Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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7 2

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜ ɵɞɚɬɧɚɸ ɞɡɟɹ ɣ ɛɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜ ɹɤɿ

ɹ ɧɚ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿ ɥɚ ɞɚɥɟɣɲ ɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɟʆɫɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ ȿʆɪɨ

ɩɵ  əɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚʆɱɚ ɡɚɫɜ ɟɞɱɵɥɚ ɩɪɵɰɹ ɝɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ  ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɦɚɞɷɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ

ɍ ɹɟ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɜɹ ɥɿɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɚɞɵ ɝɪɚʆ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ

ɹɤɨɦɭ ʆɞɚɥɨɫɹ ɪɷɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚ ɚɰɚɧɿɰɶ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɭɸ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɸ  ɫɿɫɬɷ

ɦɭ ɫɿɥ ɿ ɫɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɸɱɵ ɤɪɚɣɧɿɹ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɶɭ ɠɵɰɰɺ

ɬɨɟ  ɲɬɨ ɚɞɩɚɜɹɞɚɥɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɦɭ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɦɭ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɭ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ

ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ  ɉɿɫɚɥɚɫɹ  ɿ  ɦɚɛɵɰɶ ɫɥɭɲɧɚ ɲ ɬɨ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵ

ɹ ɥɶ ɧɚɹ  ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɹ  ɉɨɥɶ ɲ ɱɵ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɡ ɪɚɡ

ɜɿɰɰɺɦ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɯ ɫɜɚɛɨɞ  ɩɪɵ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɿɥɚɜɨɣ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦ

ɰɵ  ɇɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɨɰ ɚɥɟ ʆ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɦ ² ɿ ɫɥɚ

ɛɚɫɰɶ  ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ  ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜ ɚɧɚɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɚɸ

ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɩɪɵɧɟɫɥɚ ɚɞɧɵ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵ

Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɡɟɦɥɹɦ ² ɞɪɭɝɿɹ  ɇɟɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɛɵɰɰɚɦ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ ɱɷɪɩɚɥɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɪɷɱɚʆ ɝɷɬɚɤ

ɫɚɦɚ ɧɹɫɥɭɲ ɧɵ ɿ  ɚɞɜɚɪɨɬɧɵ ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞ  ɛɵɰɰɚɦ ɡ ɩɪɚɫɨʆɜɚɧɧɹ

ɧɚ ȸɫɯɨɞ ɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɫɥɚ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɵɦ ɦɚɲɬɚɛɟ ɚɞɧɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ

ɉɚɞɥɿɤ ɜɵɝɨɞɚʆ ɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɚʆ ɜɵɦɚɝɚʆ ɛɵ ɡɪɷɲɬɵ  ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɝɚ ɿɯ

ɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɡ ɛɚɤɨʆ Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ 

ɲɬɨ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɹ  ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ  ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚɹ ʆ  ɝ  ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ ɧɚɞ

Ⱦɧɹɩɪɨɦ ɇɺɦɚɧɚɦ ɿ  ȼ ɿɫɥɚɸ  ɦɟɥɚ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɥɸɫɵ ɿ ɦɿɧɭɫɵ ɞɥɹ

ʆɫɿɯ ɡɚɰɿ ɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ

ɍɧɿɹ ɹɤ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɜɵɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɚɫɥɚɛɿɥɚ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹʆ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜɚ ɧɚ Ʌ ɿɬɜɟ ɿ Ɋ ɭɫɿ ɇɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ ɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɵ ɥɚ

ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲ ɵɦ ɩɪɚɡ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɸ ȼɚɥɵɧɿ ɿ ɇɚɞɞɧɹɩɪɨʆɹ ɝɪɭɧɬ

ɞɥɹ  ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɚɪɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɰɬɜ ɚ  Ⱥɞɦɨʆɧɵɹ  ɧɚɫɬɭɩ

ɫɬɜɵ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɡɜ ɹ ɡɚɧɵɹ  ɡ ɪɷɝɪɷɫɚɦ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ɿ ɚɫɥɚɛ

ɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ  ɞɨɫɵɰɶ  ɜɹɞɨɦɵɹ 

ɤɚɛ ɲɵɪɨɤɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ ɞɚɰɶ ɿ ɯ ɬɭɬ

Ⱦɚɥɟɣ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɹ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɿ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɚɹ

ɭɧɿɹ  ɡ Ʌɿ ɬɜɨɸ ʆɰɹɝɧɭɥɿ  ɉɨɥɶɲɱɭ ʆ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɵ ɹ ɿ ɡɧɹɫɿɥɶ ɜɚɸ

ɱɵɹ  ɜɨɣɧɵ ɡ Ɋ ɚɫɿɹɣ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɵ ɥɿ ɪɚɡɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɵɹ  ɤɚɧ

ɮɥɿɤɬɧɵɹ ɫɿ ɬɭɚɰɵɿ ɡ Ɍɭɪɷɱɱɵɧɚɣ ɜɵɛɚɪ ɬɭɪɷɰɤɚɝɚ ɥɟɧɧɿɤɚ ʆ

ɚɫɨɛɟ ɋ ɬɷɮɚɧɚ Ȼ ɚɬɨɪɵɹ  ɬɨɥɶɤɿ  ɧɟɧɚɞɨʆɝɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜ ɚʆ ɝɷ

ɬɵ ɹ ɚɞɦɨʆɧɵ ɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜ ɵ  Ⱦ ɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɭ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɹɥɿ ɿ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɹ

ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ  ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹ ɞɡɟ ɤɚɡɚɰɤɿɯ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹʆ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ

ɡ ɤɚɧɰɚ ;9, ɫɬ ɍ  ɝ ɹɧɵ ɩɟɪɚɪɚɫɥɿ ʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚʆɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɭɸ

ɜɚɣɧɭ ɹɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɡɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɡɚʆ ɭ

ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ;9,,ɫɬ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɞɜɵ ɡɧɚɱɵɥɿ ɧɚɞɥɨɦɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ Ɋ ɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  Ƚɥɟɞɡɹ ɱɵ  ɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵɜɵ  ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ;;ɫɬ 

7 3

ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɧɚɣɚɝɭɥɶɧɟɣ ɲɬɨ ɲ ɦɚɬɜ ɹ ɤɨɜ ɵ ɹ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ

ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿ ɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɫɤɨɧɱɵ ɥɿɫɹ  ² ɚɝɭɥɚɦ

ɤɚɠɭɱɵ ² ɧɹʆɞɚɱɚɸ  ɍ ɿɯ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɦɚɪɧɚɜ ɚɧɵ ɜɹɥɿɡɧɵɹ

ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɵ ɥɸɞɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɿɿ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɦɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɚɤ

ɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɿ  ɹ ɤɿ ɹ  ɛɭɞɭɱɵ ɫɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɦɿ ʆ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ɿɧɬɷɧɫɿɮɿɤɚ

ɰɵ ɿ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ Ɍ ɪɵ ɰɰɚ

ɰɿ ɝɚɞɨɜɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɹ ɋɿɥɟɡɿɿ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɛ ² ɤɚɥɿ ɪɚɡɜɚ

ɠɚɰɶ ɭ ɤɚɬɷɝɨɪɵ ɹɯ ɝɿɩɚɬɷɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɹʆ ² ɞɚɰɶ ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɩɚɡɿɬɵʆɧɵ ɹ ɷɮɟɤɬɵ  ɞɥɹ  ɛɭɞɭɱɵɧɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ

Ⱥɥɟ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɚɞɦɨʆɧɚɹ ɚɰɷɧɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛ ɚɞɧɚɛɚɤɨ

ɜɚɸ ɋɭɠɵɰɰɺ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɨɣ ɿ Ɋ ɚɫɿɹ ɣ ɚ ɰɟɪɚɡ ɬɭɸ ɚɩɨɲ

ɧɸɸ ɡ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɚɬɭɪɷɰɤɿɦ ɍɫɯɨɞɚɦ ɲɦɚɬ ɭ ɱɵ ɦ ɭɡɛɚɝɚɰɿɥɚ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɩɚɲɵɪɵɥɚ ɹɟ ɞɚɥɹ ɝɥɹ ɞɵ  ɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ

ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹɰɵɹ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɩɪɵ ɜɹ ɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɫɰɿ ɲ ɦɚɬɥɿɤɭɸ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɫ

ɤɭɸ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɭ ɭɡɛɚɝɚɰɿɥɚ ɦɧɨɫɬɜɚɦ

ɬɚɥɟɧɬɚʆ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɭ ɹɤɿ ɹɧɵ ʆɜɚɣɲɥɿ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɜɨɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ

ɜɵɛɚɪɭ

Ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɭɡɚɟɦɧɵɹ  ɲ ɦɚɬɛɚɤɨɜɵɹ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɵɹ ɩɨ

ɜɹɡɿ ʆɡɛɚɝɚɱɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɭɸ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫ

ɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɠɵɜ ɚɬɜɨɪɧɚʆɩɥɵɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚ

ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɡ ɤɚɪɵ ɫɰɸ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɛɚ

ɤɨʆ  ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɭɬ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɫɹ ɪɷɞɧɿɤɚɦ ɞɥɹ  ɩɟɪɚ

ɧɹɰɰɹ Ɋ ɚɫɿɹɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɚɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɚɠ ɞɚ

;9,,, ɫɬ

ɋɬɪɚɬɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹ ɰɵɿ ɜɵ ɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɥɚɺʆ

ɦɟɥɚ ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɚ ɚɞɦɨʆɧɵɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜ ɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ

ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ Ɋ ɭɫɿ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɹ ɸɱɵ ɿɯ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭ ɬɵɹ  ɱɚɫɵ ɩɪɚ

ɜɚɞɵɪɨʆ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ ɧɹɦɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜ ɚʆ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ 

ɲɬɨ ʆ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɿɧɲɚɝɚ ɜɵɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɫɥɚɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɛ ɧɟ

ɩɚɞɩɚʆɲɵ ɩɚɞ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɭ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɷɬɧɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚɟ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɵ

ɚɛɨ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹɰɵ ɸ Ɇɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɸ Ɋ ɭɫɫɸ

ɍɧɿɹ  ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɲ ɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɞɡɜ ɸɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɚʆ ɿ ɬɪɨɯ ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫ

ɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ  ɡɚɯɨʆɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɬɭɥɶ  ɩɚɤɭɥɶ  ɤɥɚɫ

ɹɤɿ ɩɪɵɜɺʆ ɞɚ ɹɟ ɫɬɚɹ ʆ ɥɹ ɫɬɵɪɧɚ ʆɥɚɞɵ ʆ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ

ɉɨ ɥɶ ɫɤɚ ɥɿ ɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɹɭ ɧɿ ɹ ɧɚ ɮ ɨɧɟ  ɮɟɚ ɞɚ ɥɶ ɧɚ ɝɚ

   ɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɥɿɡɦɭ

ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹ ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɚ ɧɹɡɦɟɪɧɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ

ɪɨɥɸ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɟʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ  ɚɞɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɜɵɫɨɤɿ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

7 4

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɪɚɧɝ  ɹɤɿ ɺɣɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ  Ɍɚɤ Ƚɚɥɟɰɤɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɹɱɵ ɩɚ

ɪɚɥɟɥɿ ʆ ɪɷɮɟɪɚɰɟ «8QLD 3ROVNL ] /LWZą D 8QLD NDOPDUVND»,

ɫɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ  ɲɬɨ ©ɭɧɿɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɡ¶ ɹɜɚ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ ɜɵ ɤ

ɥɸɱɧɚɹ  ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɦɚɥɚ ɚɧɚɥɚɝɚʆ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɫɚɸɡɚʆ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɪɨɡɧɵɦɿ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚɦɿ ɿ  ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ ª

21 6

 ɇɚɜɚɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɤɥɸ

ɱɷɧɧɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɡɞɚɟɰɰɚ ɝɿ ɫɬɨɪɵ ɤɚɦ ɧɟɱɵ ɦ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɵɦ ɭ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɍ ɚɩɨɲɧɿ ɦ ɫɿɧɬɷɡɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ

ɦɵ ɱɵɬɚɟɦ ɩɪɚ ɬɨɟ  ɹ ɤ © ɩɚɱɚʆ ɜɵɫɩɹɜɚɰɶ ɧɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵ

ɿ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɝɟɧɿ ɹɥɶɧɵ« ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸª

21 7

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ  ɤɚɥɿ ɫɚɸɡɵ  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɵɹ

ɧɚ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɹɡɹɯ ɚ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɫɚɸɡɚɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɞɚ  ɝ  ɛɵɥɿ ʆ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ ɪɷɱɚʆ ɉɪɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɞɭɦɤɭ  ɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɧɟ ɡ

 ɝ  ɚ ɡ  ɝ  ɤɚɥɿʆ ɺɣɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɚɜ ɚɥɿɫɹ  ɪɵɫɵ ɥɚɞɭ ɲɥɹ

ɯɟɰɤɚɟ Ɋɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ ʆ

ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɵɫɰɤɚɣ ɰɿ ɧɚ ɞɚɪɨɡɟ ɞɚ ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɵɡɦɭ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ Ⱥɞɧɚɤ

ɤɚɥɿ ɿɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɱɚɫɵ  ɬɨ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ  ɩɪɵɝɚɞɚɰɶ ɪɨɥɸ

ɹɤɭɸ ɲɥɸɛɵ ɿ ɡɚɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ  ɡ ɿɯ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧɵ ɭɧɿɿ ɰɿ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ

ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɿ ʆ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜ ɚʆ ȱɫɩɚɧɿɿ  ɿ  Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ Ʉɥɚ

ɫɿɱɧɚɸ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ Ƚɚɛɫɛɭɪɝɚʆ  ɲɬɨ ² ɹ ɤ

ɜɹɞɨɦɚ ² ɡɧɚɣɲɥɨ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɜɵɪɚɡ ɭ ɩɚɩɭɥɹ ɪɧɵ ɦ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɜɟɪ

ɲɵ

«Bella gerant alii,

Tu, felix Austria, nube.

Namque Mars al iis,

Dat tibi regna Venus»

ȱɧɲɵɹ ɣɞɭɰɶ ɧɚ ɜ ɚɣɧɭ

Ɍɵ  Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɹ  ɥɚɞɡɿɲ ɜɹɫɟɥɥɿ

ȱɧɲɵɦ ɭɥɚɞɭ ɞɚɟ Ɇɚɪɫ

Ⱥ ȼɟɧɷɪɚ ± ɬɚɛɟ

Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɦɵ  ɤɚɧɫɬɚɬɭɟɦ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɱɵɧɧɿɤɚʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ

ɫɩɪɵ ɹɥɿ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɵɯ ɲ ɦɚɬɫɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɵɯ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɹ ʆ

ɭ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɿ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɣ Ɍɨɟ

ɲɬɨ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ  ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɩɚɝɥɵɛɥɟɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɚɧɚ

ɥɿɡɭ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɩɨɜɹ ɡɹ ʆ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɞɡɹ ɪ

ɠɚɜɚɦɿ ɩɚɹɞɧɚɧɵɦɿ ɭɧɿɹ ɦɿ ʆ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɩɨɡɧɹɝɚ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹɜ ɟɱɱɚ ɿ

7 5

ɇɨɜɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ² ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɵ ɧɟɞɚɝɥɹ ɞ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɹɲ ɧɹɟ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ

Ʌɟɧɧɵ ɦɿ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚɦɿ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜ ɚʆɫɹ  ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɬɵɬɭɥɚɦ ɫɜɚɺɣ

ɩɪɚɰɵ ə   Ɇɿɬɚɣɫ  ɹ ɤɿ ɧɟ ɤɪɚɧɚʆ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵ ɤɿ ɱɚɫɨʆ ɤɚɥɿ

ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ  ɩɚɧɹɰɰɟ Corona Regini

2 18

 ɚ ɚɦɟɪɵɤɚɧɫɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɤ Ɋ. Ⱥ Ʉɚɧ ɭɡɧɹʆɲɵ ɧɹɞɚʆɧɚ ɬɷɦɭ «Federalism and the

federal state in history»,  ɯɨɰɶ ɞɚɤɬɪɵɧɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɿ ʆɡɵɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɞɚ

Ȼɚɪɬɨɥɸɫɚ ɞɷ ɋɚɤɫɚɮɷɪɚɬɚ ɿ ɀɚɧɚ Ȼɚɞɷɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɡɟʆ ɝɷɬɭɸ

ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɭ  ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ  ɚɞ ɭɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɹ  ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ Ɂɥɭɱɚɧɵɯ

ɒɬɚɬɚʆ ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɟ Ⱥɦɟɪɵɤɿ ɞɚ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɱɚɫɨʆ

2 19

  Ɍ ɚɤɿ ɦ ɱɵ

ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɡɚɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ɥɚɤɭɧɚ

220

 ɹ ɤɭɸ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɛ ɡɚɩɨʆɧɿɰɶ

ɍ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɝɚ ɚɧɚ

ɥɿɡɭ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ Ʉɚɥɶ ɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ  ɭɧɿɹ  ɹɤɚɹ ɞɚɥɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɷ

ɪɵɹɥɭ ɲɬɨ ɩɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɹɤ ɩɷʆɧɵ ɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɿ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ʆ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵɯ ɚɦɚɥɶ  ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ  ɿ  ɩɨɥɶ 

ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɿ ɭɧɿɿ ɫɤɚɧɞɵɧɚʆɫɤɿ ɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ

22 1

 Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

ɹɫɤɪɚɜɚ ɜɿɞɚɰɶ ɩɚɞɚɛɟɧɫɬɜɵ ʆ ɜɵɪɚɲ ɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɪɨɥɿ ɹɤɭɸ ɚɞɵɝ

ɪɵɜɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɵ  ɧɚ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɭɧɿɿ  ɿ ʆ ɱɚɫɬɵɯ ɫɭɬɵɤ

ɧɟɧɧɹɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɿɦɿ ɿ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚɦ

22 2

  Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ ɚɛɟ

ɞɡɜɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵ  ʆ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɟ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɵ   əɤ

ɫɰɜɹ ɪɞɠɚɟ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɸɸɱɵ ɝɷɬɚ ɦɨɧɚɤɚʆɡɚɥɶɧɵ ɦ ɱɵ ɧɚɦ

Ʉ Ƚɭɪɫɤɿ ©ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɚ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɩɪɨ

ɰɿɫɬɚɹɧɧɹ  ɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ ɦɨɰɵ Ʉ ɪɵɠɚɰɤɚɝɚ Ɉɪɞɷɧɚ  Ʉɚɥɶ ɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ

ɭɧɿ ɹ  ² ɞɡɟɥɹ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ  ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ  Ƚɚɧɡɵª

22 3

  Ʉɚɥɿ ɠ  ɚɞɧɚɤ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ʆ XVI ɫɬ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɿ ɥɚɫɹ  Ʉɚɥɶ ɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ

ɭɧɿɹ  ɪɚɫɩɚɥɚɫɹ  ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɞɜɚɰɰɚɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ

ɉɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɹʆ ɹɤɭɸ ɩɚɜɺʆ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ Ⱦɚɧɿɿ ɏɪɵɫɰɿɹɧII ɭ

ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ  ɞɚ ɲɜɟɞɚʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɫɬɚɤɝɨɥɶɦɫɤɚɹ  ɤɪɵɜɚɜɚɹ

ɥɚɡɧɹ ʆ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɡɟ  ɝ   ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚɯɚɞɚɦ ɡɝɭɛɧɵ ɦ ɞɥɹ

ɭɧɿɿ ɇɚɲɦɚɬ ɥɟɩɲɵ ɹ ɜɵɧɿɤɿ ɩɪɵɧɟɫɥɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɡɥɚɝɨɞɠɜɚɧ

ɧɹ  ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɜ ɟɞɡɟɧɚɹ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɦɚ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦɿ  ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɛɵ ɥɿ

ɏɪɵɫɰɿɹ ɧII ɠ ɛɵʆ ɱɭɠɵɧɰɚɦ ɹɤɿ ɧɚɦɚɝɚʆɫɹ  ɝɪɭɛɚɣ ɫɿɥɚɣ

ɫɯɿɥɿɰɶ ɞɚ ɩɚɫɥɭɲɷɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɚɿɧɭ ɹɤɚɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɚɞ ɹ ɝɨ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ

ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶ ɧɚ

2 24

ɍ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ  ɞɡɟ ɤɪɷʆɫɤɿ ɚɤɬ

ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ ɹ ɤ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɚɟɦ  ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɞɚ Ʉ ɚɪɨɧɵ

Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ  Ʉ ɚɥɶ ɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚ

ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɭɫɿɯ ɬɪɨɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚʆ ɹ ɤɿ ɹ ɹ ɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ Ʉɚɥɿ ɠ ɚɞ

ɧɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɰɵ  ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɺ ɩɚɞɡɟɹ ʆ ɧɚɞ ȼɿɫɥɚɣ ɿ ɇɺɦɚɧɚɦ

ɩɚɣɲɥɨ ʆ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɸɯ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚʆ  ɬɨ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

7 6

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ʆ ɫɤɚɧɞɵɧɚʆɫɤɿ ɦ ɤɨɥɟ ɧɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɞɚɰɤɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɡɪɚɛɿɥɚ

ɫɩɪɨɛɭ ɦɟɞɵɹɬɵ ɡɚɜɚɰɶ ɒɜɟɰɵ ɸ ɿ ɇɚɪɜɟɝɿɸ ɩɚɞ ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶ 

ɧɚɸ ɲɵ ɥɶɞɚɸ ɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɿ  ȼ ɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɛɵʆ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆ ɦɟɫɬɚʆ

ɿ ɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɹ ɥɹɧ ɭ ɒɜɟɰɵɿ ɲ ɬɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ ɞɥɹ  ɲɜɟɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɟ

ɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɫɰɤɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ ɦɨɰɧɭɸ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɿ  ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɵɥɚ

ɹɝɨ ɩɨɫɩɟɯ

225

 ɍ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɠ ɩɚɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵɫɰɤɭ ɧɚɫɬɪɨ

ɟɧɵɹ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɡɞɚɛɵɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ ɲɵɪɷɣɲɚɟ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɿ  Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ

ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɹ  ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ʆ ɪɷɲɰɟ ɪɷɲ ɬ ɿ ɩɪɚɞɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɥɿ ɤɪɚɯ

Ʉɚɥɶ ɦɚɪɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ ɿ ɩɨɫɩɟɯ ɭɧɿɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ

ɍ ɚɫɩɟɤɰɟ  ɹ ɤɿ ɧɚɫ ɬɭɬ ɰɿɤɚɜɿɰɶ  ɡɚɫɬɚɸɰɰɚ ɧɟɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜ ɚ

ɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ ɧɹʆɞɚɥɵɯ ɫɩɪɨɛɚʆ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɭ

ɜɹɡɿ ɉɨɥɶ ɲ ɱɵ ɡ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ ɞɭɧɚɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɚ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɜɭ

ɝɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɡɚɜɹ ɡɚɧɚɹ ʆ  ɝ  ɹɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɿ əɝɟɥɨɧɵ ʆ

ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɩɟɪɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚɜɚ ə ɝɟɥɨɧɱɵɤɚ  ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ

ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɩɨɜ ɹɡɿ ɰɟɪɚɡ ɍɥɚɞɵɫɥɚɜ ɚ ² rex bene, ɹɤɿ ɡ ɱɷɲ

ɫɤɚɝɚ ɬɪɨɧɭ ɩɟɪɚɫɟʆ ɭ  ɝ ɧɚ ɜɭɝɨɪɫɤɿ ² ɧɿɤɨɥɿ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ

ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɿ ʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɰɵ  ɉɚɬɷɧɰɵɣɧɵɹ

ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɹɝɟɥɨɧɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿ ɿ ʆ ɞɭɧɚɣɫɤɿ ɦ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɟ ɜɵɹɜɿɥɿ ɫɚ

ɜɟɰɤɿɹ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ ʆ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɫɩɪɨɛɟ ɫɿɧɬɷɡɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ

22 6

ɚɥɟ ʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɜ ɭɰɵ ɿɦ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɵɩɿ ɫɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɤɿ

ɧɟɛɭɞɡɶ  ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ ɉɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɜɭɱɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɩɨɫɩɟɯ

ɧɚ ɩɨʆɧɚɱɵ  ɧɹʆɞɚɱɚ ɩɚɩɹ ɪɷɞɠɚɧɚɹ ɧɟɜɹ ɥɿɤɿɦ ɭɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɡɚɰɿ

ɤɚʆɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɞɧɿ   ɹ ɤɚɹ  ɚɞɱɵɧɿɥɚ ɞɚɪɨɝɭ ɞɥɹ  ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ

ɲɦɚɬɷɬɧɿ ɱɧɚɟ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɿ Ƚɚɛɫɛɭɪɝɚʆ Ƚ ɷɬɚ  ɧɚ ɦɚɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɩɚ

ɬɪɚɛɭɟ ɿ ɩɚɝɥɵɛɥɟɧɚɣ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵ ɰɤɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɪɩɪɷɬɚɰɵɿ ɿ ʆɥɿɤɭ ²

ɲɵɪɷɣɲɚɝɚ ɱɵɦ ɞɚɝɷɬɭɥɶ ² ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɯ ɫɿɫɬɷɦ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɫɬɚ

ɫɭɧɤɚʆ

22 7

 ɉɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɬɵ ɦ ɰɿɤɚɜ ɟɣɲɚɟ ɲɬɨ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ  ɿ

ʆ ȼ ɭɝɨɪɲɱɵ ɧɟ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɩɪɵ ɹɡɧɶ ɹ ɤɚɹ ɥɭɱɵɥɚ ɚɛɟɞɡɜɟ

ɤɪɚɿɧɵ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɿ ʆ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɥɚɞɡɟ ² ɞɚɦɿɧɭɸ

ɱɚɹ  ɪɨɥɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɲɵ ɪɨɤɿ ɚɛɫɹɝ ɹ ɟ ɫɜ ɚɛɨɞ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ² ɡɞɚɜɚ

ɥɚɫɹ ɛ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɫɩɪɵɹɰɶ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɦɭ ɡɛɥɿɠɷɧɧɸ

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ ɭɧɿɿ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɞɧɿ ɫɚɪɜɚɥɿɫɹ  ɚ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ ɭ ;,,,±;,9 ɫɬ  ɧɹɪɚɡ ɜɚɪɨɠɵ ɯ  ɧɚɲ ɦɚɬ

ɛɨɥɶɲ ɵɹ  ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ʆ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɦ ɥɚɞɡɟ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ɛɚɹ ɪɫɬɜɚ

ɞɚ ɲ ɚɫɰɿɞɡɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ;9, ɫɬ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɚɞ ɫɬɚ

ɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɟ ʆɦɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɹ

ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɵɫɰɤɿɹ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɿ  ɚɥɟ ɧɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ ɩɟɪɚɚɞɨɥɶ ɜɚɸɱɵ  ɿ ɯ

ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɞɚ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɣ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ

Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡ ɧɹʆɞɚɱɵ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵɧɚɞ Ⱦɭɧɚɟɦ ɿ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ

ɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɩɪɵ ɱɵɧ ɞɨʆɝɚɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɫɰɿ ɫɚɸɡɭ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɿ ɑ ɷɯɿɿ ɿ

7 7

ȼɭɝɨɪɲɱɵɧɵ ɩɚɞ ɫɤɿɩɟɬɪɚɦ Ƚɚɛɫɛɭɪɝɚʆ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɛ ɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɞɚɞɚɬ

ɤɨɜ ɚɟ ɫɜɹɬɥɨ ɿ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ

2 28

Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɟɪɫɚɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɹ  ɭɧɿɿ ɿ ɿɧɤɚɪ

ɩɚɪɚɰɵɿ ɛɵ ɥɿ ʆɥɚɫɰɿɜɵɹ  ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚɦ ɞɡɟ ʆ ɋɹ ɪɷ

ɞɧɹɜɟɱɱɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɚʆɩɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɿɹɥɶɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɚ ʆ ɧɨɜɵɹ ɱɚɫɵ

² ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɱɧɵ ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɵɡɦ ɚ ɪɷɚɥɶ ɧɵɹ  ɭɧɿɿ ɛɵ ɥɿ ɬɜ ɨɪɚɦ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜ ɚʆ ɞɡɟ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɚɞɞɡɹ ɥɿɥɚɫɹ  ɚɞ

ɚɫɨɛɵ ʆɥɚɞɚɪɚ  Ɍɚɦɭ ɦɿɠ ɿ ɧɲɵɦ ɞɚ ɪɷɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɭɧɿ ɿ ɞɚɣɲɥɨ

ɬɚɞɵ ɤɚɥɿ ɧɚ Ʌ ɿɬɜɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨɦ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɷɧɧɚɫɰɿ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɜɚɥɶɧɵ ɫɨɣɦ ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɧɵ ɪɚɞɚ ɡ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɩɚɞ

ɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɵɦɿ ɪɵ ɫɚɦɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɪɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɪɚɞɵ  ɜɟɞɭɱɵ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɵ ɡ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɫɨɣɦɚɦ ɹ ɤ ɜɵɤɚɡɧɿɤɚɦ ɜɨɥɿ Corona Regni Ⱥɛɚɝɭɥɶ

ɧɹ ɸɱɵ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɵɹ ɞɨɫɜɟɞɵ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ  ɦɨɠɧɚ

ɧɚɡɜɚɰɶ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɫɩɪɵɹ ɥɿ ɭɧɿɹɦ ɰɿ ɿ ɧɤɚɪɩɚ

ɪɚɰɵɹ ɦ

 ɋ ɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɹ ɡɧɚɞɜɨɪɧɚɹ  ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɤɚ ɹɤɚɹ ʆ ɚɛɥɿɱɱɵ ɡɚ

ɯɨɩɧɿɰɤɚɝɚ Ʉɪɵɠɚɰɤɚɝɚ Ɉɪɞɷɧɚ ɥɟɝɥɚ ʆ ɩɚɞɜɚɥɿɧɵ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɚ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɵ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ Ɍɭɪɷɱɱɵɧɵ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ ʆɦɚ

ɰɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɩɨɜɹɡɹ ʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ ʆ ɞɭɧɚɣɫɤɿɦ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɟ Ȼɵɥɨ ɛ

ɚɞɧɚɤ ɧɹɫɥɭɲɧɚ ɚɛɦɹɠɨʆɜ ɚɰɰɚ ɬɭɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɿɩɵɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ

ȱɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ ɪɷɤɚɧɤɿɫɬɵ ɥɹ ɠɚɥɿʆ ɩɚɞɜɚɥɿɧɚɯ ɭɧɿɿ Ʌɟɨɧɚ Ʉɚɫɬɵɥɿɿ ɿ

Ⱥɪɚɝɨɧɚ ɚ ʆ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɵ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɡɞɚɛɵ ɬɵɯ ɭɠɨ

ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɚɛɲɚɪɚʆ ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ȱɧɮɥɹɧɬɚʆ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɿ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧ

ɧɸ ɿʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɭɧɿɿ

 Ɋɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɺ ɞɚɥɺɤɚɫɹ ɠɧɚɝɚ ɚɛɦɟɧɭ ɚɥɟ ɹɲɱɷ ɛɟɡ ɫɮɚɪ

ɦɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚʆ ɍ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɵɹ ɫɭ

ɜɹɡɿ ɲɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɩɚɡɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɿ ɮɚɪ

ɦɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɚɸɡɚʆ ɭ ɪɷɝɿɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɦɚɲɬɚɛɟ ɬɚɤɿɦ

ɹɤ ɉɿɪɷɧɟɣɫɤɿ ɩɚʆɜɨɫɬɪɚʆ ɋɤɚɧɞɵɧɚɜɿɹ ɞɭɧɚɣɫɤɿ ɪɷɝɿɺɧ ɰɿ ɩɚʆ

ɞɧɺɜɚɛɚɥɬɵɣɫɤɿ ɛɚɫɟɣɧ ɯɨɰɶ ɿɦ ɰɹ ɠɤɚ ɩɪɵɩɿɫɜɚɰɶ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɶ

ɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɍ ɭɧɿɿɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ɜɚɪɬɚ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɰɶ ɫɭɜ ɹɡɿ

ɹɤɿɹɡɥɭɱɚɥɿ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɡ Ƚɞɚɧɶɫɤɚɦɿ ɉɨɡɧɚɧɧɸ

22 9

 ɚ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɧɚɱɵ ɡ

Ɋɵɝɚɣ ɲɬɨ ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɚɜ ɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ʆ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɿ ȱɧɮɥɹ ɧɬɚʆ ɞɚ

Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɚɞɚɥɟ ɿ ʆ ɡɞɡɹɣɫɧɟɧɧɿ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿ ɿ

 Ɂɚ ɭɧɿɸ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɩɪɚɦɚʆɥɹɰɶ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ² ɯɨɰɶ ɹ ɤ ɦɵ ɛɚ

ɱɵɥɿ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɬɚɤ ɛɵɜɚɥɚ ² ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ ɲɥɹ ɯɬɵ ɡɚɰɿ ɤɚʆɥɟɧɚɣ

ɭ ɩɚɹɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɰɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚʆ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɬɚɝɨ ɤɚɛ ɚɬɪɵ

ɦɚɰɶ ɧɨɜɵɹ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɿ ɚɛɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɚɛɟ ʆɠɨ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɹ ɋ ɭ

ɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɚɪɜɚɧɚɹ ɹɲɱɷ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡ

ɦɚɦ ² ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɚɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɟ ɫɜ ɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɇɨɜ ɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɡ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

7 8

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɬɵɩɨɜɚɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɱɚɫɨʆ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɸ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɭ ʆ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɭ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɹ

ɰɵɿ ɲɬɨ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɩɚɥɹɝɱɚɥɚ ɹɟ ɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɩɪɵɫ

ɩɟɲɜɚɥɚ ² ɜɹɥɚ ʆ ɤɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɞɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɹ ©ɲɥɹ

ɯɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚª ɹɤɿ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚʆ ɰɿ ɬɨ ɲɥɹɯɬɭ ʆɫɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ Ɋ ɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ ɰɿ ɬɨ ɜɭɝɨɪɫɤɭɸ

ɲɥɹɯɬɭ ɭɬɜɨɪɚɧɭɸ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɦɚɞɡɶɹ ɪɵɡɚɰɵɿ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɚʆ

ɭɫɿɯ  ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ Ʉɚɪɨɧɭ ɫɜ ɋ ɬɷɮɚɧɚ

230

 Ⱥɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɵɦɿ ɤɥɚɫɚɦɿ  ɚɛɦɿɧɚɸ

ɱɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɹ ɦɚɫɵ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɫɹɥɹ ɧɫɬɜɚ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɞɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɥɚ ɝɿɫɬɚ

ɪɵɱɧɭɸ ɧɟɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɫɰɶ ɭɧɿɹʆ ɹ ɤɿɹ ɩɚʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɥɨɦɟ ɋɹ

ɪɷɞɧɹɜɟɱɱɚ ɿ  ɇɨɜɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ Ȼɨɥɶ ɲɚɫɰɶ  ɡ ɿɯ ɡɚɡɧɚɥɚɪɚɫɤɥɚɞ ɩɚ

ɦɟɪɵ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɤɨɠɧɵ ɡ ɹɤɿɯ ɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɩɟ

ɪɚɞ ɫɚɛɨɣ ɤɚɬɷɝɚɪɵɱɧɵ  ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɵʆ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɧɧɹ  ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚ

ɜɚɸ

23 1

 Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɵɹ ʆ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɭ ɡ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɹɣ ɷɩɨɯɿ ɬɚ

ɤɿɹ ɹ ɤ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɹ  Ƚɚɛɫɛɭɪɝɚʆ ɧɟ ɡɞɨɥɟɥɿ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɭɫɬɨɹɰɶ ɫɭɩ

ɪɚɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɭ

ɉɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ

ɱɵɦ ɰɹɩɟɪ Ɍɚɦɭ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɸɱɵ  ɲɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɫɭ

ɜɹɡɿ ɜɵɪɚɡɚɦ ɹɤɿɯ ² ɡɭɫɿɦɧɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɵɦ ɯɨɰɶ ɿ ɜɟɥɶ ɦɿ ɿɧɞɵ

ɜɿɞɭɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɵɦ ² ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ ɩɟɪɚɠɵɥɿ ɫɹɛɟ

ɬɪɷɛɚ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɜɵɫɰɟɪɚɝɚɰɰɚɩɪɚɟɤɰɵɹʆ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɦɿɧɭʆ

ɲɱɵɧɭ ɉɪɵɥɸɛɵɯ ɚɰɷɧɤɚɯɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ ɪɨɥɿ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɞɚ ɹɤɨɣ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɜɭɤɚ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɲɦɚɬɤɪɨɰɶ ɜɹ ɪɬɚɰɰɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɜɚɪɬɚ ɡɚʆ

ɫɺɞɵ ɦɟɰɶ ɧɚ ʆɜɚɡɟ

Ⱥ ɩɪɚɱɚ ɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ ɩ ɹɰɿ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞ ɧɚɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥ ɟɧɵɯ ɧɚɪ ɨ

ɞɚʆɝ ɿɫɬɨ ɪɵɹ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɚɚɫɚɛɥɿ ɜɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɟɭɧɿɿɛɵɥ ɚɿ ɡɚɫɬɚ

ɟɰɰɚɩɪ ɚɞ ɦɟɬ ɚɦ ɫɬɚɥɚɟ ʆɜɚɝɿ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪ ɵɹɝɪɚɮɿ ɿ

 ɍɥ ɚɫɧɚ ɭɠ ɨ ʆ    ɝ ɨɪ ɝɚɧ ɦɚɪɤɝɪ ɚɮ ɚ ȼɟɥɹɩɨ ɥɶɫɤɚɝ ɚ

«Dz ienni k Pows zechn y» ɚɰɷ ɧɶɜɚʆɭɧɿɸɡ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ɹɤɩɚɞɫɬ ɚɜɭ ɧɹɲɱ ɚɫ

ɰɹʆɿ ɡɚɧ ɹɩɚɞɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵɍɬɨɣɱɚɫɝ ɷɬɚ ɫɩɚɥɭɱ ɚɥɚɫɹɫɚɡ ɝɨɞɧɿɰɤɚɣ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚɣ ɭɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɰɚɪɵɡɦɭ ɿɩɪ ɵɧɹɰɰɺɦɩɚɡ ɿɰɵɿ ɉɟɰ ɹɪɛɭ ɪ

ɝɚʆɞ ɚɱ ɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚɬ ɚɤɡɜɚɧɵɯɡ ɚɛ ɪɚɧ ɵɯɡ ɟɦ ɥɹʆ

ɍɩɪ ɚɰɵ«0LĊG ]\: VFKRGHPD =DFKR GHP»ɫɚɩɭ ɛɥɿɤɚɜɚ

ɧɚɣ ɤɚɧ ɫɩɿɪɚɰɵɣɧɚʆ  ɝɩɚɞ ɩɫɟʆɞ ɚɧ ɿɦɚɦ ɘɡɷɮɚɄɲɷɦ ɟɧɹ ɇɚ

ɜɨɤɥɚɞɰ ɵɤɚɛɩ ɚɞɦɚɧɭɰɶ ɚɤɭɩ ɚɧɬɚɮɿ ɝɭɪɭ ɟɞɚɬ ɚ©  ª ɉɚɡɧɚɺɦɿ

ɰɰ ɚɡ ɝɷɬ ɚɸɩ ɪɚɰɚɣɿ ɿɞɷɧɬɵɮɿɤɚɜɚɰɶɹɟɚʆɬɚɪɚɦɧɟʆɞ ɚɥɨɫɹɞ ɡɹɤɭ ɸ

ɱɵɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪɭ ȺȽɟɣɲɬɚɪ ɭ

ɉ ɚɪ ɚʆɧJ. Ad amus . O sy nt ezac h h is to ry czny ch Szu js ki eg o

7 9

//Studia histo ryczn e ku czci St. Ku trzeb y, II, Kraków, 1938, s. 1– 28.

0%REU]\ĔVNL']LHMH3ROVNLZ]DU\VLHZ\G:DUV]DZD

,V±á,,V

-/ HOHZHO ']LHMH/LW Z\L5XVLDĪGRXQ LL]3 ROVNą Z/XEO LQLH

ɡ’ɹɞ ɧɚɧɧɹɩɨ ɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɿɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨ ɞɚʆª ɫ 

B. Limano wski. Studwu dziest oletn ia wal ka narodu po lskieg o o

QLHSRGOHJáRĞ ü.UDNyZ  ɉɟɪɚɞ ɚɛɥɿ ɱɱɚɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɚɞɪɚɞ

ɩɚɜɿɧɧ ɚɊɷɱɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɹ«ɰɿɠ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵɹɟɧɚɪɨɞɵ² ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ

ɿ ɪɭɫɤɿ ²ɡ ɚɛ ɵɰɶɩɪ ɚɫɜɚɟɧɚɥɟɠ ɧɵɹɿ ɞɨ ɛɪɚɡɚɫɥɭ ɠɚɧɵɹɩɪ ɚɜɵ"ª

ɫ 

/ :DVL OHZVN L/L WZD L%LDáRUXĞ =DU\VK LVWR U\F]Q RSRO LW\F]Q\

VWRVXQNyZQDURGRZRĞFLRZ\FKZ\G.UDNyZZ\G:DUV]DZD±

Kraków, 1925.

O. Balzer. Trad ycja dzi ej owa u nii p ols ko-li tew sk iej , L wó w–

Wars zawa, 19 19, s. 3 –24.

Krzewski [S. Zak rzewsk i]. Zasady federacji w p olskiej poli tyce

kres owej // Problemy pols kiej po lityki kresowej, I, K raków, 1920, s . 8.

Ɍɚɦ ɫɚɦɚs. 15.

ɉɟɪɚɞɪ ɭɤɡ S. Zak rzew ski. Zag adni eni a hi storyczn e, II,

Lwów, 1936, s. 229.

-3 LáVXG]NL 3LVPD ]ELRURZH9,:DUV]DZD Vɿɧɬɷɪ

ɜɿɸɡɪɷɞɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ« Kuriera P olskiego»ɚɞ, ɪɚɫɰɷɧɶɜɚɟɹɤɯɥɭɫ

ɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭ ɧɤɚʆɭ ɧɨ ɜɚɣɩɨɥ ɶɫɤɚɣɞ ɡɹɪ ɠɚɜɟª 

:.RQRSF]\ĔVNL2LGHLMDJLHOORĔVNLHM8PDUOLPyZLą3R]QDĔ

1929, s. 75–86;ɺɧɠɚ']LHMH3ROVNLQRZRĪ\WQHM,±:DUV]DZD

ɧɚɥɶɧɚɦɭ ɩɪ ɵɧ ɰɵɩɭ ɿ ɰɷɧɬ ɪɚɥ ɿɡ ɦɭ ª  ɿɩ ɪɚəɝɟɥɨɧ ɫɤɭɸ ɿɞ ɷɸ  ɹɤɚɹ

ɧɚɝɚɩ ɪɚɞ ɫɬɚʆɧɿɰ ɬɜɚª 

ɍɝ ɷɬ ɚɣɩ ɥɵɧɿ ʆɩ ɟɪ ɵɹɞɹɤɿ ɧɚɫ ɬɭ ɬ ɰɿ ɤɚɜɿ ɰɶ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚɛ

ɡɦ ɹɫɰɿ ɰɶɅ Ʉɚɥɹɧɤɨ ʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɹɤɿɜɵɤɥɚʆ ɪɚɡɝ ɨɪ ɧɭ ɬɭɸ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ ɫɜɚɿɯ

ɩɨɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɭɤɧɿɡɟ«Polska Jag iellonow», Lwów, 1936.

2+ DOHFNL ']LHMHX QLLMDJL HOORĔVN LHM, .UDNyZ :V WĊS

s. XI.

2+DOHFNL,GHD-DJLHOORĔVND .+/, ʋ 1–2 , s. 1 –27.

ɠɚɜɵª ɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɥ ɚ ʆ ɚɛɚɝɭ ɥɶɧɟɧ ɵɦ ɜɵɝɥ ɹɞɡ ɟ ɫɿ ɫɬɷɦɭ ɩɨ ɝɥ ɹɞ ɚʆ

ɫɿɧɬɷɬɵɱɧɚɣɩɪɚɰɵ«Pols ka w d obie Ja giello nów» //Pol ska, j ej dzi eje

i kul tura, I, Warszawa, 1 930 , s . 193 –36 8 ɞɡ ɟ ɤɚɠɭɱ ɵ ɩɪɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɚ

ɥɹɰɵɿɹɤɚɹ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɚɧɚɣ ɛɨ ɥɟɣ ɱ ɚɫɭ ɿ ɤɚɧɱ ɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɡɞ ɡɟɣɫɧɿ ɥɚɫɹ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

8 0

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɬɨɥ ɶɤɿʆɠɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚʆɫɤɿ ɹɱɚɫɵª ɫ ɉ ɪɚɡ ɤɨɥɶɤɿɝɚɞ ɨʆɭ ɪɷɮɟɪɚ

ɰɟ«']LHMHXQLLNRĞFL HOQHMZ: LHONLP.VLĊV WZLH/LWHZV NLPGRUª

ɩɚɥ ɿɬɵɱ ɧɭɸ ɭɧɿɸ ª 3 DPLĊWQL N9,3R ZV]HFKQ HJR =MD]GX +LV WRU\ Nó w

Polskich w Wilnie, I, Lwów, 1935, s. 318).

ɰɹɩɟɪ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɮɨ ɪɦɚɦɿ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɟɞ ɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɿɞɷɣɧɚɝɪ ɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɦɿ ɫɬɚ

ɫɭ ɧɤɚɦɿ ʆɧɭɬ ɪɵ ɉɨɥ ɶɲɱɵ ɿɫɧ ɭɟɫɭ ɜɹɡ ɶɍɧ ɿɬɚɪɵɡɦ ɚɞɩ ɚɜɹɞɚɟɿ ɧɬɚ

ɪɷɫɚɦ ɜɹɥ ɿɤɚɣɡɹɦɟɥ ɶɧɚɣɭɥ ɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝ ɿɿ ɧɚɰ ɵɹɧɚɥɿɡ ɦɭ ɮɟɞ ɷ

ɪɚɥɿ ɡɦ ɠ ɚ ɡɜɹɡ ɚɧ ɵ ɡ ɩɚɦɤɧɟɧɧ ɹɦɿ ɧɚɪ ɨɞ ɧɵɯɫɹɥ ɹɧɫɤɿɯɿ ɪ ɚɛ ɨɱ ɵɯ

ɫɥɚɺʆɿ ɩɪɚɝɪ ɚɦɚɦɿɹɤɿɹɛɭ ɞɭɸɰɰ ɚɿɦɿ ɰɿ ɞɥɹɿ ɯª 

.*U]\ERZVNL']LHMyZ3ROVNLEODVNLLFLHQLHG\VNXVMDNRĔFRZD

Wars zawa, 196 9, s . 35 2 Ⱦɚɝ ɷɬɚɝɚ ɄȽɠɵɛɨ ʆɫɤɿ ɜɹɪ ɧɭ ʆɫɹ ʆ ɤɧɿɡ ɟ

5]HF]\GDOHN LHDEOLVNLH5R]P\ĞODQL DRKLVWRULL3ROVNL:DUV]DZD

s. 127.

0LĊG]\: VFK RGHPD =DFK RGHPV  ±  

ɒɬɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɿɰɵɞɵɤɝɷɬ ɚɹɪ ɷɜɿɡ ɿɹɥ ɹɝɱɷɣɞɚɥɚɫɹɧɟɤɚɬɨɪ ɵɦ

ɞɡ ɟɹɱɚɦɥɿ ɛɟɪ ɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɤɪɵɥɚɷɧɞɷɰɵɿɭɩ ɪɵɧɰɵɩɟɜɚɪɨɠ ɵɦɞ ɚɿɞ ɷ

ɹʆɮɟɞɷɪ ɚɥɿ ɡɦɭɋȽɪɚɛ ɫɤɿ (S. Grabs ki. N a n owej dro dze d zi ejo wej,

ɧɚɲɵɯɭɫɯɨɞ ɧɿɯɜɚɹɜɨ ɞɫɬɜɚʆɛɚɱɚɰɶɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɜɵɧɿɤ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɟɛ ɭɪɵɪ ɨ

ɛɹɰɶɩ ɪɵɧ ɰɵɩɨ ɜɭɸ ɩɚɦɵɥɤɭʆ ɫɜɚɿ ɦɦ ɵɫɥɟɧɧɿ ɇɚɫɚɦ ɪɷɱ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɩ ɨ

ɪɚɦɜɚɟɧɧɚɟ ɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɿɰɵɬɨ ɥɶɤɿ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɚɛɪɵɧɭʆɫɹɝ ɦɚɯɩɨɥ ɶɫɤɚ

ɥɿ ɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɛɟɥ ɚɪ ɭɫɤɚʆɤɪ ɚɿ ɧɫɤɚɟɊɷ ɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿ ɬɚɟ ɝɦɚɯɫɰɟɧ ɵɹɤɨ ɝɚ

ʆɫɟ ɛɨ ɥɶɲɤɭɪ ɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɩɚɞ ɜɚɥɿ ɧɵ ɫɥ ɚɛ ɥɿ ɹɲɱɷɚɞɤɚɡ ɚɰ ɤɿ ɯɜɨɣ ɧɚʆ

ɰɹɝɚɦ ɬɪɨ ɯɚɩɨɲɧɿɯ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞ ɡɹʆª 

-,.UDV]HZVNL /LWZD 6WDURĪ\W QHG]LHMHXVW DZ\MĊ]\NZL DUD

obyczaj e…, II, Wars zawa, 1850, s. VII.

+  àR ZPLDĔV NL  8Z DJL  Z V SUDZ LH S RG á RĪD VS Rá HF]Q HJ R L

JRV SRGDUF]HJRX QLL MDJL HOOR ĔVNL HM .VL ĊJD SDPL ąWNR ZDN XXF]F]HQLX

400-letniej roczni cy wydania I Statutu litewskiego, Wi lno, 1935, s. 214–

326.

Ɂ ɧɚɣɧɨʆɲɵɯ ɩɪɚɰɬɭ ɬɬɪɷɛ ɚɧ ɚɡɜɚɰɶ Th e P rob lem of Uni ty

in th e Polish -Lithuani an State by O.P. Backus, comments by O. Halecki

and J. Jak štasDQG 5HSO\ 6ODYL F5HYLHZ;;,, ʋV ±

ɿShigeto Toriyama. A Short history of Polish -Lithuani an Unions (down

to th e U nio n o f Mielni k), ɞɪ ɭɤɚɜɚɥ ɚɫɹɩɚɹɩɨɧ ɫɤɭ ʆ 6O DYL F 6WX GLHV

Journal of the Slavic Instit ute of Hokkaido Un iversity, X, Sappo ro, 1966,

ɪ ± əɤɚɪɵɫɬɚʆɫɹɬ ɷɤɫɬɚɦɪ ɚɡ ɦɧ ɨɠɚɧɵɦ ɭ ɚɧ ɝɥɿ ɣɫɤɿ ɦ ɩɟɪɚɤ

ɥɚɞɡɟȽɿ ɪɚɨ ɤɿ Ⱦɷɤɚɪ ɚ ɜɚɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɰɟɄɚɧɡɚɫɋɿɰ ɿɩ ɚɞ ɤɿ ɪɚʆɧɿ ɰɬɜɚɦ

ɩɪ ɚɮ ɈɉȻɚɤɭɫɚ. əɩɨɧ ɫɤɿ ɚʆɬɚɪ ɲɭɤɚɟʆɩ ɨɥ ɶɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɣ ɭɧ ɿɿ

ɤɚɪɚɧɿ ɮɟɞ ɷɪ ɚɥ ɿɡ ɦɭ  ɹɤɿ ɩɪ ɚɹʆɥɹʆɫɹ ɩɚɱɚɪɨ ɞɧɚ ʆ ɞɚʆɧ ɟɣɲɚɣ Ɋɷɱɵ

ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿ ɬɚɣɚʆɫɬ ɪɚɜɭ ɝɨɪ ɫɤɚɣ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿ ɿɧ ɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɭ ɫɭɱ ɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɋɹ

ɪɷɞɧɹɣɿ ȸɫɯɨɞ ɧɹɣȿʆɪɨɩɵ

8 1

Ɉ Ƚɚɥ ɟɰɤɿɩɚɩɹɪ ɷɞɧ ɹɹ ɡɚʆɜɚɝɚɭ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɤɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɵ ɩɚɞɤɪ ɷ

ɫɥ ɿɜɚɟɲɬɨ ɝɿɫɬɨɪ ɵɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟɭɧɿɿ ²ɫɤɚɪ ɛɨɧ ɤɚɜɟɞɚʆɞ ɥɹ

ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɩɪ ɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵɤɿɮ ɟɞɷɪɚɥ ɿɡɦɭɫ Ⱥɞɧ ɚɤɺɧ ɡɚɯɨɞɡ ɿɰɶ

ɥɿ ɲɧɟ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ʆɧ ɚɩɪɚɦɤɭ ɩɪ ɷɡ ɟɧɬɵɡɦ ɭɤɚɥ ɿ ɩɪ ɚɞ ɫɬɚʆɥɹɟ ɞɚ ʆɧɟɣ 

ɲɭɸɊɷɱɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɭ ɸɹɤComm onwealth of Nati ons (ɫ ɰ ɿɛɚɱ ɵɰɶ

ɭ  ɺɣ ɩɪ ɚɬɚɬɵɩ  Ʌɿɝ ɿ ɇɚɰɵɹʆ ɚ ɩɨ ɬɵɦ ȺȺ ɇ ɱ ɵɦ ɩ ɚɩɪɚɤɚɟɹɝ ɨ

ɈɉȻɚɤɭɫɫ  

ɉ ɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɤɨɥ ɶɤɚɫɰɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚɷɬɧɿɱɧ ɚɝɚɷɥ ɟɦɟɧɬɚ ʆȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ

ɄɧɹɫɬɜɟɅɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦɞ ɚɫɥɟɞ ɚɜɚʆəɤɭɛ ɨʆɫɤɿ (J. Jak ubo wsk i. Stu di a n ad

VWRVXQNDPLQDURGRZRĞFLRZ\PLQD/LWZLHSU]HG8QLąOXEHOVNą:DUV]DZD

191 2). Ɂɝ ɨɞɧɚɡɿ ɦɥɿ ɬɜɿ ɧɵɫɤɥɚɞ ɚɥɿ ʆɫɹɪɷɞ ɡɿɧɟXVI ɫɬɤɚɥɹ ɩɚɥɨ ɜɵ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿ ɰɬ ɜɚ Ƚɷɬɭ ɸ ɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɸɹɤɚɹ ɛɵɥɚɪ ɷɚɤɰ ɵɹɣ ɧɚɦ ɟɪ ɤɚɜɚɧɧ ɿ

ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɚɟ ɪɚɫɿɣ ɫɤɚɟ ɝɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪ ɚɮɿ ɿɲɬɨɱ ɚɫɬɚ ɦɿ ɧɿɦ ɿɡ ɚɜɚɥɚ ɪɨ ɥɸ

ɥɿ ɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɝ ɚɷ ɥɟɦ ɟɧ ɬɚɫɤɪɵɬɵɤɚɜɚʆȽɅɚʆɦ ɹɧɫɤɿ (U wagi  ɫ  ɇɚ

ɞɚɥɚ ɧɟɛɨ ɥɶɲɡɚ  ɚɝɭ ɥɶɧɚɝ ɚɥ ɿɤɭ  ɚɥɟɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɪɵɰ ɚɪɫɬɜɚɩɚ

ɜɿɧɧɚɛ ɵɥ ɨɫɤɥ ɚɞɚɰɶ ɡɜɵɲ  ɚɝɭ ɥɶɧ ɚɝ ɚɥ ɿɤɭɚɛɚɜɹɡ ɚɧɵɯ ɞɚ ɤɨ ɧ

ɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɫɤɨ ɜɚɣɫɥɭ ɠɛɵɬ ɚɦɫɚɦɚɫ əɲɱ ɷɞɚɥɟɣɩɚɣɲɨ ʆɥɿɬɨ ʆɫɤɿ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤA  ȼɿɫɤɚɧɬ ɩɪɵɦɚɸ ɱɵ ɥɿɱ ɛɭ  ɥɿɬɜɿɧɚʆ ɭȼɹɥɿ ɤɿɦ Ʉɧ ɹ

ɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɦ ɹɠ ɵ XIV ɿ ;9ɫɬ (: LHONL NVL ąĪ H O LW HZVNL  : LW RO G D X QL D

horodel ska, $:9,, ą±V 

+àRZPLDĔVNL8ZDJLVɿɫɿɧɬɷɬɵɱɧɚɟɩɚɞɫɭɦɚ

ɞɚɣɲ ɬɨɝɚɥɨʆɧɭ ɸɤɪɵɧ ɿɰɭ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧ ɹɥ ɿɬɨ ʆɫɤɚɝɚɛ ɚɹɪ ɫɬɜɚ« ɉɚɫɥɹ

ɩɚɪ ɵ ɜɹɤɨ ʆ ɪɨ ɫɤɜɿ ɬɭ ɝ ɷɬɚɹɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɹ ɡ ɯɜɿ ɥɿ ɧɚɣ ɫɦ ɟɪ ɰɿ Ⱥ ɥɶɝɟɪɞ ɚ

ɯɭ ɬɤɚɫɩɵɧɿɥ ɚɫɹ Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɬɭɪ ɚɥ ɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɬɭ ɩɫɬɜɚɦɞ ɵɫɩɪɚɩɨ ɪ

ɰɵɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɚɛɦ ɟɠɚɜɚɧɵɦɿ ɫɿ ɥɚɦɿ Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ɿɚɝɪ ɨɦ ɧɿɫɬɚɫɰɸ ɩɚɫɬɚʆɥ ɟ

ɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɚɞɺɸ ɡɚɞɚɱ Ʌɿ ɬɨ ʆɫɤɿ ɷɥ ɟɦ ɟɧɬ ɪ ɚɫɰɹɪɭɲɜɚʆɫɹ ɩɚ ɜɹɥɿ ɡɧɵɯ

ɩɪɚɫɬɨɪ ɚɯɚɫɿɦɿ ɥɹɜɚʆɫɹɱ ɭɠɵɦ ɚɫɹɪ ɨɞɞɡ ɟɦ«ɝ ɷɬɵ ɦɨɦɚɧɬ>ɤɪɵɡɿ ɫɭ@

ɧɚɦɚɝɚʆɫɹ ɫɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɶɭ ɫɜɚɿɯɦ ɷɬɚɯ Ʉɪɵɠɚɰ ɤɿ Ɉɪ ɞɷ ɧ ɭ ɱɵɿ ɦɿ ɧɬ ɚ

ɪɷɫɟɥ ɹɠ ɚɥ ɚ ɩɨ ʆɧ ɚɹɥ ɿɤɜɿ ɞɚɰɵɹ ɞɡ ɹɪ ɠɚɜɵȽɟɞ ɵɦ ɿɧɚɜɿɱ ɚʆ ɍ ɝɷɬɵɯ

ɭɦɨ ɜɚɯ ɭɧɿɹɛɵɥ ɚɞɥ ɹɅɿ ɬɜɵ«ɚɩɨ ɲɧɹɣɧɚɞ ɡɟɹɣª 

Ⱥɞ ɧɚɤ ɡ ɞɪɭ ɝɨɝ ɚ ɛɨɤɭɬɪ ɷɛ ɚɩ ɚɦ ɹɬɚɰɶɲɬɨ ɞɚɥɭɱ ɷɧ ɧɟ ɲɦ ɚɬ

ɹɤɿɯɪ ɭɫɤɿ ɯ ɡɟɦɥ ɹʆɞ ɚ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚ ɄɧɹɫɬɜɚɅɿɬ ɨʆɫɤɚɝ ɚ ɚɞ ɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹɫɚ

ɡ ɝɨ ɞɵɪ ɭɫɤɿ ɯ ɛɚɹɪ ɚʆ ɚ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɿ ɤɧɹɡ ɺʆ ɇɚɝ ɷɬɚ ʆɠ ɨ ɞɚʆɧɨ ɡɜɹɪ ɧɭ ʆ

ɭɜɚɝ ɭɎ ɗɧɝ ɟɥ ɶɫɚʆ ɪɚɫɿɣ ɫɤɚɣ ɥɿɬ ɚɪ ɚɬɭ ɪɵɎɅɟɚɧɬɨ ɜɿɱ Ʌɟɨ ɧɬɨ

ɜɢɱɎɈɱ ɟɪɤɢɢɫɬɨ ɪɢɢ ɥɢɬɨɜɫɤɨɪ ɭɫɫɤɚɝɨɩ ɪɚɜɚɈ ɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɟɪ

ɪɢ ɬɨ ɪɢɢɥ ɢɬɨ ɜɫɤɚɝ ɨ ɝɨɫɭɞ ɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɉɟɬɟɪ ɛɭɪ ɝ  ɫ  ɉɚɞ ɤɪ ɷ

ɫɥ ɿɜɚɸ ɱɵ ɲɬɨ ɷɬɧɿ ɱɧ ɚɹɥ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɬɷɪ ɵɬɨɪ ɵɹɫɤɥ ɚɞ ɚɥ ɚ ɤɚɥɹ  

ɬɷɪɵɬɨ ɪɵɿ ȼɹɥɿ ɤɚɝɚɄɧɹɫɬɜɚɅɟɚɧɬɨɜɿɱ ɚɞɡ ɧɚɱɚʆɞɵɫɩɪɚɩɨɪɰ ɵɸɫɿɥ

ɥɿ ɬɜɿɧ ɚʆɿ ɪɭ ɫɿɧɚʆɩɪ ɵɞɚɩɭɲɱɷɧɧɿɲɬɨ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɟɩɟɪɲɵɯɚɫɧɨʆɜɚ

ɥɚɫɹɬɨɥɶɤɿɧɚɫɿɥɟȬ ɧɜɵɫɬɭɩɚʆɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɬɷɨɪɵɿɡɚɯɨ ɩɭɊɭɫɿɅɿɬɜɨɸ

ɮɚɪ ɦɭ ɥɸ ɸɱ ɵ ɬɷ ɡɭ ɩɪɚɞ ɨɛ ɪɚɚɯɜɨ ɬɧ ɵ ɫɚɸɡ  ɚ ɩɨ ɬɵɦ ɩɚɞɩ ɚɪ ɚɞ ɤɚ

ɜɚɧɧɟɪɭ ɫɤɿɯɤɧɹɫɬɜɚʆɥɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɦɭɥ ɚɞɚɪɚɦ ɫ ± ɹɤɿ ɹ ɚɯɨ ʆɜɚɸ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ