Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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4 2

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɵ ɦ II ɝ  ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɦɭ ɤɚɫɰɺɥɭ  ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɡɚɹ ɜɿʆ

ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɧɹʆ ɯɪɨɫɬ Ʌɿɬɜɵ «de consensu et voluntate fratrum

nostrorum carissimorum ducum et omnium nobili um terre

Lithuaniae» >© ɫɚ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɿ ɜɨɥɿ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɧɚɣɦɿɥɟɣɲɵɯ ɛɪɚɬɨʆ ɿ

ʆɫɺɣ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɡɹɦɥɿ  Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣª@

10 0

 ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ Ʌ ɚʆɦɹ ɧɫɤɿ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ

ɜɵɪɚɡ ɱɵ ɧɧɚɝɚ ʆɞɡɟɥɭ ɛɚɹ ɪɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɰɷɥɵ ɦ ɭ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɿɦ ɚɤɰɟ ɿ

ɫɭɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɹ ɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɵ   ɹ ɤɿɹ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɱɚɥɶ ɰɨʆ ɜɹ ɥɿ

ɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɚɟ ɪɚɞɵ ʆ ɚɤɬɚɯ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɦɤɧɹɡɟɦ ɹ ɲɱɷ

ɪɚɧɟɣ

1 01

ɋɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɬɷɡɵ ɩɪɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɵɡɦ ɹɤɭɸ ɦɿɠ ɿ ɧɲɵɦ

ɩɚɫɥɹɞɨʆɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿʆ ȼ Ʉɚɦɹɧɟɰɤɿ

10 2

 ɝɚɜɨɪɵɰɶ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɚ

ɫɜ ɟɞɱɚɧɵ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɦɿ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɚɟ ɪɚɞɵ Ƚɟɞɵɦɿ ɧɚ ʆ ɩɟ

ɪɚɦɨɜɚɯ ɚɛ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɰɰɿ ɯɪɨɫɬɭ ʆ  ɝ  ɿ ɚɞɵɯɨɞ Ƚɟɞɵɦɿɧɚ ɚɞ

ɩɟɪɲ ɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ  ɩɚɞ ɧɚɰɿ ɫɤɚɦ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɶ 

ɧɿ ɰɬɜɚ ɀɦɭɞɡɿ  ɹɤɚɹ ɩɪɵɝɪɚɡɿɥɚ Ƚɟɞɵ ɦɿɧɭ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɰɶ ɿ ɫɤɿɧɭɰɶ

ɹ ɝɨ ɡ ɬɪɨɧɭ ɤɚɥɿ  ɺɧ ɧɟ ɚɞɦɨɜ ɿɰɰɚ ɚɞ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɭ ɯɪɵ ɫɰɿɹɧɿɡɚ

ɰɵɿ

103

Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɟ ʆɜɚɝɭ  ɲ ɬɨ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ʆ ɞɚʆ

ɧɿɧɭ  ɿ ɲɵɪɷɣɲ ɵɹ ɚɫɚɦɛɥɟɿ ɧɨɛɿɥɹʆ ɩɪɵɜɨɞɡɹɱɵ ʆ ɩɚɰɜ ɟɪ

ɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɡɝɚɞɤɭ ɤɪɨɧɿɤɿ Ⱦ ɭɫɛɭɪɝɚ ɩɪɚ ɡ¶ɟɡɞ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ

ɩɚɧɨʆ ɭ ɝ ɫɤɥɿɤɚɧɵ ȼɿɰɟɧɟɦ «rex quasi omnes pociores

regni sui habuit circa se congregatos in quodam t ractatu seu

parlamento» >© ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɹɤ ɿ ʆɫɟ ɥɟɩɲɵɹ ɹɝɨɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜ ɚ

ɦɟʆ ɜɚɤɨɥ ɫɹɛɟ ɫɚɛɪɚɧɵɯ ɭ ɩɷʆɧɭɸ ɪɚɞɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬª @

10 4

ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚʆɬɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɫɛɭɪɝ ɦɟʆ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɹ ɡɜ ɟɫɬɤɿ ɩɪɚ

ɤɪɵɠɚɰɤɭɸ ɜɵɩɪɚɜɭ ɬɚɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɚ ɬɚɦɭ ©ɧɹɦɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚʆ  ɤɚɛ

ɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ  ɩɚɞ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɜɟɪɚɝɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ  ɡɝɚɞɤɿ  ɩɪɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ

ɡ¶ɟɡɞª

105

ɇɚɣɜ ɹɥɿɤɲ ɭɸ ɠ ɪɨɥɸ ʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɟ ɚɞɵ ɝɪɵɜ ɚɥɚ

ɜɹɥɿ ɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɞɚ ɹɤɚɹ ɩɚ ɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ

ɚɦɚɥɶ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɡɚɦɹɧɿɥɚ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɡ¶ɟɡɞɵ ɩɥɹ ɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɛɿɥɹʆ

10 6

əɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɛɪɚɬɨʆ ɭɥɚɞɚɪɚ  ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɿ ɧɲɵɯ ɤɪɷʆ

ɧɵɯ  ɫɚɧɨʆɧɿ ɤɚʆ  ɧɚɣɡɧɚɱɧɟɣɲ ɵ ɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ɿ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ  ɩɚɤɥɿ

ɤɚɧɵɯ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɿɯ © ɩɪɚɮɟɫɿɣɧɵɯª  ɹɤɚɫɰɹ ʆ  Ɂɝɚɞɚɧɵ ɜɵ

ɲɷɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ  ɝ  ɡ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚɦ əɝɚɣɥɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɵʆ ɡ ɜɟɞɚɦɚ

ɡɝɨɞɵ ɿ ɩɚɪɚɞɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɦɚɰɿ ɘɥɶɹɧɵ ɿ ɛɪɚɬɨʆ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɜɟɪɧɚɟ

ɪɚɞɵ

10 7

ȼɚ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ɇ  ɑ ɭɛɚɬɵ  ɜɵ ɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɵ ɫɭ

ɩɪɨɰɶ ɬɷɡɵ ɩɪɚ ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɵɡɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɪɨʆ ɭɡɜɵɲɚʆ ɡɧɚ

ɱɷɧɧɟ ɜ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɤɧɹ ɫɤɚɟ ɪɚɞɵ  ɩɚɪɚʆɧɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɹɟ ɡ ɛɚɹ ɪɫɤɚɸ

4 3

ɪɚɞɚɸ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɿ

10 8

 Ɋɨɥɸ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɚɟ ɪɚɞɵ  ʆɠɨ ʆ XIVɫɬ  ²

ɡɜɹɪɬɚɸɱɵ ʆɜɚɝɭ ɿ  ɧɚ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɪɚɞɚʆ ɩɪɵ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɯ

ɭɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɤɧɹɡɹɯ ² ɩɚɞɪɚɛɹɡɧɚ ɚɩɿ ɫɚʆ ȱ Ɇɚɥɿɧɨʆɫɤɿ ɚ ɩɚɡ

ɧɟɣ ɞɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚʆ Ƚ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ

10 9

  Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɦɵ  ɦɨɠɚɦ

ɥɿɱɵɰɶ  ɞɚɤɚɡɚɧɵɦ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹ ɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɬɵɹ ɱɚɫɵ

ɪɚɞɵ ɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚ ɤɿ ɪɚʆɧɿ ɱɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɩɚ

ɪɚɞɵɱɧɚɟ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ʆ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɹ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɫɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɟ

ɲɵɪɷɣɲɵ ɯ ɚɫɚɦɛɥɟɹʆ

1 10

 Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ɚɛɜɹ ɪɝɚɟ ɬɚɝɨ  ɲɬɨ

ɫɚɸɡ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɸ ɩɪɵɫɩɟɲɵʆ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɟ ɛɚɹ ɪɫɬɜɚɲɥɹɯɬɵ

ɇɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ  ɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɚɟ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ ɦ ©ɗ ɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ  ɰɿ ɪɷ

ɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ  ʆ ɡɦɟɧɚɯ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɵ əɝɟɥɨɧɚɯ"ª

11 1

² ɦɵ ɚɞɤɚɡɜɚɟɦ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɚʆɬɚɪɚɦ ɿ Ɇ ȾɨʆɧɚɪɁɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ

11 2

ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ ɚɥɟ ɞɚɞɚɦɨ  ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ  ɩɚɫɤɨɪɚɧɚɹ

ɩɟɪɚɣɦɚɧɧɟɦ ɭɡɨɪɭ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɧɚɟ ʆɠɨ ʆ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ  ɫɬɚɧɚɜɚɟ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɩɚɝɚɞɡɿɰɰɚ ɡ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɚɦ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɚɝɚ  ɲɬɨ

ɜɹɞɨɦɵ ɧɚɦɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɣ  ɝ  ɛɵʆ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɵ ɛɚɹ ɪɚɦɿ ɛɟɡ ɧɚ

ɰɿ ɫɤɭ ɡ ɿɯɧɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɿ  ɦɟʆ ɧɚ ɦɷɰɟ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɶ ɿɯ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭ ɞɥɹ

ɧɨɜɚɣ əɝɚɣɥɚɜɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɤɿ

1 13

  Ɂɟɦɫɤɚɦɭ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɸ ɝ  ɹ ɤɿ

ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɵ  ɿɦɭɧɿ ɬɷɬ  ɧɟ ɩɚɩɹ ɪɷɞɧɿɱɚʆ ɩɟɪɵɹ ɞ

ɚɞɡɿɧɤɚɜɵɯ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ  ɹɤɿ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɧɿɛɵɬɚ ɩɪɚɫɤɨɱɵɥɚ

11 4

  Ɍɚɦɭ

ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɫɚɸɡ ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ ɫɬɜɚɪɵ ʆ ɩɚɞ

ɫɬɚɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɚɱɵ ɩɟɪɲ ɚɝɚ ɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɚɜɚɝɚ ɡɟɦɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɜ

ɿɥɟɸ ɞɥɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ  ɹɤɿ  ² ɹɤ ɦɵ ɜ ɟɞɚɟɦ ² ɭ ɫɜɚɿɦ

ɬɷɤɫɰɟ explicite ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚɟɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɹ  ʆɡɨɪɵ  ȼ ɨɫɶ  ɠɚ

ɩɚɞɲɬɭɪɯɧɭɬɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹɣ  ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ  ɤɪɵɲɬɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɫɬɚɧɚɜɚɣ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ  ɲɬɨ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɚɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɛɚɹ ɪɫɬɜɚ

ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜ ɚ ɹɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɿ ɯ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɱɚɝɨ ² ɡ¶ ɟɡɞ

 ɝɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿɥɿɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɚɦɿ  ʆ ɚɤɰɟ ɭɧɿɿ  ɝ Ɍɚɤ ɲɬɨ

ɡɦɟɧɚ ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ  ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚɹ 

Ⱦɵ ɤ ɰɿ ɦɚɟ ɩɚɞ ɫɚɛɨɣ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚʆ ɬɵɬɭɥ  ɹɤɿ ɞɚʆ

Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ ɚɞɧɚɦɭ ɡ ɪɚɡɞɡɟɥɚʆ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɩɪɚɰɵ ©ɍɞɡɟɥ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɛɚɹɪɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɿ ɭɧɿɿ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ  ɝª

115

" Ƚɷɬɵ

ʆɞɡɟɥ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɡɚɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ɝɿɩɨɬɷɡɚɣ  ɛɨ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɿ ɚɤɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ə ɝɚɣɥɭ ɡ ɛɪɚɬɚɦɿ ȼɵɪɚɡ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɤɬɚ ɲɬɨ ɺɧ ɠɚɞɚɟ

ɩɪɵ ɧɹ ɰɶ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɰɤɭɸ ɜɟɪɭ ɡ ɧɟɚɯɪɵ ɲɱɚɧɵɦɿ  ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɛɪɚ

ɬɚɦɿ ɿ ɡ«proximis, nobili bus, terrigenis maioribus et minimis, in

suis t erris existentibus» >©ɛɥɿɡɤɿ ɦɿ  ɲɥɹɯɬɚɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɵɦɿ ɿ  ɦɟɧ

ɲɵɦɿ ɡɹ ɦɹ ɧɚɦɿ ɧɚ ɹɝɨɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯª@ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɭɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ

ɬɪɚɤɬɚɜɚɰɶ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɹ ɤ ɞɚɤɥɹ ɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɯɪɨɫɬɭ ɤɪɚɿ ɧɵ  ɚ ɧɟ ɹɤ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

4 4

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɜɵɪɚɡ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɡ ɦɟɧɲɵɦɿ ɛɚɹɪɚɦɿ

(terrigenis maiores et minimi) ɹ ɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɵ ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ ɩɚɜɟ

ɞɚɦɥɹɥɚɫɹ ex post  ȱɧɲɚɹ ɪɷɱ ² ɭɞɡɟɥ ɪɚɞɵ əɧɚ ²ɹɤ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɚ

ɡ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ² ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ

116

 ɿ ɦɚɝɥɚ ɩɚɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ

ɡɚɦɟɧɧɿɤɚɦ ² ɿ ɮɿɤɰɵɹɣ ² ɭɫɟɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɪɷɲɬɵ

ɡɪɚɛɿɥɚ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɣ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɭɸ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɺʆɤɭ ɰɵɬɚɜ ɚɧɚɝɚ ɜ ɵɲɷɣ

ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɸ  ɝ  ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɦɭ ɤɚɫɰɺɥɭ ɿ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɭɸ ɫɬɵɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ

ʆ ɚɤɰɟ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɞɡɟ əɝɚɣɥɚ ʆ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɦ ɿɦ ɚɤɰɟ

ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ ɲɬɨ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɞɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ʆ ɫɜɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɚɞɛɵ

ɥɨɫɹ «unanimi nostro et aliorum fratrum nostrorum et omnium

baronum, nobilium, procerum et boyarorum eiusdem terrae Lythwanie

voluntate accedente et assensu…» >©ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɚɞɧɚɞɭɲɧɚɣ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɿ ɡ

ɜɨɥɿ ɧɚɲɚɣɞɵ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɛɪɚɬɨʆ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɞɚɫɬɨɣɧɿ

ɤɚʆ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɚʆɥɚɞɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ ɬɨɣ ɠɚɡɹɦɥɿ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣª@

11 7

Ɍɚɦɭ ɦɵ ʆɜɚɠɚɟɦ ɲ ɬɨ ɭɧɿɸ ɰɹɠɤɚ ɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɣ©ɧɟ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ əɝɚɣɥɵ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ʆɫɹɟ ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɚɟ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɹɤɨɣ

ɺɧ ɫɬɚɹʆª ɝ ɡɧ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɵɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ

118

  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɦɨɠ

ɧɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ ɲɬɨ ɚɤɬɵ  ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɭɧɿɹɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɫɥɹ

ɬɚɝɨ  ɹɤɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɫɥɭɯɚɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɚ ɪɚɞɵ  ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɿ ɱɵɧɧɿɤ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ ɛɚɹɪɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ ² ɛɚɹɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɧɿ ɪɚɞɵ  ɧɿ

ɡɝɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɩɵɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɚɥɟ ex post ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɚɦɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹʆ ɡ¶ɹɞ

ɧɚɰɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɣ ² ɧɚɝɥɹ ɞɧɚ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɸɱɵ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɿ

ɹɤɿɹ ɧɺɫ ɹɦɭ ɝɷɬɵ ɫɚɸɡ

Ɍɵ ɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ  ɩɚɧɵ ɿ ɛɚɹɪɵ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚ

ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɰɶ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ  Ɂɚɧɚɞɬɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɛɵɥɿ

ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɞɜɭɦɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ  ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɰɚɥɤɚɦ

ɱɭɠɵɦɿ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɚɞɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɧɚɞɬɚ ɦɨɰɧɚ ɥɿɬɜ ɿɧɵ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ

ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɭ  ɤɚɛ ɧɟ ɠɚɞɚɰɶ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɟ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ  ©Ʌɿɬɜɚ ² ɩɿɫɚʆ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɿ ² ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ

ʆɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ʆ ɭɧɿɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɞ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɚɦ ɡ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɿª

119

 Ʉɚɥɿ

ɩɚɫɥɹ ʆɡɵɯɨɞɭ əɝɚɣɥɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɬɪɨɧɿ ɯɪɨɫɬɭ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟ

ɤɚ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ Ɉɪɞɷɧɚ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɚ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲ ɱɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ

ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɿ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ  ɹɤɿ ɡɪɚɛɿʆɫɹ

ɩɪɚɜɚɞɵɪɨɦ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɭ ɲɬɨ ɿɦɤɧɭʆɫɹ  ɞɚ ɜɹ ɪɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ

12 0

  ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ ɦɚɧɿɮɟɫɬɚɰɵɹ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵɡɦɭ ²

ɡ¶ɟɡɞ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɩɟ ɋɚɥɿɧ ɞɡɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɵ ɿ ɛɚɹɪɵ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿɥɿ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ

©ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦª Ʌɿɬɜɵ

ɒɭɤɚɸɱɵ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ  ȼ ɿɬɚʆɬ ɫɤɚɪɵ ɫɬɚʆ

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ  ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɵ  ɡ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɧɿ ɹ ɥɶ ɧɵ ɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ ɡɞɡɟɣɫ

4 5

ɧɟɧɚɣ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹ ɸɱɵ ɹɝɨ ɹɤ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧ

ɧɹ ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲ ɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɨʆ  Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɤɪɵ ɠɚɰɤɿ ɦ ɯɪɚɧɿ

ɫɬɚɦ ɉɨɫɿɥɝɿ ȼɿɬɚʆɬ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚʆ ɥɿ ɫɬəɞɜɿ ɝɿ ɩɪɚ

ɹ ɟ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɟɧɚ ɉɪɚɱɵɬɚʆɲɵ ɥɿɫɬ ɺɧ ɡɚɩɵ ɬɚʆ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ  ɫɚɛɪɚɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɩɟ ɋ ɚɥɿ ɧ  ɰɿ ɯɨɱɭɰɶ ɹɧɵ

ɛɵɰɶ ɩɚɞɞɚɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɿ ɩɥɚɰɿ ɰɶ ɿɦ ɱɵɧɲɵ ɛɚɹ ɪɵ ɚɞɤɚɡɚɥɿ

ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɲɬɨ ɹɧɵ ɿ ɿɯ ɛɚɰɶɤɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɥɸɞɡɶ ɦɿ ɜɨɥɶ ɧɵɦɿ ɧɿɹɤɿɯ

ɱɵɧɲ ɚʆ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦ ɧɟ ɩɥɚɰɿɥɿ  ɿ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲ ɭɸ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ

ɠɚɞɚɸɰɶ  ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ

12 1

  ɇɚɜɚɬ ɤɚɥɿ  ɥɿɱɵɰɰɚ ɡ ɬɷɧ

ɞɷɧɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɪɩɪɷɬɚɰɵɹɣ ɥɿɫɬɚ ȼɿ ɬɚʆɬɚɦ ɤɚɛ ɫɯɿɥɿɰɶ ɫɚɛɪɚ

ɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɜɚɰɶ  ɡ əɝɚɣɥɚɦ ɿ  əɞɜɿɝɚɣ  ɭ ɹ ɝɨɧɵɦ ɡɦɟɫɰɟ ɦɭɫɿɥɿ

ɩɪɵ ɫɭɬɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɹɤɿɹ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿɥɿ  ɬɚɤ ɲɵɪɨɤɚ ɚɛɚɝɭɥɶɧɿɰɶ

ɡɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɧɿ ɲɬɨ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɚɥɿɞɥɹ ɛɚɹɪ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ɋ ɭɫɿ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɜɟɧɚ

əɤ ɛɵ  ɬɚɦ ɧɿ  ɛɵɥɨ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɹ  ɜɹɪɯɭɲ ɤɚ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ

ʆɫɜ ɟɞɚɦɥɹɰɶ ɦɚɝɱɵ ɦɚɫɰɶ  ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɧɿ ɹɥɶ ɧɚɣ  ɬɪɚɤɬɨʆɤɿ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɚɟ ɧɚɦɿ ɜɵɲ ɷɣ ɬɷɡɵ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɫɰɿ

ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ  ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɿɹ ɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ ɹɤɚɹ

ɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ ɭ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɿɦ ɚɤɰɟ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɣ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɟ ɤɚɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɿ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɚɩɵ ɧɭɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ  ɡ ɿɦɤɧɟɧ

ɧɹɦɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ

ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɿ ɚɤɬ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ  ɝ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɫɬɪɭɤ

ɰɵ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ

ɍ ɫɭɬɵɤɧɟɧɧɿ  ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɚʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɫɭɿ ɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ

ɭ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɿɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ² ɩɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɿɹɥɶ

ɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɚɝɚ  ² ɦɚɰɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɚɤɚɡɜɚʆɫɹ ɚɩɨɲɧɿ

ɉɟɪɲɵ ɫɥɭɠɵʆ ɦɷɬɚɦ ɧɟɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɟ  Ⱥɫɥɚɛɥɹɰɶ

ɹɝɨ ɦɭɫɿʆ ɿ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɦɚɞɷɥɿ ɡ ɹ ɤɨɣ ɫɭɬɵɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɵ  ɿ ɛɚɹɪɵ ɿ ɧɚ ɹɤɭɸ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɣ  ɝ ɧɚʆɩɪɨɫɬ ɹɤ ɦɵ

ɜɟɞɚɟɦ  ɫɩɚɫɵɥɚʆɫɹ ɹɤ ɧɚ ʆɡɨɪ ɞɥɹ  ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɫɭɞɨɜɚɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ

ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɹ  ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɵɯ ɿ ɫɹɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ

ɛɚɹɪɚʆ

Ⱦɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɞɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɚɤɚ

ɡɚɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɭ ɧɹ ɞɨʆɝɿɦ ɷɩɿɡɨɞɚɦ ɇɿ ɫɭɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ɫɿɥɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɧɿ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɯ ɫɿɥɚʆ ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ ɤɚɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɸ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ɧɚ

ɞɚʆɠɷɣɲɵ ɱɚɫ ɍ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ;,9±;9 ɫɬ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɿɥɚʆ

ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɯ ɭ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ɰɿ ɯɨɰɶ ɛɵ ɝɚɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɝɚɞɡɿɰɰɚ ɡ

ɺɸ ɹɤ ɡ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɚɦ ɚ ɛɟɡ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɪɚ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɫɬɚɧɭ

ɪɷɱɚʆ ɹɤɿ ɩɚʆɫɬɚʆɭ  ɝ ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɛɵɰɶ ɿ ɝɚɜɨɪɤɿ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

4 6

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ɇɚɥɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɦ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɹ  ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɡ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ

ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɿ  ɡɚɛɪɚɰɶ ɭ ɜɭɝɨɪɰɚʆ ɿ  ɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ Ƚɚɥɿɰɤɭɸ Ɋɭɫɶ

ɚ ɜ ɚɥɨɞɚɸɱɵ ɺɸ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɚɛɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɉɚɞɨɥɥɹ   ɇɚ

ɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɟ ɿɯ ɧɟ ɯɚɩɚɥɚ  Ɇɨɠɧɚ ² ɹ ɞɭɦɚɸ ² ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ

ɬɚɤɿ ɯɭɬɤɿ ² ɿ ɩɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɛɹɡɛɨɥɶɧɵ ² ɪɚɡɜɚɥ ɿ ɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ

Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ  ɛɵ ʆ ɲ ɱɚɫɰɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ  ɒɱɚɫɰɟɦ  ɛɨ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ

;,9 ɫɬ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɚ ɩɚɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɩɚɝɥɵɧɭɰɶ  ɬɚɤɿ

ɪɚɡɥɟɝɥɵ ɿ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɵ  ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚ ɿ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɦ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɹ  ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɫɤɨɧɱɵɰɰɚ

ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɚɣ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚɣ Ɂɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɝɚɜɨɪɵɰɶ  ɦɨɰɧɵ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆ  ɹɤɿ ɫɩɚɬɤɚʆ ȼɿɬɚʆɬ ɭ ɫɜɚɿ ɦ ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɿ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ Ʉɚɥɿ ɛ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɛɨɤ ɧɚɦɚɝɚʆɫɹ ɫɿɥɚɣ

ɧɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɿ  ɝɷɬɚ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɛ

ɩɚɰɹ ɝɧɭɰɶ  ɡɚ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜ ɵ  ɤɭɞɵ ɰɹ ɠɷɣɲ ɵɹ   ɱɵ ɦ

ɫɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɿ ɥɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɡɟɫɹ ɬɤɚʆ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɲɦɚɬɝɚɞɨɜɚɹ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ ɜɟɞɡɟɧɚɹ ɋɜɿɞɪɵɝɚɣɥɚɦ ɤɚɥɿ ɫɩɥɹɬɚɥɿɫɹ

ɦɿɠɫɨɛɤɭ ɪɨɡɧɵ ɹ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɿ  ɿ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɠɚɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɶ

ɪɨʆɧɵ ɹ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɦ ɪɭɫɿɧɚɦ ɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɛɵɥɿ

ɿ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɵ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵɜɵ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɿ ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ

ɋɩɚɬɪɷɛɿɥɚɫɹ ɤɚɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ

² ɡɪɷɲɬɵ  ɧɟ ɤɚɧɟɱɧɟ ɡɝɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɹ ɤ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɛɵɜ ɚɟ ɩɪɵ

ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɠɵ ɰɰɿ ² ɤɚɛ ɜɵɫɩɟɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɵ  ɬɪɵ ɜɚɥɚɝɚ ɡɚ

ɞɡɿɧɨɱɚɧɧɹ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ  ɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ⱥɞȼɿ ɥɟɧɫɤɚɊ ɚɞɚɦɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ

ɞɚ Ʌɸɛ ɥɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ  ɫɨɣɦɚ

Ɇɵ ɩɪɵ ɫɜɹɰɿɥɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɚ ʆɜɚɝɿ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɵ ɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɫɚɸ

ɡɭ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ  ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ɛɨ ɥɿɱɵ ɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɣɫɰɿ ɡɵɯɨɞɧɵ

ɩɭɧɤɬ  ɧɚɜɚɬ ɤɚɥɿ ɫɬɚɧ  ɡɚɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɚɜɚɧɵ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜ ɵɯ ɚɤ

ɬɚɯ  ɚɤɚɡɚʆɫɹ ɧɟɬɪɵɜɚɥɵ ɿ ɧɟʆɡɚɛɚɜ ɟ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɹ

12 2

  Ɍ ɚɞɵ  ɧɚ

ɩɪɨɲɜɚɸɰɰɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ  ɱɚɦɭ ɬɚɤ ɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɹɤɿɹ ɫɿɥɵ ɩɪɵɱɵɧ

ɿɥɿɫɹ  ɞɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ"  Ⱥɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɹ  ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ ɞɚɡɜ ɨɥɿɰɶ  ɥɟɩɲ

ɡɪɚɡɭɦɟɰɶ  ɹ ɤ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵ ɯɨɞ ɩɚɞɡɟɹ ʆ  ɡɜ ɹɡɚɧɵɯ ɡ ɭɧɿɹ ɣ  ɿ ɹɟ

ɡɦɟɧɥɿɜɵɹ  ɮɨɪɦɵ ɚɥɶ ɛɨ ɿɯ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ   ɬɚɤ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ

ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɭ ɤɪɚɿ ɧɚɯ  ɱɵɟ ɥɺɫɵ  ɚɤɚɡɚɥɿ ɫɹ ɡɜɹ ɡɚɧɵɹ ɡ

ɺɸ 

ɉɟɪɲ ɱɵɦ ɦɵ ɩɹ ɪɨɣɞɡɟɦ ɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɜɭɡɥɚɜɨɝɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ

ɧɚɲɵɯ ɪɚɡɜ ɚɝɚʆ ² Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ² ɡɜ ɟɪɧɟɦ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ

ɝɚɥɨʆɧɭɸ ɩɥɵ ɧɶ ɡɦɟɧɚʆ ɚɞ  ɞɚ  ;,, ɝ  ɤɚɥɿ ɛɵʆ

4 7

ɫɤɥɿ ɤɚɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɫɨɣɦ  ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɚʆɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɵ ɧɹʆ

ɬɭɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɭɸ ɭɧɿɸ

Ʉɭɬɲɷɛɚ ɥɿɱɵʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɭɧɿ ɸ  ɝ ɫɚɫɬɭɩ

ɤɚɸ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ əɝɚɣɥɵ ɹ ɤɿ  ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɵ ʆ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɪɷɚɥɿ ɡɚɜɚɰɶ ɿɧɤɚɪ

ɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ ɡɚɹ ʆɥɟɧɭɸ ʆ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɿɦ ɚɤɰɟ ɩɚɝɚɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɧɿɸ ɿ

ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɚɦ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ ɹ ɤɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɩɚɪɚɡɵ  ɩɚɞ ȼɨɪɫɤɥɚɸ

 ɝ ©ɡɪɚɡɭɦɟʆ ɩɚɛɿɬɵ ɲɬɨ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɛɟɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ

ɲɬɨ ɛɟɡɹɟ ɹɧɚ ɧɟ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɿɰɰɚ ɚɞ ɝɷɬɭɥɶɤɿ ɯ ɜɨɪɚɝɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ  ɧɚ ɹɟ

ɧɚɫɹɞɚɸɰɶ  Ɍɚɦɭ ɺɧ ɩɚɝɚɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɸ ɜɿɞɚ

ɜɨɱɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɚɛ ɹɧɨ ɹ ɤ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲ ɚɛɦɹ ɠɨʆɜɚɥɚ Ʌɿɬɜ ɭª

1 23

ɇɚɣɿɫɬɨɬɧɟɣɲɚɹ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɬɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɭɧɿɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹ ɸɰɶ  ɩɪɚɥɿ ɰɶ ɫɜɹɬɥɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ  ɯɬɨ ɛɪɚʆ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɹɟɪɷɚ

ɥɿɡɚɰɵ ɿ

Ɇɵ  ɜ ɟɞɚɟɦ ɬɪɵ ɚɤɬɵ  ɋ ɤɥɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɚɦ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ ɜɵ ɞɚɞɡɟ

ɧɚɝɚ ʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ I. ɝ  ɛɵʆ ȼɿɬɚʆɬ ɹɤ ɤɧɹɡɶ  Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɫɤɥɚ

ɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ² ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɛɚɹɪɵ ɚ ɬɪɷɰɹɝɚ ² ɭ Ɋɚɞɚɦɟ

 ɫɚɤɚɜ ɿɤɚ ² ɩɚɲɵ ɪɚɧɚɹ  ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ  ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɚ

12 4

  ɇɟ

ɫɬɚɟ ɚɤɬɚ əɝɚɣɥɵ ɯɨɰɶ ɦɵ ɿ ɦɚɟɦ ɡɝɚɞɤɭ ɲɬɨ ɺɧɛɵʆ ɜɵɞɚɞ

ɡɟɧɵ Ɂɦɟɫɬ ɚɤɬɚ ɭɧɿɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɱɚ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɭ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɹɝɨɧɚ

ɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹ ɫɤɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɧɚ Ʌ ɿɬɜɟ ɡ ɬɵɦ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚ ɹɝɨɧɚɣ

ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɹɧɚ ɦɚɟ ɜɹɪɧɭɰɰɚ ɞɚ əɝɚɣɥɵ ɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ  Ɂ

ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɭ ɚɤɰɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ ɡɦɹɲɱɚɟɰɰɚ ɡɚɫɰɹɪɨɝɚ

ɲɬɨ ʆ ɜɵ ɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɚɥɿ  əɝɚɣɥɚ ɩɚɦɪɷ  ɧɟ ɩɚɤɿɧɭʆɲɵ ɧɚɲɱɚɞɤɚʆ

ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɹ  ɿ ɫɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɵ ɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ«sine scitu domini

ducis Wytowdi et nostro pariter… sibi regem et dominum non

debent eli gere seu locare» >© ɛɟɡ ɜɟɞɚɦɚ ɩɚɧɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ ɿ

ɧɚɲɚɝɚ « ɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɜɵɛɿɪɚɰɶ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ ɫɚɛɟ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ɿ ɝɚɫ

ɩɚɞɚɪɚª @

125

 Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɡɚɛɚɜɹ ɡɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɰɜɹ ɪɞɠɚʆ ɚɤɬ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɪɚɞɵ

ɡɚɩɷʆɧɿɜɚɸɱɵ  ɲɬɨ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ɹɤɿ ɦɚɟ ʆ ɛɭ

ɞɭɱɵɧɿ ɫɬɚɰɶ ɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɨɦ Ʌɿɬɜɵ  ɚɞɛɭɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡ ɜɟɞɚ

ɦɚ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɫɚ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ

1 26

 ɇɟ ɡɚɝɥɵɛɥɹɸɱɵɫɹ ɬɭɬ ɭ

ɞɵɫɤɭɫɿɸ ɧɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿɝɷɬɚɹ ɡɝɨɞɚ ɦɚɝɥɚ ɡɜɹɡɜɚɰɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɛɨɤ

12 7

ɡɜɟɪɧɟɦ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɦɚɧɬɵ

 ɍ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɿ ɭɧɿ ɿ ʆɡɹ ɥɿ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɚɩɪɚɱɚ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɿɫɤɭ

ɩɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ  ɩɟɪɚɥɿ ɱɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɣɦɟɧɧɚ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ ɚɥɟ ʆɫɹɝɨ ɚɞɡɿɧ

ɤɧɹɡɶ  ɿ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɦɚɪɲ ɚɥɚɤ ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɰɟɣ ɡ ɛɪɚɬɚɦɿ cum

suis fratribus, cum ceteris fratribus germanis >ɫɚ ɫɜɚɿɦɿ  ɛɪɚɬɚɦɿ

ɡ ɚɫɬɚɬɧɿ ɦɿ ɪɨɞɧɵɦɿ ɛɪɚɬɚɦɿ@ ɿ ɞɚ ɬ ɩ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ ɬɨɟɹ ɧɵɜ ɵ

ɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ  cum cognationibus et geneologis sui s nec non tota

universitas omnium et singulorum et terrigenarum predictarum

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

4 8

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Lithuaniae et Russiae terrarum, quorum quamvis nomina singulatim

hic non sunt expressa, i psorum tamen consensus ad subscripta

adest» >© ɫɚ ɫɜɚɿɦɿ ɤɪɷʆɧɵɦɿ ɿ ɪɨɞɧɵɦɿ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ʆɫɹ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶ

ɧɚɫɰɶ  ɭɫɿɯ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɿ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɤɭ ɡɹɦɹɧɚʆ ɩɚɦɹɧɺɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ Ʌɿɬɜɵ

ɿ Ɋɭɫɿ  ɯɨɰɶ  ɹɧɵ ɿ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ɬɭɬ ɩɚɣɦɟɧɧɚ ɚɥɟ ɺɫɰɶ ɿɯɧɹɹ

ɡɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɩɿɫɚɧɚɟ ɧɿɠɷɣª @

12 8

 Ȼɵ ʆ ɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɚɧɵ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɦ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɿ  ɤɚɪɚɥɹ  ɧɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ  ɚɥɟ ɿ  communi tatis >ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ @ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɛɚ

ɪɨɧɚʆ  ɛɚɹ ɪɚʆ ɿ ɡɹɦɹɧ ɍ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɜ ɵɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɱɵ ɧɧɿ ɤɚɦ ɹɤɿ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹ ʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ ɜɵɫɬɭ

ɩɚʆ universitas >ɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ@ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɛɚɹ 

ɪɚʆ ɿ ɡɹɦɹɧ ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɱɵɧɧɿɤ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɲ ɬɨɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɿɫɬɨɬ

ɧɚɟ novum >ɧɨɜɚɟ@  ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿ ɜɚɸɱɵ ɸɪɵɞɵ ɱɧɚɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɹ

ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɹɤ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɭɧɿɿ ɬɚɤ ɿ  ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɹɟ

ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɉɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɚɹɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɞɭɦ

ɤɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɸ  ɝ  ɹ ɤɿ ɡɚɤɥɚʆ ɩɚɞɜɚɥɿɧɵ ɚɤ

ɪɷɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɛɚɹ ɪɚʆɲɥɹɯɬɵ  Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɥɿ ɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ ɦɚɸɱɵ  ɫɬɚɧɚɜ ɵ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ

ɧɚ ɠɵ ɜɨɣ ɭ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɣ Ʌ ɿɬɜɟ ɪɨɞɚɜɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ

ɿ ɜɵɲ ɷɣɲ ɚɝɚ ɛɚɹ ɪɫɬɜɚ

12 9

  ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɟ ɡɟɦɫɤɚɣ ɝ ɡɧ

ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵ ɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵ ɿ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɹɤɚɹ ɞɚɦɿɧɚɜɚɥɚ ʆɠɨ

ʆ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɹɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ Ɍ ɚɤ ɫɬɚɪɵɧɚ ɦɹɲɚɥɚɫɹ  ɡ ɧɚɜɿɧɨɸ ɍ

ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɰɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ ɹɤɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɪɬ

ɧɺɪɚ ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɚ ɚɫɜɹɱɚʆ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɸ ɪɚɞɚɣ ɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ

1 30

  ɯɨɰɶ  ɩɨɝɥɹɞ  ɹɤɿ ʆ

ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɊɚɞɚɦɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ  ɝ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ ɚɫɧɨɜɭ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ

ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɚɠ ɞɚ  ɝ ɿɞɡɟ ɡɚɧɚɞɬɚ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ

13 1

ɍ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ  ɝ

13 2

 ɧɚɣɿ ɫɬɨɬɧɟɣɲɵɦ novum,

ɹɤ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ  ɛɵɥɨ ʆɫɬɚɥɹ ɜɚɧɧɟ ɜɹ ɥɿ

ɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɹɤ ɫɬɚɥɚɝɚ ɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬɚ ɹ ɧɨ ɫɭɩɪɚɜɚɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ

ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɹ ɣ ɡɚɫɰɹɪɨɝɿ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɣ ɩɚ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ȼ ɿɬɚʆɬɚ Ʌɿɬɜɭ

ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɜ ɹɪɧɭɰɶ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ  Ɍ ɚɤɿɦ ɱɵ

ɧɚɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ  Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɧɚɛɵɥɚ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɫɰɶ   ə ɤ

ɰɜɟɪɞɡɿɰɶ  ɈȻɚɥɶɡɷɪ  © ɤɚɠɭɱɵ ɩɚɫɺɧɧɹɲ ɧɹɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚ

ɡɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ Ƚ ɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɥɚ ɤɚɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɵ ɣɧɚɟ ɡɚɰ

ɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵª

13 3

  Ⱥɥɟ ɤɚɥɿ Ȭ ɉɮɿ

ɰɧɷɪ ɥɿɱɵʆ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɫɤɭɸ ɭɧɿɸ ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɵɦ ɬɪɵɭɦɮɚɦ ȼɿɬɚʆ

ɬɚ

134

  ɬɨ Ⱥ ȼɿɫɤɚɧɬ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɪɨɥɸ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ

ɛɚɹɪɫɬɜɚ  ɹ ɤɨɟ ʆ ɫɿɥɭ ɹɟ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɚʆ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɜɟɥɶ ɦɿ ɡɧɚɱ

ɧɵ ɹ ɚɫɚɛɨɜɵɹ  ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɵ

13 5

 Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶ

4 9

ɫɤɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɭ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹ

ɡɹ  ɡɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɚɸɱɵ ɲɬɨ ɿɦ ɦɨɠɚ ɛɵɰɶ  ɜ ɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɨɣ ɧɚ ɤɚɝɨ

ɡɝɨɞɡɿ ɰɰɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɚ ɚɥɟ ɚɞɧɚ

ɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɸɱɵ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɩɪɵɧɰɵ ɩɚɦ ɭɡɚɟɦɧɚɫɰɿ  ɲɬɨ

ɚɛɪɚɧɧɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ʆ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɚɥɿ əɝɚɣɥɚ ɩɚɦɪɷ ɛɟɡ

ɧɚɲɱɚɞɤɚʆ ɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɚɞɛɵɰɰɚ «sine scitu et consili o… magni

ɞɵ ɿ ɪɚɞɵ « ɜ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ  ɞɚɫɬɨɣɧɿɤɚʆ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ

Ʌɿɬɜ ɵª@

ȼɨɫɶ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦ ɛɚɹ ɪɚɦ ɿ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɥ

ɿɤɚɦ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ  ɞɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ ɩɚɧɵ

ɿ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜ ɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ  əɧɵ ɚɬɪɵɦɥɿɜ ɚɥɿ ɦɚɺɦɚɫ

ɧɵ ɹ ɩɪɚɜɵ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ  ɹ ɤɿ ɦɿ ɜ ɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚ

ɫɚ ɡɜ ɵ ɱɚɹ ɦɿ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ  Ⱦɡɟɥɹ  ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɯ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ  «dignitates, sedae seu offi cia, prout in

ɞɵ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɫɬɚɧɨʆɥɟɧɵɹ  ɝɷɬɚɤ ɠɚ  ɹ ɤ  ɿ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɦ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆ

ɫɬɜɟª@ ɚ ɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɦɟɥɿɫɹ ʆɜɚɣɫɰɿ  ʆ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɞɭ

ɤɚɛ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚ ɚɛɦɹɪɤɨʆɜ ɚɰɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɲɬɨ ɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹ  ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ Ⱦ ɚ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɵ ɯ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʆ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿ ɿ

ɡ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɚɛ ɩɪɚ

ɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɫɨɣɦɚʆ conventiones

et parlamenta >ɫɯɨɞɵ ɿ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ@ ɞɥɹ ɜɵ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ

ɧɵ ɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚʆ Ɍ ɭɬ ɭɧɿɹ  ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɲɵɪɚɥɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɿ ɜɹ ɪɯɭɲɤɿ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜ ɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ  ɚɥɟ ʆɜɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɹɟ ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶ ɧɚ

ɹɤ ɮɚɤɬɚɪ ɹɤɿ ɩɪɚɜɿʆ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɿ ɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɫɚɧɤɰɵɹɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɧɨɜ ɚɣ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ ɿ ɪɨɥɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɛɚɹ ɪɚʆ ɡɧɚɣɲ ɥɨ ɜɵ ɪɚɡ ɭ ɩɚɬɪɵ ɦɚɧɿɹɥɶɧɵɯ

ɮɨɪɦɚɯ  ɭɫɺ ɹ ɲɱɷ ɠɵɜɵɯ ɧɚ Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ  ɍɫɟ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ ɩɪɚ

ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɬɭɬ ɿɲ ɥɨɫɹ ɦɟɥɿɫɹ  ɧɚɥɟɠɚɰɶ ɫɚɪɚɤɚ ɫɹɦɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɪɨ

ɞɚɦ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɦ ɩɪɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɿ ɚɤɬɚ ɭɧɿ ɿ ɹɤɿ ɯ ȼ ɿɬɚʆɬ

ɫɚɦ ɜɵɛɪɚʆ ɬɭɬ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɚ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɪɨɥɹ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹ ɡɹ ʆ ɮɚɪ

ɦɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɜɹ ɪɯɭɲɤɿ  ɿ  ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɞɚ ɡɚɤ

ɥɸɱɷɧɧɹ ɩɚɛɪɚɰɿɦɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦɿ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɿɦɿ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɦɿ

ɪɨɞɚɦɿ

13 6

 Ƚɷɬɚɟ ɩɚɛɪɚɰɿɦɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɝɟɪɛɚɜɚɣ ɚɞɨɩ

ɰɵɿ ʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ɪɨɞɵ

1 37

  ȼɨɫɶ ɠɚ ɿ ɬɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɿɧɬɷɪɮɟ

ɪɷɧɰɵɹ  ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵ ɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɵ ɜ ɚɬɧɚɸɪɵɞɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɞɥɹ

ʆɝɪɭɧɬɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜ ɚɣ ɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɣ ɫɬɚɧɚɜɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ  ɚɞ

ɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɯ ɺɣ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ

əɤ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɚɧɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɸ ɭɧɿɿ   ɝ ɛɵ ɥɨ

 ɭɦɚɰɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ʆ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɟ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

5 0

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ ɡɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɧɵɦ ɚɞɥɭɱɷɧɧɟɦ

ɚɞ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ɜɚ ʆɥɚɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɲɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɫɧɨʆ

ɧɵ ɦ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɚɣ ɝɪɭɩɵ ʆ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚɜɟ ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɵɯɿɹ  ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ² ɹɤ ɭɠɨ ɝɚɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ

² ɪɚɲ ɭɱɭɸ ɛɚɥɶ ɲ ɵɧɸ

1 38

  ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɺ ɩɪɵɜɿ ɥɟɹ ɜɚɧɚɫɰɿ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚʆª

13 9

  Ɍ ɭɬ ɦɵ  ɦɚɟɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɟ ɡ ɪɷɰɷɩɰɵ

ɹɣ ɹɤɚɹ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚ ɿ i n modo recipienti >ɲɥɹ ɯɚɦ ɭɫ

ɩɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ @ ɬɨ ɛɨɤ ɭ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɥɚɺʆ ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ

ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ  ɛɚɱɵɥɿ  ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ

ɉɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɜɹ ɪɯɭɲ ɤɿ

ɫɬɵɦɭɥɹ ɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦ ɛɨɤɚɦ ɭ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ  ɤɚɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɧɚ

ɫɩɹɜɚɥɿ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɵ ʆ ɫɚɦɿɦ ȼɹɥɿɤɿ ɦ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɟ ə ɧɚ

ɦɟɥɚɫɹ   ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɚʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ  ɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ ɤɚɧɰɷɩ

ɰɵɿ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɹɡɿ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɸ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɧɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚ ʆɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɿ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɞɵ ɧɚɫɬɵ ɿ ɿ ɪɚɞɵ ɚɥɟ ɿ ɧɚ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɤɚɧɫɷɧɫɭɫɟ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ Ⱥɤɬɵ  Ƚ ɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶ 

ɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿ ɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɤɪɚɫɚɦɨʆɧɵɹ ɍ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɦ

ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚ ɡ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚɦ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɰɟ əɝɚɣɥɚ ʆɫɩɚɦɿɧɚɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ʆɠɨ

ɪɚɧɟɣ ɡɟɦɥɿ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ «regno nost ro Poloniae appropriavimis,

incorporavimus, coniunximus, univimus, adiunxi mus,

confaederavi mus de consensu unanimi nostro et ali orum fratrum

nostrorum et omnium baronum, nobili um, procerum et boiarorum

ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚɩɪɵɫɜɨɿɥɿ ɭɥɭɱɵɥɿ  ɞɚɞɚɥɿ ɩɪɵ

ɹɞɧɚɥɿ ɿ ɡ¶ɹɞɧɚɥɿ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɥɭɱɵɥɿ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɞɚɦɨɜɵ ɚɞɧɚɞɭɲ

ɧɚɸ ɡɝɨɞɚɸ ɿ ɡ ɜɨɥɿ ɧɚɲ ɚɣ ɞɵ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɛɪɚɬɨʆ ɞɚɫɬɨɣ

ɧɿɤɚʆ  ɦɨɠɧɚʆɥɚɞɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɚɹɪɚʆ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɡɹɦɥɿ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣª@ ɚ

ɰɹ ɩɟɪ ɺɧ ɿɯ ɧɚɧɚɜɚ ɩɪɵɹɞɧɨʆɜɚɟ ɡɥɭɱɚɟ ɿ ʆɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɭ ɫɚɸɡ ɧɚ

ɜɹɤɿ iterum de novo incorporamus, invi sceramus, appropriavimus,

coniugimus, confaederamus et perpetuo annect imus >ɡɧɨʆ ɭɥɭ

ɱɚɟɦ  ɭɤɥɸɱɚɟɦ  ɩɪɵɫɜɨɣɜɚɟɦ  ɞɚɞɚɟɦ ɡɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɞɚ

ɦɨɜɵ ɿ ɧɚɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɩɪɵɹɞɧɨʆɜɚɟɦ@ ɹɤ ɿɯɧɵ ɩɚɧ ɡ ɜɨɥɿ ɿ ɡɝɨɞɵ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɛɚɹ ɪɚʆ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɣ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ

14 0

 ɇɹ

ɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɜɚɲɱɜɚɧɧɟ ɫɿ ɧɨɧɿɦɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɜɿɞɚ

ɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɤɰɷɧɬɭɸɰɶ ɮɚɤɬ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ  ɚɥɟ

ɿ ɩɟɪɚɲɤɚɞɠɚɸɰɶ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɵɦ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɿ ɧɬɷɪɩɪɷɬɚɰɵ ɹɦ ȼɹ 

ɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɡ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɭɧɿɸ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɥɚ ² ɹ ɤ ɚɦɚɥɶ

ɚɞɧɚɞɭɲɧɚ ɡɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ Ʌ  Ʉɚɥɹɧɤɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɦɚɟɰɰɚ ʆ

ɧɚɜɭɰɵ  ² ɫɜɚɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɭɸ ɫɚɦɚɛɵɬɧɚɫɰɶ  Ɉ Ȼɚɥɶ ɡɷɪ ɤɚɠɚ

5 1

1 41

Ȼɨɥɶ ɲ ɡɚ ɬɨɟ  ɚɞ ɱɚɫɭ Ƚ ɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɿ ɰɷɧɬ

ɪɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɩɚɞ ȼ ɿɬɚʆɬɚɜɵɦ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɩɚɡɛɵʆɲɵɫɹ

ɧɟɛɹ ɫɩɟɤɿ  ɡ ɡɚɯɚɞɭ ɿ ɧɟ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɸɱɵ ɤɨɥɶɤɿɧɟɛɭɞɡɶ  ɦɨɰɧɚɝɚ

ɰɿ ɫɤɭ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ Ɇɚɫɤɜɵ  ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ  ɞɚ ɩɨʆɧɚɣ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ  ɩɪɚ

ɲɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɫɬɚɪɚɧɧɿ  ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ ɚɛ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɪɨɧɟ  ɹ ɤɿɦ

ɩɟɪɚɲɤɨɞɡɿɥɚ ʆɜɹ ɡɧɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɉɨɥɶ ɲ ɱɵ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ

ɲɬɨ ɹɟ ɜɟɡɥɿ ɿ ɫɦɟɪɰɶ ȼɿɬɚʆɬɚ ɧɟʆɡɚɛɚɜ ɟ ɭ  ɝ

Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɠ ɩɪɵ ɫɭɞɡɟɹ ɧɧɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɱɵɧɧɿɤɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɚ

ɸɰɶ ɚɤɬɵ  ɭɧɿɿ  ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ʆ ± ɝ  ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ

Ʉɟɣɫɬɭɬɚɜɿɱɚɦ

1 42

ɉɚ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹ ɩɚɧɵ ɩɚɤɥɿ ɤɚɥɿ ʆ  ɝ

ɧɚ ɜɹ ɥɿ ɤɚɤɧɹ ɫɤɿ  ɩɚɫɚɞ Ʉ ɚɡɿɦɿɪɚ ə ɝɟɥɨɧɱɵ ɤɚ ɧɟ ɚɡɿɪɚɸɱɵ 

ɫɹ  ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ ɿ  ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɚɦ ɭɧɿɿ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚ

ɜɚɥɿ ʆɡɝɚɞɧɹɰɶ ɜɵɛɚɪ ɭɥɚɞɚɪɨʆ Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɹɧɵ  ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɥɿ

ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɵ   ɧɚɞɨʆɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɩɵɧɿʆɲɵ ɬɵ ɦ ɫɚɦɵ ɦ

ɭɫɹɥɹɤɿɹ  ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɿ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɣ  ɋ ɬɚɥɿ ɹ ɧɵ

ʆ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɿ  ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɸ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪɚ əɝɟɥɨɧɱɵ ɤɚ ɩɚ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ

ɛɪɚɬɚ ȸɥɚɞɵɫɥɚɜ ɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ  ɬɪɨɧ ȱ ɯɨɰɶ  ɩɪɚɡ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɟ

əɝɟɥɨɧɱɵɤɚ ʆ  ɝ  ɩɨɜɹ ɡɶ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɦɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɦɿ

ɛɵ ɥɚ ʆɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɧɚɧɚɜɚ ɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɧɵ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ

ɫɚɸɡɭ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɹɤɿ ɦɟʆ ɩɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɬɪɵ

ɜɚɥɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ  ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɫɚɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɭɧɿ ɹ ɣ

1 4 3

 ɧɟ ɛɵʆ

ɩɪɵ ɧɹ ɬɵ  ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɦ ɛɨɤɚɦ

1 44

  ɇɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ʆ  ɝ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɵ ɿ ɛɚɹ ɪɵ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɥɿ

ɩɪɵɛɪɚɰɶ  ɭɫɟ ɡɝɚɞɤɿ ɹɤɿɹ  ² ɹ ɤ ɿ ɡɦɟɲɱɚɧɵɹ  ʆ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɫ

ɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ  ² ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɿ ɧɟɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ Ʌ ɿɬɜɵ

14 5

ɇɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ  ɛɨɤ ɚɞɤɚɡɚʆ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɺʆɤɚɣ ɪɚɡɝɨɪɧɭɬɚɣ

ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɣɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɵ

1 4 6

  ɍ ɜ ɵ ɧɿɤɭ ɚɦɚɥɶ  ɧɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚ

ɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɛɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɚɹ  ɩɟɪɫɚɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɡɚ

ɛɹɫɩɟɱɜ ɚɥɚ ɞɚɥɺɤɚɫɹ ɠɧɭɸ ² ɤɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɩɨʆɧɭɸ ² ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣ

ɧɚɫɰɶ  Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɜɚ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ʆ ɡɚ

ɦɟɠɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɰɵ Ⱦɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɩɪɵɝɚɞɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉ ɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ʆɡɹ ɥɨ ʆɞɡɟɥɭ ʆ ɜ ɚɣɧɟ ɡ Ɉɪɞɷɧɚɦ ɹɤɭɸ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ

ɜɹɥɚ ɬɪɵɧɚɰɰɚɰɶ  ɝɚɞɨʆ  ɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚ ʆ ɺɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɬɷɬ

14 7

əɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɜ ɹɪɯɭɲɤɿ

ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɿʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɿ ɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ  ɫɤɿɪɚɜ ɚ

ɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɿɧɚɤɲɵ ɦ ² ɹ ɤ ɩɪɚʆɞɚ ɥɶɝɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɚɞɛɚɱɵɰɶ ² ɧɚ

ɩɪɚɦɤɭ ɱɵɦ ɯɚɰɟɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦɱɵɧɚɦ ɦɚɥɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ

ɲɬɨ ɧɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɬɵɦɭɥɹɜɚɥɿ ɹɟ Ɍɵ ɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ  ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ