɧɨ ʆɫɤɿ+-DEáR QRZVNL. Westru ssland

zwischen Wilna und Moskau. Die po litische Stellung un d die poli tische

Tendenzen d er rus sis chen Bevö lkerung des G ros sfü rst ent ums Li tau en

L P   -K ɜɵɞ     ɜɵɞ   /HLG HQ     ɉɚɪɚʆɧ ɤɪ ɵɬ ɵɤɭ

Ɇɘɱ ɚɫɚ0-XþDV ɭ Li etuvos Moksl u Akad emijo s Darb ai, Seria A, I,

4, 195 8, s  ± ɪɷɡɸɦɷ ɩɚɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɭɹɤɚɹɿɞ ɡɟɡ ɚɧɚɞɬɚɞɚɥɺɤɚ

ɿɞ ɷɧɬɵɮɿɤɭɸɱɵɩɚɧ ɹɰɰ ɟ© Ʌɿɬɜɚª ɡ ɧɚɰ ɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɣɬ ɷɪɵɬɨ

ɪɵɹɣɡ ɧɚɱɧɚɦ ɟɧ ɲɚɣ ɩɚɩ ɚɦ ɟɪ ɚɯ

ɉɚɪɚʆɧɡɚʆɜɚɝɿ ɿ 

Ʌ ɑɟɪɟɩɧɢɧ Ɋɭ ɫɫɤɢ ɟ ɮɟɨɞ ɚɥ ɶɧɵɟɚɪɯɢɜɵ XIV–XV ɜɟɤɨɜ

ɱI Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ± Ʌɟɧɢ ɧɝɪ ɚɞ  ɫ  Ɍɷɤɫɬɝ ɷɬɚɟɞɚɦɨɜɵɡ ɚɯɚɜɚɧɵʆ

ɪɷɝɟɫɰɟ ɫɤɚɪɨ ɰɟ ɭ ɜɨ ɩɿ ɫɟɚɤɬɚʆɉ ɚɫɨɥ ɶɫɤɚɝɚɉ ɪɵɤɚɡɭ ɩɪ ɚ ɡɦ ɟɫɬ

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɥɹɟɬɚɤ©Ƚɪɚ ɦ ɨɬɚɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɤɧɹɡɹȾ ɦ ɢɬɪɟɹ ɂɜɚ

ɧɨ ɜɢɱɚɢ ɜɟɥ ɢɤɟɣɤɧ ɹɝɢ ɧɢ ɍɥɢ ɚɧɵ Ɉɥɶɝɟɪ ɞɨɜ ɵɞ ɨɤɨ ɧɱɚ ɧɢɟ ɨɠɟ

ɧɢɬɶɛɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨɤɧɹɡɹəɝɚɣɥɚɈɥ ɶɝɟɪɞɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɬɢɫɹɟɦ ɭɭɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ

ɤɧɹɡɹȾɦ ɢɬɪɟɹɂɜɚɧɨɜɢɱɚɧɚɞɨɱɟɪɢɚɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɤɧɹɡɸəɝɚɣɥɵɛɵɬɢ

ɜɢɯɜɨɥɟɢ ɤɪɟɫɬ ɢɬɢɫɹɜ ɩɪɚɜ ɨɫɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɭɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɫɬɜ ɨ ɫɜ ɨɟ

ɨɛɴɹɜ ɢ ɬɢɜɨɜɫɟ ɥ ɸɞɢª.

Ƚɷɬɵɧɟɜɹɞɨɦ ɵɪɷɝɟɫɬ ɤɿ ɞɚɟɧɨɜɚɟ ɫɜɹɬɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɞ ɡɟɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɩ ɹ

ɪɷɞɧɿ ɱɚɥ ɿɄɪɷʆɫɤɚɦɭ ɚɤɬɭ

əɤɩɚɞɤɪɷ ɫɥɿ ɜɚɟȽɅɚʆɦ ɹɧɫɤɿ àR ZPLDĔ VNL  8ZDJL  s. 24 4):

ɮɿ ɤɚɜɚɰɶ ɡɞ ɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɸ ɭ ɹɟ ɪɭ ɤɚɯɡɧɚɯɨɞɡ ɿɥ ɚɫɹɫɬɵɪ ɧɨ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɤɿɚ

ɹɟɿɧɬɚɪ ɷɫ ɛɵʆɞɥ ɹɤɿɪɭ ɧɤɭ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥ ɶɧɵª 

ɋɿ ɫɬɷɦɭ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɬɚɫɭ ɧɤɚʆ ɭ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɿɦɄɧɹɫɬɜɟɪ ɚɡ ɝɥ ɹ

ɞɚɸɱ ɵ ɹɟ ɧɚɣ ɩɟɪɲ ɭ  ɚɫɩɟɤɰɟɫɩɚɛɨ ɪɧ ɿɰɬɜɚ ȼɿ ɥɶɧɿ ɡ  Ɇɚɫɤɜɨɸ ɡ ɚ

ɡɚɯɨɞ ɧɟɪɭ ɫɤɿ ɹɡ ɟɦɥ ɿɹɤɚɫɧɨʆɧɵ ɦɚɬ ɵʆ ɫɚɸɡ ɭɅɿɬɜɵɡ ɉɨ ɥɶɲɱ ɚɸ ɡɚ

ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧ ɹəɝɚɣ ɥɵ ɩɪɵɦɚɟȽɉɚɲɤɟɜɿɱ (H . Pas zk iew icz. The O rig in

of Russia, London, 1954, ɫɚɪ;3ROLVK/L WKXDQLDQ8Q LRQɪ ±

KDKW, I, s. 13.

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56FKPL WWOHLQ Fac teurs polit iques et so ciaux dans l’evangeli sation de

la Lith uani e // Fes tgab e Jo seph Lort z, Baden -Bad en 1 958, s. 34.

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0R QDWV FKUL IW;;;ą ± V± 

ɆɅɸɛ ɚɜɫɤɢɣ Ɉɱɟɪɤ ɢɫɬɨɪ ɢɢ ɥɢɬ ɨɜɫɤɨ ɪɭ ɫɫɤɚɝɨɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ

ɫɬɜɚɞɨ ɥɸɛɥɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɭɧɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɫ © ɍɧɢɹ

 ±  ɝɛ ɵɥɚ«ɢɧ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰ ɢɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɝɨ ɤɧ ɹɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɤɨ ɪɨɥɟɜ

ɫɬɜɨɩɨɥ ɶɫɤɨɟª ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɹɩɚɡ ɿɰɵɿɡ ɚɧɹɥɿ ɿɚʆɬɚɪɵ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɣ©ɂ ɫ

ɬɨ ɪɢɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɢªɜɵɞɚɞ ɡɟɧɚɣȱɧɫɬ ɵɬɭ ɬɚɦ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɚɡɧɚʆɫɬɜɚȺɤɚɞɷɦ ɿɿ

ɇɚɜɭɤɋɋɋɊI, Ɇɨ ɫɤɜɚ  ɫ 

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stosunku, Kraków, 1914, s. 479–481.

O. Balžer. Unia horodelska, Kraków, 1913, s. 3–7; ɺɧɠɚTradycja

dziejowa, s. 6 –7; ɺɧɠ ɚ 6WRVX QHN/LWZ\ GR3ROVN L3LV PDSRĞPLHUWQH

III, Lwów, 1937, s. 252–265.

PH, XXI (1917– 1918), s. 1–77.

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Jagiellonów, I, Warszawa, 1930, s. 34 ɿɺɧɠɚPolska Jagiellonów, Lwów,

1936, s. 2 –5. ɉɚɱ ɚɥɚɫɹɞɵɫɤɭɫɿ ɹɡɧɚɱɧɚɪɚɧɟɣɊ ɚɫɩɚɱɚʆɹɟɅɄɚɥ ɹɧ

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ɡɚʆɜɚɝɭ 3 9).

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litews kichɿɿ ɧɲ

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memori ale,ɡ ɚɜɟɪɚɧɵɞ ɡɺɧɧɿ ɤɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɚʆª ɉ ɚɞ ɨɛɧɚ²àR ZPLDĔ VN L

Uwagi, V ɞɡɟɿɡ ɜɨɞɤɚɪɚɧ ɟɣɲɚɟɥɿ ɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵɹɤɚɹɩɚɞɡɹɥ ɹɟɝ ɷɬɵ

ɩɨɝɥ ɹɞ

- $GDPXV 3DĔV WZROL WHZVNL HV 

Ɍɚɦɫɚɦɚ ɫ 

)5DF]\ĔV NL .RGHNV' \SOR PDW\ F]Q\ /LW Z\ :URFáDZ 

s. 254.

-$ GDPXV 3DĔVWZR OLWHZV NLHV

+àRZ PLDĔ VNL:FLHOHQLH /LWZ \G R3R OVNL Z  U $:

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

8 4

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

XII, 1937, s. 36–145.

Ƚɷɬɵɞ ɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɩɭɛɥ ɿɤɚɜɚʆɈȽɚɥ ɟɰɤɿO. H alecki. Przyczynki

JHQHDO RJ LF]Q H GR  G ]L HM yZ  X Ná DG X NUHZ VN LHJR    0L HV LĊF]QL N

Herald yczn y, XIV (1 93 5), s. 1 02 ,ɡ ɚʆɜɚɝɚ ɋɜɨ ɣ ɦɚɬɷ ɪɵɹɥ ɚʆɬ ɚɪ

ɪɚɡɭ ɦɟʆ ɹɤ ɩɚɞ ɬɪ ɵɦ ɤɭ  ɩ ɚɡ ɿɰ ɵɿ   ə Ⱥ ɞɚɦɭ ɫɚ ɉɚɪɚʆɧ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦ ɚ

2+DO HFN L,GHD-DJ LHO ORĔV NDV 

+àRZ PLDĔVNL: FLHOHQLH/ LWZ\V ±

(0DOHF]\ĔVND.VLąĪHFHOHQQRPD]RZLHFNLH±/ZyZ

1929, s. 34.

$NWD8QLL ąV

+à RZPLDĔVNL:FLHOHQL H/LWZ\V 

+3DV]NLHZLF]2JHQH]LHLZDUWRĞFL.UHZD:DUV]DZ DV

252.

H. Paszkiewicz. W sprawie inkorporacj i Litwy do Pols ki w 80-

W \FK ODWDFK  ;,9 Z = SR ZR GX  S UDF\  S UR I G U +  àR ZPLDĔV NL HJ R

« Wcielenie Litwy do Polski w 1386 roku» , Warszawa, 1938, s. 18 n.

H. Paszk iewicz. O g enezie, s. 2 58.

J. A damu s. N aj no ws za l it eratu ra o akcie k rews ki m

:LDGR PRĞFL6WXGLXP +LVWRULL3UDZ D/LWHZVNLHJR 86%,:LOQR 

s. 308–311.

Ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɝɚɛɨ ɤɭɚɞ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɸ ɝɪɚɲɚɰɶɜɵɫɧɨɜɵɎɌɚɪ ɚɧɨʆɫ

ɤɚɝɚɩɚɜɨɞɥɟɹɤɿ ɯɭɧɿɹɉɨɥɶɲɱɵɡɅɿɬɜɨɸɛɵɥɚɡɚɞɭɦ ɚɧɚɿɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɚ

ɩɚɥ ɹɤɚɦɿ ɞɡɟɥ ɹɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧ ɹɜɹɥ ɿɤɚɣɩ ɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣɫɿɥ ɵɧɚ ȸɫɯɨɞ ɡɟ

ɡɞɚɬɧɚɣɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚɹɰɶɆɚɫɤɜɟɩɚɫɥɹɹɟɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɿɧɚɄɭɥɿɤɨɜɵɦɩɨɥɿ

Ɂɝ ɨɞɧɚɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɦɿ ɡɚɞɭ ɦɚɦ ɿ² ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿ ʆɞ ɚɥɟɣ Ɍɚɪɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ²Ʌɿɬɜɚ

ɦɟɥ ɚɫɹɛɵɰɶɞɚɞ ɡɟɧɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣɤɚɪɚɥɟɜɟɹɤɲɥɸɛ ɧɵɩɚɞ ɚɪɭɧɚɤɛɪɚ ɱ

ɧɢ ɞɚ ɪɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰ ɶɦ ɟɥɚɫɹ ɛɵɰ ɶɿ ɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɜɚɧɚɎɌɚɪɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ

Ʌɢɬɜɚɧɫɤɨɪ ɭɫɤɨ  ɩɪ ɚɜɨ  ɢ ɢɫɬ ɨɪɢ ɹɬ Ʌɢɬɜɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɋɬɚɬɭ ɬɚ

Ⱥ ɪɯɢɜɡɚɩɪɚɜɧɟɢɞɪ ɭɲɫɬɜɟɧɟɧɚɭɤɟ;/9,Ȼɟɥɝɪɚɞ  ɫɲɫ

  Ɍɭɬ ɦɵɦ ɚɟɦ ɛɥɵɬɚɧɿɧɭɩɚɧɹɰɰɹʆ ɲɥɸɛ ɧɚɝɚɩɚɞ ɚɪɭɧ ɤɚɿ ɜɟɧ ɚ

ɩɪɚɲɬɨ ɩɚɞɪɚɛɹɡɧɟɣɧɿɠ ɷɣ

2+DOHFNL :LWR OG 3DPL ĊWQLN 93R ZV] =MD]GX+L VWRU\ NyZ

Polsk ich, I, Lwów, 19 30, s. 1 53, ɞɡɟ ɿɚɝɥɹɞɪɚɧɟɣɲɚɟɥ ɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ

+à RZPLDĔVNL:FLHOHQLH/LWZ\V

A kt a Un ii ʋ   V  ɑɵɬɚɟɦ ɬ ɚɦ ɭ ɡ ɚɤɚɧ ɱɷɧɧɧɿ  «E t no s

Jagalo dux magnus Litwanorum praefatus praemissas legationes, ex patre

nostri per praedictum Skirgalonem praenominatis dictis baronibus regni

Poloniae praepositas et modo praehabito declaratas ac demum per nuntios

eius dem frat ris nos tri serenissimae princi pi domin ae Eliz abet reg inae

Ungariaepraenotatae similiter et modo praehabito explicatas,in praesentia

praedictorum ambaziatorum seu nuntiorum ipsius dominae reginae, tam

U ng ar or um , qu am eti am P ol on or um , ad n os tr am cel si tu di nem

destinatorum, una cum fratribus nostris infrascriptis… processisse et tam

pr aed ict ae dom ina e r egi nae, q uam et iam pr aef ati s b aro nib us reg ni

8 5

Poloniae intimasse.Quasquidem legationes cum…sigillorum praesentium

appensione duximus fore ratificatas et…affirmatas» [« ȱɦɵəɝɚɣɥɚɜɹɥɿɤɿ

ɤɧ ɹɡɶɅɿɬɨ ʆɫɤɿɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɧɚɲɵɦ ɿ ɧɿ ɠɷɣ ɩɚɞɩ ɿɫɚɧɵɦɿ ɛɪɚɬɚɦ ɿ «ɪ ɚ

ɧɟɣ  ɡ ɝɚɞɚɧɵɹ ɩɚɫɨ ɥɶɫɤɿɹ ɥ ɿɫɬɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɛ ɵɥ ɿ ɩɪ ɚɞ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ ɧɚɲɵɦ

ɛɚɰɶɤɚɦ ɩɪɚɡ ɬɚɝ ɨɠ ɋɤɿɪɝ ɚɣɥ ɭɩɚɦ ɹɧɺɧɵɦɞɚɫɬɨ ɣɧɿ ɤɚɦɉ ɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚɹɤɿ ɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɵɹ ʆɠ ɨ ɡɝ ɚɞ ɚɧ ɵɦ  ɱ ɵɧ ɚɦ  ɿ ɹɤɿɹ

ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟɧ ɚɥɟɠɧɵɦɱ ɵɧɚɦ ɛɵɥ ɿɜɵɤɥ ɚɞɡ ɟɧ ɵɹ ɬɨɣɠɚɫɚɦɚɣɧ ɚɣɹɫ

ɧɟɣɲɚɣɤɧɹɝɿ ɧɿ ɩ ɚɧɿ Ⱥɥ ɶɠ ɛɟɰɟ ɤɚɪɚɥɟɜɟȼɭɝ ɨɪ ɲɱ ɵɧ ɵɩ ɪɚɡ ɩɚɫ

ɥɚɧɧ ɿɤɚʆ ɬɚɝ ɨ ɠɧɚɲɚɝɚɛ ɪɚɬɚɭ ɩɪ ɵɫɭɬɧ ɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɡ ɝɚɞ ɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɫ

ɥɨ ʆ ɚɥ ɶɛ ɨ ɩɚɫɥ ɚɧɧɿ ɤɚʆ ɫɚɦɨ ɣ ɩɚɧɿ  ɤɚɪ ɚɥ ɟɜɵɹɤ ɜɭ ɝɨ ɪɰ ɚʆ ɝɷɬɚɤ ɿ

ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆɩɪ ɵɡ ɧɚɱɚɧɵɯɞ ɚ ɧɚɲɚɣɜɵɫɨɤɚɫɰ ɿ«ɦɵɜɵɫɬɚɜɿɥ ɿ ɿ ʆɪ ɭ

ɱɵɥɿ ɿɯɹɤ ɩɚɦ ɹɧɺɧɚɣ ɩɚɧɿ ɤɚɪɚɥ ɟɜɟ ɝɷɬɚɤɿ ɡ ɝɚɞ ɚɧɵɦ ɞɚɫɬɨɣɧɿɤɚɦ

ɉɨ ɥɶɫɤɚɝ ɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚɉ ɚɦ ɹɧɺɧɵɹ ɩɚɫɨ ɥɶɫɤɿɹɥ ɿɫɬɵɦ ɵ ɡɚ ɝɚɞɚɥɿ

ɡɚɜɟɪɵɰɶ ɿ ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞ ɡɿ ɰɶ ɩɪ ɵɜɟɲɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɝɷɬɵɯɩɹɱɚɰɹʆª @

ɍ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿɫɩɪ ɚɜɚɡ ɞɚɱɭ Ⱦɥɭ ɝɚɲɚɩɪɚɞɵɫɤɭɫɿ ɸɥɿ ɬɜɿɧ ɚʆ

ɡ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦɿ ʆ   ɝ ɹɤɚɹɩɪɵɜɨɞ ɡɿ ɥɚɫɹʆɩ ɚɞ ɬɪ ɵɦɤɭ ɝ ɿɩ ɨɬɷɡ ɵ ɚɛ

ɤɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɚɣɞɚɦ ɨɜɟ ɝɭɫɩɪ ɚɜɟɿ ɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɥ ɶɧɚɫɤɪɵ

ɬɵɤɚɜɚʆ Ƚ ɉɚɲɤɟɜɿɱ (H . P aszkiewi cz. W sprawi e i nko rp oracji , s . 5),

ɩɚɤɚɡɚʆɲ ɵɲ ɬɨ Ⱦɥɭ ɝɚɲ ɧɟɦɟʆɧ ɚ ɪɭ ɤɚɯ ɚɧɿ ɚɤɬɚ    ɝ ɚɧɿ ɹɝɨ

ɪɷɝɟɫɬɚɚ ɬɨɥ ɶɤɿ ɧɟɞɚɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ ɩɟɪ ɚɤɚɡɚʆɡɦ ɟɫɬɤɪ ɷʆɫɤɚɝɚɚɤɬɚɞ ɚɩɨ ʆ

ɧɿ ʆɲɵɫɜɨɣ ɩɟɪ ɚɤɚɡɬɷɪɦ ɿɧɚɥɨɝ ɿɹɣȽɚɪɚɞ ɡɟɥ ɶɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿ ɿ

+àR ZPLDĔVNL :FLHOHQLH/ LWZ\V ɩɚɞɨ ɛɧɚɫ 

J. Ada mus. Najn owsza lit eratu ra, s. 30 7–31 6, ɞɡ ɟ ɩɪ ɵɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ

ɚɞ ɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɹ ɬɷ ɤɫɬɵ ɤɪ ɵɠ ɚɰ ɤɿ ɯ ɞɚɤɭ ɦɟɧɬɚʆ.

+àRZ PLDĔVNL : FLHO HQL H/L WZ\V ±  ɞɚɟɝɷɬɚɣ ɬɷɡɟ

ɲɵɪɨ ɤɚɟɿ ɜɵɞɚɬɧɚɞ ɚɤɭ ɦɟɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɟɚɛɝɪ ɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɧɟɫɭɩɚɫɬɚʆɥ ɹɸ ɱɵ

ɲɦ ɚɬɥ ɿɤɿɹɤɪ ɵɧɿ ɰɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɣɧɵɹɤɿɹ ɜɹɥ ɿɫɹ ɥɟɧ ɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɛɟɡɭɞ ɡɟɥ ɭɫɭ

ɜɟɪɷ ɧɚɩ ɪɵɜɚɬɧ ɵɹ ɜɨ ɣɧɵɿ ɞ ɚ ɬɩ

Ƚɥɹɞɡɿ -2FKPDĔ VNL + LVW RUL D/L WZ\V  ɞɡ ɟɤɪɷʆɫɤɿɚɤɬɿ

ɹɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɸɰɰɚɹɤ© ɭɧɿ ɹɅɿɬɜɵɡɉɨ ɥɶɲɱɚɸ ± 

ɝ ɝª  ɹɤɚɹ ɩ ɚ ɫɭ ɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɡɜɨɞ ɡɿ ɰɰ ɚ ɞɚ ɩɟɪ ɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ  Ʌɿ ɬɜɭ ɡ

ɉɨɥ ɶɲɱɚɣ© ɹɞɧɚɥɚɚɫɨ ɛɚɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɿɫɭ ɩɨɥɶɧɵɹɚɧɬɵɤɪɵ

ɠɚɰɤɿɹɿ ɧɬɚɪɷɫɵª əɲɱ ɷ ɪɚɧ ɟɣ ȼɹɥɶɝɨ ɪɫɤɿ (W. Wi el horsk i. O kres

X QL L SHUV RQ DO QHM   ±      ' ]L HM H ]L HP : LHON LHJR . VL ĊV WZ D

Litewsk iego, « Alma Mater Vilnen sis» , III, L ondyn,Vɚɞ ɫɬɨɣ

ɜɚʆɩɨɝɥɹɞɲɬɨ© Ʌɿɬɜɚɩɚɫɥɹ© ɭ ɧɿɿª  ʆɄɪɷɜɟʆɡ ɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɭ ɸ ʆɞɡ ɟɥɶɧɚɫɰɶəɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱ ɚɰ ɶɞ ɚ

ɦɨ ɜɵɡ ɿɧ ɲɵɦɿ ɞɡ ɹɪ ɠɚɜɚɦɿɧ ɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɝɚɧɞ ɥɺɜɵɹɬɪɚɤɬ ɚɬɵɡ ɬɨɣ

ɠɚɉ ɨɥɶɲɱ ɚɸɇ ɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵɟɞɧɚɫɰɶɩ ɚɥ ɹɝɚɥɚʆ ɬɵɦɲɬɨ ɚɛɟɞɡ ɜɟ

ɞɡ ɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɹɞɧɚɥɚ ɚɫɨ ɛɚɫɭɩɨ ɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚª Ƚɷɬɚɛɵɥɚɩ ɟɪɫɚɧɚɥ ɶ

ɧɚɹɭ ɧɿɹ² © ɧɚɫɭɩ ɟɪɚɤɝ ɪɚɦ ɚɬɵɱɧ ɚɦɭ ɡɧ ɚɱɷɧɧɸ ɬɷ ɤɫɬɭɡ Ʉɪ ɷɜɚª 

$NWD 8QLLʋV ±

H . Paszki ew icz. O g en ezie, s. 2 56 –2 61 , 33 8– 34 3;  ɺɧ ɠɚ

W s prawie inkorporacj i, s. 19.

ɉɚɪɚʆɧɡɩ ɨɝɥɹɞ ɚɦɿ Ƚɉɚɲɤɟɜɿ ɱɚ ɹɤɿʆɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɿ ɩɪɚ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɿ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

8 6

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɚɤɬɞ ɚɜɨɞɡ ɿʆɲɬɨ © əɝ ɚɣɥɚ ʆɬɨɣ ɦɨ ɦɚɧɬɩɪ ɚɹɤɿ ɜɹɞɡɟɰɰ ɚɝ ɚɜɨ ɪɤɚ

ɫɜɹɞ ɨɦɚɧɟɯɚɰɟʆ ɧɚɞɬɚʆɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɹɰɶɫɬ ɚɫɭɧɚɤ ɉɨɥ ɶɲɱɵ ɞɚɅɿ ɬɜɵª

(W s prawie inkorporacj i, s. 18).

$NWD 8QLLʋV

ɉɚɪɚʆɧ Ad opcja w prawie litew skim XV i XVI w ieku, s. 2 50.

Ɂ  ɝ ɷɬɚɸ ɤɚɧ ɰɷ ɩɰ ɵɹɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆɋɹɦ ɤɨ ɜɿ ɱ (W. Siemko wi cz.

6WDQR ZLVNRSXEO LF]QRSUDZQH:áRG]L VáDZD-DJL Háá\3 U]HJOąG3UDZDL

$G PLQ LVW UDFML;;,9  Ĕ  ɚɪɚɡɜɿɜɚʆɹɟȺ ɞɚɦɭɫ(A damu s.

3DĔVWZROLWHZVN LHV±

ȼɚɪɬɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦ ɚ ɡɜɹɪ ɧɭ ɰɶɭ ɜɚɝɭ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɚɤɰɟɜɿɥ ɟɧ ɫɤɚɣɭ ɧɿ ɿ ɚɞ

, ɝȼɿ ɬɚʆɬ ɤɚɡɚʆɩɪ ɚɜɟɧɚɞɥ ɹɫɜɚɟɠ ɨɧɤɿɤɧɹɠɧɵ Ⱥɧɧɵ«i n

bo ni s et ter ri s, qu ae si bi ra ti one d ot ali ci i a d vit ae su ae t erm in um

assigna vimus»$NWD8QLLʋ Vɲɬɨɦɭɫɿɰɶ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶɩɪ ɚɡɧɚ

ɺɦ ɫɬɜɚɡ ɿ ɧɫɬɵɬɭ ɬɚɦ ɜɟɧɚʆɥ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɞ ɵɧ ɚɫɬɵɱɧ ɵɦ ɚɫɹɪɨ ɞɞ ɡɿ ɧɚ

ɦɹɠɵ;,9ɿ ;9 ɫɬɪɨ ɛɹɱɵɹɲɱ ɷɛɨ ɥɶɲ ɩɪɚʆɞɚɩ ɚɞɨɛ ɧɵɦ ɜɟɧɚɩɪ ɵ

ɡɧɚɱɚɧɚɟ əɝɚɣɥɚɦəɞ ɜɿɡ ɟ

Scrip tores rerum Prus sicarum III, s. 219. ȼɟɪɚɝɨ ɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ

ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɥ ɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɵɦɚɟ+àRZ PLDĔ VNL :FLHOHQLH /LW Z\ V 

+àRZPLDĔVNL:FLHOHQLH/LWZ\, s. 74–82. ɇɚɹɝɨɞɭɦɤɭ© ɜɟɧɧɵ

ɡɚɩɿɫ« ɚɛɰɹɠ ɚɪɵʆ ɬɨɥɶɤɿɞɪ ɨɛɧɭ ɸɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥ ɹʆª ɫ 

ɇɚ ɲɵɪɨɤɿ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɚɛɫɹɝɜɟɧɚɚɩɪ ɚɱɚɬɷɤɫɬɭɉɨɫɿ ɥɝɿ

ɞɡɟ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɸɰɰɚLand en (ɡɟɦ ɥɿɭ ɞɚɱɵɧ ɟɧɧɿ ɞɚɅɿɬɜɵɿ Ɋɭɫɿɩɚɤɚɡ ɜɚɟ

ɪɷɚɤɰɵɹɧɚ ɝɷɬɵɥɿɫɬɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɛɚɹɪɚʆɩɪɚɲɬɨɛ ɭɞɡɟɝɚɜɨɪɤɚɧɿɠ ɷɣ

ȺɁɊI, ʋɡɞɚɬɚɸɩ ɚɫɥɹ ɝɉɚɪɚʆɧS. Ku trzeba. Unia

3ROVNL]/LWZąV

.RGHNVG \SORPDW\F]Q\PD]RZLHFNLʋɉ ɚɪɚʆɧS. Kut rzeba,

loc. cit.

ɉɟɪ ɲɵɦɝɷɬɵɩɨɝɥɹɞ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɜɚʆȺɧɬɚɧɨɜɿɱȼȺɧɬɨɧɨ ɜɢɱ

Ɉɱ ɟɪɤ ɢɫɬ ɨɪɢɢȼɟɥɢɤɚɝɨ Ʉɧɹɠ ɟɫɬɜɚɅɢɬɨ ɜɫɤɚɝɨɢɡɞ  Ʉɢɟɜ 

ɫ ɚɪɚɡɜɿʆɹɝ ɨɑɭɛɚɬɵɆɑɭɛɚɬɢɣ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɩɪ ɚɜɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟ

ɭɤɪɚʀ ɧɫɶɤɢɯɡɟɦɥɶɥ ɢɬɨ ɜɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɩɿɞ ɤɿ ɧɟɰ ɶ;,9ɜ Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ

ɇɚɭɤɨɜɨɝɨɌɨɜɿɦɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɚɬ ± Ʌɶɜɿɜ ɫ56 –58 ).

Ȼ ɑɢɱɟɪɢ ɧ Ɉ ɩɵɬɵ ɩɨ ɢ ɫɬɨɪ ɢɢ  ɪ ɭɫɫɤɚɝɨ  ɩɪɚɜɚ Ɇɨ ɫɤɜɚ

 ɫ ± ɩɚɞɚɟɲɦ ɚɬɥ ɿɤɿɹ ɿɤɪɚɫɚɦɨ ʆɧɵɹɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɵɜɵɡɧ ɚ

ɱɚɧɚɝɚɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɚɦ  ɧɟɞ ɡɿ ɥɭ ɩɨ ʆɧ ɚɝ ɚ ɰɿ  ²ɱ ɚɫɰɟɣ ² ɱɚɫɬɤɨ ɜɚɝɚ

ɫɹɪɨ ɞɤɧɹɡɺʆɩ ɚʆɧɨɱ ɧɚʆɫɯɨ ɞɧ ɹɟ Ɋɭ ɫɿ XIV–XV ɫɬ Ɂɝ ɨɞ ɧɚ ɡ ɝɷ ɬɵɦɿ

ɬɷɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚɦɿɫɬɨɥ ɶɧɚɟɦɟɫɬɚɆɚɫɤɜɚɌɜɟɪɊ ɚɡɚɧ ɶ ɧɚɣɱ ɚɫɰɟɣɛɵɥɨ

ɩɪɚɞɦ ɟɬ ɚɦ  ɫɭɩɨɥ ɶɧ ɚɝ ɚ ɞɡ ɹɪ ɠɚ ɧɧɹ ʆɫɿɯɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɹɤɿ ɹɚɤɪ ɚɦ ɹ ɬɚɝɨ 

ɚɬɪ ɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿʆɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɭ ɤɨɠɧ ɵɫɜɨ ɣɚɫɨ ɛɧɵ© ʆɞɡɟɥ ª ɚɚɩɪɚɱɚɬɚɝɨ

ɧɟɤɚɬɨ ɪɵɦɿ ɡɟɦ ɥɹɦɿ ɦɟɥ ɿɫɹ ɜɚɥɨ ɞɚɰɶɫɭɩ ɨɥɶɧɚɱ ɷɪɩɚɸɱɵ ɡɿɯɞɚɯɨ

ɞɵɹɤɿɹɞɡ ɹɥɿ ɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨʆɧɵɹɱɚɫɬɤɿ

ɆɅɸɛɚɜɫɤɢɣɈ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɟɧ ɢɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɧ ɢɣ ɢɨ ɛɨ ɬɧɨ ɲɟɧ ɢ

ɹɯɦ ɟɠ ɞɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɢ ɢɞ ɪɭ ɝɢɦ ɢ ɤɧ ɹɡɶɹɦ ɢȽɟɞ ɢɦɢɧɨ ɜɚɪɨ ɞɚɜXIV ɿ

XVɜ  ɂ ɡɞ ɚɧɢɹɂ ɫɬɨɪ ɢɱ ɟɫɤɚɝɨ Ɉ ɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪ ɢ Ɇɨ ɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɍɧɢ

ɜɟɪɫɢ ɬɟɬɟɊɟɮɟɪɚɬɵ Ɇɨ ɫɤɜɚ  ɫ 

8 7

+àRZPLDĔVNL8ZDJL V ±

əɟ ɡɚʆɜɚɠ ɚʆ ɧɟ ɚɬɚɹɫɚɦɥ ɿɜɚɸɱ ɵ ɡ ɩɪ ɵɧ ɰɵɩɚɦ ɪ ɨɞ ɚɜɚɫɰɿ 

ɋɄɭ ɬɲɷɛɚ6 .X WU]HE D8Q LD3 ROV NL ]/L WZ ąV  ɉɚɞɨ ɛɧɚ ɞɚ

ɹɝɨ Ⱥɞ ɚɦ ɭɫ(J. Ad amu s. N ajn ow sza l it eratu ra, s  ɡ ɜɹɪɧ ɭʆɭ ɜɚ

ɝ ɭ ɧ ɚ ɿ ɫɧ ɚɜɚɧ ɧɟɩ ɚɬɪ ɵɦɚɧ ɿɹɥ ɶɧɚɫɰ ɿ ɧ ɚɅɿ ɬɜɟʆ ;,9 ɫɬ ɿ ɩ ɚɡ ɧ ɟɣ

ɜɚʆ ɭ ɚɞ ɧɭ  ɦɚɝ ɥ ɚ ɡ ɞɚɜɚɰɰɚɝ ɷɬɚɤɫɚɦ ɚɡ ɪ ɚɡɭ ɦ ɟɥ ɚɸ  ɹɤ ɡ ɥɭ ɱ ɷɧɧɟ

ɞ ɜɭ ɯɮ ɚɥ ɶɜɚɪ ɤɚʆ ɚɬɪ ɵɦ ɚɧɵɯ ɭ ɫɩɚɞ ɱɵɧ ɭ ɚɞɧ ɨ ɸ ɩɪ ɵɜɚɬɧɚɣ ɚɫɨ 

ɛ ɚɣ ª ɋɮɚɪɦ ɭ ɥ ɹɜɚʆɲɵ ɝ ɷɬɭ ɸ ɦ ɚɝ ɱɵɦ ɚɫɰɶȺ ɞ ɚɦɭ ɫ ɡɚɹɜɿʆ ɲɬɨ

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(ɩɟɪȺ ʆɬɘ Ȼ.).

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ɥɹɯ ɿɫɭɞɚɯ«regni no stri P olonia e»ɩ ɪɚɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɟɜɵɞɚɜɚɧɧɟɡɚɦɭɠ

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101

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ɞɡɟɩɚɥɟɦɿɤɚɡɄɚɦɹɧɟɰɤɿɦ:.DPLHQLHFNL6SRáHF]HĔVWZROLWHZVNLH

w XV wieku, Warszawa, 1957, s. 125, 1 tabl.ɹɤɿɡɝɚɞɠɚɸɱɵɫɹɡ ɩɨɝɥɹ

ɞɚɦ ɩɪɚɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɧɭɸʆɥɚɞɭ ɜɹɥ ɿɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡ ɺʆ ɩɪɵɡ ɧɚʆɝɷɬɚ ɩɭɫɬɨɸɤɚɧ

ɰɵɥɹɪ ɫɤɚɸ ɮɪɚɡɚɣɩ ɟɪɚɧɹɬɚɣ ɡ ɩɨɥ ɶɫɤɚɝ ɚɮ ɚɪɦ ɭɥɹɪɚ

102

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ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚ ɹɝɨ ɹɲɱ ɷʆXV ɫɬª  ɫ ɚ ɜɹɥ ɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɭ ɸɪ ɚɞ ɭɹɤɨ ɪɝɚɧ

ɲɬɨ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɿ ɱɚʆɜɚʆɥɚɞɡɟɞɚɬɚɜɚʆɧɟɪɚɧ ɟɣɹɤ ± ɝɚɞɚɦɿ ɫ

 ±   ɿɞ ɭɱɵɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɡɚɎɉ ɟɤɚɫɿɧ ɫɤɿɦ ) 3L HN RV LĔ VN L6WDWX W

Litewski / / RAU, XXXIX (1899 ), s. 61).

103

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ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɱɵɫɭɫɬɪɷ ɱɡ ɩɚɫɥɚɧ ɰɚɦɿ ɩɚɩɫɤɿɯɥɟɝɚɬɚʆɛ ɟɡ

ɹɟʆɞ ɡɟɥɭɹɤɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡɩɚɞɤɪ ɷɫɥ ɟɧɚɝɚɿ ɦɿ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɲɬɨ «veni ent ibu s…

nobis, invenimus eum in aula sua cum consilariis suis circa viginti, quod

nobis multum displacuit, quia speravimus ipsum solum invenire» (s. 123).

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ɸ ɱɵ ɩ ɚɫɥɨ ʆ ɞɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɿ  ɜɟɞ ɭɱ ɵ ɩɟɪɚɦɨ ɜɵ ɚɞ ɹɝ ɨɧɚɝ ɚ ɿɦ ɹ

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104

Scri pt ores rerum P ru ss icarum, I, Leip zi g, 1 86 1, l ib . IV,

cap . 26 1.

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ɤɢ ɣ ɢɫɬɨ ɱɧ ɢɤª   ɂ ɫɫɥ ɟɞ ɨɜɚɧ ɢɹɩ ɨ ɨɬ ɟɱ ɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɱɧ ɢɤɨɜɟ

ɞɟɧɢɸ« ɜ ɥ ɟɬɢɟɋ ɇ ȼɚɥ ɤɚɆɨɫɤɜɚ± Ʌɟɧ ɢɧ ɝɪɚɞ   ɫ ±

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sp orn ych , s .  ɞ ɡɟɰɵɬɚɜɚɧɭɸ ɤɪ ɵɧɿɰɭ ɚʆɬɚɪ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɟ © ɧɚɣɰɿɤɚ

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und volbort unsert liben muter Julianne… und…unsir brudere…und unsers

getruwen rathes».

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108

Ɇ ɑɭɛ ɚɬɢɣȾɟɪɠ ɚɜɧɨɩɪ ɚɜɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨ ɜɢɳɟɫ 

109

ɂ Ɇɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɫɤɢɣɊɚɞɚ ȼɟɥ ɢɤɨ ɝɨ ɄɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɚɅɢɬɨ ɜɫɤɨɝɨ «

,Ɍɨɦɫɤ  ɿ +à RZ PL DĔV NL  8Z DJ L V   ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦ ɚ ɺɧ ɠ ɚZ

]DJDGQLHĔ VSRUQ\ FKV  ɬɵɬɭɥ ɪɚɡɞɡ ɟɥɭ,,,

110

ȼɵɛɚɪɧɚɫɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɚɧ ɚɪɯɚʆɦɨɰɧ ɚɩ ɚɞɤɪ ɷɫɥ ɿɜɚɟȽɅɚʆ

ɦɹɧɫɤɿ ± © = ]DJDGQ LHĔ VS RUQ\ FK ª V   ɚ ɹɲɱ ɷ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɭ ɩɪ ɚɰɵ

« Uwagi» , V ɩ ɪɵɦɚɸɱɵɦɚɫɚɜɵɯɚɪ ɚɤɬɚɪɝ ɷɬɵɯɜɵɛɚɪɚʆɿ ɛɭɞ ɭ

ɸɱ ɵɧɚɿɦ ɬɷɨ ɪɵɸ ɩɪɚɚɤɬɵʆɧɵʆɞ ɡɟɥ ɭɫɹɝɨɛ ɚɹɪ ɫɬɜɚʆɩ ɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɵɦ

ɠɵɰɰ ɿɤɪɚɸ ʆ;,,,±;,9ɫɬ

111

+àRZPLDĔVNL=]DJDGQLHĔVSRUQ\FKVɬɵɬɭɥɪɚɡɞɡɟɥɭ,,,

112

ɆȾɨɜɧɚɪ Ɂɚɩɨ ɥɶɫɤɢɣ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɟɯɨɡ ɹɣɫɬɜɨ Ʌɢɬɨ ɜ

ɫɤɨ ɣɊɭ ɫɢɩɪ ɢəɝ ɟɥɥɨɧ ɚɯ UIK , XL (1 ʋ s. 5 7.

113

+ àRZPLDĔVNL=]DJDGQLHĔVSR UQ\FK V 

114

ɉɚɞ ɪɚɛɹɡ ɧɚ ɝɷɬ ɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɚɩɿɫɚʆ Ʉ. Ⱥɜɿ ɠɨɧɿ ɫ: K. Avižon is. ¸

Die Entstehung und Entwicklung des litauischen Adels bis zur litanisch—

pol nisch en Uni on 13 85 // Hist orisch e Stu dien, Heft 223, Berli n, 19 32,

ɪ. 174 , — ɩɚɞɤɪ ɷɫɥ ɿɜɚɸɱ ɵ ɩɚɤɚɡ ɚɧɧ ɿ ɹɤɿ ɹɫɜɟɞ ɱɚɰɶ ɩɪɚɞɚɥɺɤɚʆɠɨ

ɩɪ ɚɫɭɧɭɬɚɟ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɭ ɧɿ ɹɣ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɟɧɧɟɝ ɪɚ ɦɚɞɫɬɜɚɿ ɩɚʆɧɚɦ ɨɰɬɜɵɛ ɚ

ɹɪ ɫɬɜɚʆɫɮɟɪɵɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧ ɚ ɦɚɺɦ ɚɫɧ ɚɣ ɜɟɱɧɚɟɜɚɥɨ ɞɚɧɧɟ ɡɹɦɥ ɺɸ 

ɚɥ ɟ ɿ ʆ ɩɭ ɛɥ ɿɱ ɧɚɣ ɬɚɤɫɚɦ ɚəɤɪ ɚɡ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɪ ɵɱ ɵɧɵɧ ɚ ɹɝɨ ɞɭ ɦɤɭ

ɩɪ ɵɜɿɥ ɟɣ  ɝɫɬɚʆɥ ɚɝɿ ɱɧɵɦɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɧɧ ɟɦɩɟɪɲɚɝɚɷɬɚɩɚ ɮɚɪɦ ɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɥ ɹɯɟɰɤɚɝ ɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ʆȼɹɥ ɿɤɿ ɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ

115

+àRZPLDĔVNL8ZDJLV

116

Ɍɨ ɟɲɬɨɪ ɚɞɚ ɚɞɵɝ ɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɡɧɚɱ ɧɭɸ ɩɚɥ ɿɬɵɱ ɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɚ ɹɟ

ɡ ɝɨ ɞɚ ɩ ɪɵɦɚɥɚɫɹɹɤ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɝɪ ɚɦ ɚɞ ɫɤɚɟ ɡ ɝɨ ɞɵ ɧɟɩ ɹɪ ɷɱ ɵɰɶ ɬɚɦɭ

ɲɬɨɮɚɪɦ ɚɥɶɧɚ ɹɧɚɦ ɟɥɚɬɨ ɥɶɤɿɞ ɚɪɚɞɱɵɹɮ ɭɧɤɰɵɿ  ɹɤ ɡɝɨ ɞɧɚɩɪ ɵ

ɦɚɸɰ ɶȱɆɚɥɿɧɨʆɫɤɿɊɚɞ ɚpas sim), Ⱥɜɿ ɠɨɧɿɫop. cit., s. 1 40–143 ) ɿ

ȽɅɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ (U wag i, s.  = ]DJ DGQ LHĔ VS RUQ \FK  s. 11 1). ɍ ɝɷɬɚɣ

ɲɬɨɝɚɫɩ ɚɞɚɪɥ ɿɱ ɵʆɛɵɰɰɚɦɦ ɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɟɪɚɞɵ ɧɟɱ ɵɦɫɤɨʆɜɚɟ ɹɝɨ ɡ

ɸɪ ɵɞ ɵɱɧ ɚɝ ɚ ɩɭɧ ɤɬɭɝ ɥɟɞɠ ɚɧɧɹȼɿ ɞɚɜɨ ɱɧɚ ɺɧ ɦɭ ɫɿ ʆɥ ɿɱ ɵɰɰɚ ɡ ɹɟ

ɝɨ ɥɚɫɚɦ ɛɨ ɿɧɚɤɲɫɚɦ ɧɺɫ ɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɫɰɶɡɚɧɹʆɞɚɱ ɵɿ ɪɵɡ ɵɤɚɜɚʆɫɜɚɿɦ

ɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬɚɦ  ɜɵɤɥɿ ɤɚʆ ɧɟɡ ɚɞ ɚɜɚɥɶɧɟɧɧ ɟɲɬ ɨ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɜɟɫɰɿ

117

Akta Unii, ʋ 51, s . 63.

118

Ɍɚɤ —+ àRZPLDĔ VNL8ZDJLV 

119

Ɍɚɦɫɚɦɚɫ 

120

ȼɵɱ ɚɪɩ ɚɥ ɶɧɚɟ ɩɪ ɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟɞ ɡɟɣɧɚɫɰ ɿȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ ɹɤɜɵɞɚɬ

ɧɚɝɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚɞɡɟɹɱɚɞɚʆɉɮɿɰɧɷɪJ. Pfi tzner. Gros sfürst

Wi told von Lit auen al s St aats mann , Schri ften der Phi los . Fakult ät d er

'HXWVFKHQ8QLYHUVLWlWLQ3UDJ%UXQÿ;,,+239. ɉɨɝɥɹɞɵ ɉɮɿɰɧɷ

ɪɚ ɚɫɚɛɥ ɿɜɚ ʆ ɫɩ ɪɚɜɟɪ ɭɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɤɿ  ɩɚɞɡ ɹɥ ɹʆɈ  Ƚɚɥɟɰɤɿɹɤɿ ʆ

ɪɷɮɟɪɚɰɟ«W itold» ɤɚɡɚʆɭ ɝɧɚ9ɍɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɦɁ’ɟɡɞɡɟɉ ɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ

ɜɵȼɿɬɚʆɬ ɫɬɚɪ ɚʆɫɹɩɚɫɩ ɹɯɨɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɹɡ ɚɰ ɶ ɿ ɜɚ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧ ɤɚɯ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

9 0

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

əɦ ɭ ʆɞɚɥɨ ɫɹ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰ ɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɦɭ ɚɫɹɪ ɨɞɤɭ ɜɹɥ ɿɡ ɧɚɟɞ ɡɹɪ ɠɚɜɵ

ɚɛ ɫɚɥɸ ɬɧɭ ɸ ɩɟɪ ɚɜɚɝ ɭ ɚ ɪɭɫɤɿ ɹ ɡɟɦ ɥɿ ɺɧɡ ¶ɹɞɧɨ ʆɜɚʆɹɤɧɚɣɩɚʆɧɟɣ

ɲɚɸ ɩɚɲɚɧɚɣ ɿɯɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɚɟ ɚɫɨɛ ɧɚɫɰɿɉɪ ɵɛ ɿɪ ɚɸ ɱɵʆɞɡ ɟɥ ɶɧɵɯ

ɤɧ ɹɡ ɺʆ ɺɧ ɡ ɚɰ ɜɹɪɞ ɠɚʆ ɞɚʆɧɿɹɩɪɚɜɵ ɿ  ɜɨɥ ɶɧ ɚɫɰɿ ɝ ɷɬɵɯ ɭɞɡ ɟɥ ɚʆ«

ɭɫɹɥɹɤɡɥ ɚɝɨ ɞɠɜɚʆɤɚɧɮ ɟɫɿ ɣɧɵɹɚɞ ɪɨɡ ɧɟɧɧ ɿª  Referaty , I, s. 162 ).

121

 ɉɚɪɚʆɧ  ɡɚʆɜɚɝ ɭ   ɿ  ɪ ɚɡ ɝɥ ɹɞ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ ɦ

(Wcielenie Litwy, s . 79).

122

Ⱥɞɪ ɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɚɦɿ ɧɤɚɪɩɚɪ ɚɰɵɿɿ ɮɚɤ

ɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɚɦ ɹɤɿʆɡɧɿɤɭɜɵɧɿ ɤɭɪ ɷɚɥ ɶɧɚɝ ɚɪɚɫɤɥ ɚɞɭ ɫɿɥ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫ

ɥɿɜɚʆɉ ɪɚɫɧ ɹɤɨʆȺɉɪɟɫɧɹɤɨɜɅɟɤɰɢ ɢɩɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ II, ɱI:

Ɂɚɩɚɞɧ ɚɹɊ ɭɫɶ ɢ Ʌɢɬɨ ɜɫɤɨ Ɋ ɭɫɫɤɨɟȽɨɫɭɞ ɚɪ ɫɬɜɨ  Ɇɨ ɫɤɜɚ    ɫ

ɧɨ ɜɨ ɝɨ  ɟɞɢ ɧɨ ɝɨ  ɝ ɨɫɭɞ ɚɪ ɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɤɨ ɪɩɨɪ ɚɰ ɢɹ ɥ ɢɬɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɡ ɟɦ ɟɥ ɶ

ɉɨ ɥɶɫɤɨɣɤɨ ɪɨɧ ɨɣɇɨ ɩɨ ɞɮ ɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɞɚɧɢɟɦɷ ɬɨɣ ɭɧ ɢɢ ɫɥɚɛɵ

ɨɤɚɡ ɚɥɢ ɫɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟɨ ɫɧɨ ɜɵª 

123

6.XWU]HED8QLD3ROVNL]/LWZ ąV

124

$NWD8 QLLʋ :LOQR, 5DGRP ,,,

125

Ɍɚɦ ɫɚɦɚʋ V 

126

Ɍɚɦɫɚɦɚʋ  V   «S in e sci tu et con si lio i ps ius d uc is

W yth owdi et baronum , nobil iumque et terr igenoru m terrae Lithua niae

praedictɨrum regem et dominum nobis el igere non debemus aut vocare»

ɲɥ ɹɯɬɵɿ ɡ ɹɦ ɹɧɚʆ ɡɹɦɥ ɿ Ʌɿ ɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɣ ɦ ɵ ɧɟɩɚɜɿɧ ɧɵ ɜɵɛɿ ɪɚɰɶɚɥɶɛɨ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɰɶɫɚɛɟ ɤɚɪ ɚɥɹɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞ ɚɪɚª ].

127

6.X WU]HED 8QLD3ROV NL]/LW Ząs. 49 0, ɥɿɱɵʆɲɬɨ ɥɿɬɜɿ ɧɚɦ

ɛɵʆɞɚɞ ɡɟɧɵɬɨɥ ɶɤɿ ɞɚɪɚɞɱɵ ɝɨɥɚɫ

128

$NWD8QLLʋ, s. 37.

129

2+DO HFN L :FLHOHQ LH LZ]QRZ LHQL HS DĔV WZD OLW HZV NLHJ R, s.

ɧɟɛɵɥɨ[ɿ]«ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆȽɚɪɨɞ ɥɿɛɵɥɚɡɪɨɛɥ ɟɧɚɫɩɪ ɨɛɚɹɟ ɬɭɞɵɩ ɪɵɲ

ɱɚɩɿɰɶª Ƚɷɬɵɩɨɝɥɹɞɹɤɿɚɬɚɹɫɚɦɥɹɟɪɨ ɞɹɤɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɭɸ ɡ¶ɹɜɭɡ ɪɨ

ɞ ɚɦ ɝ ɟɪ ɛɚɜɵɦɛ ɵʆɰɚɥ ɤɚɦ ɚɛ ɜɟɪɝ ɧɭ ɬɵɞ ɨɫɥɟɞɚɦɿ Ƚ Ʌɚʆɦ ɹɧɫɤɚɝ ɚ

6W XGLDQ DGSRF]ąWNDPLVSR áHF]HĔ VWZD LSDĔV WZDOL WHZVN LHJR ,:LO QR

1931 , s ± ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫ ± ɉɚɪɚʆɧɩ ɪɚɰɭ ɬɚɝɨ ɠɚʆɬ ɚɪɚ

«= ]DJD GQL HĔV SRU Q\FK ª, s . 11 5–12 1ɪ ɚɡɞɡ  Organi zacj a rodow a),

ɜɚɣ@ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿɧɚɅɿɬɜɟɧɟɛɵɥɨª 6SRáHF]HĔVWZROLW HZVNLH;9ZLHNX,

s ± ɚʆɬɚɪɞɚʆɩɪɚɧ ɿɤɥ ɿɜɭ ɸɚɰɷɧɤɭ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɞ ɚɜɵɯɮɨɪɦ ɚʆ

ɧɵɹʆɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɲɵɯɮɨ ɪɦɚɯ ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɫɿɥ ɚɣ ɪɷɱ ɚʆ ɫɤɥ ɚɞɚ ɰɰɚʆɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ ʆ

ɧɨɜɵɯɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɚɜɚɝɚɩ ɚɞɡɟɥ ɭȺɞɚɫɚɛɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɧɭɸ ɱɵɹɪɨ ɞɵɚɪɵ

ɫɬɚɤɪ ɚɬɵɱɧ ɵɹɲɥ ɹɯɟɰɤɿɹɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɤɿɹɿ ɫɧɚɜɚɥ ɿ ɿɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɹ ɪɨ ɞɵɍ

ɩɚɚɫɨɛ ɧɵɯ ɤɥ ɚɫɚɯ ɫɬɜɚɪ ɚɥ ɿɫɹ ɚɞ ɪɨ ɡɧɵɹʆɦɨ ɜɵɞ ɥɹ ɡ ɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹɬɪɚ

ɞɵɰɵɣɧɵɯɮɨ ɪɦ ɚʆª ɚɥ ɶɛɨ ɿɯɚɞ ɚɩɬɚɰɵɿ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧ ɤɚʆ ɉɨɪ ɭɱ

9 1

ɡ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɚɣ ɚɪɝ ɚɧɿɡ ɚɰɵɹɣɦ ɚɝɧɚɰɤɿɯɪɨɞ ɚʆɿ ɜɵɲɷɣɲ ɚɝɚ ɛɚɹɪ ɫɬɜɚɹɤɿɹ

ɯɭ ɬɤɚ ɩɚɫɥ ɹ Ƚɚɪ ɚɞ ɡɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿ ɿɧ ɚɛɵɥɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬ ɚɪ ɝɟɪɛ ɚɜɵɯ ɪɨ ɞɚʆ

ɧɚɣɞ ɚʆɠɷ ɣ ɚɪ ɯɚɿɱ ɧɵɹ ɪɨ ɞɚɜɵɹ ʆɡ ɨɪ ɵ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɫɹɪ ɨɞ  ɞ ɪɨ ɛɧɚɝ ɚ

ɛɚɹɪɫɬɜɚ ²ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚ ɧɚɀɦɭɞ ɡɿɹɤɨɟ ɧɚɣ ɦɟɧɲɚɞɪɨɡ ɧɿɜɚ

ɥɚɫɹɚɞɜɨ ɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬ ɚɝɚ ɥɸɞɭ ɩɥ ɟɦɹɧɧɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɿ

Ɇɵ ɧɟɡɚɝɥɵɛɥ ɹɟɦɫɹ ɬɭɬɭ ɰɿɤɚɜɭɸɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɛɥ ɟɦɭɡ ɦɟ

ɧɚʆɚɛɫɹɝɭ ɪɨ ɞɭ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɮ ɨɪ ɦɚʆ ɭ ɩɚɪɭ ɩɟɪ ɚɯɨɞ ɭ ɚɞ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɨɣ ɞ ɚ

ɝɚɩɵɬɚɧ ɧɹ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿ ʆɚɩɨɲ ɧɿɦ ɱɚɫɚɦȻɭɰɿ ɧɚʆɇ Ȼɭɬɢɧɨɜɉ ɟɪɜɨ

ɛ ɵɬɧɨ ɨɛ ɳɢ ɧɧɵɣɫɬɪ ɨɣ ɨɫɧɨ ɜɧɵɟɷ ɬɚɩɵ ɢ ɥ ɨɤɚɥ ɶɧɵɟɜɚɪ ɢɚɧɬɵ

ɉɪ ɨɛ ɥɟɦɵɢɫɬɨɪ ɢɢɞ ɨɤɚɩ ɢɬɚɥ ɢɫɬɢ ɱɟɫɤɢɯɨ ɛɳ ɟɫɬɜ ɤɧ  I Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ

 ɫ± ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫ

130

ɍɝɷɬɵɦɞ ɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿɩɨɝɥɹɞȽɚɥɟɰɤɚɝɚO. Halecki. Dzieje unii,

I, s. 136, ɿɹɝɨɠ. :FLHOHQLHLZ]QRZLHQLHSDĔVWZDOLWHZVNLHJR s. 61–77)

ɛɵʆɩ ɪɵɧɹɬɵ ²ɡ ɚɞ ɪɨɡ ɧɟɧɧ ɹɦɿ ʆ ɞɷɬɚɥɹɯ² ɭɫɺɣɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣɥɿ ɬɚɪ ɚ

ɬɭ ɪɚɣɩɪɚɞɦ ɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɜɵɤɥ ɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɅɄɚɥɹɧɤɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ(K ol an ko ws ki .

']LHMH:LHONLHJR .VLĊVWZ D/LWHZVNLHJR ]D-DJLHOORQ yZ, ± 

Warszaw a, 19 30, s . 75 ), ɹɤɿɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɬɷɡɭ ɩɪɚɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪ ɚ

ɰɵɿȽɷɬɚ ɜɿɞ ɚɰ ɶ ɡ ɬɚɝ ɨɲ ɬɨ ɺɧɩ ɪɵɡɧɚɜɚʆɚɞ ɡɿ ɧɭ ɸ ɚɥɶɬɷɪɧ ɚɬɵɜɭ

ɿɧ ɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɹɚɥ ɶɛ ɨɩ ɟɪ ɫɚɧ ɚɥɶɧɚɹɭ ɧɿ ɹ

131

 Ɍɚɤɭ ɸ ɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɸ ʆ ɩɚɜɚɟɧɧ ɚɣ  ɥ ɿɬɚɪ ɚɬɭ ɪɵ ɡ ɚɧ ɹʆɊ ɨɞ ɷ

* 5KRGH' LH 2VWJ UHQ ]H 3ROHQV3R OLW LVFK H( QWZ LFNO XQJ N XOWX UHO OH

Bedeut ung und geis tliche A uswi rkun g, I: Im Mit telalter bis zum Jah re

1401, Köl n–Graz, ɚɫɚɛɥ ɿɜɚʆɪ ɚɡɞɡ9,,ɫ ±ɞɡɟɪɚɡ ɝɥɹ

ɞɚɟɰɰɚ ɩɵɬɚɧ ɧɟ ɸɪ ɵɞɵɱɧɚɞ ɡɹɪ ɠɚʆɧɚɝɚɫɚɸɡɭ ɉ ɨɥɶɲɱ ɵɡ Ʌɿ ɬɜɨɸ

ɞɚ ɝəɟɫɤɪɵɬɵɤɚɜɚʆȽɅɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿʆɪɷɰɷɧɡɿ ɿɚɩɭɛɥ ɿɤɚɜɚɧɚɣɭ

 ɝɝɚɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɤɪɚɿ ɧɵɩɪ ɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɥ ɿɫɚɛ ɨɣɡɭ ɫɿɦ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɵɹɫɭ ɜɟ

ɪɷɧɧɵɹɞɡ ɹɪɠ ɚɜɵɹɤɿɹɧɟ ɦɟɥ ɿɧ ɿɜɨ ɞɧɚɝɚɫɭɩɨ ɥɶɧ ɚɝɚɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬɚɚʆ

  ±  ɝɝɭ ɜɚɯɨɞ ɡɿɥ ɿʆɫɤɥɚɞɚɞɡ ɿɧɚɝɚ ɸɪ ɵɞɵɱɧɚɞ ɡɹɪ ɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ

ɫɚɸɡ ɭª 

132

ȾɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵȽɚɪɚɞɡ ɟɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿ ɿɭɫɟ ɚɞ ;  ɝ ɫɤɥ ɚɞ ɚ

ɸɰɰɚɡ ɬɪ ɨɯ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɭɩ ɟɪ ɲɵɦ əɝɚɣ ɥɚɿ ȼɿ ɬɚʆɬ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿ ɜɚɸ ɰɶɯɚɪɚɤ

ɬɚɪɭɧɿɿ ɿɧɚɞɚɸ ɰɶ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹɩ ɪɵɜɿɥɟɿɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɛɚɹɪɚɦ ɹɤɿɹɚɬɪ ɵ

ɦɚɥɿɝ ɟɪɛɵʆ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɭɝ ɟɪɛɚɜɚɣɚɞɨ ɩɰɵɿ ɩɨ ɥɶɫɤɚɟɲɥɹɯɬɵ$NWD8QL L

ʋ  ɭ ɞɪɭɝ ɿɦɪ ɨɞɵɩɨɥ ɶɫɤɚɟɲ ɥɹɯɬɵɩ ɪɵɦɚɸɰɶɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɛɚɹɪ ɚʆ

ɞɚɫɜɚɿɯ ɝɟɪ ɛɚʆ ɬɚɦɫɚɦɚ ʋ  ɭɬɪɷɰɿ ɦɥ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹɛɚɹɪɵɩɪ ɵɫɹɝɚ

ɸɰɶɡ ɚɯɨ ʆɜɚɰɶɭɧ ɿɸ ɬɚɦɫɚɦɚʋ  

133

O. Balzer. Unia h orodels ka, Kraków, 1 913, s. 12.

134

J. P fitzner. Gro ssfürst Witol d, s. 112.

135

A. Wi skont. W. ks. Wito ld a uni a, s. 490 –493.

136

$NWD8QLL ʋV

137

W. Semko wi cz. Braters tw o szl acht y po ls ki ej z bo jars tw em

litewskim w unii horodelskiej 1413 roku // Polska i Litwa w dziejowym

stosunku, Kraków, 1914, s. 393–443.

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ