Бардах Ю. Штудыі з гісторыі Вялікага княства Літоўскага

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ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɹɤ ȼɄ Ʌ  ɑɵɦ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵ ɰɰɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɰɿɤɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚ ɞɚ ɥɿɬɭɚɧɿɫɬɵɤɿ ɿ ɤɚɥɿ ɹ ɧɚ ɡ¶ɹ ɜɿ ɥɚɫɹ"

ɘȻ: Ɇɚɹ  ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɶ ɞɚ ɥɚɞɭ ɿ  ɩɪɚɜɚ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɚɬɭɟɰɰɚ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɰɤɿɦɿ ɱɚɫɚɦɿ  ɤɚɥɿ  ɹ ɤ ɫɥɭɯɚɱ Ⱥɞ

ɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɹ ɉɪɚɜɚ ɿ Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɇɚɜɭɤ ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ ɋɬɷɮɚɧɚ Ȼ ɚ

ɬɨɪɵɹ  ɹ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɭ 1934 ɝ ɧɚɜɟɞɜɚɰɶ ɫɟɦɿɧɚɪ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɹ ɤɿ  ɜ ɺʆ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪ ɋ ɬɷɮɚɧ ɗɪɷɧɤɪɨɣɰ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚ ɩɪɵ

ɰɹ ɝɧɭɥɚ ɦɹ ɧɟ ɬɚɞɵ ɿ ɩɪɵɰɹɝɜɚɟ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚɫɰɸ ɿ

ɚɪɵɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɸ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ  əɤ ɫɚɦɨ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɟ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɚɦ ɲɬɨ ɡɥɭɱɚʆ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɰɚʆ ɿ  ɩɪɚɜ ɚɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɯ ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ — ɩɪɨɞɤɚʆ ɩɚɡɧɟɣɲ ɵɯ ɛɟɥɚɪɭ

ɫɚʆ ɿ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɰɚʆ  ɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɚɩɵɧɭɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɭɧɿɿ ɡ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦ Ʉɚɪɚ

ɥɟʆɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɹ ɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɛɵɥɨ ɫɿɧɬɷɡɚɦ ɚɪɵɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ

ɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɚʆ ɡ ɭɩɥɵ ɜɚɦɿ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦɿ ɿ ɲɵɪɷɣ —ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɟʆ

ɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɦɿ  Ⱥɩɨɲɧɿɹ ʆɡɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɪɨɡɧɵɦɿ ɲɥɹɯɚɦɿ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɧɚɣ

ɥɹ ɝɱɷɣ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɟɪɚɥɿɤɿ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɚʆ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚʆ Ʉɪɚ

ɤɚɜɚ ɉɪɚɝɿ  ȼ ɟɧɵ   ɩɨɬɵɦ Ʉɚɪɚɥɹ ʆɰɚ  ɿɧɲɵɯ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚʆ

ɇɹɦɟɱɱɵɧɵ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ  ȱɬɚɥɿɿ  ɤɭɞɵɩɚ ɧɚɜ ɭɤɭ ɩɚɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɲ ɦɚɬ

ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ ɡ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ʆ ɷɩɨɯɭ Ⱥɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɹ

Ƚɷɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚ ɤɧɿɝɚɯ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ  —

ɫɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɩɪɵɜɟɡɟɧɵ ɯ ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɿ ɞɪɭɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɭ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹ

ɫɬɜɟ Ɍɜɨɪ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɜɹɞɨɦɚɝɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɿɫɶɦɟɧ

ɧɿɤɚ XVI ɫɬ Ⱥɧɞɠɷɹ ɎɪɵɱɆɚɞɠɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ De Republica

emendanda,  ɜ ɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ  ɫɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɩɚɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɭ  ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ

ɦɨɜɟ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɞɪɭɤɚɜɚɧɵ ʆ Ʌɨɫɤɭ  ɭ ɞɪɭɤɚɪɧɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ

əɧɭ Ʉɿ ɲɤɭ ɤɨɲɬɚɦ ɜɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɝɚ ɜ ɚɹɜ ɨɞɵ Ɇɿ ɤɚɥɚɹ  Ɇɚɧɿ ɜ ɿɞɚ

Ⱦɚɪɚɝɚɫɬɚɣɫɤɚɝɚ  Ʉ ɧɿɝɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɬɪɵ  ɩɪɚɞɦɨɜ ɵ ɤɚɧɨɧɿɤɚ ɠɚɦɨɣ

ɰɤɚɣ ɤɚɩɿɬɭɥɵ Ɇɚɰɟɹ ɋɬɪɵɣɤɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɦɚɝɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɤɚɥɶ ɜɿɧɿɡɦ

ɛɥɿ ɡɤɚɝɚ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚɦ ɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ɫɬɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɷɹ ȼ ɨɥɚɧɚ ɿ  ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ

ɚɧɬɵɬɪɵɧɿɬɚɪɵɹ ɋɵ ɦɨɧɚ Ȼɭɞɧɚɝɚ Ƚɷɬɵ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɬɚʆ ɞɥɹ  ɦɹɧɟ

ɤɥɸɱɨɦ ɫɚɦɚɛɵɬɧɚɝɚ ɧɟɩɚʆɬɨɪɧɚɝɚ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚʆɫɯɨɞɧɟɟʆɪɚ

ɩɟɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɿɦɛɿɺɡɭ  ɹɤɿ ʆɡɛɚɝɚɱɚʆ ɭɫɿɯ ɯɬɨ ɛɪɚʆ ɭ ɿɦ ɭɞɡɟɥ

ɋɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɜ ɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ  ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ — ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɵ — ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɬɜɨɪ ɷɩɨɯɿ Ⱥɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɹ ɇɚ

ɩɿ ɫɚɧɵɹ  ɚ ɚɩɨɲɧɿ ɿ ɧɚɞɪɭɤɚɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɜɟ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɫɬɚ

ɪɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɋ ɬɚɬɭɬɵ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɩɟɪɚɤɥɚɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɜ ɵ ɥɚɰɿɧ

ɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ  ɚɥɟ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɭɸ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɭɸ

ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɞɡɹɤɨʆ ɦɚɥɚɡɪɚɡɭ

ɦɟɥɚɹ  ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ  ɧɚ ɧɹ ɦɟɰɤɭɸ ² ɞɥɹ  ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚʆ ȱɧɮɥɹ ɧɬɚʆ

əɧɵ ɡ¶ ɹʆɥɹ ɸɰɰɚ ɤɪɚɫɚɦɨʆɧɵɦ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɟɦ ɬɚɝɨ ɹɤɿɹ ɦɚɝɱɵ 

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ɦɚɫɰɿ ɬɨɹ ɰɰɚ ʆ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɭɬɵɤɭ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɵ ɥɚɰɿɧ

ɫɤɚɣ ɿ  ɫɮɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɪɭɫɤɚɜɿɡɚɧɬɵɣɫɤɚɣ ɭɡɛɚɝɚɱɚɧɵɯ ɷɥɟ

ɦɟɧɬɚɦɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɹɤɿ ɹ ɛɚɝɚɰɰɿ ɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɹɧɵ ɜɵɹɜɿɰɶ  ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟ

ɬɭ ɐɹɠɤɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɯɚɩɿɰɰɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɚɛɧɚɫɰɸ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɡ¶ ɹɜ ɵ ɹɤɚɹ

ɧɚɣɩɚʆɧɟɣ ɜɵɹɜɿ ɥɚɫɹ  ʆ ɦɟɫɰɵ  ɞɡɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɚ ɹ ɿ  ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚʆ ɫɬɭ

ɞɵɿ  ȱ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɡɚɫɬɚɸɫɹ  ɩɚɞ ɹɟ ɱɚɪɚɦɿ

ȻȽ Ⱥ: ȼɚɲɚɹ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ  ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɯ

ɝɚɞɚɯ ɭ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɹɤɚɹ ɬɚɞɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞ

ɫɤɚɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɝɚ ɠɵ ɰɰɹ  ɐɿ ɛɵɥɿ ʆ ȼɚɫ ɹɤɿ ɹ ɤɚɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɡ ɛɟɥɚ

ɪɭɫɤɿɦɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚɦɿ  ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵ ɦɿ ɞɡɟɹ ɱɚɦɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚɦɿ"

ɘȻ: Ɇɚɟ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɤɚɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɹɤ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɚ ɞɚɬɵɱɵɥɿ ɩɟ

ɪɚɞ ɭɫɿ ɦ ɤɚɥɟɝɚʆɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɋɹɪɨɞ ɿɯ ɧɚɣɥɟɩɟɣ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɿʆ Ƚɚɧ

ɧɭ Ʉɚɪɩɟɧɤɭ ɡ Ȼɟɥɚɫɬɨɤɭ əɧɚɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɋɚɸɡɚ ɋ ɬɭɞɷɧɬɚʆ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɿ ɬɷɬɚ ɋɬɷɮɚɧɚ Ȼɚɬɨɪɵɹ  ɍ ɹ  ɝɚɞɵ ɝɷɬɚ

ɛɵʆ ɠɵ ɜ ɵ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɚɤ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ

ɞɭɦɤɿ Ȭɧ ɜɚɪɬɵ ɞɷɬɚɥɺɜɚɝɚ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɤɚɥɿ ɝɷɬɚ ɹɲɱɷ ɧɟ ɡɪɨɛ

ɥɟɧɚ Ƚɚɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɞɵɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ  ɹɤ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɫɰɶ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɚʆɛɟ

ɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɚɥɟ ɚɛɚɩɿɪɚɥɚɫɹ  ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵ ɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ  ɧɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɹ  ɪɚɡ

ɜɚɝɿ ɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɧɚɜɚɤɨɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɪɷɱɚɿɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɇɟ ɜ ɟɞɚɸ  ɹ ɤ ɫɤɥɚʆɫɹ

ɟɣɧɵ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵ ɥɺɫ

ɇɚ 9, ɍɫɟɚɝɭɥɶ ɧɵɦ Ɂ¶ɟɡɞɡɟ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɭ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ

ʆ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ  ɝ ɞɡɟ ɹ ɛɵʆ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ ɧɚɣɦɚɥɨɞɲɵɯ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿ

ɤɚʆ ɦɚɥɨɞɲɵ ɡɚ ɦɹɧɟ ɛɵʆ  ɹ ɤ ɦɵ  ɧɹɞɚʆɧɚ ɜɵɫɜɟɬɥɿɥɿ ɫɬɭ

ɞɷɧɬ ȼ ɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ ɝɚɞɨɜɵ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɟɣɲ

ɬɚɪ ɹ  ɩɚɡɧɚɺɦɿʆɫɹ  ɡ ɞɜɭɦɚ ɪɷɮɟɪɷɧɬɚɦɿɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦɿ  Ⱥɞɧɵɦ

ɡ ɿɯ ɛɵʆ ȼ ɿɧɰɷɧɬȽɪɵɲɤɟɜɿɱ ɹ ɤɿ ɧɚ ɋɟɤɰɵɿ Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ  ɉɪɚɜɚ

ɞɡɟ ɹ  ɩɿ ɥɶ ɧɚ ɜ ɺʆ ɩɪɚɬɚɤɨɥ ɩɚɫɹɞɠɷɧɧɹ ʆ  ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɡ ɪɷɮɟɪɚ

ɬɚɦ ©Ɋɨɥɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɭɧɿɹɯª ɇɚ

ɋɟɤɰɵɿ ɉɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ Ƚɿ ɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ⱥɧɬɨɧ Ʌɭɰɤɟɜ ɿɱ ɱɵɬɚʆ ɪɷɮɟɪɚɬ

ɧɚ ɬɷɦɭ  ©ɇɚɪɚɞɚɜɨɥɶɰɵ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ ɞɵɿɯ ɨɪɝɚɧ ©Ƚɨɦɚɧª  Ƚɿɫɬɨ

ɪɵɤɿɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ ɩɪɚɰɚɜ ɚɥɿ ʆ ȼ ɿɥɶɧɿ ʆ ɰɹɠɤɿɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ  ɇɹɝɥɟ

ɞɡɹɱɵ  ɧɚ ɬɨɟ  ɲ ɬɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ ɍɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ ɋɬɷɮɚɧɚ Ȼɚɬɨɪɵɹ  ɚɞ

 ɝ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɵ ɿ  ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭ

ɪɵ ɿ ɝɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɵ ɿ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɹ ɧɵ ɧɿɤɨɥɿ ɧɟ

ɛɵɥɿ  ɡɚɧɹɬɵɹ  ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚ ©ɡɡɚ ɧɟɞɚɯɨɩɭ ɚɞɩɚɜ ɟɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɞɵ

ɞɚɬɚʆª  ɚ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ² ɭ ɜ ɵɧɿɤɭ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿɜɭ  ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ

Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɷɪɫɬɜɚ Ɋ ɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɯ ȼɵɡɧɚɧɧɹʆ ɿ ɉɭɛɥɿ ɱɧɚɣ Ⱥɫɜɟɬɵ ɍ

ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɦ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿ ɬɷɰɟ ɲ ɷɪɚɝ ɚɫɨɛɚʆ ɞɚɪɷɦɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ  ɩɟ

ɪɚɦɚɝɱɵ  ɧɚɝɪɭɜɚɲ ɱɚɧɵɹ  ɩɟɪɚɲ ɤɨɞɵ

ɍ ɧɚɣɛɥɿɠɷɣɲ ɵɦ ɦɧɟ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜ ɵɦ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɤɭ — ɒɬɭɞɵɹɯ

Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ʌ ɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɉɪɚɜɚ ɫɬɜ ɨɪɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɲɦɚɬɝɚɞɨɜɵɯ

Ɂɚɱɚɪɚɜ ɚɧɵȼɹɥ ɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚɦ

1 4

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɹʆ ɭ 1934 ɝ  ɩɚɞ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪɚ ɋɬɷɮɚɧɚ

ɗɪɷɧɤɪɨɣɰɚ ² ɚɞ¶ ɸɧɤɬɚɦ ɛɵʆ ɞɚɰɷɧɬ ɋɟɜɹɪɵɧ ȼɿɫɥɚɭɯ ɠɵɜɚ

ɿ ɷɦɚɰɵɣɧɚ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵɤɚɣ Ȭɧ ɡ¶ɹ ʆ

ɥɹ ʆɫɹ ɚʆɬɚɪɚɦ ɪɚɡɞɡɟɥɭ ©Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ ɧɚ ȼɿɥɟɧɲ ɱɵɧɟª  ʆ ɤɚɥɟɤ

ɬɵʆɧɚɣɩɪɚɰɵ ©:LOQR L =LHPLD :LOHĔVNDª Ɍ  ɿ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ

— ɭ ɦɚɧɚɝɪɚɮɿ ɿ ɩɪɚ Ⱥɲɦɹ ɧɫɤɿ  ɩɚɜɟɬ ©Ⱥɲɦɹ ɧɫɤɚɹ ɡɹɦɥɹ  ɧɚ

ɪɭɛɹɠɵ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪª Ƚɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹ  ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɋȼ ɿɫɥɚ

ɭɯɚ ɞɚɬɵɱɵɥɿ ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ  ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɹ Ʉɨɛɪɵɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɚ

ɲɥɹɯɨʆ ɉɚɥɟɫɫɹ  ʆ XV–XVII ɫɬ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ  Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜ ɚ ʆ XVI–

XVII ɫɬ ɹɤ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɟɧɧɟ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ Ƚɟɧɪɵɯɚ Ʌɚʆɦɹɧɫɤɚɝɚ

ɧɚ ɬɭɸ ɠ ɬɷɦɭ ,  ɤɚɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɥɭɝɚʆ ɭ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɿ ɯ

ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ  ɉɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɹɱɵ ɞɚ ɫɭɱɚɫ

ɧɚɫɰɿ  ɺɧ ɚɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜɚʆ ɩɪɚɰɭ ©Ɋ ɨɥɹ Ʉɚɦɭɧɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɉɚɪɬɵ ɿ

Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹ ɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɧɚɰɵ ɹ ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɦ ɪɭɯɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɭ

ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵª (1933), ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɜɚʆ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ ɲɬɨɄɉɁȻ ɛɵɥɚ

ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ  ɩɪɚɜɚɞɧɿɤɨɦ ɿɦɩɟɪɫɤɿ ɯ ɿɞɷɣ ɭ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵ ɦ ɠɵɰɰɿ

Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ  ɍ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɥɵɦ ɭ 1931 ɝ ɇɚɜɭɤɨɜɚȾɚɫɥɟɞ

ɱɵɦ ȱɧɫɬɵ ɬɭɰɟ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ  ɺɧ ɦɟʆ ɚɞɞɡɟɥ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶ 

ɧɵ ɯ ɫɩɪɚʆ Ɇɹɪɤɭɸ ɲɬɨ ɤɚɥɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚʆɫɹ  ɚɪɯɿʆ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ȱɧɫɬɵɬɭ

ɬɚ ɬɨ ɹɝɨ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹ ɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɛ ɦɟɰɶ

ɧɟɦɚɥɭɸ ɤɚɲ ɬɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ 

ȻȽȺ : ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ — ɱɵ ɹ ɞɡɹ ɪɠɚɜɚ"

ɋɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɤɚɦɿ ʆ ɚɩɨ

ɲɧɿɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɚɛɜɚɫɬɪɵɥɿɫɹ əɧɵ ʆɫɺ ɦɟɧɲ  ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵ ɹ ɭɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ  əɤɿ ȼɚɦ ɛɚɱɵɰɰɚ ɚɩɬɵɦɚɥɶɧɵ ɜɵɯɚɞ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɫɿ ɬɭ

ɚɰɵɿ"

ɘȻ:ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜ ɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ 1569 ɝ  ɤɚɥɿ ȼɚɥɵɧɶ Ʉ ɿɟʆ

ɲɱɵɧɚ ɿ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɟ ɉɚɞɨɥɥɟ Ȼɪɚɰɥɚʆɫɤɚɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɿɧɤɚɪɩɚɪɚɜɚ

ɧɵ ɹ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɉɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ — ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ  Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɹ ɤɧɹɡɿ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ʆɡɛɪɨɟɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɠɵɧ ɡɞɨ

ɥɟɥɿ ɡɝɭɪɬɚɜɚɰɶ  ɭ ɏIII±ɏ,V ɫɬ  ɩɚɞ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɭɥɚɞɚɣ ɜɹɥɿɡɧɵɹ  ɬɷ

ɪɵɬɨɪɵ ɿ ʆ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɟ Ⱦɧɹɩɪɚ ɚɞ ɹɝɨ ɜɵɬɨɤɚʆ ɚɠ ɞɚ ɩɚɪɨɝɚʆ  ɚ

ɧɚɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɚ — ɞɚ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɛɟɪɚɝɨʆ ɑɨɪɧɚɝɚ ɦɨɪɚ Ɂɧɚɱɧɭɸ

ɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɫɰɶ  ɧɚɫɟɥɶ ɧɿɰɬɜɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ — ɹɤ ɚɰɷɧɶ ɜɚɟɰ

ɰɚ ɡɜɵɲ 80% — ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɠɵɯɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɹɤɨɟ ɡ ɤɚɧɰɚ

ɏɫɬ ɜɵɡɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɯɪɵɫɰɿɹɧɫɬɜɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɝɚ ɝɪɷɤɚɜɿɡɚɧɬɵɣɫɤɚ

ɝɚ ɚɛɪɚɞɭ Ɋ ɭɫɤɿɹ  ɡɟɦɥɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ  ɭɥɚɫɧɵɹ

ɩɪɚɜɵ ɿ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ  Ɂɚɫɬɚɸɱɵɫɹ  ɞɨʆɝɿ ɱɚɫ ɩɚɝɚɧɫɤɚɣ ɷɬɧɿ ɱɧɚɹ

Ʌɿ ɬɜɚ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ XIV ɫɬ  ɩɪɵɧɹɥɚ ɯɪɨɫɬ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹ ɝɚ  ɥɚ

1 5

ɰɿ ɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɛɪɚɞɭ  ɗɬɧɿɱɧɚɹ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɷɥɿɬɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɵɡɦ

ɦɿɠ ɿɧɲɵɦ  ɡ ɬɨɣɦɷɬɚɣ ɤɚɛ ɡɚɩɵ ɧɿɰɶ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ ɪɭɬɷɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ

ɡɚɛɹ ɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɭɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɭɥɚɞɵ ʆ

ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ Ʉɧɹɡɿ ɿ ɛɚɹɪɵ ɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɞɧɚɤ ɬɨɣ ɫɿɥɚɣ

ɹ ɤɚɹ ɡɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɩɚɞɡɹ ɥɿɰɰɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɣ ɡ ɿɦɿ  ɉɪɚɰɷɫ ɹɤɿ

ɚɞɛɵɜ ɚʆɫɹ  ʆɫɺ XV ɫɬ ɩɪɵɜɺʆ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɲ ɬɨ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩ

ɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɯ ɤɨɥɚɯ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɫɥɚʆɧɵ ɹ ɪɭɫɿɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 40%. ɍɥɚɞɚɥɶ ɧɿɤɿ ɧɚɣɜɵ

ɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ — ɏɚɞɤɟɜ ɿɱɵ  ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɿ ɲɦɚɬ ɿɧɲɵ ɯ ɦɚɝ

ɧɚɰɤɿɯ ɪɨɞɚʆ ² ɦɟɥɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ

Ʉɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɿ ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɧɚɹ  ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɚ ɪɭɫɿɧɚʆ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɚ ɞɚ

ɬɚɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɿɯ ɦɨɜɚ  ɹ ɤɚɹ ɦɟɥɚ ɫɜ ɚɸ ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜɚɫɰɶ  ɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɨɜɚɣ

ɤɚɧɰɵ ɥɹɪɵɿ ɿ  ɫɭɞɨʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜ ɚ ɦɨɜɚɣ ɭɪɚɞɚɜɚɣ Ƚɷɬɭɸ

ɦɨɜɭ  ɚɞɪɨɡɧɭɸ ɚɞ ɦɨɜ ɵ Ɇɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɣ Ɋɭɫɿ  ɭ ɏVI±ɏ9,, ɫɬ

ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɿ ɹ ɤ ©ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸª  ɜ ɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ ɭ  ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɫɷɧɫɟ

ɉɨɛɚɱ ɡ ɺɣ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɦɨɜɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ ʆ ɜɭɡɤɿɦ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ

ɫɥɨɜɚ ɚʆɤɲ ɬɚɣɰɤɿɹ ɿ ɠɚɦɨɣɰɤɿɹ  ɞɵɹ ɥɟɤɬɵ ɹɤɚɹ  ʆ XVI ɫɬ

ɡɚɣɦɟɥɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜɚɫɰɶ   ɚɥɟ ɹɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɤɪɨɱɵɥɚ ɦɟ

ɠɚʆ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɜ ɵ ɿ  ɧɟ ɡɞɚɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɣ ɭɪɚɞɚɜ ɚɣ ɦɨɜɵ

Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɨɜɚɣ ɫɬɚɪɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ XVII ɫɬ ɤɚɥɿ ʆ

ɝ ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɭ ɦɨʆɧɚɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɷɥɿ 

ɬɵ  ʆ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿɯ ɩɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɯ — ɹ ɤ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ  ɬɚɤ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ

— ɫɚɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ɫɜɚɺ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ ɹ ɤ ɭɪɚɞɚɜɚɣ

ɍ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɡ ȼɿɥɶɧɹɸ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ

ʆɥɚɞɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɩɚɥɨɜɭ ɡ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɤɨʆ ɿ  ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɉɚ

ɞɨɛɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɦɟɥɚ ɤɚɞɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɹ  ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚɹ ɀɵ 

ɝɿɦɨɧɬɚɦ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɷɞɚɝɚɜɚɧɧɹ II Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɭ

ɝ

Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɫɦɟɥɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ  ɲɬɨ ȼɹ ɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ

ɛɵɥɨ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɣ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ  ²

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ə ɧɟ ɛɚɱɭ ɩɟɪɚɲɤɨɞɚʆ ɤɚɛ ɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ

ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ Ʉɧɹ ɫɬɜɚ ɹ ɤɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚ

ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ  ɛɨ ɝɷɬɚɤ ɩɪɵ ɧɹɬɚ ʆ ɦɿɠɞɡɹ ɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ

ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɛɿɥɹ ɬɷɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵ ɹɯ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɫɬɚɜ ɿɰɰɚ

ɧɚɡɜɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ  ȼɚɠɧɵ ɫɚɦ ɡɦɟɫɬ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɭ  ɹɤɿ  ʆɡɝɚɞ

ɧɹɟ ɚɛɨɞɜɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɵɹ  ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

ɇɚɡɜɚ ©ɥɿɬɨɜɟɰª ɭ XV–XVIII ɿɹɲɱɷ ʆ XIX ɫɬ ɦɟɥɚ ɧɚɣ

ɩɟɪɲ  ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶ ɧɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ  Ȭɸ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɥɚ

ɫɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɶ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɿɯ

ɷɬɧɿ ɱɧɚɣ ɩɪɵ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ  ɜɟɪɚɜ ɵɡɧɚɧɧɹ  əɝɨ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɟ ɬɪɚ

Ɂɚɱɚɪɚɜ ɚɧɵȼɹɥ ɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚɦ

1 6

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɞɵɰɵɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɭ ʆ ɪɨʆɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ  ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆ

ɰɚʆ Ƚɷɬɚ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɚ ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɿ — ɞɚɞɚɦɨ —

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɥɹ ɤɚʆ ɭɪɨɞɠɚɧɵɯ ɿ ɩɚɜ ɨɞɥɟ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɡɟɦ

ɥɹʆ Ⱥɞɫɸɥɶ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɩɪɚ ɩɪɵ ɹ ɪɵ ɬɷɬ ɚɛɨ ɩɨʆɧɚɟ ɚɞɦɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ

ɪɨɥɿ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɫɭɩɨɥɶ ɧɚɫɰɿ ɛɟɫɩɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɵ ɹ  ɿ ɫɭɩɹ ɪɷ

ɱɧɵ ɹ ɡ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɸ  Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɛ ɠɚɞɚɰɶ

ɹɤ ɧɚɣɯɭɬɱɷɣɲɚɝɚ ʆɡɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɣ — ɲ ɬɨ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɿɫɬɨɬ

ɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ — ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɯ  © ɚɫɭɞɠɚ

ɧɵɯª ɧɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ

ȻȽȺ: Ƚɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɜ ɭɤɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɹɤ ȼɵ ɚɰɷɧɶɜɚɟɰɟ ɹɟ

ɰɹ ɩɟɪɚɲɧɿ ɫɬɚɧ ɿ  ɲ ɬɨ ɛ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɥɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚɦ

ɘ Ȼ.  Ɂ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɟɦɧɚɫɰɸ ɛɹɪɭ ʆ ɪɭɤɿ ɰɿ ɱɵɬɚɸ

ɱɚɫɚɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɪɚɝɥɹɞɚɸ ɤɨɠɧɭɸ ɧɨɜ ɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɭɸ ɩɭɛ

ɥɿɤɚɰɵɸ ɩɪɚ ɦɿ ɧɭɥɚɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ  ɐɟɲɭɫɹ  ɲɬɨ ʆɫɺ ɛɨɥɶ ɲ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ ɯ ɤɧɿ ɠɚɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ  ɐɹ ɩɟɪ

ɹɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ  ɛɨɥɶ ɲɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɬɚɤɿ ɤɿɪɭɧɚɤ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɚɠɚɞɚɧɵ

ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɜɚ ɹɤɨɝɚɜɵɛɿɜɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɡ ɲɦɚɬɝɚɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɡɚɧɹɩɚɞɭ

ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɚɱɵ ɧɚɟ ʆɛɿɪɚɰɰɚ ʆ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɵ   ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɦ ɧɚɜ ɭɤɚ

ɚɣɱɵɧɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɿ ɿɞɡɟ ɧɚɩɟɪɚɞɡɟ ɿ ɝɷɬɚ ɞɨɛɪɚɟ ɫɜ ɟɞɱɚɧɧɟ

ɩɪɚ ɹ ɟ  ɍɡɪɚɫɬɚɟ ɧɚɜ ɭɤɨɜ ɚɹ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɶ  ɿ  ɤɨɥɶ ɤɚɫɰɶ

ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɰɵɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ Ɇɧɨɝɿɹ ɡ ɿɯ ɦɚɸɰɶ  ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜ ɚ

ɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɧɵ  Ƚɷɬɚ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ ɡɚ ɡ’ɹɜɭ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɭɸ ɛɨ ɚɩɪɚɱɚ

ɩɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɜɚɠɧɚɟ — ɚ ʆ ɰɹɩɟɪɚɲɧɿɦ ɱɚɫɟ ɦɨɠɚ

ɧɚɣɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɟ — ɭɤɲɬɚɥɬɚɜ ɚɧɧɟ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɫɜ ɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ

ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɬɨɟɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ  ə ɡ

ɩɪɵ ɡɧɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɚɜɿɬɚʆ ɡ’ ɹ ʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɩɟɪɲ ɚɝɚ ɫɲ ɵ ɬɤɚ ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɚ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ©Ȼ ɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ Ƚ ɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ  Ⱥɝɥɹɞª  Ƚɷɬɚ

ɚɡɧɚɱɚɟ ɩɟɪɚɚɞɨɥɟɧɧɟ ɩɷʆɧɚɝɚɩɚɪɨɝɭ ʆ ɪɚɡɜ ɿɰɰɿ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɉɪɵɟɦɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɹ ɪɨɞ ɩɟɪɚɤɥɚɞɚʆ

ɡɦɟɲ ɱɚɧɵ  ʆ ɿɦ ɿ ɦɨɣ ɬɷɤɫɬ Ⱥɞ ɫɷɪɰɚ ɠɚɞɚɸ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɚʆ ɭ

ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɣ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɞɥɹ  ɞɚɛɪɚ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ ɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɣ

Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ

10.XII.1994

1 7

ɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿ ɿ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɹ 

ɝɪɚɮɿ ɿ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɚ ɫɚɛɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɟ ɜ ɚɠɧɭɸ ɧɚɜɭɤɨ

ɜɭɸ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɭ Ƚɿɫɬɚɪɵɺɝɪɚɮɵ ɩɹɰɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ

ɩɪɵɫɜɹ ɱɚɥɿ ɹɦɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɚ ʆɜɚɝɿ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɱɵ ɹ ɝɨ

ɡ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵɜɚɦɿ  ɹɤɿɹ  ɞɥɹ

ɚɞɧɵɯ ɛɚɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɡ ɜɨɤɧɚʆ ȼɚɜɟɥɹ  ɰɿ ɛɟɪɚɝɨʆ ȼɿɫɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɿɯ

² ɡ Ɂɚɦɤɚɜɚɟ ɝɚɪɵ  ʆ ȼɿɥɶ ɧɿ  ɞɥɹ ɬɪɷɰɿ ɯ ² ɡ ɜɟɠ ɿ  ɦɭɪɨʆ

Ʉɪɚɦɥɹ  ɞɥɹ ɱɚɰɜɺɪɬɵɯ ² ɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɝɚ ɞɧɹ ɩɪɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɛɟɪɚɝɚ ʆ

Ʉɿɟɜɟ ɿ ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɹɬɵɯ ² ɡ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵɯ ɜɟɠɚʆ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚ

ɰɿ Ɇɟɧɫɤɚ ɍ ɜ ɵ ɧɿɤɭ ɫɚɦ ɜɨɛɪɚɡ ɜ ɵɦɚɥɺʆɜɚʆɫɹ  ɚɞɪɨɡɧɵ  ɚ

ɱɚɫɬɚ ɧɚʆɫɤɪɚɣ ɿɧɲɵ  Ȼ ɨ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɿ ɯ  ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵɯ

ɭɧɿɹɣ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɿ ɹɟ ɡɦɟɫɬ  ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵ

Ʉɨɠɧɵ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɵ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵ ɧɚɣ  ɺɧ ɬɚɤɿ 

ɹɤɿɦ ɡɪɚɛɿɥɚ ɹ ɝɨ ɹɝɨɧɚɹ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ  ɉɟɪɚɦɟɧɵ ɹ ɤɿɹ  ɧɹɫɟ ɡ ɫɚ

ɛɨɸ ɛɟɝ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɡɟɹʆ ɡɦɹɧɹɸɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɚɥɟ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɟ ɚɞ

ɛɵɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɥɺɝɤɚ ɿ ɯɭɬɤɚ Ɇɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɚ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɹɱɵ

ɛɨɥɶ ɲ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɿɤɚ ʆ ɰɹɩɟɪɲɱɵ ɧɟ  ɠɵɜɟ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɫɜ ɹɞɨ

ɦɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɦɨɠɚ ʆɡɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɝɷɬɤɿɦ ɲɥɹ ɯɚɦ ɿ ɧɚ ɯɨɞ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱ

ɧɵ ɯ ɩɚɞɡɟɹʆ ɉɚɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɡ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɹɣ ɏɨɰɶ  ɩɚɞɡɟɥɵ ɧɚɩɪɵ ɤɚɧɰɵ XVIII ɫɬ ɡɪɭɣɧɚɜɚɥɿ

ɹɟ ɭ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɚɝɚ Ʉɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ ɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ

Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ Ʌɿ ɬɨʆɫɤɚɹ  ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɹ

ɝ  ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹʆ ² ɧɚɣɥɟɩɲɵ ɹ

ɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɬɪɵɜ ɚɧɧɹ  ɉɟɪɚɝɥɹɞ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɩɚɫ

ɄɪɷɜɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

Ɂɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚʆɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟɭɧɿɿ

1 8

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɥɹ  ɋɬɭɞɡɟɧɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ  > ɝ — ɉɟɪ ]

  Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

ɛɥɿ ɠɷɣ ɩɪɵɝɥɟɞɡɟɰɰɚ ɹɤ ɞɚ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɿ  ɬɚɤ ɿ  ɞɚ ɩɟɪɚɦɟɧ

ɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɵɹ ɞɭ ɛɨ ʆ ɿɦ ɬɨɹɰɰɚ ɤɚ

ɪɚɧɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ

ɍ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɿ ɹɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧ

ɧɹ  ɜɵɪɚɡɧɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟ ² ɦɨɠɚ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɟɣ ɱɵɦ ɭ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɩɪɚɛ

ɥɟɦɚɯ ² ɭɡɚɟɦɚɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ  ɩɚɦɿɠ ɡɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ ɿ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɹɝɪɚ

ɮɿɹ ɹɤ  ɡɪɷɲɬɵ  ɿ ʆ ɿ ɧɲɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɮɚɪɦɚɜ ɚɥɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɭɸ

ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɶ  ɚɥɟ ɿ  ɫɚɦɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜ ɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɹɟ ɰɿ ɫɤɚɦ ɩɨɱɚɫɬɭ

ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɨʆɜ ɚɸɱɵ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɵɹ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɵ ɿ ɚɰɷɧɤɿ Ʉɚɥɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ

² ɰɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ ² ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɧɚ ɡɦɚɝɚɧɧɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ

ɞɚɦɿɧɭɸɱɵɯ ɫɬɷɪɷɚɬɵɩɚʆ ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɹ  ɭɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɫɭɬɵɱɤɿ ȱɯ ɜ ɵ

ɧɿ ɤɚɦ ɡɜɵ ɱɚɣɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɜɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɚɛɵɯɨɞɚɤ ² ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɭɠɨ

ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɦɿ ² ɧɨɜ ɚɟ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɚɰɷɧɚɤ ɲɬɨ ɜɹɥɨ ɞɚ ʆɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧ

ɧɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɟ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɜɹ ɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ  ɭ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɹ ɤɨɟ ɫɭɬɵ 

ɤɚɥɿɫɹ  ² ɭ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵ ² ɪɚɡɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɵɹ  ɧɹ ɪɚɡ ɫɭɩɹ

ɪɷɱɥɿɜ ɵɹ  ɩɨɝɥɹɞɵ

Ⱥɞɜɚɪɨɬɧɚɟ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿ ɹ ɣ ɿ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ ɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɸ  Ɋɨɥɹ  ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ ʆ ɮɚɪɦɚɜɚɧɧɿ  ɫɿɫɬɷ

ɦɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɿ ɚɰɷɧɚɤ  ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɵ

ʆɩɥɵʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵ ɤɚʆ  ɧɚ ɿɯ

ɩɨɝɥɹ ɞɵ  ɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɵ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆ

ɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ ɚɥɟ ɹɲɱɷɱɚɫɰɟɣ ² ɧɚ ɹɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵ ² ɬɷɦɚ  ɜɚɪ

ɬɚɹ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɪɚɛɹɡɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ  ɹ ɤɭɸ ɬɭɬ ɧɚɦ ɯɚɰɟ

ɥɚɫɹ ɛ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ

ɍɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɹ XIX ɿ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XX ɫɬ  ɚ ɚɫɚɛ

ɥɿɜ ɚ ʆɫɟ ɹ ɟ ɫɿ ɧɬɷɡɵ ɫɥɭɠɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿ ɦ ɜɵɫɜɹɬɥɟɧɧɸ ɩɪɵ 

ɱɵɧ ɩɚɞɡɟɧɧɹ  ɞɚʆɧɟɣɲɚɟ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  Ɍ ɚɦɭ ɿ ɭɧɿ ɹ

ɉɨɥɶɲ ɱɵ ɡ Ʌɿɬɜɨɸ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɥɚɫɹ  ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɭ ɚɫɩɟɤɰɟ

ɹɟ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜ ɵɯ ɜɵɧɿɤɚʆ ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɫɜɨɣ ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɚ ɚɰɷɧ

ɤɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɭɧɿɿ Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵ ɹ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɨɜɵɹ  ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ ɩɚ

ɧɭɸɱɵɯ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɭ  Ʉɚɪɨɧɟ ɿ ȼ ɹɥɿɤɿɦ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ

ɫɥɚɺʆ ɜ ɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɿ  ɹɟ ɹ ɤ ɜɭɡɥɚɜɨɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɹɤ Ʉ ɚ

ɪɨɧɵ  ɬɚɤ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ Ⱦɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɭɧɿɿ  ɲɬɨ ɜɹɥɿɫɹ ɹɤ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿɦɿ ɬɚɤɿ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɦɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ  ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɦɿ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦɿ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚɦɿ  ɜɵ ɞɚɬɧɚ ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɸɰɶ  ɬɭɸ ɬɷɡɭ ɹɤɭɸ  ɤɚɠɭ

ɱɵ ɩɪɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɭɧɿɸ ɿ ɹɟ ɿɦɩɥɿɤɚɰɵ ɿ ɩɚɞɧɹʆ ɞɚ

ɪɚɧɝɭ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ Ɇɚɪɰɷɥɿ Ƚɚɧɞɷɥɶɫɦɚɧ ɤɚɠɭɱɵ  ɲɬɨ ©ɡɚɦɟɠɧɚɹ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɤɚ ² ɛɟɡɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ  ɲ ɬɨ ɩɪɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɯɚɰɟɥɚɫɹ  ɛ

1 9

ɰɜ ɟɪɞɡɿɰɶ ² ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɤɚɥɿ  ɧɟ ɧɚʆɩɪɨɫɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɝɪɚ

ɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɥɚɞ ɬɨ ʆ ɤɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɧɚɣɰɹ ɫɧɟɣɲɚɣ ɡ ɿɦ

ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɿ ɫɥɭɠɵ ɰɶ ɩɚɤɚɡɧɿɤɚɦ ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɜ ɚɬ ɭɫɹ

ɝɨ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚª

ɍ ɱɚɫɵ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ  ɮɚɪɦɭɥɸɸɱɵ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɫɨɮɿ ɸ

ɤɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɚɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ  ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚɟ ɡ ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜ ɚɬɵʆɧɵɦ ɝɚɥɿɰɵɣɫɤɿɦ

ɥɚɝɟɪɚɦ © ɫɬɚɧɱɵ ɤɚʆª  VWDĔF]\NRZ ɘɡɷɮ ɒɭɣɫɤɿ  ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆ

ɥɹɸɱɵ ɫɜɚɸ ɬɷɨɪɵɸ ɩɚɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɟ Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ

ɡɜɹɪɧɭʆ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɭɧɿɸ ɿ ɹ ɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵ  ɉɪɚɡ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ

ɬɪɨɧ əɝɟɥɨɧɚʆ ² ɩɿɫɚʆ ɺɧ ² ɦɟɫɰɚ ɩɚɧɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɡɚ ɉɹɫɬɚɦɿ

ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɭ ɡɚɧɹɥɚ ʆɦɨɜɚ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɚ ɡ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚɦ

ɲɬɨ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɹɥɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ ʆɥɚɞɭ ɿ ɜ ɹɥɨ ɞɚ ɚɧɚɪɯɿɿ ɒɭɣɫɤɿ

ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚʆ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɞɦɨʆɧɵɹ  ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜ ɵ ɤɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɧɚ

ʆɫɯɨɞɡɟ  ɞɡɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ  ɫɬɵɯɿɹ ɬɚɹɥɚ ʆ ɜɹɥɿɡɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɫɬɨɪɵ  ɚ ɹɟ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɚɧɚɪɯɿ ɡɚɜ ɚʆɫɹ  ȼɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɭɧɿɿ ɛɵ ɥɨ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɛɜɚɫɬ

ɪɷɧɧɟ ɚɞɦɨʆɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɚʆ ɰɵ ɜ ɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɟ ɦɚɥɚɞɨɫɰɿ

ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ʆ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ Ɂɚɯɚɞɚɦ ȼɹ ɥɿɡɧɵɹ ɰɵ ɜɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ

ɡɚɞɚɱɵ  ɩɟɪɚɪɚɫɬɚɥɿ ɹɟ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɹɥɿ ɪɚɫɰɹɪɭɲ ɜɚɸ

ɱɵ ɧɟ ɛɹɡɦɟɠɧɵɹ  ɤɭɥɶ ɬɭɪɚɬɜɨɪɱɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ

Ɇɿɯɚɥ Ȼɚɛɠɵɧɫɤɿ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɚ ɚɰɚɧɿ ʆ ɭɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ

əɝɚɣɥɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɚɞ ɡɛɚɜɿɥɚ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɭ ɚɞ ɡɧɿɲɱɷɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɟ ɝɪɚɡɿɥɚ

ɺɣ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɤɪɵɠɚɤɚʆ >ɿ@ ɡɪɚɛɿɥɚ ɹ ɟ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɸª  ɚɥɟ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ

ɤɪɵ ɬɵɱɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿʆɫɹ  ɞɚ Ʌ ɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɭɧɿɿ   ɚɫɭɞɠɚɸɱɵ ɡɚɯɚ

ɜɚɧɭɸ ʆ ɺɣɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ Ʌ ɿɬɜ ɵ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ ʆɪɚɞɵ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɹɤ ɤɪɵ

ɧɿ ɰɭ ɫɥɚɛɚɫɰɿ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɹɤɚɹ ɧɟ ɡɞɨɥɟɥɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɟɫɰɿ ɰɷɧ

ɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ ʆɥɚɞɵ

Ƚɷɬɵ ɹ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɩɥɵɧɿ  ɹ ɤɭɸ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚ ɧɚ

ɡɵɜɚɰɶ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ ə ɧɚ ɱɷɪɩɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɟ ɠɵ ɰɰɺɜ ɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ ɡ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɿɰɤɚɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵ ɱɧɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ  ɡɚɥɿ ɱɵɰɶ  ɞɚ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɬɪɷɛɚ

ɿ ɉɉɋ  Ƚɷɬɵ ɪɭɯ ɭɡɵɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɞɚ Ȭ Ʌɹɥɟɜɟɥɹ ɹɤɿ ɚɰɷɧɶɜɚʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ

ɭɧɿɿɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɹɜɭ ɫɜ ɚɛɨɞɧɚɟ ɜɨɥɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɚɛɟɞɡɶ ɜɸɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɫɤɿɪɚ

ɜɚɧɚɣ ɞɚ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿɞɷɚɥɭ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɵ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɝɚ

ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆɥɚɞɫɬɜɚ

 ɇɚ ɦɹɠɵ ;,;±;; ɫɬ ɿ  ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɛɹɝɭɱɚɝɚ

ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɹ ɝɨ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɿ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ Ȼɚɥɹɫɥɚʆ Ʌɿɦɚɧɨʆɫɤɿ

 ɿ

Ʌɟɚɧ ȼɚɫɿɥɟʆɫɤɿ

  ɉɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ  ɤɪɚɤɚʆɫɤɚɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ  ɧɟ ɧɚ

ɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɷɪɭɞɵɹɜɚɧɵɹ ɧɚɤɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɞɚɫɬɨɣɧɵɹ  ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦɟɧɲ ɡɜɹɪ

ɬɚɥɿɫɹ  ɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱɧɚɟ ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɵ  ɚ ɛɨɥɶ ɲ ² ɞɚ

ɧɚɰɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ  ɞɚ ɷɦɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɹ ɡɹ ʆ  ɚɥɟ ɿ ɞɚ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ

2 0

ɘɥɿ ɭɲȻɚɪ ɞɚɯ

ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɚɟ ɫɬɵɯɿɿ  ² ɩɟɪɚɞɭɫɿɦ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ ɲɥɹ

ɯɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ  ² ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ɋ ɭɫɿ Ɏɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣ

ɧɚɹ ɩɥɵ ɧɶ  ɦɟɥɚ ɚɧɬɵɰɚɪɫɤɭɸ ɫɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɚɫɰɶ  ɚɩɟɥɹɜ ɚɥɚ ɞɚ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜ ɚ ɡ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿ ɦ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɦɿ

ɪɭɯɚɦɿ ɚ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ  ɹɤɿ ɚɞ ɩɚ

ɱɚɬɤɭ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵʆɫɹ ɹɤ ɪɚɲɭɱɚ ɜɚɪɨɠɵ ɿɞɷɿ ɭɧɿɿ

Ɏɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɣɧɚɹ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵ ɹ ɫɭɬɵ ɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɚɧ

ɰɷɩɰɵɹɣ  ɹ ɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɹ  ɗ ɧɞɷɰɵɹ

ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ɬɚɞɵ  ɹ ɤ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɤɚɠɭɰɶ  ɧɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹɯ ɷɬɧɚɝɪɚ

ɮɿɱɧɚɟ ² ɩɹɫɬɚʆɫɤɚɟ ² ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ əɟ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ

ɡɚ ɷɬɧɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵ ɹ  ɦɟɠɵ  ɬɚɤ ɲ ɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɣɧɚɝɚ

ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩɭ ɹɧɵ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ ɩɪɵ ɧɰɵɩ  ɹ ɤɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɡɜ ɚɰɶ  ɩɪɵɧ

ɰɵɩɚɦ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɵɿ

Ʉɪɚɫɚɦɨʆɧɚɸ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɡɿ ɰɵɹ ɛɥɿɡɤɚɝɚ

ɞɚ ɷɧɞɷɰɵɿ Ɉ Ȼɚɥɶɡɷɪɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɿɲ ɭɱɵ ɫɜɚɸ ɩɪɚɰɭ ɚɛ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ

ɭ ɞɜɭɤɨɫɫɿ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿ ɜɚɸɱɵ  ɲɬɨ ɿɲɥɨɫɹ  ɧɟ ɩɪɚ ɹɟ  ɚ ɩɪɚ ɞɚ

ɠɚʆɧɭɸ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɫɰɶ  Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ ª ʆ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɥɚɞɡɟ ɲɥɹ ɯɟɰɤɚɟ

Ɋ ɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟ  ɛɨ ɭɧɿɹ ² ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹ ɝɨɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ ²

Ʌɿ ɬɜɵ   ɫɩɥɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ  ɹɟ ʆ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɱɧɚɟ  ɲɱɵɥɶɧɚɟ ɰɷɥɚɟ ɡ

ɉɨɥɶɱɲɚɣª  ɍ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɵ ɺɧ ɛɚɱɵ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵ ɱ

ɡɧɚɣɫɰɿ ʆɡɨɪɭ  ɹ ɤɿ ɛ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜ ɚʆ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɸ ɩɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɞɡɹɪ

ɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɚɞɚɫɚɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɵ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵª

  Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɜ ɵɤɚɡɜɚɧɧɿ

ɛɵɥɿ  ɫɤɿɪɚɜ ɚɧɵɹ  ɫɭɩɪɨɰɶ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶ ɧɿɤɚʆ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɤɚɧ

ɰɷɩɰɵɿ

ɇɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵ ɱɧɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹ ɫɨɮɿɸ ɩɟɪɚɤɥɚɞɚʆ

ɧɚɝɚ Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬɚ ² ɩɿɫɚʆ ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ  ɝ  ɚʆɬɚɪ ɹ ɤɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆ

ɥɹʆ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵ ɣɧɵ ɤɿɪɭɧɚɤ ² ɩɪɚɩɚɧɭɟ ɚɧɟɤɫɿ ɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ

ʆɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ  ɹɤɿɹ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɦɿ ɰɷɧɬ

ɪɚɦɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɤɪɷɫɚɯ ɬɚɤɿɦɿ ɹɤ ȼɿɥɶɧɹ Ⱦɵɧɚɛɭɪɝ Ɇɟɧɫɤ

Ʉɪɚɦɹɧɟɰ Ʉɚɦɹɧɟɰ ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɬɷɪɵ ɬɨɪɵɿ  ɧɚ ɹ ɤɿɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɫɩɚɞɚɟ ɧɿɠɷɣ ɡɚ  ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɡɹ ɦɥɹ ɲ ɬɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞ

ɡɿɰɰɚ ʆ ɩɨɥɶ ɫɤɿ ɯ ɪɭɤɚɯ  ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɜɵ ɲɚɟ  ɭɫɹ ɟ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵ ɿ«

ɗ ɧɞɷɰɤɚɹ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɵɹ  ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɵ ɹ  ɡɟɦɥɿ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪ

ɱɚɟ ɰɹɠɷɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɚɛɨ ɲɬɨ ɿɯ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɚɟ ɫɚ

2 1

ɫɬɪɚɬɷɝɿɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɤɚɜ ɚɧɧɹʆ  ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɵ ɰɶ ɷɬɧɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚɦɭ ɩɪɵɧ

ɰɵ ɩɭ« ɋɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɚɹ  ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚ ɱɚɦɭ ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵ Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬ ɬɚɤ

ɚ ɧɟ ɿɧɚɱɚɣ ɤɚɧɫɬɪɭɸɟ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɉɨɥɶ ɲɱɭ ² ɧɚɞɡɟɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɥɶ

ɲɱɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɯɨɩɥɟɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɵɦɿ ɦɟɠɚɦɿ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹʆ ɚɞ

ɧɚɱɚɫɨɜ ɚ ɚɞɞɚɸɱɵ ɪɷɲɬɭ ɚɞɪɨɞɠɚɧɚɣ Ɋɚɫɿɿ Ƚɷɬɚ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɹ

ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɧɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɥɶɧɚɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɣ« ɩɚ

ɧɹɰɰɟ  ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɹɜɚɧɚɟ Ɂ Ȼɚɥɿɰɤɿɦ ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɵ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶ ɧɵ ɷɝɚɿɡɦª

 Ƚ ɷɬɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ ɋ  Ɂɚɤɲɷʆɫɤɿ ² ɚʆ

ɜɹɡɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ Ɋ ɷɱɵ  ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɟª  ɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɧɚ

ɚɠ ɞɚ ɰɹɩɟɪɚɲɧɹ ɝɚ ɱɚɫɭª

ɧɵ ɹ ɥɚɝɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɯ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉ ɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɵɤɚɡɜ ɚ

ɸɰɰɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɣɲ ɱɵ ɥɶ ɧɟɣɲɵɹ  ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ ɋ ɩɚɞɡɹ ɜ ɚɣ

ɦɚɫɹ ɲɬɨ« ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɩɨɣɞɡɟ ɡɚ ɝɨɥɚɫɚɦ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɲɥɹ ɯ

ɬɵ  ;9,ɫɬ  ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɝɨɥɚɫɚɦ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚʆª

Ɍ ɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɹ ɪɷɱɚɿɫɧɚɫɰɶ  ɚɞɧɚɤ  ɧɟ ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿɥɚ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɚɩ

ɬɵ ɦɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɚɰɷɧɤɿ Ʌɿɬɜ ɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɿɰɵ ɿ  ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɚɣ

ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɩɪɚɞɜɵɡɧɚɱɵʆɲɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɧɹʆɞɚɱɭ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɚɞ ɹ ɤɨɟ

ɩɪɚɡ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɚɞɰɭɪɚʆɫɹ  ɹɟ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɟɰ ² ɘɡɷɮ

ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɿ

 Ƚɷɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɹ ʆ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɦɚɫɟ ʆɤɪɚɿ ɧɫɤɿ ɿ  ɛɟ

ɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ  ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɧɚɰɵɹ

ɧɚɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɭ ɿ ɧɲɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ  ɱɵɦ ɭ ɜɵɝɥɹ ɞɡɟ

ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɸ  ɡ ɹ ɟ ɚɛɲɚɪɧɿɰɤɚɣ ɬɪɚɞɵ ɰɵɹ ɣ ɚ ʆ

ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ ɤɿ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɹɣ

Ȼɵɥɨ ɬɪɚɩɧɚ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɪɵɠɫɤɿ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟ

ɧɵɹ  ɿɦ ɦɟɠɵ ɚɞɩɚɜɹ ɞɚɥɿ  ɯɭɬɱɷɣ  ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵ ɹ ɦ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɚɝɚ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɭ  ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɬɚɤɿɹ   ɹ ɤ Ʉ ɚɧɚɩ

ɱɵɧɫɤɿ  ɪɚɡɜ ɿɜɚɥɿ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɸ ɦɚɧɚɥɿɬɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

 ɭ ɱɵɦ

ɞɚɥɹ ɤɚʆª

1 5

  ɇɚ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɟ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ ɚɞ ɿɯ ɫɬɚʆ

Ɉ Ƚɚɥɟɰɤɿ ɍ ɜ ɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɣ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ  ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɚ

 ɺɧ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɟ ɩɨɝɥɹɞ  ɭ

ɜɚɧɧɹ  ɫɩɚɥɭɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɩɟɪɚɤɚɧɚɧɚɫɰɸ ʆ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵ ɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱ

ɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɿ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɭɧɿɿ  ɺɧ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚ

ɜɚʆ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɉɟɪɲ ɚɟ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɟ

ɜɚɣɧɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɫɭɧɤɚʆ  ɹɤɿ ɿɫɧɚ

ɜɚʆ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ;9, ɫɬ Ƚɚɥɟɰɤɿ ɛɥɿɡɤɿ ɞɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿ ɰɤɿɯ ɤɨ

ɥɚʆ  ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɭɧɿɸ ɡ ɧɚɞɡɜɵ ɱɚɣ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɚ ɚɰɷɧɟ

Ʉɪɷɜ ɚɿɅɸɛɥɿɧ