Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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6 2

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɧɚ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ  ɤɚ

ɪɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɤɚɛ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɹ  ɩɹɱɚɬɤɚ ɛɨ «nic innego rozerwanie

WHM XQLL« E\ QLH F]\QLáR MHGQR JG\E\ Z .VLĊVWZLH /LWHZVNLP UyĪQH

RII LFLD RG SRU]ąGNX NRURQQHJR E\á\ª

18 4

  ɍ ɬɵɦ ɠɚ ɞɭɯɭ ɛɵʆ

ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ  ɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɿ

ɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɧɟ ɩɚɝɚ

ɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ  Ɋɚɡɵ ɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɛɚɤɚɦɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɚɡɧɚɱɵɥɿɫɹ  ɧɚ ɝɷ

ɬɵ ɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ  ɜɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿʆ ɩɚɩɫɤɿ ɧɭɧɰɵɣ Ʉɚɦɷɧɞɨɧɿ  ɩɚ

ɜɟɞɚɦɥɹ ɸɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɿɯ ɪɵɦɫɤɚɣ ɤɭɪɵɿ ɝɷɬɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ «Lithvani

vellent esse duo corpora in unum coniuncta, ut quasi matrimonium

copulata Lithvani a et Polonia duo essent in carne una; Poloni

vell ent ut commiscerentur hac provinciae et abscerent i n unum

corpus» >©Ʌɿɬɜɿɧɵ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɤɚɛ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɜɚ ɰɟɥɵ ɩɚɹɞɧɚɧɵɹʆ ɚɞɧɨ

ɡɥɭɱɚɧɵɹ ɧɿ ɛɵ ɫɭɠɨɧɫɬɜ ɚɦ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɛ ɞɡɜɟ ʆ

ɚɞɧɨɣ ɿ ɫɬɨɰɟ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɿ ɠ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɤɚɛ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ  ɡɦɹɲ ɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ

ɡɪɚɫɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɚɞɧɨ ɰɟɥɚª @

18 5

ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɫɤɪɚɣɧɸɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ʆ ɩɵ ɬɚɧɧɿ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ

ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿ ɩɚɫɥɵ ɡ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ  Ⱦɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɧɚɜɚɬ

ɞɚ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚʆ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɧɚɡɜɵ © Ʌɿɬɜɚª  ɿ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɹ ɟ ɧɚ © ɇɨ

ɜɭɸ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɭª  Ȼɨɥɶ ɲ ɩɚɦɹɪɤɨʆɧɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɫɯɿɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɚ

ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɧɵɯ ɪɚɲ ɷɧɧɹ ʆ  ɡɚɣɦɚʆ ɫɟɧɚɬ  ɍ ɿɦ ɡɧɚɣɲɨʆ ɩɚɞɬ

ɪɵɦɤɭ ɿ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ ɹɤɿ ² ɹɤ ɜ ɹɞɨɦɚ ² ɭɩɚɪɬɚ ɫɬɚ

ɪɚʆɫɹ  ɞɚɜɟɫɰɿ  ɭɧɿɸ ɞɚ ɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ  ɲɥɹ ɯɚɦ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɧɵ ɯ

ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹʆ  Ɍɚɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɵ ɜ ɵɝɥɹ ɞ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ² ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɹ ɟ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿɥɿ VII ɝ  ɭ

Ʌɸɛɥɿ ɧɟ ² ɛɵʆ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ  ɺɣ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɦ ɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ

ɚ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɵ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɚɦ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ   ɹ ɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɚɥɚɦɿɥɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆ ɛɚɥɶ ɲɵɧɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɯ

ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ ɚ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɧɚ ɚɞɤɿɧɭɥɚ ɦɚɤɫɿɦɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵ ɹ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ² ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ

ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ

1 86

ɏɨɞ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɥɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɭ ɹɤɿ  ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ ɧɚ

23.XII.ɝ  ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚʆ ɩɚɫɹɞɠɷɧɧɿ  ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ I.15 ɝ  ɜɹɞɨ

ɦɵ ɉɚɫɥɹ ɡɥɚɦɚɧɧɹ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɭ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ² ɩɪɵ ɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɜ ɵɤɚ

ɧɚɧɧɹ  ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɩɚɫɥɚɦɿ  Ʉɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ  ɹɤɿɹ

ɠɚɞɚɥɿ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ  ɩɚɩɹ ɪɷɞɧɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵ ɯ ɚɤɬɚʆ ɭɧɿɿ ɲɬɨ

ɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɚɫɹ ɹɤ ɿ ɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɹ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɦɨ

ɜɚʆ ɩɪɚ ɧɨɜɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɸ ɿ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ  ɞɷɛɚɬɵ  ɍ ɿɯ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲ ɵ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿɥɿ

6 3

ɪɚɡɵ ɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹ  ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɚ

ɞɚʆ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɥɿ  ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɹ ɫɬɚɧɵ ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ

ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚɦ ɿ  ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹ  ɰɿ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɭɧɿɿ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ

ɧɵ ɦ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɚɦ ɡɚɫɬɚɰɰɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ ɫɨɣɦɵ ɞɥɹ

ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ

ɐɹɠɤɚɫɰɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɬɵɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɚɛɭ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ 

ɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɡɧɹʆ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ ɜɵ ɪɚɤɲ ɵɫɹ  ɹɲɱɷ ɧɚ

ɫɨɣɦɟ  ɝ  ɫɜɚɿɯ ɫɭɤɰɷɫɿɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɿ  ɩɟɪɚɧɺɫ

ɲɵ ɿɯ ɧɚ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɭ Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɚɤɬ ɹɤɿ ɫɜɟɞɱɵʆ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ

əɝɟɥɨɧɚʆ ɞɚ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚʆ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɩɚɬ

ɪɵɦɚɧɿɹ ɥɶɧɵ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɚɤ  ɯɨɰɶ ɭɠɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɵ  ɩɚɩɹ 

ɪɷɞɧɿɦɿ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɹ ɦɿ ɿ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɭ  ɏɚɪɚɤ

ɬɷɪɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɚɩɨɲɧɹɣ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɚɹ ɜɚɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɹ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɚɬ

ɪɵɦɚɧɿɹ ɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ  Ɂ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧ

ɧɹ ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧɵ ɦɟɥɿ ɞɚ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚ ɫɥɭɲɧɭɸ ɩɪɷɬɷɧɡɿɸ

ɲɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɧɟ ʆɱɵɧɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɞɰɭɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɿɯ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɪɨɛɹɱɵ

ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɿɯ ɪɨʆɧɵɦɿ  ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɚɦɿ ʆ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɡ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɚɸ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɬɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɿɯ ɞɚɣɦɚɥɚ  ɲɬɨ ʆɫɹ ɝɨ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɬɵɦ

ɋɬɚɧɿ ɫɥɚʆ Ⱥɪɷɯɨʆɫɤɿ ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ  ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɲɥɹɯ

ɰɿ ɰɚ ɧɹɜ ɨɥɿ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɡɧɨɫɿɰɶ  ɩɚɞɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɚɣɦɭ ɫɩɚɞɱɵ ɧ

ɧɚɦɭ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɭ ɲɬɨ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɡɚɱɚɩɿɥɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɭ

Ʌɿɬɜ ɿɧɵ  ɠɚɞɚɥɿ  ɤɚɛ ɚɛɿɪɚɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɚ ɚɛɜ ɹɲ 

ɱɚɥɿ ɜ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɚ ɫɚɦɿ ɜɵɛɚɪɵ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ

ɦɹɠɵ ɍɫɟ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ ² ɹɤ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɞɪɚɛɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɹ ² ɦɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɦɷɰɟ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɹ ȼ ɹ ɥɿ ɤɚ

ɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɹ ɝɨ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɚɫɚɛɨɜ ɚɫɰɿ

ɋ  Ɂɚɤɲɷʆɫɤɿ  ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿʆ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿ ɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ  ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿ ɫɹ

ʆɜɚɣɫɰɿ ʆ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵ ɤɚɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɩɚɫɥɚɦɿ ² ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɲ ɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɟ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ² ɿ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɶ  ɿɯ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɫɩɪɚ

ɜɵ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɡ Ʌ ɿɬɜɨɸ

18 7

 əɧɵ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɡɞɚ

ɜɚɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɲ ɬɨ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɵ  ɧɟ ɦɚɸɱɵ ɚɯɜ ɨɬɵ ɡɦɹ

ɧɹɰɶ stat us quo  ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ  ɿɡɚɥɹ ɜɚɰɶ  ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɚɞ ɤɚɪɨɧ

ɧɵɯ

1 88

 Ɍɚɦɭ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ ² ɹ ɤ ɡɚɧɚɬɚɜɚɧɚ ʆ ɞɵɹ 

ɪɵɸɲɵ² ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɜɵɤɚɡɚɥɿ  ɚɞɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɭɸ ɡɚɤ

ɥɚɩɨɱɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɬɵɦ ɤɚɛ ɭ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɜ ɹɞɡɟ ɩɟ

ɪɚɦɨɜɵ ɚɛ ɭɧɿɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ ©ɛɨ ɦɵ ʆɠɨ ɡɜɟɞɚɥɿ

ɧɚ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɯ ɫɨɣɦɚɯ  ɲɬɨ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɵ ɩɿ ɥɶɧɚ ɫɰɟɪɚɝɥɿ

ɤɚɛ ɿɯɧɵ populus ɧɟ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɵ  ɝɷɬɵɯ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɚɯ ɤɚɛ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ

ɥɚɫɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɫɹ  ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɵ  ɤɚɥɿ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ  ɩɪɚ ɿɯ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ

ɜɟɞɚɰɶ  ȱ ɬɚɤ  ɹ ɤ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɬɵ ɹ ɩɚɧɨɜɟ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɧɚɚɫɨɛɤɭ ɩɟɪɚɞ

ɫɜɚɿɦɿ ɝɚɧɿɥɿ ɚɞɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɛɷɫɰɿɥɿ ɭɧɿɸ ɹɤɭɸ populus terrae illius

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

6 4

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

>ɧɚɪɨɞɝɷɬɚɣ ɡɹ ɦɥɿ@ ɥɟɩɟɣɛɵ ɪɚɡɭɦɟʆ ɤɚɥɿ ɛ ɫɚɦ ɱɭʆ ɚɞ ɩɚɥɹ

ɤɚʆª

18 9

Ʉɚɥɿ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɥɨɫɹ ɞɚɣɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɩɚɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ  ɫɚɤɚ

ɜɿɤɚ ʆɩɨɬɚɣ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɥɿ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɜ ɵ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɹ

ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɵ  ɿ  ɩɚɫɥɵ ɤɚɛ ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɿ ɰɶ  ² ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɡɨ

ɜɚɦ ɪɷɬɨɪɫɿ ɿ ² ɞɚʆɧɨ ɠɚɞɚɧɭɸ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ ɉɚɞɥɹɲɲɚ ɿ

ȼɚɥɵɧɿ  ɿ  ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ  Ʉɪɵɯɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɱɷɪɜ ɟɧɹ

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɵ ɜ ɚɥɵɧɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɧɚ ɿ Ʉ ɿɟʆ

ɲɱɵɧɚ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɞɡɟɥɹ  ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹ ɱɷɧɧɹ  ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ  ȼɚ

ɥɵɧɿ ɚɞ ɬɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɿ  ɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɭ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɹ ɤɿɦ

ɧɟɞɚɫɩɚɞɨɛɵ  ɛɵ ɥɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɞɚɥɺɤɚɟ ɩɚɲ ɵ ɪɷɧɧɟ ɦɟɠɚʆ ɧɚ

ʆɫɯɨɞ ɿ  ɩɚɜɟɥɿɱɷɧɧɟ ɜ ɚɣɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɞɚɬɤɚʆ

19 0

 Ƚ ɷɬɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ

ɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜ ɚ ɩɚɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ  ɧɚɞ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿ ɦ ɉɚɞɨɥɥɟɦ ɿ

ɧɹɞɚʆɧɹɣ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵ ɿ ȼ ɚɥɵɧɿ  ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ Ȼɪɚɰɥɚʆɲɱɵɧɚɣ

Ⱥɤɬɵ ʆɧɚɣ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɰɵ ɫɩɪɵ ɹɥɚ ɫɥɚɛɚɫɰɶ  ɭɧɭɬ

ɪɚɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɹɡɹ ʆ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɨɪɵɹʆ ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɟɝɥɚɝɚ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ȼɚɥɵɧɶ ɿ Ʉ ɿɟʆɫɤɚɹ Ɋ ɭɫɶ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɩɨɥɶ

ɲɱɚɧɚɟ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ  ɩɪɚɡ ɤɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɦɚɡɚɜ ɟɰɤɚɸ

ɲɥɹɯɬɚɣ ɉɚɞɥɹɲɲɚ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ ʆ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɿ ɧɚ ɿɯ ɩɪɵ 

ɜɿɥɟɹ ʆ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ ɞɨɫɵ ɰɶ  ɥɺɝɤɚ ɩɚɞɞɚɥɿɫɹ  ɚɛɹɰɚɧ

ɧɹ ɦ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɿ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɿ  ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜ ɭ

ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ  ɩɪɵɧɹ ɥɿ ɚɞɚɪɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɞ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɿ

ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ ʆ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɭ  ɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɜɚɸɱɵ ɫɚɛɟ  ɭ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ

ɞɚ ȼɚɥɵ ɧɿ ɿ  ɇɚɞɞɧɹ ɩɪɨʆɫɤɚɟ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɵ  ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɚɮɿɰɵɣ

ɧɚɟ ɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɦɨɜɵ ɿ  ɩɪɚɰɹɝ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ,,ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ

ɭ ɜɟɪɫɿɿ   ɹ ɤɚɹ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɦ ȼ ɚɥɵɧɫɤɿ ɦ

ɉɚɦɟɠɧɵ ɹ  ɡɟɦɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɹ  ʆ ɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ɥɭɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɬɵ ɦɿ  ɹɤɿɹ ʆɜɚɣɲɥɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ɬɚɦɭ

ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿ ɫɹ  ɞɚ ɭɧɿɿ  ɐɿɤɚɜɚɟ ɫɜɹɬɥɨ ɤɿɞɚɟ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɥɿɫɬ ɥɿɬɨʆɫ

ɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɫɤɚɪɛɿɹ  ɇɚɪɭɲɷɜɿ ɱɚ ɞɚ Ɇɿ ɤɚɥɚɹ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚ Ɋ ɭɞɨɝɚ

ɭ ɹ ɤɿ ɦ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ  ɲɬɨ ɩɚɫɥɚɦ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɭ ©ɛɪɚɰɰɹ

ɧɟ ɤɚɡɚɥɿ ɜɹɪɬɚɰɰɚ ɞɚɞɨɦɭ ɛɟɡ ɹɤɨɟɤɨɥɟɱɵ ɭɧɿɿ  ɞɚɞɚɸɱɵ

ɜɟɞɚɦɚ ɿ ɬɨɟ  ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɭɰɶ  ɪɚɡɪɵ ɜɚɰɶ ɫɚ ɫɜɚɺɸ ɛɪɚɰɰɹɸ

ɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɿ ɦɿ ɩɚɧɚɦɿª ɿ ɬɚɦɭ ² ɞɚɞɚɟ ɇɚɪɭɲɷɜɿɱ ² ɹɧɵ ©ɡɚ

ɞɭɦɚɥɿ ɚɞɚɪɜɚɰɰɚ ɚɞ ɬɚɟ ɫɜɚɟ ɧɹɲɱɚɫɧɚɟ ɛɚɰɶ ɤɚʆɲ ɱɵ ɧɵª 

ɍ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɭ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɹ  ɡɹɦɥɹ  ɡɚɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ȼ ɹɥɿ ɤɿ ɦ

Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɟ  ɧɚɩɷʆɧɚ  ɿ  ɬɚɦɭ ɹɲ ɱɷ ɲɬɨ Ʌ ɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɫɬɜɚ

ɪɚɥɚ ɡ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɜ ɚɧɵ ɦɿ ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ ɪɭɫɤɿɦɿ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɦɿ ɬɚɤɭɸ

ɥɭɱɧɚɫɰɶ   ɹ ɤɭɸ ɛɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɹ  ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɥɚ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨ

ɜɚɸ

6 5

ȼɹɪɬɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɭ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɶ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɰɿɫɤɚɦ

ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɩɪɚɡ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ ȼɚɥɵ ɧɿ ɿ ɉɚɞɥɹɲɲɚ

ɛɨ ɬɵɦ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɹ  ʆɫɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ  ɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɭɸ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɭ ɚɠ ɞɚ

ɤɚɧɰɚ ɬɪɚʆɧɹ  ɚɞ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɵ ɫɹɝɿ  Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ  ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɧɟ

ɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜ ɵ ɦ ɭɥɶɬɵ ɦɚɬɵ ʆɧɵɦ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɿɦ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɚɦ

ɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɭ ɹɤɿ  ʆɱɵɧɿɥɚ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ  ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɯ

ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ  ɤɧɹɡɟɦ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɟɦ Ɋ ɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚɦ Ɋ ɭɞɵɦ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɿ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ  ɲɥɹɯɬɚ  Ⱥɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɹɧɚ ɜɵ ɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ɧɚ

ɡ¶ɟɡɞɡɟ ʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ  ɹɤɿ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ɤɚɥɹ  ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ Ɍ ɚɦɛɵʆ ɫɤɥɚ

ɞɡɟɧɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ  ɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɿ  ɩɪɨɰɿɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɭɧɿɿ ɩɪɵ

ɧɹ ɬɚɣ  ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɣɦɚɦ in contumaciam >ɩɪɵ ɧɹ

ɹʆɰɵ @ ² ɩɪɵ  ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɿ ɩɚɧɨʆɪɚɞɵ

ɋɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɟɦ ɫɬɚɥɚɟ ɚɤɬɵ ʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿ ɤɨʆ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ

ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ ɿ  ɿɯ ɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɿ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷɱɵɥɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɫɥɭɠɵɰɶ ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɥɿ ɫɬ Ⱥɧɞɪɷɹ ȼ ɨɥɹɧɚ ² ɜɵ

ɫɥɚɧɰɚ ɜ ɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɚɹ ɜ ɨɞɵ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ Ɇɿ ɤɚɥɚɹ

Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚ Ɋɭɞɨɝɚ ɹɤɿ  ɩɪɵɛɵʆ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɚɞ¶ ɟɡɞɭ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ

ɡ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɚ ɤɚɛ ɜɵɫɜɟɬɥɿɰɶ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɸ ɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ ɤɚɪɚɥɸ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ  ɍ ɥɿɫɰɟ ɡ ɚɩɿɫɚɧɧɟɦ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵ ɿ  ɞɚɬɚ

ɜɚɧɵɦ  ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ  ȼɨɥɹ ɧ ɪɚɿʆ ɫɜɚɣɦɭ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɭ ɧɟ ɜɹɪɬɚɰɰɚ

ʆ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧ © Ȼɨ ʆɠɨ ȼ>ɚɲɚ@ Ɇ>ɿɥɚɫɰɶ@ ɧɿɱɨɝɚ ʆɫɹ ɦɭ ɧɟ ɩɚɦɨ

ɠɚɲ  ɧɟ ɦɚɸɱɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɝɨ ɚɛɚɩɟɪɰɿɫɹ  Ȼɨ ɹɤɚɹ  ɜɟɪɚ ɿ ɫɬɚɥɚɫɰɶ

ɭ ɩɚɫɩɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɚ  ɬɨ ʆɠɨ ȼ>ɚɲɚ@ Ɇ>ɿɥɚɫɰɶ @ ɦɚɟɲ ɥɚɫɤɭ ɛɚ

ɱɵɰɶª

1 91

 ȱ ɞɚɥɟɣ © Ʉɚɥɿ ɲɬɨ ɞɨɛɪɚɟ ʆ ɍɧɿɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɧɟɰɰɚ  ɬɨ

ɧɿ ɲɬɨ ɿɧɲɚɟ ɹɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɬɨɟ ɲɬɨ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪ ɦɚɪɲ ɚɥɚɤ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ

dignitates >ɝɨɞɧɚɫɰɿ@ ɡɚɫɬɚɧɭɰɰɚ Ⱥɥɟ ɹɤ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ  >ɹɧɵ@

ɪɚɫɩɚɫɰɿɪɚɰɶ  ɫɜɚɸ ʆɥɚɞɭ ɩɪɵ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɚɞɚɛɪɚɧɧɿ ɡɟɦɥɹ ʆ ɬɨ

ʆɠɨ ȼ >ɚɲɚ@ Ɇ>ɿɥɚɫɰɶ@ ɦɚɟɲ ɥɚɫɤɭ ɛɚɱɵɰɶª  əɤ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ  ɿ ɡɚɥɹ

ɰɵɹ  ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɩɪɚɫɭɧɭɥɚɫɹ  ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɛɨ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ©ɩɚɫ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɬɜɚª  ² ɹ ɤ ɹ ɟ ɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɟ ȼ ɨɥɹ ɧ ɡɚɧɹɥɚ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɭɸ ɩɚɡɿ

ɰɵɸ ɜɵɤɚɡɜ ɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɡɚ ɭɧɿɸ

ɍ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɭ  ɱɷɪɜ ɟɧɹ ɚɞɧɚɜɿɥɿɫɹ  ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɵ ɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɚɦ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ  ɹɤɿɹ  ʆɪɷɲɰɟ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɿ ɞɚ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɭ əɝɨ

ɧɵ ɦ ɜɵ ɧɿɤɚɦ ɛɵɥɚ ʆɯɜ ɚɥɟɧɚɹ   ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ ɭɧɿɹ

Ⱥɤɬɵ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ

ɫɨɣɦɚɦɿ  ɥɿɩɟɧɹ  ɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ  ɥɿɩɟɧɹ ɬɨɟɫɧɵɹ ɿ ɧɚɩɿ ɫɚɧɵɹ ɩɚ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɭ

19 2

  ɩɚɱɵɧɚɥɿɫɹ ɡ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɹ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɭ ©ɲɬɨ ʆɠɨ Ʉ ɚ

ɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɺɫɰɶ ɚɞɧɨ ɧɟ

ɪɨɡɧɚɟ ɿ ɧɟɩɚɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɰɟɥɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɪɨɡɧɚɹ  ɚɥɟ ɚɞɧɚ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

6 6

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɹ  Ɋ ɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɹ ɹɤɚɹ  ɫɵɲɥɚɫɹ ɿ ɡɥɿɥɚɫɹ  ɡ ɞɡɜɸɯ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ ɿ  ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɭ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɧɚɪɨɞɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭª  Ɍɭɬ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɚʆɫɹ

² ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɚ ɞɚɫɥɨʆɧɚ ² ɬɷɤɫɬ Ɇɟɥɶɧɿɰɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ  Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɩɪɚ

ɝɪɚɦɧɚɹ ɡɚɹ ɜɚ ɿɲɥɚ ɧɚɲɦɚɬ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɿ ɚɛɹɰɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɱɵɦ ɜɵ

ɧɿ ɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɡ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɯɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʆ  ɉɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɡɪɷɲɬɵ ɛɵɥɨ

ɪɚɧɟɣ ɭ ɚɤɬɚɯ Ƚɚɪɚɞɡɟɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɰɿ Ɇɟɥɶɧɿɰɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɿɫɬɨɬ

ɧɚɹ ɜ ɵɫɧɨɜɚ ɲɬɨ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚɰɶ ɚɤɬ ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɚ ɧɟ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɯ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɚʆ  ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɞɷɤɥɚɪɚɬɵʆɧɚɝɚ ɯɚ

ɪɚɤɬɚɪɭ

Ⱥɤɬ ɭɧɿɿ ɫɰɜɹ ɪɞɠɚʆ ɲɬɨ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ © ɩɪɵ

ɬɵ ɬɭɥɟ  ɝɨɞɧɚɫɰɹɯ ɿ ʆɫɿɯ ɭɪɚɞɚɯ ɿ ɝɨɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɬɚɧɚʆª ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɞ

ɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɲ ɬɨ ʆ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɹ ɧɨ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɟ ɫɜ ɚɸ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɚɫɚɛɨɜɚɫɰɶ  Ɍ ɪɵɜɚɥɚɫɰɶ ɭɧɿɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɛɹ ɫ

ɩɟɱɜɚɰɰɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵ ɦ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ  ɹ ɤɿ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɛɵ ʆ

ɜɹɥɿ ɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɛɟɡ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɝɚ ʆɡɜɹ ɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ ɭ

ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ   Ɍ ɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɺɧ ɦɟʆɫɹ ɩɚɰɜ ɟɪɞɡɿɰɶ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɵ

ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɇɹɡɝɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɷɥɟɤɰɵɿ ɡ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚɦ ɫɩɚɞɤɚ

ɟɦɫɬɜ ɚ ɬɪɨɧɭ ɹɤɿ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚʆ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɟ  ɛɵɥɚ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɜɚɧɚ

ɩɪɚɡ ɭɜɹ ɞɡɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɬɷɤɫɬ ɭɧɿɿ ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɟɧɚɝɚ  ɹɤ ɦɵ ɜ ɟɞɚɟɦ  ɪɚ

ɧɟɣ ɚɞɰɭɪɚɧɧɹ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚɦ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɧɵ ɯ ɩɪɚ

ɜɨʆ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ  Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ  Ⱦɪɭɝɿɦ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɷɥɟ

ɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɦɟɥɿɫɹ  ɛɵɰɶ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɹ  ɫɨɣɦɵ ɫɤɥɿɤɚɧɵɹ ʆ

ȼɚɪɲ ɚɜ ɟ ɜɚɪɬɚ ɬɭɬ ɡɜɹ ɪɧɭɰɶ ɭɜ ɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɭɸ ɫɭɜɹɡɶ

ɫɬɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ȼɚɪɲɚɜ ɵ  ɹɤɚɹ ɹ ɤɪɚɡ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɥɚ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɰɰɚ ɡ

ɭɧɿ ɹ ɣ Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɚɧɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɚɞɛɵ

ɜɚɰɰɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ ɫɨɣɦɵ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɵ  ɇɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɵ ɦ

ɫɨɣɦɟ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹ ɫɚɧɨʆɧɿɤɿ  ɹ ɤɿɦ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɡɚɤɨ

ɧɭ ɬɨ ɛɨɤ ɛɿɫɤɭɩɵ  ɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɿ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɬɚ ɠɦɭɞɫɤɿ  ɤɚɲɬɚɥɹɧɵ  ɿ

ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɵ ɚɥɟ ʆɠɨ ɧɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɿɹ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɿ ɿ ɩɚɧɵ

ɲɬɨ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɞɭ ɦɟɥɿɫɹ  ʆɜ ɚɣɫɰɿ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ ɭ ɫɟɧɚɬ  ɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɫɥɵ  ɪɚɡɚɦ

ɡ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵ ɦɿ ² ɭ ɩɚɫɨɥɶ ɫɤɭɸ ɿɡɛɭ  Ⱥɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆ

ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɹɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɿɯ

ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɚɛɿɪɚɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɹɞɚʆɧɚ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɵɯ ɞɚ ɠɵ ɰɰɹ  ɩɚɜɹɬɨ

ɜɵɯ ɫɨɣɦɿɤɚɯ

Ⱥɞɚɫɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɶ  ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɹ ɜɿ ɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɧɧɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɟ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ ɚɫɨɛ

ɧɚɝɚ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜ ɨɣɫɤɚ ɿ ɫɤɚɪɛɭ  əɤ ɫɥɭɲ ɧɚ ɡɚʆɜ ɚɠɵʆ Ƚɚ

ɥɟɰɤɿ  ©ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɚɞɧɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɚɹ ʆɥɚɞɚ ² ɫɭɩɨɥɶ 

ɧɵ ɫɨɣɦ ² ɩɪɵ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɞɜ ɨɣɧɚɟ ɜɵ ɤɚɧɚʆɱɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ²

6 7

ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɯ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆª

1 93

  Ɇɚɧɟɬɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɚ ɛɵ ɰɶ ɚɞɧɚ  ɚɥɟ

ɛɿɰɶ ɹ ɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɤɭ ʆ ɤɨɠɧɚɣ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɟ ɩɚɞ ɹɟ ɲ ɬɚɦ

ɩɚɦ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɹ ɩɪɵ ɜɿɥɟɿ ɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɫɿ ɫɬɷɦɭ

ɫɭɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ  ɧɹ ɞɚʆɧɚ ɤɚɞɵ ɮɿɤɚɜ ɚɧɭɸ ʆ ɜɵ ɝɥɹ ɞɡɟ

,, ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚ  ɝ  Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɚɦ Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚ ɧɚɛɵɜ ɚɰɶ  ɦɚɺɧɬɤɿ  ʆ ȼ ɹ ɥɿ ɤɿ ɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ  ɚɥɟ ɚɞɦɵ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɿ

ɩɚɞɪɚɛɹɡɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɚɝɚɜɨɪɚɧɚ  ɲɬɨ ɧɚ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ  ɪɚɫ

ɩɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɰɰɚ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɹ  ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵ ɿ  ɞɚɬɵɱɧɵ ɹ  egzek ucji

dobr  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɡɚɥɚɝɨɞɡɿ ɰɶ  ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆ  ɇɚ

ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɸ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚʆ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɪɚɡɞɚ

ɜɚɰɶ  ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ  ɦɚɺɧɬɤɿ

ɘɪɵɞɵɱɧɵ  ɥɚɞ  ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɜɚɧɵ ʆ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɟ  ɛɵʆ ɪɷ

ɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɭɧɿ ɹɣ  ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɹɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɚɥɟ ɿ ɫɨɣɦɭ  Ƚɷɬɵ  ɩɟɪɲ ɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɵ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞ

ɋ  Ʉɭɬɲ ɷɛɵ

1 94

 ɹɤɿ  ɩɪɚʆɞɚ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɡɚɰɿɪɚɰɶ ɪɨɡɧɿɰɭ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɭɧɿɹɣ ɿ  ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɹɣ  ɤɥɚɞɭɱɵ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵ ɚɤɰɷɧɬ ɧɚ

ɞɨɛɪɚɚɯɜɨɬɧɭɸ ɚɫɿ ɦɿɥɹ ɰɵɸ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ

ɥɚɞɭ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɿ ɲ ɥɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɡɞɚɛɵɰɰɺ ɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɸ ɲɥɹɯɬɚɣ ɩɪɵ ɜɿ

ɥɟɹ ʆ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ

1 95

 ɛɵʆ ɛɥɿɡɤɿ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞɭ Ʌɸɛɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ

ɹ ɤɿ  ɧɚɡɵɜɚʆ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɭɸ ɭɧɿ ɸ © ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɱɚɸª 

ɤɥɚɞɭɱɵ ɚɤɰɷɧɬ ɧɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɚɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ ² ɫɨɣ

ɦɭ

1 96

  Ȼɨɥɶ ɲ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɍ ɉɿɱɷɬɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɸɱɵ

Ɋ ɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɭɸ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɝ  ɹɤ ɧɨɜɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ʆɬɜ ɚ

ɪɷɧɧɟ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɣɧɚɝɚ ɬɵɩɭ

1 97

 Ȭɧ ɫɤɪɵɬɵ ɤɚɜɚʆ

ɩɨɝɥɹɞɵ ȱ  Ʌ ɚɩɨ  ɹ ɤɿ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ ɥɚɞɭ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ

19 8

 ɍ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɰɚɯ ȱ Ʌɚɩɨ ɩɪɚɞ

ɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɭɸ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɝ  ɹ ɤ Staatenbund ɡ ɡɚ

ɱɚɬɤɚɦɿ  ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɣɧɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ

1 99

 ɲɬɨ ɚɞɪɚɡɭ ɫɩɚɬɤɚɥɚ ɤɪɵ

ɬɵ ɤɭ ʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɜ ɭɰɵ

2 00

 ɚɥɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɚ ʆ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ

ɧɚɜɭɰɵ Ⱥ ɒɚɩɨɤɚɦ  ɹɤɿ ɡɚɧɹʆɫɹ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚɦ Ʉɚ

ɪɨɧɵ  ɿ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɵ  ɚɞ  ɝ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ɿɫɧɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɚɟ

Ɋ ɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ

20 1

ɍ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɰɵ ɿɫɧɚɜɚʆ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɿ ɪɨɫɤɿɞ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɩɚ

ɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɣɧɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵ ɿ  ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɚɣ Ƚɚ

ɥɟɰɤɿɦ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿ ɤɭ ɭɧɿ ɿ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɧɚ

ɪɷɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ Ʉɭɬɲɷɛɚɦ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɹ

20 2

ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɚɞɧɚɤ ɡ ɲ ɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɜɟɪɲɚɧɚ  ɚ ʆ

ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɟ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɬɪɷɰɿ ɹɟ ʆɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɿɤ ² Ɋɭɫɶ

20 3

  ɍ

ɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɭ ɿɲɥɿ ɪɚɡɜ ɚɝɿ ɋ  Ɂɚɤɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɚɞɤɪɷ

ɫɥɿɜɚʆ  ɲɬɨ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ɹɤ ɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ ɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɝ  ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

6 8

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚɸ ɹ ɤɚɹ © ʆɜ ɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ

ɫɚɸɡɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɩɷʆɧɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɧɨɜɚɹ Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɹª  Ȭɧ

ɩɚɥɟɦɿɡɚɜɚʆ ɡ Ɇ Ȼɚɛɠɵ ɧɫɤɿɦ  ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨɦ ² ɹ ɲɱɷ ɩɚ

ɦɹɪɤɨʆɧɵɦ ² ɭɧɿ ɬɚɪɧɚɟ ɩɥɵɧɿ

2 04

  Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɩɥɵɧɶ  ɹɤ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚ

ɟɦ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹʆ Ȼɚɥɶɡɷɪ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ©ɚɞ  ɝ ɭɫɹ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚ ² ɚɞɧɨ ɰɷɥɚɟ  ɧɟ ɞɵɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹ

ɜɚɧɚɟ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ Ʌɿɬɜɚ ² ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɞɧɚ ɡ ɱɚɫɬɚɤ ɹɤɿɹ ɹɟ

ʆɬɜ ɚɪɚɸɰɶª  ɩɚɞɨɛɧɚ ɹɤ Ɇɚɥɚɹ ɰɿ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ

205

 Ƚɷɬɭɸ

ɞɭɦɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɿʆ ɞɚɥɟɣ Ʉɚɥɹ ɧɤɨʆɫɤɿ  ɫɤɪɵɬɵɤɚɜɚʆɲ ɵ  Ʌɸɛɥɿɧ

ɫɤɭɸ ɭɧɿɸ  ɭ ɹ ɤɨɣ ©ɧɚ ɠɚɥɶ  ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɪɵʆɥɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɟ ɩɚɬɪɚ

ɛɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɛɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɟɞɧɚɫɰɿª  ɚ ɡ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɟɦ

ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɞɭɚɥɿɡɦɭ  ©ɩɥɨɞɭ ɧɹʆɞɚɥɚɝɚ ɤɚɦ

ɩɪɚɦɿɫɭ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɤɚɣ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ɣ ɛɵ ɥɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ

ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɸ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚ ɫɥɚɛɚɫɰɿ >ɿ @ ɭɫɹ  ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤ

ɬɚɪ ɧɹɫɤɨɧɱɚɧɚɫɰɿª

20 6

 Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ  ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɚ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɡɧɚɰɶ

ɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɯɿɛɚ ɹ ɤ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɶɝɿɿ

20 7

 ɛɨ ɡ ɧɚɜɭɤɨ

ɜɚɝɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɬɪɚɩɧɚɫɰɶ  ɩɟɪɲ ɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɵ ɯ ɜɵɡɧɚ

ɱɷɧɧɹʆ Ʉɭɬɲɷɛɵ ɿ ɉɿɱɷɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɥɹɝɚɟ ɞɥɹ  ɧɚɫ ɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɸ

ɉɚɞɫɭɦɨʆɜ ɚɸɱɵ  ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɲɬɨ Ʌ ɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ

ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɸ

ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɭɸ ɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɵ ɯ ɱɚɥɶɰɨʆ ² Ʉɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚ

ɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɘɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɚɣ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɷ

ɚɥɶɧɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɜɹ ɪɯɨʆɧɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ ²

ɤɚɪɚɥɹ  ɿ ɫɨɣɦɭ Ⱦɚɞɚɦɨ ɹɲɱɷ ɲ ɬɨ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵ ɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɿ ɚɛɪɚɧɧɟ

ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ² ɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬ ɞɡɹɤɭɸɱɵ ɹ ɤɨɦɭɭɧɿ ɹ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɡɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɿɫɩɵɬ

ɩɪɵ  ɤɨɠɧɵɦ ɛɟɫɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɿ  ɋɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɹ ɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬɵ ɯɨɰɶɿ ɚɞɧɨɫ

ɧɚ ɧɟɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ʆ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɬɵɦɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ  ɚɫɨɛɧɵɦɿ

ɦɟɥɿ ɞɡɹ ɤɭɸɱɵ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɭɞɡɟɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɜɚɡɟ ʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵ ɦ ɥɚɞɡɟ

ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɫɩɪɚʆɧɚɟ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɮɭɧ

ɤɰɵɹɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ Ɋɨɥɹ  ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜ ɿɞɚ

ɜɨɱɧɚɹ  ɚ ɩɪɚ ɪɨɥɸ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɫɨɣɦɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɫɿɿ  ɝ ȿɠɵ

Ⱥɫɚɥɿɧɫɤɿ ɤɚɡɚʆ ɝɷɬɚɤ © Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɹ« ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚɹ  ɡ ɬɚɤɿɯ

ɲɦɚɬɥɿ ɤɿɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɧɟɩɚɪɭɲɧɚɸ ɩɚɜɚɝɚɸ ɞɚ ɫɨɣɦɭ ɡɚ

ɯɨʆɜɚɟ ɫɜɚɸ unitatem >ɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ @ª  Ƚɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ

ɬɚɤ  ɲɬɨ ɫɨɣɦ  ɧɚ ɹ ɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɝɭɱɚɥɿ ɝɷɬɵɹ  ɫɥɨɜɵ ɛɵ ʆ ɫɚɪɜɚɧɵ

ɩɚɫɥɨɦ ɡ ɍɩɿɬɵ

ɍ ɬɵɦ ɜɵ ɝɥɹ ɞɡɟ  ɹɤɿ ɺɣ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ʆ

Ʌɸɛɥɿ ɧɟ  ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹ  ɛɵɥɚ ɤɚɦɩɪɚɦɿɫɚɦ ɹɤɿ ɡɚ

ɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚʆ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ  ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ ʆ ɿ ɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ ɚɛɨɞ

ɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɿ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜ ɚʆ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɧɭɸ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣ

6 9

ɧɚɫɰɶ  ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɲɦɚɬɷɬɧɿ ɱɧɚɟ Ɋɷɱɵ  ɉɚ-

ɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ȼɵ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɿ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɫɚɦɿɦ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɰɟ ɭɧɿɿ

ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɤɚ  Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɛɨɤ ɡɚɯɚɜɚʆ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɝ ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɹ

ɜɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɡ¶ ɟɡɞɵ   ɬɚɤ ɡɜ ɚɧɵ ɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɹ ɤɚɧɜɚɤɚɰɵɿ ɜ ɟɥɶɦɿ

ɠɵɜɭɱɵɹ ɹ ɲɱɷ ʆ ɫɹ ɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ ;9,, ɫɬ  ɹɤɿɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɱɵɦɫɶɰɿ ɧɚ

ɤɲɬɚɥɬ ɫɨɣɦɚʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

20 8

  ɍ ɤɚɧɜ ɚɤɚɰɵɹɯ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ

ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚɦɿ ɿ ɩɚɫɥɚɦɿ ɛɪɚɥɿ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɿ  ɞɜɨɪɫɤɿɹ  ʆɪɚɞɧɿɤɿ  ɤɧɹ ɡɿ ɿ

ɩɚɧɵ ɲ ɬɨ ɞɚʆɧɟɣ ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɞɭ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚ

ɦɚ ɡɟɦɫɤɿɹ ɯɚɪɭɠɵɹ   ɇɚ ɡ¶ ɟɡɞɚɯ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚɥɿɫɹ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɹ

ɫɩɪɚɜɵ  ɚ ʆ ɿɯ ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ɬɚɤɿɹ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɹ  ɹɤ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɹ  ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɹɤ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɫɭɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɭ ɜɵ ɝɥɹɞɡɟ ,,,ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɚ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆ-

ɫɤɚɝɚ  ɝ

20 9.

 Ȭɧ ɭɧɚɪɦɨʆɜ ɚʆ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɥɚɞ ɿ  ɩɪɚɜɚ ȼɹ ɥ

ɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɞɨɛɧɵ ɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɹ ɤ ɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ  ɚɥɟ

ɬɜɨɪɱɚ ɿ  ɤɪɵ ɬɵɱɧɚ  ɡɪɷɲɬɵ   ɧɿ ɱɨɝɚ ɧɟ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɩɨ

ɜɹɡɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ ɡɥɭɱɚɥɿ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɸ  Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɿ ɞɷɤ

ɪɷɬ  ɹ ɤɿ ʆɜɨɞɡɿʆ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬ ɭ ɠɵɰɰɺ ɡɦɹɲ ɱɚʆ ɤɥɚʆɡɭɥɭ ɹ ɤɚɹ

ɧɚɩɢɫɨɦ  ɭɧɢɢ ɧɢ ɜ ɱɨɦ  ɩɪɨɬɢɜɟɧ ɛɵɬɢ ɢ ɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɲɤ ɨɞɢɬɢ ɢ

ɭɛɥɢɠɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɦ ɚɟɬª

2 10

 Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɮɚɤɬɭ ȱ Ʌ ɚɩɨ ɿ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɹ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ ɪɚɛɿɥɿ ɞɚɥɺɤɚɫɹ ɠɧɵɹ ɜɵɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɚ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɡɦ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ  ʆ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɬɵɦ

ɮɚɤɬɚɦ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɸɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ  ɡ Ʌɿɬɜ ɨɸ ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɥɚ

ɞɵ  ɦɚɰɧɟʆ

ɍ ɩɟɪɵ ɹ ɞ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ  Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ   ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɚɯ ɫɹ ɦɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɵ ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ;9, ɫɬ  ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ  ɩɚɧɵ ɧɟ

ɫɬɚɜɿ ɥɿ ɭɧɿɿ ɩɚɞ ɫɭɦɧɟʆ ɡɚɬɨɟ ɹ ɧɵ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɜ ɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɫɚɛɟ

ɫɬɪɚɱɚɧɵɹ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ  ʆ ɫɟɧɚɰɟ ɿ ɤɚɦɩɟɧɫɚɜ ɚɰɶ  ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵ ɹɥɶ 

ɧɵ ɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɩɚɧɟɫɟɧɵɹ ȼɹ ɥɿ ɤɿ ɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚɦ ɭ  ɝ  Ɍ ɚɤ ɧɚ

ɷɥɟɤɰɵ ɣɧɵɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ  ɝ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ  ɧɚɩɚɦɿɧɚɥɿ ɚɛ ɚɞɞɚɱɵ

ȼɚɥɵɧɿ  ɍɤɪɚɿ ɧɵ ɿ ɉɚɞɥɹɲɲɚ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɹɤ

ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɹɞɥɿ ɜ ɚɫɰɶ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɟ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɫɿɥɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚ

ɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ  ɚɛ ɩɚɜɟɥɿɱɷɧɧɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ʆ ɫɟ

ɧɚɰɟ ɩɪɚɡ ɞɚɩɭɲɱɷɧɧɟ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɿ ɩɚɜ ɹɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɤɚʆ ɚɧɚ

ɥɚɝɿɱɧɚ ɞɚ ɝɷɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɵɯ ɦɟɧɲ ɵɯ ɤɚɲɬɚɥɹ ɧɚʆ ɭ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɧɚ

ɪɷɲɰɟ  ɚɛ ɬɵɦ ɤɚɛ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɨɣɦɵ ɚɞɛɵ ɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɱɚɪɨɞ

ɧɚ ʆ Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɿ ɧɚ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɟ  ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɹ ɪɬɚɧɧɹ ȸɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɿ ɉɚɞ

ɥɹ ɲɲɚ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɚɫɹ  ɿ ʆ  ɝ  ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɟ ʆ Ɍɨɪɭɧɿ  ɩɟɪɚɞ ɧɨɜ ɵɦ

ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ ɋɬɷɮɚɧɚɦ Ȼɚɬɨɪɵɟɦ Ɂɧɨʆɤɭ ɹɧɚ ɜɹ ɪɧɭɥɚɫɹ  ɧɚ ɡ¶ ɟɡ

ɞɡɟ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɿ  ɲ ɥɹɯɬɵ ʆ ȼɚʆɤɚɜɵɫɤɭ ʆ  ɝ əɲɱɷ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

7 0

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɪɚɧɟɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɫɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɡ¶ ɟɡɞɡɟ ʆ Ɇɫɰɿɛɨɝɚɜɟ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɿ

ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ  Ȼɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ ɿ ɜɵɫɥɚɥɿ  ɞɚ ɹɝɨ ɩɚɫɨɥɶɫɬɜ ɚ

ɉɪɚɝɪɚɦɚ ɞɷɥɟɝɚɰɵɿ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɹ ɤɨɟ ʆɜ ɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɿ  ɦɚɝɧɚɬɵ  ɿ

ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ ɡɚɯɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ ɭɧɿɿ ɡ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɭɡɦɚɰ

ɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɭ ɺɣ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɹɤ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɟ ɫɤɥɚ

ɞɨɜ ɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɍ ɬɵ ɦ ɠɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ɿɦɤɧɭʆ

ɫɹ ɚɤɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ  Ȼɚɬɨɪɵɟɦ ɹɤ ɚɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɭ ɞɷɥɟɝɚ

ɰɵ ɿ  9, ɞɡɟ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ  ɤɚɠɭɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɫɹ ɛɟ ɲ ɬɨ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɤ

ɥɿɤɚɧɵ divina voluntat e ad gubernacula communi s Respublicae

5HJQL 3RORQLDH HW 0DJQL 'XFDWXV / LWKXDQLDH  ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚʆ  ɲɬɨ

ɷɥɟɤɰɵɹ  ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɚɞɛɵɰɰɚ DE XWUDTXH QDWLRQHV VFLOLFHW  3RORQD

et L it huana communit er >ɡ Ȼɨɠɚɣ ɜɨɥɿ ɞɚ ɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɧɹ  ɚɝɭɥɶ 

ɧɚɣ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚɸ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜ ɚ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ « ɚɞ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɚɦ@ ɿ ɚɝɚɜ ɨɪɜɚʆ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɫɹ

ɪɨɞ ɫɟɧɚɬɚɪɚʆɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɬɚʆ

2 11

Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɧɚɦ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɰɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ  ɤɚɛ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɪɨʆɧɚɟ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ʆ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫ

ɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ Ⱥɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɛ ɤɨɠɧɵ ɬɪɷɰɿ

ɫɨɣɦ ɚɞɛɵɜɚʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ Ʉɚɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɩɪɵ

ɦɚɥɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɟɚɯɜ ɨɬɧɚ ɉɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɯɨɰɶ  ɛɵ ɜɟɪɲ ȼɚɰɥɚ

*G]LH GRWąG ] ZLONL G]LNLH VHMPRZDá\ ĞZLQL H

7UXGQR WHĪ R LQDNV]\ GRZFLS QD ERüZ LQLHª

21 2

(«Ʌɿɬɜ ɚ ɫɨɣɦ ɡ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɵ ɩɟɪɚɧɟɫɥɚ ʆ Ƚɨɪɚɞɧɸ

Ⱦɡɟɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ ɫɚɣɦɚɜɚɥɿ ɞɡɿɤɿɹ ɫɜ ɿɧɧɿ ɡ ɜ ɚʆɤɚɦɿ

ɐɹɠɤɚ ɡɧɚɣɫɰɿ ɿɧɚɤɲɵ ɞɚɦɚɪɨɲɱɚɧɵ ɞɨɫɰɿɩª 

Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ  ɿ  ɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɹ  ɧɟɥɚɞɵ  ɰɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɤɚɧɮɥɿ ɤɬɵ  ɹ ɤɿɹ

ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɱɚɫ ɚɞ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɣ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ  ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɧɟ ɞɚ

ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɿ ɭɧɿɿ  ɚ ɞɚ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɿ ɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ  ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɿ ɩɪɷɫɬɵɠɭ

ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɡ ɛɚɤɨʆ  Ɍ ɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɭ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɰɟ  ɩɪɚɚɧɚɥɿ

ɡɚɜɚɧɵɦɧɹɞɚʆɧɚ ə  ɋ ɷɪɷɞɵ ɤɚɦ ɹɤɿ ʆɡɧɿɤ ɫɚ  ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ

ɤɚɪɨɧɧɵɦɿ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɩɚɫɥɚɦɿ ɧɚ ɫɨɣɦɟ  ɝ  Ƚɚɜɨɪɤɚ ɿɲɥɚ

ɚɛ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɨʆ ɡɚɱɵɧɿɰɶ  ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɫɚ

ɒɜɟɰɵɹɣ ɭɫɟ ɩɨɪɬɵ  Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɚɝɚ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ

ɲɬɨ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɚɞɪɷɡɚɰɶ ɲɜɟɞɚʆ ɚɞ ɩɚɫɬɚɜ ɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɹ ɧɬɭ ɿ

7 1

ɫɯɿɥɿɰɶ  ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɞɚ ɩɚɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɰɬɜɚ ² ɿ ɧɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ

ɧɟ ɞɚɥɿ ɡɝɨɞɵ  Ȼ ɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ ɬɨɟ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɝɨɞɡɟ ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɝɟɬ

ɦɚɧ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ Ʌɟʆ ɋɚɩɟɝɚ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɧɟɤɚɥɶ ɤɿɦɿ  ɿɧɲɵ ɦɿ ɫɚɧɨʆ

ɧɿɤɚɦɿ  ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɵʆ ɡɚɦɿɪɷɧɧɟ ɫɚ ɒɜ ɟɰɵɹɣ

ɏɨɰɶ  ɡɚɦɿɪɷɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɹ ɞɨʆɝɿɦ ɿ ɞɵɤɬɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɤɪɵ ɬɵɱɧɵɦ

ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɿɲɱɚɦ  ɹɧɨ ɜɵɤɥ

ɿɤɚɥɚ ɚɫɭɞɠɷɧɧɟ ɡ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɹ ɤ ɩɚɪɭɲɷɧɧɟ ɩɪɵɧɰɵ 

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵɡɦ ɹɤɿ ʆɠɨ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɩɪɚɫɭɧɭʆɫɹ  ɧɟ ɦɟʆ

ɹ ɫɧɚɹ ɪɷɱ  ɧɚ ɦɷɰɟ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿª  ɇɹɝ

ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ  ɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɹ  ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɲ ɥɹɯɬɚ ɥɿ ɱɵɥɚ ɡ¶ ɹɞɧɚɧɭɸ

Ɋ ɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɭɸ ɿɞɷɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɦɚɞɷɥɥɸ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɵª

2 13

 Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɸ

ɚɰɷɧɤɚɸ ɜ ɚɪɬɚ ɩɚɝɚɞɡɿɰɰɚ  ɦɨɠɚ  ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɡ ɬɨɸ ɚɝɚɜɨɪɤɚɸ

ɲɬɨ ɬɭɬ ɿɲɥɨɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɪɚ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵɡɦ ɛɨ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɵɹ ²

ɝɷɬɚ ɚɞɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɟ  ɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɪɚ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɿ

ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ȼ ɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ  ɉɪɚʆɞɚ  ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ

ɲɩɚɪɤɿ  ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɫɥɚɺʆ ɧɚ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɟ ɡɜɹ ɡɜ ɚʆ ɹɟ ɡ Ʉɚɪɨɧɚɸ ɯɨɰɶ ɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚʆ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɠɵɜɨɟ

ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ  ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ  ɡɪɷɲ ɬɵ  ɬɵɩɨɜɚɟ ɞɥɹ

ɮɟɚɞɚɥɿɡɦɭ

2 14

Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɭɧɿɹɣ ɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɫɬɚ

ɧɭ ɚɛɟɞɡɜ ɸɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜ ɚʆ ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ  ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɵ ɹ ɤɚɹ  ² ɹ ɤ ɦɵ ɜ ɟɞɚɟɦ ² ɚɞ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ

ɭɧɿ ɿ  ɝ ɧɹɫɩɵɧɧɚ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɚɛɚɩɟɪɰɿ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɫɚɸɡ

ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚ ɚɤɬɵ ʆɧɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ  ɉɚ

ɤɭɥɶ  ɬɚɤɿɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ

ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɛɨ ɹɝɨ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ ɩɚɬ

ɪɚɛɚɜ ɚɥɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɿ  Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ Ʉ ɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ

ɚɪɷɧɭ ɜ ɵɣɲɥɚ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɚ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹ ɡɦɹɧɿɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɨɜɚ Ɂ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɩɷʆɧɵ ɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵ  ɧɚ ɹɤɿɹ  ɡɜ ɹɪɧɭʆ

ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚɣɜɵɞɚɬɧɟɣɲɵ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ Ɇɿɯɚɣɥɚ Ƚɪɭɲɷʆɫɤɿ

ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɠɚɞɚɸɱɵ  ɩɚɲɵɪɵɰɶ ɫɜɚɟ ɤɥɚ

ɫɚɜɵɹ  ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɞɚ ɩɚɦɟɪɚʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ  ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ  ɞɚ

ɹ ɤ ɧɚɣɰɹɫɧɟɣɲ ɚɝɚ ɩɚɹɞɧɚɧɧɹ  ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɚɸ  ɩɚɞɚɸɱɵ  ʆ ɝɷ

ɬɵɦ ɪɭɤɭ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɤɚɦ  Ʉɥɚɫɚɜɵɹ  ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɚ

ɠɚɥɿ ɧɚɞ ɩɚɥɿ ɬɵɱɧɵ ɦɿ ɿ ɧɚɰɵ ɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɚɧɬɚɝɚɧɿɡɦɚɦɿ« ɛɨ

ʆ ɩɭɧɤɰɟ ɝɷɬɵ ɯ ɿ ɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɨɡɧɿɰɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɰɿ

ɱɚɦɪɭɫɿɧɚɦ ɿ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚɦª

21 5

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