Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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5 2

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɯ ɡɿɝɡɚɝɚʆ  ɲɥɹ ɯ ɞɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɜɹ ɡɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɞɡɜɸ

ɦɚ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚɦɿ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɵ  Ȭɧ ɦɨɝ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡ

ɚɩɨɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɤɚɧɫɷɧɫɭɫ ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɹ

ɭɧɿɹ  ɝ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɚ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɭɧɿɸ

14 8

 ɚ ɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚɧɟ ɪɚɬɵɮɿɤɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧɚɦɿ Ɇɟɥɶɧɿɰɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ  ɝ ɹ ɤɚɹ

ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ ɲɱɵɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ  ɿ  ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

ɜɵɫɬɚʆɥɹɸɱɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɸ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚʆ

ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɹ  ɫɨɣɦɵ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

149

 ɛɵɥɿ

ɱɚɪɝɨɜɵ ɦɿ ɷɬɚɩɚɦɿ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɹ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵ ɿ ɫɚɸɡɭ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɧɚ ɚɫɨɛɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɚɥɟ ɿ  ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɡɭ

ɦɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɵɦɿ ɫɬɚɧɚɦɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ Ʌɿɬɜɿɧɵ

ɚɞɧɚɤ ɩɚɝɚɞɠɚɸɱɵɫɹ  ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɧɿɸ  ɤɚɥɿ ɿɯ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

ɤɧɹɡɹ ² ɹɤ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɭ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪɚ əɝɟɥɨɧɱɵɤɚ ʆ  ɝ  ɿ

Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ʆ  ɝ ² ɭɡɧɨɫɿɥɿ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɬɪɨɧ ɹɤɪɚɡ ɞɡɟɥɹ

ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɦɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɦɿ  ɧɟ ɩɚɤɚɡɜ ɚɥɿ

ɠɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɰɶ  ɫɜɚɸ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ 

Ɏɚɤɬ ɲɬɨ ɜɚ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɩɟɪɚ

ɜɚɝɚ ʆɜɟɫɶ  ɱɚɫ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɦ ɛɚɤɭ  ɛɵʆ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ

ɡɚʆɫɺɞɧɚɝɚ ɧɟɫɩɚɤɨɸ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɚɣ ɚɥɿɝɚɪɯɿ ɿ ɹɤɚɹ  ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ  Ⱦɵɧɚɦɿɤɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ ɜ ɵɹʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ  ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɭ

ɬɚɤɿɯ ɧɟɩɪɵɟɦɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɩɪɚɹɜɚɯ ɹ ɤ ɤɚɥɚɧɿ ɡɚɰɵɹ  ɉɚɞ

ɥɹɲɲ ɚ ɦɚɡɚɜ ɟɰɤɚɸ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɚɸ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɧɟɫɤɚɧɱɨɧɵɹ ɩɪɷɬɷɧɡɿ ɿ

ɧɚ ȼɚɥɵ ɧɶ  Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ

ɫɬɚɜ ɿɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɚɛɚɪɨɧɱɚɦɭ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚɸɱɵ  ɫɚɛɟ ɞɡɹ ɤɭɸɱɵ ɩɪɵ

ɜɿɥɟɹɦ ɦɚɧɚɩɨɥɿɸ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɜɿɧ

ɧɵ  ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɰɰɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ©ɬɭɛɵɥɶɰɚɦɿª ɝɷɬɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ  Ⱥɤ

ɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ ɩɪɵ ɫɹɝɚʆ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɿɰɶ  ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ

ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ

15 0

 Ⱥɠ ɞɚ ɲɚɫɰɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ

;9, ɫɬ ɿɧɿɰɵ ɹɬɵɜɵ ʆ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ

ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ɡɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɿ ɥɚ ɚɞ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɿɧɵ ʆɜɟɫɶ  ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɜ ɚɥɿ  ɭɧɿɸ ɞɜɚɹ ɤɚ  Ɂ ɝɥɟ

ɞɡɿɲɱɚ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɚɝɚ ɡɧɟɲɧɟɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚɦɿ  ɉɚɫɩɹ

ɯɨɜɚɟ ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚɹɧɧɟ ɜɨɪɚɝɚɦ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɿ  ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɦɭ Ʉ ɧɹ

ɫɬɜɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ ɹɤɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚʆ ɭɧɿɸ ɰɿ ɧɚɜ ɚɬ ²

ɭ ɦɨɦɚɧɬɵ ɡɧɟɲɧɟɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɡɿɫɚʆ ² ɭɦɚɰɨʆɜɚʆ ɹɟ Ƚɷɬɵ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɿ  ɦɨɠɚ ɧɚɣɞɚɤɥɚ

ɞɧɟɣ  Ɂ ɝɥɟɞɡɿɲɱɚ ɦɚɝɱɵ ɦɚɫɰɿ ɜ ɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭɧɿɿ ɞɡɟɥɹ

ɡɞɚɛɵɰɰɹ  ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ʆɡɨɪ ɍ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɭ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɤɨɠɧɚ

ɦɭ ɚɤɬɭ ɭɧɿɿ ɫɩɚɞɚɪɨɠɧɿɱɚʆ ² ɩɟɪɚɞ ɰɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɹɝɨ ² ɩɪɵɜɿ

ɥɟɣ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɿ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɶ  ɛɚɹɪɚʆɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ  ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚ

5 3

ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɵ  ɩɚɤɥɿ ɤɚɧɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ  ɬɪɨɧ Ʉɚɡɿ ɦɿɪɚ ə ɝɟɥɨɧɱɵɤɚ

ɹɤɿ ʆɠɨ ɩɚɧɚɜɚʆ ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʌɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɬɚɞɵ

ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ  ɝ

15 1

 ² ɚɞɤɭɩɧɨɟ ɡɚ ɡɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɹɡɶ  ɡ Ʉ ɚɪɨ

ɧɚɣ

Ⱥɞɧɨɸ ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧ ɫɬɚɥɚɣ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ɞɚ

ɫɚɸɡɭ ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɜɚ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ ɭɧɿɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵ

ɦɚɧɚɪɯ ɩɟɪɚɛɵɜɚʆ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ʆ Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɟ əɝɨ ɜɿɡɿɬɵ  ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɭ

ɛɵɥɿ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ  ɪɷɞɤɿɹ ɿ ɤɚɪɨɬɤɿɹ  Ⱥɞ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɰɹɪɩɟɥɿ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ

ɩɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚɪɚɤɚɥɿ ɩɚɧɵɪɚɞɚ

1 52

 Ɂ’ ɹɜɚ  ɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɛ  ɩɚ

ɪɚɞɚɤɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ  Ɂ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ  ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ  ɜɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹ ɡɹ ɧɚ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ ɜɹɥɚ ɞɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ʆɥɚɞɵ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɚɣ ɚɥɿɝɚɪɯɿɿ  ɩɚɥɹ ɝ

ɱɚɥɚ ɺɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɤɚɧɰɷɧɬɪɚɰɵɸ ʆ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɜɹɥɿɡɧɚɟ ʆɥɚ

ɞɵ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ʆɡɛɚɝɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɤɨɲɬɚɦ ɩɪɵɫɚɛɟɱɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɯ

ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɿ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ² ɹ ɧɚ ɛɵɥɚɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɹɤ

ɦɵ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɿ  ɛ ɫɺɧɧɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɮɪɭɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɬɚɟ ɠ ɚɥɿɝɚɪɯɿɿ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɡ ɬɚɝɨ ɲ ɬɨ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɱɧɚɹ ɦɚɞɷɥɶ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵ

² ɚ ɿɧɲɚɟ ɦɚɞɷɥɿ  ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɧɿɯɬɨ ɫɚɛɟ ɧɟ ʆɹʆɥɹ ʆ ² ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɚ

ɞɨɛɪɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹ ɧɚɜɚɰɶ  ɛɟɡ ɫɬɚɥɚɟ ɩɪɵ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ  ɇɚɣ

ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɦɿ ɩɚɫɚɞɚɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɿɹ ɚ ɿɯ ɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬ ɿ ɩɚɜɚɝɚ

ɦɟɧɲɚɥɿ  ɤɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɚɝɨ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɚɫɹ ɪɨɞɤɚ ɜɚɤɨɥ ɹɤɨɝɚ

ɹɧɵ ɛ ɝɭɪɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɋɬɚɥɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɩɨɛɵɬɭ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɝɚ ʆ Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɟ ɿ  ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɪɷɞɤɿɹ ɩɪɵ ɟɡɞɵ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ  ɡɜɹɪɬɚɰɰɚ ʆ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ

ɞɚ ɤɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɜɚɪɚ  ɚ ɩɚɞɚɪɨɠɠɵ  ɧɚ ɱɭɠɵ  ɞɜɨɪ ɿ ɞɨʆɝɚɟ

ɱɚɤɚɧɧɟ ɚɞɤɚɡɚʆ ɡɧɿɠɚɥɿ ɩɪɷɫɬɵɠ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ ʆ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɟ

ɹ ɤɨɣ ɹɧɵ ɤɿ ɪɚɜ ɚɥɿ  ɉɚɧɵɪɚɞɚ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɦɟɰɶ ɜɵɪɚɲ ɚɥɶɧɵ ɝɨ

ɥɚɫ ɚɥɟ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɦɟɰɶɹ ɝɨ ʆ ɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ʆɞɡɟɥɶ

ɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɭ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɰɰɿ  ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ʆ ɭ ɜɚɪɭɧɤɚɯ  ɹɤɿɹ ɞɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɛ ɿɦ

ɩɚʆɧɚɬɭ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɶ ɧɟɧɧɹ Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɚɩɚ

ɡɿɰɵɹ ɞɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ ʆɦɚɰɨʆɜɚɰɶ  ɚɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɭɸ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ  ȼ ɵɪɚɡɚɦ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ  ɩɚ ɞɨʆɝɿɦ ɩɚɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɿ Ʉ ɚɡɿɦɿɪɚ əɝɟɥɨɧɱɵɤɚ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ⱥɥɹɤ

ɫɚɧɞɪɚ  ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ Ɉɥɶɛɪɚɯɬɚ  Ⱦɚ

ɹ ɝɨ ɭɡɧɟɫɟɧɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɜ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɿ  ɩɚɫɚɞ  ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷɣɲɵ ɡɟɦɫɤɿ

ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚɤ ɦɟʆ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɰɰɚ ©ɡ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɭ ʆɫɿɯ ɫɬɚɧɚʆ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ȼɹɥɿ

ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ« ɤɚɛ ɧɟ ɿɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɿɦ ɲɬɨ ɚɛɥɭɞɧɚ ɚɧɿ ɱɷɲ ɫɤɿɦ

ɚɧɿ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɦ ɚɛɵɱɚɟɦ ɚɥɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɿ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɵ ɦ ȼ ɿɬɚʆɬɚ

ɜɵɦɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɧɚɦɿ ɤɿ ɪɚɜɚʆ ɿɧɚɫ ɫɭɞɡɿʆª

15 3

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

5 4

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ʌɸɛɥ ɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ

ɇɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɟ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ;9, ɫɬ ɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ

ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɝɜ ɚɸɰɶ  ɞɡɟɣɧɿ ɱɚɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɵ  ɩɪɚ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɿɲ ɥɨɫɹ

ɜɵɲɷɣ  ɍɞɚɪ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɵ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ʆ  ɝ  ² ɡɚɧɹɰɰɺ ɋ ɦɚɥɟɧ

ɫɤɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɦ ɤɧɹ ɡɟɦ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɿɦ ȼɚɫɿɥɺɦ III ² ɚɠɵɜɿʆ ɿɞɷɸ

ɭɧɿɿ Ƚɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɞɚ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɫɹ ɱɵ ɚɛ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɚɣ ɞɚɩɚ

ɦɨɡɟ ɩɪɵ ɫɹ ɝɧɭɥɚ ʆɡɧɚɜ ɿɰɶ  ɭɧɿɸ  ©ɩɨɪɨɡɭɦ ɟɧɟ ɜɡɟɦɲɟ ɫ ɤɧɹ

ɠɚɬɵ ɢ ɩɚɧɹɬɵ ɢ ɡɟɦɹɧɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɢ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɚɳɨɧɵ ɤɭ ɩɚɧ

ɫɬɜɭ Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɭª  ɿ ʆɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɹ ɟ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɛ ©ɛɵ ɥɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɟ

ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɚɜ ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɬɢ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɩɚɧɫɬɜ  ɬɚɤ Ʉɨɪɭ

ɧɵ  ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɤ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ Ʉɧɹɡɫɬɜɚ Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨª

154

 Ʉɚɥɿ

ɠ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɡɧɟɲɧɹ ɹ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɤɚ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ  ɜɟɪɯ ɭɡɹ ɥɿ ɬɷɧɞɷɧ

ɰɵɿ ɲɬɨ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɡ ɧɟɞɚɜɟɪɭ ɞɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɚʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɿ

ɠɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ  Ɍ ɚɤ ɭ ɝ

ɛɿɫɤɭɩ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ə ɧ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɧɹɲɥɸɛɧɵ  ɚɥɟ ɩɪɵ

ɡɧɚɧɵ ɩɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɵɦ ɫɵɧ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ I ɿ  ɘɪɵɣ Ɇɿ ɤɚɥɚɟɜɿɱ

Ɋ ɚɞɡɿ ɜɿɥ ɜɹɥɿ ɚɞ ɿɦɹ  ɪɚɞɵ ɬɚɣɧɵɹ  ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɵ ɡ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ

ɋɬɚɪɵɦ ɧɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɸ ɹɤ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɿ  ɡɞɚʆɧɚ © ɩɪɚ

ɰɭɸɰɶª ɧɚɞ ɬɵɦ  ɤɚɛ ɩɚɧɿɡɿɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ ɿ ɡ ɰɹɝɚɦ

ɱɚɫɭ ɞɚɥɭɱɵɰɶ  ɹ ɟ ɞɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ  Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɵ ² ɤɚɡɚɥɿ ɹɧɵ

² ɧɟ ɯɨɱɭɰɶ ɪɚɛɿɰɰɚ© ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɦɿª ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ  ɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɹɧɵ ɩɪɚ

ɩɚɧɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɸ ɡɚɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɰɶ ɚɞ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɤɚɪɨɧɵ 

ɹɤɨɸ ɦɟʆ ɤɚɪɚɧɚɜɚɰɰɚ ȼɿɬɚʆɬ ɿ ɹɤɭɸ ɹɧɵ ɩɟɪɚɯɚɩɿɥɿ ʆ  ɝ

ɿ ɝɷɬɚɸ ɤɚɪɨɧɚɸ ɤɚɪɚɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɦɚɥɚɞɨɝɚ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ

15 5

Ⱥɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ  ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɚɧɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹ  ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ I  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɵɥɿ  ² ɩɚɞ © ɲɚɩ

ɤɚɸª  ɩɟɪɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɭɧɿ ɿ ²ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɱɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ Ɍ ɚɤɿ

ɫɚɸɡ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ ɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɸ ɪɚɞɚɣ ɡ ɚɞ

ɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɿ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɸ ɪɚɞɚɸ ² ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ III.1532. Ƚɷɬɚ

ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɧɟ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ  ɲɬɨ Ʌɿɬɜ ɚ ɦɟɥɚɫɹ ɛɪɚɰɶ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɜɚ ʆɫɿɯ

ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚɯ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɛɨ ɤɚɥɿ ʆ  ɝ  ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ

ɧɚɥɚɞɡɿɥɚ ɜɵɩɪɚɜɭ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ  ɦɚɥɞɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ

©ɜɫɢɦ ɪɵɰɟɪɫɬɜɨɦª ɚɞɦɨɜɿɥɿɫɹ  ɩɚɪɭɲɚɰɶ ɦɿɪ ɡ Ɇɭɥɶɬɚɧɚɦɿ

15 6

ɉɪɚɝɪɚɦɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɭɧɿɿ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿɥɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭɸ ɩɚɪɬɵɸ

ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɧɚ ɛɨɤ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɡɟɸɱɵ ɯ  ɚɥɟ ɞɚɝɷ

ɬɭɥɶ ɧɟɪɷɚɥɿ ɡɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɞɚɦɨɜ ɚʆ

ɚɥɟ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɿ ɡɞɡɹ ɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ  ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɟ

ɉɪɭɫɿɿ  Ⱥɛɟɞɡɜɟ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɵ  ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɚ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɚ ɧɚ

ɚɞɧɭ ɩɥɨɫɤɚɫɰɶ   ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɞɭɯɭ ɝɭɱɚɥɿ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɹɬ

5 5

ɪɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ± ɝɝ

15 7

 ɞɡɟ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɜ ɵɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ

ɫɤɥɿ ɤɚɰɶ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵ  ɫɨɣɦ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜ ɨɸ  Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɣ ɉɪɭɫɿɹɣ ɿ

ɫɿɥɟɡɫɤɿɦɿ ɤɧɹ ɫɬɜɚɦɿ ² ɚɫɜɟɧɰɿɦɫɤɿ ɦ ɿ ɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɿɦ ² ɞɡɟɥɹ

ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɭ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ  Ɂ ɬɚɟ ɩɚɪɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɣ

ɦɭ  ɧɚ ɹɤɿɦ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɪɚɧɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɭɧɿɿ ɩɪɵ

ɱɵɦ ɭ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɿ  ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɹɧɚ ɜɵ ɪɚɡɧɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ

ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɵ ɜ ɵ ɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ  ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ  ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɿ ɦɤɧɭ

ɥɚɫɹ  ɞɚ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɟ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ȱɧɿɰɵɹ 

ɬɵɜɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚ

ɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ  ɤɪɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɤɬɚ ɿ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ɲɬɨ

ɫɚɦɨ ɩɚ ɫɚɛɟ ʆɠɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɰɹ ɝɧɭɥɚɫɹ

ɚɠ ɞɚ Ʌɸɛɥɿ ɧɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ  ɉɪɚɝɪɚɦɚ ɜ ɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ  ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɹ ɤɚɹ

ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɡɞɡɹ ɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ  ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɿ ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ

ɛɵɥɚ ɹɤ ɡɵɯɨɞɧɵ  ɩɭɧɤɬ ɞɥɹ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ² ɹɤ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ

ɬɚɤ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ² ɧɟɩɪɵɦɚɥɶɧɚɸ Ɍɚɦɭ ɭɧɿɹ ɞɚɣɲɥɚ ɞɚ ɡɞɡɹ ɣ

ɫɧɟɧɧɹ   ɤɚɥɿ ɦɚɤɫɿɦɚɥɶ ɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɭ ɡɚɦɹ ɧɿɥɚ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫ

ɧɚɟ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɧ

ɰɵɩɟ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɛɚɤɨʆ

ɇɚɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ  ɹɤɿ ɚɛɭɦɨʆɥɿɜɚʆ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɚɫɰɶ  ɫɚɸɡɭ

ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚʆ ɞɚ ɝ  ɿ ɡɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɹɝɨ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ

ɱɵɧɚɦ ² ɞɵɣ ɬɨɟ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ² ɞɚ ɩɟɪɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɛɵ ʆ

ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɧɵ ɩɪɷɬɷɧɡɿɹɦɿ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɧɚ ȼɚɥɵɧɶ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɱɚ

ɫɬɤɭ ɉɚɞɨɥɥɹ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɚ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɵɹ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ  ɩɪɵ

ɱɵɦ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɚ ʆɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɞɚɬɭɥɶ   ɩɚɤɭɥɶ  ɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚ

ɫɹ  ɿ ʆ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɚɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ  ȱɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ

ȼɚɥɵɧɿ  ɿ  ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɟ  ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɉɚɞɨɥɥɹ  ɬɪɷɛɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ 

ɞɚɰɶ ɹ ɤ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ  ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ²

ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɡ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜ ɚɦ ² ɩɚɣɲɥɿ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɤɧɹɡɿ ɿ ɩɚɧɵ

158

 Ʉɚɥɿ

ɡ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɹ ʆ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ȼɚɥɵɧɿ ɿ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ

ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɉɚɞɨɥɥɹ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ² ɞɚ ɱɚɫɭ ² ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵ ɿ

ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɫɚɸɡɭ ɡ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚɦ  ɞɵɤ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɚɩɨɲ ɧɹ

ɝɚ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɡɦ ɛɵʆ ɮɨɪɦɚɣ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɝɷɬɵɯ

ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ ɞɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

ɐɹɫɧɟɣɲɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚʆ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɩɪɨɰɿɞɡɟɹɥɿ

ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɹ  ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ  ʆ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɟ  ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɿɥ ɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ

ɜɹɞɨɦɚɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɹ ɥɚ ʆ

ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɿɝɚɪɯɿɱɧɭɸ ʆɥɚɞɭ  Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɹɝɨ

ɧɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɞɚ ² ɪɷɩɪɷɡɟɧɬɚɰɵɹ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ

ɿ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ  ɉɚɡɧɟɣ ɪɷɝɭɥɹɪɧɚ ɡ  ɝ ɪɚɞɚ

ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵɱɧɚ ɲɬɨɝɨɞ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɹɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɹ ɤ ɜɚɥɶ ɧɵ  ɫɨɣɦ ɩɚ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

5 6

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɩɚʆɧɹɸɱɵ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚɦɿ  ɛɚɹɪɚʆɲɥɹɯɬɵ

15 9

 ȼɚɥɶ

ɧɵ ɹ ɫɨɣɦɵ ɡɚɞɭɦɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ ɹɤ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɬɚɱɧɵ  ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ  ɹɤɿ ɦɟʆɫɹ

ɦɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ  ɭɩɥɵ ʆ ɩɪɚɜ ɹ ɱɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜ ɚ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɦɚɫɵ ɛɚɹ ɪɚʆ

ɲɥɹɯɬɵ Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɧɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɛɵɥɿ

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɯɚɪɭɠɵɹ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɛɪɚɥɿ ɡ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɰɿ ɞɜɭɯ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ  ɡ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɫɜ ɚɣɝɨ ɯɚɪɭɠɫɬɜɚ ɡɜɚɧɚ

ɝɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɚɦ

1 6 0

  ɉɚɤɭɥɶ  ɿ ɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ

ɩɚɬɭɥɶ  ɭɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɸɪɵ ɞɵɱɧɚɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɸ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɥɚ ɪɚɲɭɱɵ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫ

ɤɚɟ ɪɚɞɵ ɿ ɫɨɣɦɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

ȼɨɫɶ ɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ ɚɞɧɭ ɡ ɬɵɯ ɫɩɪɨɛ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɵ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɤ Ʌɿɬɜɵ Ɇɚɰɟɣ ɋɬɪɵɣɤɨʆɫɤɿ ɭ ɝ ©ɤɚɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɵɟɯɚʆɲɵ

ʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɸ ɫɤɥɚʆ ɜɚɥɶɧɵ ɫɨɣɦɩɚɧɚɦ ɿ ɪɵɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ ȼɄ Ʌɿɬɨʆ-

ɫɤɚɝɚ« ɧɚ ɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɫɨɣɦ ɩɪɵ ɟɯɚɥɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɧɚɦɚʆɥɹ ɸ

ɱɵ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ɤɚɛ ɬɨɣ ɜɺʆ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɪɵɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ² ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ  ɪɭɫɤɚɟ

ɿ ɠɦɭɞɫɤɚɟ ² ɞɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɸ ɡɤɚɬɨɪɚɝɚ ɡɚɞɡɿɧɨ

ɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɿ ɚɛɹɰɚɥɿ ɜɹɥɿ ɤɿɹ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɿ ɿ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɚɞ ɬɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɿ

ʆɫɿɯ ɧɟɩɪɵɹɰɟɥɹʆ ȼ Ʉ  Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɠɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɵ

ɚɧɿ ɤɚɧɞɵɰɵɹ ʆ ɧɟ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɿ ɚɧɿ ɭɧɿɿ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿɰɶ ɧɟ ɯɚɰɟɥɿª Ƚɷɬɚɹ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ ɞɨʆɝɚ ɿ ɩɚɫɩɹ ɯɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɿɥɚɫɹ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɚɦ

1 61

ɍ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ ;9, ɫɬ ɿ  ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɟ ɚɛɪɵɫɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ

ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚɹ  ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɶ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚɦɿ ɿ ɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɹɸ

ɲɥɹɯɬɚɣ Ⱥɩɨɲɧɹɹ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɿɦɤɧɭɰɰɚ ɞɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɛɚɱɚɱɵ ʆ

ɺɣ ɦɚɝɱɵ ɦɚɫɰɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɩɚɞ ɩɟɪɚɜ ɚɝɿ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ  ɡɞɚɛɵɰ

ɰɹ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɚ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ʆ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦ

Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜ ɟ  Ɂɦɹɧɿɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɿ ɪɨɥɹ ɜɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɭ Ɂ

ɩɪɚɜɚɞɧɿɤɚ ʆɩɥɵɜɚʆ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ ɺɧ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɪɚɛɿɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰ

ɬɜɚɦ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ Ƚɷɬɚɣ ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɿ

ɥɚɝɟɪɧɵɹ ɫɨɣɦɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ɡɛɿɪɚɥɿ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɭ ɫɤɥɿɤɚɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ

ɪɭɲɷɧɧɟ  ɿ ɡɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɥɹ ɜɵɦɿ ɫɨɣɦɚɦɿ

16 2

ɇɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɬɚɝɨ  ɹɤɿ ʆɩɥɵ ʆ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫ ɷɦɚɧɫɿɩɚɰɵɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ  ɦɟɥɚ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵ ɹ ɚɹ ɤɿ ² ɩɪɵ ɤɥɚɞ ɚɤɬɵʆ

ɧɚɟ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɡɝɨɪɧɭɬɚɟ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ ɩɚɪɬɵɹ ɣ ɜ ɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ

ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɥɹ ɝɚɟ ɫɭɦɧɟɜɭ  ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɵ ɪɭɯ ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɨʆɜɚʆ

ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɧɚɪɦɚɥɶ ɧɵ ɤɭɪɫ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɟ ɦɚɫɵ  ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚ

ɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɹɤɚɹ  ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ  ɚɬɪɵ ɦɚʆɲɵ  ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɝɪɚɦɚɞ

ɫɤɿɹ  ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɞɚ ɡɞɚɛɵ ɰɰɹ ɩɚʆɧɚɬɵ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ  Ⱥɤ

ɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ ɧɟɩɚɤɨɿɥɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ  ɩɪɚ ɲɬɨ

ɦɨɠɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɥɿɫɬ ȱɜɚɧɚ Ƚɚɪɧɚɫɬɚɹ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɚ ɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ

5 7

ɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɿɫɚɪɚ ɞɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ɏɺɞɚɪɚ ɋɚɧɝɭɲ ɤɿ ɩɪɚ ɫɨɣɦɝ  ɹ ɤɿ

ɬɚɞɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɵɧɚʆɫɹ ©Ȼɨɝ ɩɚɧ ɜɟɞɚɟɬ ɲɬɨ ɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢ ɦɚɟɬ

ɚɥɟɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚɦ ɬɵɟ ɫɟɣɦ ɵ«ɧɟ ɩɨɠɵɬɨɱɧɵ ª

163

 Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɩɚ

ɦɹ ɬɚɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɵ ɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ ɛɵʆ

ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɜɹɥɿ ɤɿ  ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ ɞɡɟ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɹ ɟ ɡɞɚɛɵ ɬɤɿ

ɞɡɹɤɭɸɱɵ  ɱɚɦɭ  ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɤɚɦɩɟɬɷɧɬɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞ

ɱɵɤɚ  ɲ ɥɹɯɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɷʆɧɵ ɱɚɫ ɡɚɫɩɚɤɨɟɧɚɹ  ɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɡɚ ɞɡɟɫɹɰɶ

ɝɚɞɨʆ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɵɦɚɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɭɧɿɿ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ

16 4

 Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɿɧɮɥɹɧ

ɰɤɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ  ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ

ɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɚɤɬɵ ʆɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɵɜɹ ɥɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

ɲɚɫɰɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɞɚ ɡɦɟɧɵ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ

ɍ  ɝ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɫɚɛɪɚʆɲ ɵɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫ

ɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɝɚ ɪɭɲɷɧɧɹ  ɩɚɞ ȼ ɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɦ  ɭɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ

ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɸ ² ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɭɸ ɚɞ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ ² ɿ ʆɯɜɚɥɿɥɚ

,;ɝ ɚɤɬ ɹɤɿ ɹɟ ɩɚɫɥɵ ə ɧɏɚɞɤɟɜɿɱ ɿɆɚɥɶ ɯɷɪ ɒɷɦɺɬ

ɡɚɜ ɟɡɥɿ ɞɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ɲɬɨ ɩɟɪɚɛɵɜɚʆ ɭ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ  ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɤɰɟ ɤɚɧ

ɮɟɞɷɪɚɬɵ ɡɜ ɹɪɬɚɥɿɫɹ  ɞɚ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ©ɤɚɛ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ ə>ɝɨ@

Ɇ>ɿɥɚɫɰɶ @ ɦɟʆ ɥɚɫɤɭ ɫɤɥɿ ɤɚɰɶ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵ ɫɨɣɦ ɡ ɩɚɧɚɦɿ ɩɚɥɹ

ɤɚɦɿ ɿɭɧɿɹ ɤɚɛ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ  ɇɚɣɛɨɥɟɣɡ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɩɪɵɱɵɧ  ɝɷɬɚ

ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɚɛɪɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɩɚɧɚ« ɿ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɚɞɧɚɟɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɟ

ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɤɚɛ ɦɵ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɦɚɜɚɥɿ >ɿ@ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɪɨʆɧɿ  ɡ

ɧɚɦɿ ɚɞɧɨɥɶɤɚɜɵɦɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɿ ɿ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɹɦɿª  Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɸ ɦɷɬɚɸ ɥɚ

ɝɟɪɧɵ ɫɨɣɦ ɦɟʆɫɹ ɜɵɫɥɚɰɶ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɭ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ  ɚɥɟ ɡ ɜɟɞɚ

ɦɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ɿ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ  ɒɥɹɯɬɚ ɚɝɚɜɨɪɜɚɥɚ ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɚɝɨɞɡɿɰ

ɰɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɫɨɣɦ ©ɤɚɥɿ ɛɧɚɦ ɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɚɛɹɰɚɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɵɹ

ɪɷɱɵ« ɯɨɱɭɱɵ ɧɚɫ ɚɞɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ  ɚɞ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɡ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦɿ

ɫɨɣɦɭɿ ɚɞ ɭɧɿɿª  ɏɬɨ ɛ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚʆ  ɚɥɶ ɛɨ

ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚʆɲ ɵ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɚɞ ɹ ɟ ©ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɟɦɪɚɡɭɦɟɰɶ  ɭ

ɫɹ ɛɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚɊ >ɷɱɵ@ ɉ>ɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ@« ɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɦɿ ɠ ɫɹ ɛɟ

ɦɟɰɶ  ɧɟ ɯɨɱɚɦª

16 5

 ȼ ɟɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɞɚɣɲɥɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɝɚ

ɫɨɣɦɭ  ɹɤɿ ɚɤɭɪɚɬ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚʆ ɿ ² ɹ ɫɧɚɹ  ɪɷɱ ² ɭɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɚ ɬɷɧ

ɞɷɧɰɵɿ ɫɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɵɹ ɧɚ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɭɧɿɿ

16 6

Ɇ Ʌ ɸɛɚʆɫɤɿ  ɩɟɪɲɵ  ɡɜɹ ɪɧɭʆ ɭɜ ɚɝɭ  ɲ ɬɨ ɜ ɿɰɟɛɫɤɿ  ɚɤɬ

 ɝ ɚɡɧɚɱɚʆɿɫɬɨɬɧɵ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫ ɭ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɷɦɚɧɫɿɩɚɰɵɿ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɿ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɹ ɟ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɫɚɸɡɭ ɡ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɚɸ Ȭɧ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿʆ  ɲɬɨ ɞɚʆɧɿɹ ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿɡɦɵ ©ɡ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɦ ɪɨɫɬɚɦ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ  ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚɰɶ  ɦɟɫɰɚ ɩɪɵɰɹɝ

ɧɟɧɧɸ ɞɚ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ >Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ @ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɫɬɚɥɚ« ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆ

ɥɟɧɧɟɦɿɞɷɚɥɭ ɡɚɥɚɬɨɟ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɟ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿª

167

 ȼɚɝɭ ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɚɤɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɿ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ ɭɧɿɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɸɰɶ ɫɺɧɧɹ  ʆɫɟ ɞɚɫ

ɥɟɞɱɵɤɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɭ

168

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

5 8

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɉɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɚʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ  ɭɧɿɹ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ

ɩɪɵɜɟɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɚʆɧɚɬɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɨʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ʆɠɨ

ɡɞɚɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɛ  ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɲɥɹ ɯ

ɬɚ ɋɬɚɪɚɧɧɿ ɚɛ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ

ɚɞɞɡɹɥɿɰɶ ɚɞ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɹ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɡɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ

ɷɦɚɧɫɿɩɚɰɵɸ Ɂɚ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɧɹɞɨʆɝɿ ɱɚɫ ² ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ±ɝ

² ɹɧɚɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɚʆ

ɇɚ ɛɟɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ʆ  ɝ  ɦɚɝɧɚɬɵ

ɚɞɰɭɪɚɥɿɫɹ ² ɩɚɞ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɚɦ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ ² ɫɭɞɨɜ ɵɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɰɵ 

ɹ ʆ  ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜ ɚʆɲɵɫɹ ɬɵɦ ɠɚ ɫɭɞɚɦ ɲ ɬɨ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ Ƚ ɷɬɚ

ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ  ɫɭɞɨɜɚɣ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɿ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ

ɡɟɦɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɝɪɨɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɭɞɨʆ ɚ ɰɟɪɚɡ ɝɨɞ ɿ ɩɚɞɤɚɦɨɪɫɤɿɯ ɧɚ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ  ʆɡɨɪ ɉɟɪɚɜɚɝɚ ɡɟɦɫɤɿɯ ɫɭɞɨʆ ɭ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɿ ɫɬɷɦɟ  ɞɡɟ

ɤɚɧɞɵɞɚɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɞɡɹʆ ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɥɿ ɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɿɹ  ɫɨɣɦɿɤɿ  ɚɡɧɚ

ɱɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɱɭ ʆ ɪɭɤɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ  ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ Ɂ

ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɫɟɬɤɿ ɩɚɜɟɬɚʆ  ɇɨɜɵ ɹ  ɩɚɜɟ

ɬɵ  ɭɫɬɚɥɹ ɜɚɧɵɹ ʆ ±ɝ  ɛɵɥɿ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɚɞɡɿɧɤɚɦɿ

ɫɭɞɨɜɚɣ  ɚɞɦɿɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ  ɜ ɚɣɫɤɨɜɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵ ɿ   ɚɥɟ ɿ

ɫɬɚɧɚɜɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɣ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ ɛɨ ɤɨɠɧɵ  ɩɚɜɟɬ ɦɟʆ ɭɥɚɫ

ɧɵ  ɩɚɜɹ ɬɨɜɵ ɫɨɣɦɿɤ  ɹ ɤɿ ɡ ɬɚɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɦɟʆɫɹ  ɜɵɫɵ ɥɚɰɶ ɩɚ ɞɜɚ

ɩɚɫɥɵ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɶ ɧɵ  ɫɨɣɦ

16 9

  Ȼɵɥɿ ʆɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ɿ ɧɨɜ ɵɹ  ɜ ɚɹɜ ɨɞ

ɫɬɜɵ ɲ ɥɹɯɚɦ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɵɯ  ɡɚɧɚɞɬɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɯ ɲɬɨ ɿ ɡ

ɝɥɟɞɡɿɲ ɱɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ɩɪɵ ɩɚɞɚɛɧɹɥɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ

Ɂɚɤɚɧɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ ɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɣ ɷɦɚɧɫɿɩɚɰɵɿ

ɛɵɥɚ ɝɷɬɚɤ ɡɜ ɚɧɚɹ  ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɩɪɚɜɚ ,,ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫ

ɤɚɝɚ ɹɤɚɹ  ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɭɸɱɵ ɜ ɵ ɲɷɣ ɩɟɪɚɥɿɱɚɧɵɹ ɞɚɫɹ ɝɧɟɧɧɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ  ɭɜɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɭ ɚɞɱɭɠɷɧɧɹ ɫɩɚɞ

ɱɵɧɧɵ ɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ ɛɟɡ ɭɜɚɝɿ ɧɚ ɡɝɨɞɭ ɤɪɷʆɧɵ ɯ ɿ  ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚ

ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ȱ Ʌɚɩɨ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ ɰɚɧɿɥɚ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɫɜ ɚɛɨɞɭ  ɬɪɚɤ

ɬɭɸɱɵ ɹ ɟ ɹ ɤ ɚɞɧɭ ɡ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵ ɯ ©ɜɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɹ ʆª  ɞɚɫɹ ɝɧɭɬɵ ɯ ɭ

ɝɚɞɵ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɭɧɿɹɣ ² ɜɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɹɤɚɹ  ɡɪɚʆɧɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɹ ɟ ɫɬɚɧɨ

ɜɿɲ ɱɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɿɤɚʆ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɿɲɱɚɦ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ

1 70

ɇɚɩɹ ɪɷɞɚɞɧɿ ɭɧɿɿ ɞɚɣɲɥɨ ɞɚ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɿ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɯ ɚɛɦɟɠɚ

ɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ʆ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚʆɧɵ ɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɟ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ  Ʌɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚ  ɹ ɤ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɪɚɫɿ ɣɫɤɚɹ  ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɸɱɵ ɹɤ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɤɚɧɱɚ

ɬɤɨɜɚɟ ɡɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ʆ

ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɟ  ɡɜɹɪɬɚɥɚ ʆɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬ Ⱥʆ

ɝɭɫɬ ɿɞɭɱɵ ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɛɚɰɶɤɚɦ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ I ɋ ɬɚɪɵɦ

5 9

ɲɦɚɬɤɪɨɰɶ  ɞɚɜɚʆ ɞɨɤɚɡɵ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɟ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɵ ɚɩɟɤɭɧɨɦ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵ ɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɿ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɿ ɚ ɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚ ɧɹɪɚɡ ɜɵɥɭɱɚɸɱɵ  ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɿɹ ɩɚɫɚ

ɞɵ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚʆ ɿ  ɤɚɲɬɚɥɹɧɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɿɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɭ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫ

ɤɭɸ ɪɚɞɭ

17 1

 ɍ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɯ əɝɟɥɨɧɚʆ ɩɪɵ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹɯ

ɝɥɹ ɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ I ɭ  ɝ ɚ ɹɝɨɧɵ ɫɵɧ ɭ  ɿ

 ɝ ɜ ɵɞɚɜɚɥɿ  ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɲ ɬɨ ɪɷɡɟɪɜɚɜɚɥɿ  ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɵ ɜɚɹ

ɜɨɞɚʆ ɤɚɲɬɚɥɹɧɚʆ ɿ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɿɹ  ɩɚɫɚɞɵ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ

ɤɨʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɞɧɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ  ɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɰɰɚ ad secretiora

consilia >ɞɚ ɬɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɚʆ@, ɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɭ ɬɚɣɧɭɸ ɪɚɞɭ  Ƚɷ

ɬɵɹ  ɪɚɲɷɧɧɿ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɵ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɿ

ɚɛɭɦɨʆɥɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ² ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɞɨɫɜɟɞɚɦ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɦ ɡ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɧɿɰɬ

ɜɚɦ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ɇɿ ɯɚɥɚ Ƚɥɿ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɚɰɹɝɧɭʆ ɧɚ ɛɨɤ Ɇɚɫɤɜɵ

ɝɪɭɩɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ɿ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ² ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚ ɦɨɠɚ ɿ

ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ   ɧɚɰɿɫɤɚɦ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɿɯ ɪɨɞɚʆ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦ

ɥɹ ʆ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɠɚɞɚɥɿ  ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ ɭ ɫɜ ɚɿɯ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɧɚɣɜ ɵɲɷɣɲɵɹ ɩɚɫɚ

ɞɵ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ

172

ɉɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɹ ɪɵ ɡɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɦɨɝ ɧɚɛɵ ɜɚɰɶ ɤɚɧɮɟ

ɫɿɣɧɵ ɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɚɬɭɥɶ  ɩɚɤɭɥɶ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɵ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ ɜɭɡɟɣɲɵɦ ɫɷ

ɧɫɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɬɜɚ ɉɚ ɦɟɪɵ  ʆɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ  ɤɚɥɶ

ɜɿɧɿɡɦɭ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ ɩɹɰɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɵɯ

ɝɚɞɨʆ XVI ɫɬ  ɤɚɥɿ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɣ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥ Ɋɭɞɵ Ⱥɫɬɚɮɿɣ ȼɚɥɨɜɿ ɱ

əɧ Ƚɥɹɛɨɜɿɱ ɿ ɲɦɚɬ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɧɚɣɜɹɥɿɤɲɵ ɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɿ ɲɜɟɣ

ɰɚɪɫɤɭɸ ɜɟɪɭ  ɝɷɬɵ ɤɪɵ ɬɷɪɵɣ ɫɬɪɚɰɿʆ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ

17 3

  Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚ

ɫɨɜ ɚ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɹ  ɚɯɚɩɿ ɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɪɭɫɤɿ ɯ ɩɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɪɨɞɚʆ ɲɬɨ

ɡ¶ ɹɞɧɚɥɚ ɿɯ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɣ ɫɚɥɿɞɚɪɧɚɫɰɸ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ  ɩɚɧɚɦɿ

17 4

Ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ  ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ ɡ

ɜɵɡɧɚʆɰɚɦɿ ɝɪɷɰɤɚɝɚ ɚɛɪɚɞɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ ɿɟɪɚɪɯɿɿ ɫɯɿɥɹ

ɥɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɞɚ ɚɞɦɨɜ ɵ ɚɞ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɸ ² ɹ ɤɿ ɧɚ

ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ ɩɪɚʆɞɚ ɧɟ ɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɤɨɜɚ ɜɵɤɨɧɜɚʆɫɹ

1 75

 ɿ ɚɞɧɨɫɿʆɫɹ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɞɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ ɧɚ Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ ʆ ɜɭɡɟɣɲ ɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ  ² ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

ʆɥɿɱɜ ɚɸɱɵ  ɲɬɨ ʆ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ ɭɧɿɿ ɿɦ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɶ ɩɚɞ

ɬɪɵ ɦɤɭ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ɿ ɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɟ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɤɚɛ ɩɪɨ

ɰɿɫɬɚɹɰɶ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɹɦ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ

ɞɚ ȼɚɥɵ ɧɿ ɿ ɉɚɞɥɹɲɲɚ

ȱɧɲ ɵɹ  ɧɚɦɟɪɵ ɦɟʆ ɀɵ ɝɿɦɨɧɬ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ ɭ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɿ ɪɭ

ɦɨɧɬ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬª  ɦɵ  ɦɚɟɦ ɧɚʆɜɟɰɟ ɿ ɹ ɝɨɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɪɚɞ

ɰɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ  ɞɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɫɚɸɡɭ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

6 0

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɜɚʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɝɧɭɥɿ ɡ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɰɶ  ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɝɷɬɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ  ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆ

ɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɩɚɧɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɤɥɚɫɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ  Ɍ ɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɦɹ

ɬɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɩɪɵ ɩɚɲ ɵɪɷɧɧɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ Ƚɚ-

ɥɿɰɤɭɸ Ɋɭɫɶ  ɭ  ɝ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɹ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɪɨʆ

ɧɵ ɹ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɡ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɸ Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵ ɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɵ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ

ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɿ ɛ ɡɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɟ ɸɪɵ ɞɵɱɧɵ ɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɭ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ

ɤɪɚɿɧɚɯ  Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɠ ɩɪɵ ɱɵ ɧɵ  ɤɚɥɿ ʆ  ɝ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɜɵɞɚʆ

ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ  ɞɡɟ ɚɛɜɹ ɲɱɚɥɚɫɹ  ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ  ɬɨ

ɩɚɚɛɹ ɰɚʆ ɞɚɩɨʆɧɿ ɰɶ ɿ  ɩɚɲɵ ɪɵ ɰɶ  ɹɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵ ɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɞɡɟ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɰɰɚ ɭɧɿɹ

176

 ɉɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɷɧɧɟ

ɿ ʆɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɧɟ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɚɡ ɡɝɚɞɤɭ ɩɨɛɚɱ ɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɿ ɤɧɹ

ɡɺʆ ɭ  ɝ ɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɩɚɞɪɵɯ

ɬɨʆɤɚɣ ɞɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɹɤ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɡ ɬɷɤɫɬɭ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɸ ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɀɵɝɿ

ɧɚɪɨɞ ɪɭɫɤɢɣ ɞɨ ɬɚɤ ɨɜɨ ɬɨ ɫɩɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɚɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ

ɭɧɢɢ ɯɭɬɥɢɜɢ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɢ ɫɭɬɢ ɡɨ ɜɫɢɦ ɢ ɬɨ ɟɫɬ ɩɨɫɩɨɥ ɡ ɛɪɚ

ɬɟɸ Ʌ ɢɬɜɨɸ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɟɞɚɸɬɶ ɢ ɤɬɨɦ ɭ ɫɹ ɦɚɸɬ ɢ ɯɨɱɭɬ

ɦɟɬɢª

17 7

ȼɨɫɶ  ɠɚ ɹɤ ɜ ɿɞɚɰɶ  ɞɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ  ɚɩɨɲ ɧɿɯ ɸɪɵɞɵɱ

ɧɵɯ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜ ɚɧɧɹʆ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɵ ² ɜ ɵɡɧɚʆɰɚʆ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚɫɥɚʆɹ  ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɚ ɧɟ ɚɞɧɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɹ  ɹ ɤ ɦɟɪɤɚɜ ɚɥɿ  ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɵɹ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ ɿ ɧɟ ɜɵ-

ɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɹ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɿ  ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɭɧɿɹ ɣ  ɹɤ ɫɩɪɚ

ɛɚɜɚʆ ɞɚɜ ɨɞɡɿɰɶ  Ʉ  ɏɚɞɵɧɿɰɤɿ  ɚɥɟ ɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ

ɪɚɡɚɦ

1 78

 ɇɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɧɿ ɿ ɚɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɧɚ

ɤɚɪɵɫɧɵɹ  ɛɨ ɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɡ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɸ ɯɭɬɤɚ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ

ʆ ɤɨɥɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɵ  ɍ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲ ɱɵ   ɩɚ ɦɟɪɵ  ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɭ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵ ɿ  ɪɷɥɿ ɝɿɣɧɚɟ ɬɚɥɟ

ɪɚɧɬɧɚɫɰɿ   ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɚ ɩɚɫɥɨʆɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɚɯ ɚɞ ɫɹɪɷ-

ɞɡɿɧɵ ɯ ɝ ;9, ɫɬ ² ɭɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ʆɩɥɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɧɟɞɚɜɟɪ

ɥɿɜɚɝɚ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɞɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ɭɧɿɿ

ɇɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɞɚɫɩɹɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɧɿ ɿ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɥɚɫɹ

ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚ ʆɜɚɝɿ  əɤ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɹ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɿ ɡɧɚ

ɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɭɩɥɵ ɜ ɚɦ ɬɷɡɵ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɜ ɵɤɚɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɬɨ ʆ ɮɨɪɦɟ

ɚɫɭɞɠɷɧɧɹ  ɬɨ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɵɲɷɣɲ ɚɸ ɩɚɯɜɚɥɨɸ  ɲ ɬɨ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ

ɭɧɿɹ  ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɭɸ ɭɧɿɸ ʆ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɿ ɉɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɠ

Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹ  ɝ  ² ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɿ ² ɛɵɥɚ

ɤɪɚɯɚɦ ɿɞɷɿ Ʌ ɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɚɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚɯ ɪɚʆ

ɧɚɩɪɚʆɹ  ɿ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ  ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɵ

ɡɧɚɧɧɹʆ

1 79

  Ɋ ɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɹ  ɬɚɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɚɫɰɶ  ɚɛɥɟɝɱɵɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɭ ɭɧɿɿ

6 1

ɿ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɵ ɱɵ ɧɿɥɚɫɹɞɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɹ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɸ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɚɸ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɚɣ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ȼ ɚɥɵɧɿ ɿ ɇɚɞ

ɞɧɹɩɪɨʆɹ

1 80

 Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹ  ɪɨɞɡɹɱɵ ɪɷɥɿ ɝɿɣɧɵ ɪɚɫɤɨɥ

ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɧɿ ɿ ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿ ɡɦɵ  ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɚ

ɫɥɭɠɵ ɥɿ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɸ ɤɚɡɚɰɤɚʆɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿ ɯ ɜ ɨɣɧɚʆ ɲ ɬɨ ɫɤɚɥɚ

ɧɭɥɿ  ɝɦɚɯ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ.

ɉɪɚɰɿ ɜɹɱɵɫɹ ɭɧɿɿ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɚɬɜ ɚ ɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɚ ɧɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɚɥɟ ɿ  ɫɜɨɣ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵ  ɩɪɵ ɹ ɪɵɬɷɬ

18 1

  ɋ ɚɫɬɭɩɤɿ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ

ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ʆ ± ɝ ɞɵɤɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɞɡɟɹɣ  ɲɬɨ ɡɞɚɛɵʆɲɵ

ɠɚɞɚɧɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜɵ  ɹɧɚ ɚɯɚɥɨɧɟ ɞɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɿ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿɰɶ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚɦ

ɥɹ ɝɱɷɣ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɺɸ Ⱥɥɟ ɦɹɪɤɭɸɱɵ ɚɛ¶ɟɤɬɵ ʆɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɵ

ɡɧɚɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɡ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɲɚɫɰɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɛɵɥɚ

ɩɪɚɞɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɚ  ɇɚɞɡɜɵɱɚɣ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɟɲɧɿɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɬɭɬ

ɛɵɥɚ ɿɧɮɥɹ ɧɰɤɚɹ  ɜɚɣɧɚ  ɹɤɚɹ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɚ ɡ¶ɹ ɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɿɥɚʆ

Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɛɨ ɚɩɨɲɧɹɟ ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɩɪɚ

ɜɿɰɰɚ ɡ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɚɣ ȱɧɮɥɹɧɬɚʆ ɚɞ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɿ ɒɜɟɰɵɿ Ⱦɚɧɿɿ ɿ Ɋɚɫɿ ɿ

Ɍɨɟ ɲɬɨ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚ ɩɚɝɚɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ʆ ɚɤɰɟ

ɭɧɿ ɿ  ɝ  ɚ ɧɟ ² ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɚɦɭ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧ

ɧɸ ²ɭɠɨ ʆ  ɝ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵɥɨɮɨɪɦɚɸ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɭ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ

ɩɚɧɨʆ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɯ ɧɚɞ Ⱦɡɜɿɧɨɸ  ɤɚɛ ɬɵɹ  ʆɧɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɚɸɡ ɡ

ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɸ  ɭɦɚɰɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɹ ɝɨ

18 2

  Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ  ɞɚ ɭɧɿ ɿɲɬɭɪ

ɯɚʆ ɭɜɟɫɶ  ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɹ  ɿ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɞɡɟɹ ɧɧɹ

ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹ ɝɭ ɤɚɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ

ɇɚɨɝɭɥ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɦɚɟɰɰɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞ-

ɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ  ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɜɚɥɿ  ɚɫɧɨʆ

ɧɵɹ  ɩɟɪɚɲ ɤɨɞɵ ɞɚ ɰɹɫɧɟɣɲɚɝɚ ɩɚɹɞɧɚɧɧɹ  ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚ

ɜɚʆ əɧɨ ɪɚɛɿɥɚɫɹ  ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɿ  ʆɦɨɜɚʆ ɧɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɚɞ

ɛɭɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɹ ʆɦɨɜ ɵ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ

ɫɨɣɦɚɯ ɜɹɥɿ ɫɹ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜ ɚɹ  ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ   Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɚ ʆ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ

18 3

  ɬɚɦɭ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɪɵ ɝɚɞɚɰɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ɲɬɨ ɤɚɥɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ  ɛɨɤ ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɛɨɤ ɦɨɰɧɚ ɛɚɪɚɧɿʆ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ

ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚʆ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ  ɤɚɧɮɪɚɧɬɚɰɵɹ  ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ

ɷɤɡɷɤɭɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ± ɝ  ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɪɵɛɵɥɚ ɡ ɦɷɬɚɸ

ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜ ɚʆ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɹ

ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ  ɛɨɤ ɦɨɰɧɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ  ɲ ɬɨ ɭɧɿ ɹ  ɧɟ ɦɚɟ ɧɚ

ɬɚɤ ɲɬɨ ɿ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɭ ɧɿɲɬɨ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɩɚɜ ɿɧɧɚ ɩɚ

ɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɹɰɰɚª  ɉɚɫɥɵ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɥɿ ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɭɸ ʆɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ  ɤɚɛ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ